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This research explores the scratch resistance of polymer composites reinforced with hybrid glass and basalt fibers under repeated loadings. By examining the behavior across 1–10 repetitions using Rockwell and Vickers indenters, the study delves into the complex interplay between composite matrices and the fibers' configurations. Through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging and 3D profilometry, it reveals how different fibers influence the composite's surface post‐scratch tests. Basalt fibers are found to offer superior scratch protection over glass fibers, although both types' of effectiveness declines with increased loading cycles, showing significant material loss and surface damage respectively. Composites with these fibers display enhanced resistance, especially when basalt fibers are optimally positioned on the surface. The study underscores the critical role of fiber‐matrix bonding in scratch resistance and the significant impact of mechanical stress. It was found that the scratch hardness values reduced with more repeats in the scratch tests utilizing Vickers and Rockwell indenters. The sample with the label G4B6G4 has the greatest hardness values, which is noteworthy. After 10 repeats, the scratch hardness values for this sample reduced to 225 N/mm2 and 75 N/mm2, respectively, from roughly 340 N/mm2 and 225 N/mm2 at both ends for a single repetition. In addition, ANOVA for penetration depth is dominated (66.01%) by the repetition factor. The most common kind is indenter (42.79%), with low p‐values. Despite material and indenter effects, groove area study confirms the significance of repetition (65.72%). Highlights: Basalt fibers enhance scratch resistance more than glass fibers.Increased scratch repetitions lead to fiber breakage and material loss.Hybrid fiber layers distribute load and minimize surface damage.Strong fiber‐matrix adhesion is crucial for reducing damage severity.Research informs the design of durable, fiber‐reinforced composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable technology excels in estimating kinematic and physiological data, but estimating biological torques remains an open challenge. Deformation of the skin above contracting muscles—surface‐level muscle deformation—has emerged as a promising signal for joint torque estimation. However, a lack of ground‐truth measures of surface‐level muscle deformation has complicated the evaluation of wearable sensors designed to measure surface‐level muscle deformation. A non‐contact methodology is proposed for ground‐truth measurement of surface‐level muscle deformation using a 2D laser profilometer. It shows how three metrics of surface‐level muscle deformation—peak radial displacement: r = 0.94 ± 0.05, surface curvature: r= 0.78 ± 0.10, surface strain: r = 0.83 ± 0.12—correlate strongly to changes in volitional elbow torque, further exploring the impact of measurement location or joint angle on these relationships. A nonlinear, lead‐lag relationship between surface‐level muscle deformation and torque is also found. The findings suggest that surface‐level muscle deformation is a promising signal for non‐invasive, real‐time estimates of torque. By standardizing measurement, the methodology can help inform the design of future wearable sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications for an antenna structure produced with additive manufacturing technology are numerous and promising. This study focuses explicitly on utilizing micro‐laser sintering (MLS) three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology to fabricate two rectangular horn antennas identical to a standard Pasternack® horn antenna, making the fabrication straightforward. The objective is to investigate how surface roughness affects antenna performance in a frequency range of 18 to 26.5 GHz. One antenna is polished and the other is left untouched, resulting in surface roughness of 4 and 6 µm, respectively, measured using a profilometer. Then, a vector network analyzer was used to assess their reflection coefficient, transmission characteristics, and radiation pattern and determine gains of 8.83 and 9.14 dBi for the polished and unpolished antennas, respectively. The study finds that both polished and unpolished antennas perform similarly, and their characteristics closely resembling simulated and standard antennas. Finally, the performance of the MLS‐printed metallic antennas is compared with horn antennas created using other 3D printing techniques. It reveals that the MLS‐printed metallic structures exhibit better performance, indicating that the MLS technology has great potential to print 3D metallic electromagnetic designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of Problem: Direct resin composite bonding offers a highly esthetic, minimally invasive option for the treatment of anterior teeth however the challenge to improve their longevity remains. Direct resin composite restorations are limited by the risk of staining which may be influenced by the final surface roughness (Ra) of composite achieved. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to investigate, using a systematic approach, whether the final surface roughness of anterior composite restorations is affected by the interaction between resin composite and polishing systems. Materials and Methods: The review was conducted by 3 independent reviewers and included articles published up to January 21, 2021. Three electronic databases were searched: Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. Studies assessing a quantitative effect of polishing methods on the Ra of direct composite resin materials published after the year 2000 and restricted to the English language were included. Results: The database search for the effect of polishing systems on composite materials retrieved 125 eligible studies. Twelve duplicate records were removed. The resulting records were screened using title and abstract leading to 38 reports which were sought for retrieval. Application of eligibility criteria led to 11 studies included in the review. Hand searching of these studies yielded no additional papers. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to determine whether combination of composite and polisher influences final Ra. More research is required to determine if there is an optimum combination of polisher and composite. Clinical Implications: Polishing should be completed following planned finishing procedures. The approximation to the final surface and which finishing burs to use, if any, should be considered when planning a restoration. Durafill VS predictably achieves an acceptable Ra by different polishers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work proposes an innovative method to form microgrooves on a tube's internal surface through new machining based on the principle of the closed magnetic circuit. A newly designed machine with a magnetic grooving tool was fabricated. The tool consists of a pair of magnets positioned in the pipe to be pulled by another pairing magnet set at the pipe's external side, arranged in sequence of N−S−N−S direction so that it creates a closed magnetic field that has a greater pulling force. By controlling the magnet pair at the pipe's external side in the linear and rotational direction, the magnetic grooving tool is moved in both directions and simultaneously pulled towards the pipe surface to form the microgrooves. The experiment was carried out by adjusting the magnet's size combination and its distance to vary the magnetic strengths. The grooving dimension was examined by using an optical microscope and analysed using a 3‐dimensional laser profilometer surface analyser. With N52 class Nd2Fe12B neodymium (40×10×10 mm3), the maximum groove depth of 75.51 μm was recorded and the minimum depth of 2.33 μm was recorded by using magnet size 10×10×10 mm3. The method is capable to produce microgrooves on the copper pipe's internal surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the change in surface roughness of denture bases fabricated using three different techniques (additive manufacturing, subtractive manufacturing, and conventional heat‐polymerizing) when immersed in two commonly available denture cleansers. Materials and methods: One hundred and seventeen disc‐shaped denture base specimens (39/group), were fabricated by subtractive manufacturing (Wieland), additive manufacturing (NextDent Denture 3D+), and conventional heat‐polymerizing (Meliodent) techniques, following the manufacturers' instructions. Specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups and immersed in two effervescent denture cleansing solutions and distilled water to simulate 180 days of denture cleansing. A 3D optical noncontact surface profilometer was used to record the surface roughness of the tested denture base materials before and after immersion. Two‐way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test, was used to assess the effects of denture cleansers on surface roughness of tested denture base resins. Results: When immersed in Fixodent and Fittydent effervescent denture cleansing solutions, the highest change in absolute surface roughness (∆Sa, in μm) was observed in additively manufactured denture base material (0.181 ±0.018 and 0.079 ±0.008), followed by heat‐polymerized denture base material (0.149 ±0.012 and 0.059 ± 0.011), while subtractively manufactured denture base material showed the least change (0.110 ±0.026 and 0.038 ±0.007), respectively. There was a difference in the extent of change in surface roughness between the denture cleansers. The change in surface roughness was much higher with the Fixodent denture cleanser as compared to the Fittydent denture cleanser. Conclusion: Subtractively manufactured denture base resin displayed the lowest change while additively manufactured denture base resin displayed the highest change in surface roughness in both denture cleansers, but the extent of change in surface roughness was variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condition of roads assumes significant part since it straightforwardly influence traveler just as cargo traffic. The decayed street having undesired diversion or deficient harshness makes inconvenience rider and may even bring about road mishaps. This insufficiency in road attributes can be classifications as both useful and underlying. The evaluation of street conditions is needed to distinguish the explanations behind disintegration before any restoration work is completed. The fundamental boundaries including in the appraisal of street conditions are avoidance and unpleasantness estimation which decided utilizing different test, for example, FWD, Benkelman shaft test, profilometer, and slide obstruction test. This appraisal additionally helps in focusing on the upkeep works as indicated by the necessity. A few procedures are utilized to evaluate the road conditions and contrast and standard standards. In this concentrate on a stretch of road is break down for similar where techniques utilized are visual strategy, Benkelman beam test, and slide opposition test. Utilizing last two methods, surface diversion and skid resistance is surveyed, and restorative measure are recommended for the road stretch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saws are common tools used in postmortem dismemberment to alter human remains. Dismemberment may coincide with other concealment methods such as disposal in aquatic environments, so forensic anthropologists must recognize how taphonomy affects saw mark preservation. This study focuses on exposure of saw cut bone to a fluvial environment. Cross sections from pig humeri cut by a 7 TPI saw were evaluated on all cut surfaces for tooth hop (TH), exit chipping, and breakaway spurs. Pre‐fluvial exposure, features were measured by two observers using a stereomicroscope while a one‐dimensional profilometer was used to define surface roughness. Bones were randomly assigned to control or experimental groups and within each divided by duration of exposure (24, 48, 72, and 96 h). Control groups (four cross sections) were exposed to water in a 3‐meter‐long hydraulic channel; experimental groups (20 cross sections) were exposed to water and sediment in a 12‐meter‐long sediment‐recirculating hydraulic channel. Velocity was maintained at 0.45 m/s. All measurements were repeated post‐exposure. Observer A recorded 268 TH (mean: 3.70 ± 0.34 mm); post‐exposure, count increased by 16.79% (mean: 3.71 ± 0.29 mm). Observer B recorded 247 TH (mean: 3.46 ± 0.42 mm); post‐exposure, count decreased by 29.15% (mean: 3.36 ± 0.33 mm). All TPI estimates calculated include the 7 TPI saw. Exit chipping lost flakiness (in both channels), but was still visible. Breakaway spurs were not visibly altered. Surface staining was limited to bones exposed to sediment. Roughness was significantly lower in experimental groups post‐fluvial exposure (W = 5705, p < 0.05). Overall, this fluvial environment did not obliterate saw mark evidence from bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the surface roughness of sandblasted, large grit, acid‐etched (SLA) surfaced titanium discs, after implantoplasty (IP) with different combinations of rotating instruments without or with the subsequent use of a silicone polisher. Methods: Titanium discs (n = 12 per group) with an SLA surface were treated with the following IP protocols: (1) Tungsten carbide bur sequence from company 1 (Komet Dental) without or with polishing (P) with a silicone polisher (Brownie®), (2) tungsten carbide bur sequence from company 2 (Hager & Meisinger GmbH) without or with P, and (3) diamond bur sequence (125, 40, 15‐μm grit) without or with P. Pristine turned (T) and SLA titanium discs were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Surface roughness measurements were taken with a contact profilometer rendering Ra and Rz values. Results: All IP protocols, even without P, resulted in significantly reduced surface roughness compared to the SLA group. The tungsten carbide bur protocols, even without P, resulted in a surface roughness similar to or significantly lower than that in the T group in terms of Ra and Rz, respectively. IP with the diamond bur sequence resulted in a significantly rougher surface compared to that achieved with the carbide burs. In all IP groups, P with a silicone polisher resulted in a significantly smoother surface. Conclusions: IP with dedicated tungsten carbide burs without or with the subsequent use of a silicone polisher resulted in a surface roughness similar to or significantly lower than that of commercially available turned surfaces. IP with a diamond bur sequence required additional polishing to achieve a comparable surface roughness to that of commercially available turned surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study analyzes and compares dental microwear textures on occlusal and buccal surfaces from the same tooth to determine if using these surfaces in tandem can provide complementary data for dietary reconstructions. Materials and methods: Cova de la Guineu is a Late Neolithic‐Chalcolithic burial cave located in Font‐Rubí (Barcelona, Spain). The study sample consisted of 69 individuals represented by the lower left second molar. However, only 27 individuals had well‐preserved surfaces. Dental Microwear Texture Analysis was performed on both surfaces using a Sensofar® S Neox white‐light confocal profilometer following standard procedures. Toothfrax® software was used to quantify surface complexity and anisotropy. Results: The bootstrap resampling analysis shows significant differences in complexity and anisotropy between surfaces. There is no correlation between surfaces for complexity or anisotropy. The occlusal surfaces exhibit high complexities and low anisotropies, which are similar to values observed in Late Neolithic farming groups from Belgium. Discussion: The combination of occlusal and buccal microwear signatures provided important inferences regarding the studied sample. First, occlusal complexity and anisotropy values indicate an abrasive dietary regime. Second, we propose that the higher anisotropy values found on buccal surfaces, compared to those on the occlusal ones, are attributed to the specific mechanisms of microwear formation for each surface. Finally, combining both surfaces may increase the number of samples suitable for analysis. Further studies, with greater intergroup sampling, will help to understand how buccal microwear reflects or complements DMTA signatures on the occlusal surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find some practical understandings and to derive some rules for roughness calibration for common metal materials, this paper counts surface roughness on 50 ground workpieces of five different materials obtained by a stylus profilometer (here‐in‐after, 'SP') and a white light interferometer (here‐in‐after, 'WLI'). The materials include iron, stainless steel, 45 steel, copper and aluminium on which hardness values are widely ranged. The results show that SP measurement result is generally smaller than WLI measurement result for its stylus tip size and scratches on surface. The SP method has obvious scratches on soft materials (Al and Cu), which leads to the reduction of low spatial frequency information on the measured profile. WLI measurement result is more accurate when measured surface is smooth while SP is more suitable for rough and hard surface roughness measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SSRT setup gives smart access to test various properties of explosive materials and requires only little substance quantities. Unlike the standardized SSRT, we studied the bulge development from the blast of different amounts of PETN (200–1300 mg). The bulge of the corresponding aluminum blocks was evaluated with the help of a profilometer (Keyence VR‐5200). This device, which measures the volume of the dents using the offset of structured light projected on the object, has allowed us to analyze the differences precisely. Despite the experimental limitations and the resulting undirected explosion direction, a throughout linear correlation between the respective amounts of PETN and the resulting dent depth could be determined. Our study thus forms an illustrative development of how the explosion behavior, represented by the dent of an aluminum block, of compressed energetic materials behaves in with increasing filling quantity, which is transferable to larger experimental setups as well as to other explosives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of whitening toothpaste on the surface roughness of resin‐based restorative materials by different measurement methods. Twenty four specimens from each of human enamel, a microhybrid composite and two nanohybrid composites discs (8.0 diameter × 4.0 mm thick) were divided into two groups (n = 12) according to toothbrushing solutıon and subjected to simulation toothbrushing (30,000 cycles) with both distilled water and whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine. Surface roughness was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), profilometer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the data obtained were subjected to analysis. Ra values of Tescera (TES) were significantly higher than Sonicfill 2 (SF2) when brushing both toothbrushing solutions for initial or 30,000 cycles. Roughness increased for SF2 and TES when brushed for 30,000 cycles and was higher than enamel and Herculite XRV Ultra (HXU). Human enamel was obtained lower surface roughness values brushed with toothpaste compared with distilled water. Evaluation of the surface roughness of control groups using the AFM revealed no statistically significant difference between the groups, but significant differences were found using a profilometer. The use of abrasive whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine and the number of brushing cycles affect the surface properties of human enamel and the restorative material, and also, the clinical success of the restoration. Toothbrushing for 30,000 cycles increased the surface roughness of all materials. The type of toothbrushing solution partially has affected surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the outcomes of soft tissue augmentation, in terms of change in level and thickness of mid‐buccal mucosa, at implants sites in the zone of the aesthetic priority. Material and Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched (last search on 1 June 2020). Inclusion criteria were studies reporting outcomes of different materials and timing of grafting in patients undergoing soft tissue augmentation at implant sites in the aesthetic zone with a follow‐up of ≥1 year after implant placement. Outcome measures assessed included changes in level and thickness of mid‐buccal mucosa, implant survival, peri‐implant health and patients' satisfaction. Results: Eighteen out of 2,185 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Meta‐analysis revealed a significant difference in vertical mid‐buccal soft tissue change (0.34 mm, 95% CI: 0.13–0.56, p =.002) and mid‐buccal mucosa thickness (0.66 mm, 95% CI: 0.35–0.97, p <.001) following immediate implant placement in favour of the use of a graft versus no graft. Mean difference in mid‐buccal mucosa level following delayed implant placement (0.17 mm, 95% CI: 0.01–0.34, p =.042) was also in favour of the use of a graft versus no graft. With regard to mucosa thickness, the use of a graft was not in favour compared with no graft following delayed implant placement (0.22 mm, 95% CI: −0.04–0.47, p =.095). Observed changes remained stable in the medium term. Conclusion: Soft tissue augmentation in the zone of the aesthetic priority results in less recession and a thicker mid‐buccal mucosa following immediate implant placement and less recession in mid‐buccal mucosa following delayed implant placement compared with no graft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess clinical and radiographic outcomes as well as the profilometric contour alterations of peri‐implant hard and soft tissues around single implants treated with simultaneous guided bone regeneration (GBR) at 5 years. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐seven patients presenting with a single tooth gap in the esthetic zone received a two‐piece implant. GBR was randomly performed using a resorbable (RES) or a non‐resorbable membrane (N‐RES) combined with a bone substitute material. Follow‐up examinations were performed at baseline (BL = crown insertion), 1 year (FU‐1), 3 years (FU‐3), and at 5 years (FU‐5) including clinical and radiographic parameters as well as profilometric changes. Statistics were performed by means of parametric and nonparametric tests. Results: At 5 years, 20 out of 27 patients (9 RES, 11 N‐RES) were re‐examined. Median values for probing depth changed insignificantly between BL and FU‐5 in both groups. The median marginal bone levels were located 0.23 mm (0.06; 0.46; RES) and 0.17 mm (0.13;0.28; N‐RES) below the implant shoulder at FU‐5 (changes over time p <.05). The calculated median profilometric change between BL and FU‐5 was −0.28 mm (−0.53;‐0.20; RES; p =.016) and −0.24 mm (−0.43;0.08; N‐RES; p =.102; intergroup p =.380). The horizontal bone thickness decreased significantly between re‐entry and FU‐5 for group RES at all measured levels (p <.05) measuring 0.87 mm (0.0; 2.05) at the implant shoulder, whereas the decrease for group N‐RES was insignificant (p =.031) with 0 mm (0; 0.84) at the implant shoulder at 5 years. Conclusions: Implants sites with concomitant GBR using a resorbable or non‐resorbable membrane revealed stable marginal bone levels and clinical outcomes. Profilometric changes were clinically negligible over 5 years. The observed change in hard tissue thickness was partially compensated by an increase in soft tissue thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents an improved method for the measurement of the rolling bearing torque loss using a modified Four‐Ball machine. The new assembly allowed precise and accurate rolling bearing torque loss, while operating at constant temperature, controlled by means of liquid cooling‐heating system in which a thermal fluid is carried through the centre of the driving shaft. Several rolling bearing test campaigns are performed, using a fully formulated ISO VG 150 poly‐α‐olefin gear oil. The frictional torque loss is measured and compared with models available and the surface roughness of the rolling bearing races is observed using an optical profilometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As glazes are papery, there is no method capable of evaluating the surface wear resistance of glazed tiles. Thus, Taber abraser with rubber wheels and abrasive belts was employed to grind out a regular wear track. The volume of track was estimated using profilometer and its analyzing software precisely. The evaluation reliability of this method was verified using six float glasses, and the standard deviation of volume loss results could be controlled less than 10%. The appropriate operating parameters were investigated using float glasses and two types of ceramic tiles from different manufacturers. The method proposed in this work has potential of success to evaluate the surface wear resistance of ceramic tiles quantitatively and precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the presence and propagation of defects and their effects on surfaces of nickel–titanium (NiTi) instruments using noncontact, three‐dimensional optical profilometry, and to assess the accuracy of this method of investigation. Methodology: The flute surface areas of instruments from two commercial instrumentation systems, namely Reciproc R25 (n = 5) and WaveOne Primary (n = 5), were assessed and compared before and after performing two instrumentation cycles in simulated root canals in clear resin blocks. All the analyses were conducted on areas measuring 211 × 211 μm, located 3 mm from the tips of the instruments. A quantitative analysis was conducted before and after the first and second instrumentation cycles, using the Sa (average roughness over the measurement field), Sq (root mean square roughness) and Sz (average height over the measurement field) amplitude parameters. All the data were submitted to statistical analysis at a 5% level of significance. Results: There was a significant increase (P = 0.007) in wear in both groups, especially between baseline and the second instrumentation cycle, with significantly higher wear values being observed on WaveOne instruments (Sz median values = 33.68 and 2.89 μm, respectively, for WO and RP groups). A significant increase in surface roughness (P = 0.016 and P = 0.008, respectively, for Sa and Sq) was observed in both groups from the first to the second instrumentation cycle, mostly in WaveOne specimens. Qualitative analysis revealed a greater number of defects on the flute topography of all the instruments after use. Conclusions: More defects were identified in WaveOne Primary instruments compared to Reciproc R25, irrespective of the evaluation stage. The investigation method provided an accurate, repeatable and reproducible assessment of NiTi instruments at different time‐points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Powder lubrication can effectively reduce friction under extreme conditions, but powder filling and storage are yet to be improved. In this study, the evolution of the powder boundary layer on microtextured surfaces is investigated. The effect of load and speed on the friction properties of the microtexutured surface is also revealed by using a multifunctional friction and wear tester. Interrupted laser microscopy and profilometry measurements of the friction surface show 4 evolution stages of the powder boundary layer development: localised formation, complete formation, local spalling, and large scuffing of the boundary layer. The steady state boundary layer is characterised with many tadpole‐shaped units and exhibits better lubricity under high load and speed, which effectively delay the damage and improve the life of frictional samples. The present work may provide some new insights to engineers and researchers in designing surface micro/nanotextures with better lubricity and wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gynoid lipodystrophy, also known as cellulite, is a very common skin alteration representing mainly a cosmetic problem rather than a real disease. An effective treatment of cellulite has not been well established. The initial phase of cellulite is characterized by subdermal tissue edema with interstitial fluids retention. A new hypertonic topical product with draining action (HTC) containing NaCl 13%, escine, caffeine, and beta-sitosterol has been recently developed. A 28-day doubleblind placebo-controlled study has shown that this cream is able to reduce thigh circumference and the thickness of adipose tissue. No data so far are available regarding an objective evaluation of skin appearance for a longer application period. Study aim: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of 2-month HCT treatment with clinical and instrumental assessments. Subjects and methods: In a prospective, 2-center, assessor-blinded trial 20 women (mean age 34 years) with cellulite of Grade I-III in severity were enrolled after their informed consent. HTC was applied once daily for 60 days. Primary outcomes of the trial were the evolution of thigh circumference measurements (assessed at baseline, after 1 and 2 months) and the computer-analysis of skin profilometry (ie, skin volumes) of a prespecified target area evaluated by means of Antera 3D CS digitalized images (assessed at baseline and at the end of the trial). Secondary outcome was the orange peel severity score (from 0 to 5) before and after pitch test. Results: All subjects concluded the study period. Thigh circumference was reduced by -0.88 (right)/-1.2 cm (left) and by -1.8(right)/-2.1 (left) cm, after 30 and 60 days of treatment, respectively (P = .001, Wilcoxon test vs baseline). Antera 3D profilometry of the target zone showed a significant reduction in skin depression expressed in mm3 of -56% (from 59.7 to 26.73 mm³) after HTC application. Orange peel (no pitch test) mean (SD) score was 2.3 (1) at baseline, 2.0 (1) and 1.8 (0.8) after 1 and 2 months (P = .0031), respectively. After-pitch orange peel score was significantly reduced after treatment (from 3.3 to 2.2). Conclusion: Once daily application of HTC for 2 months has confirmed its efficacy in the improvement of objective and subjective assessments of cellulite parameters. (Trial Number registration: ISRCTN15111614). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Human studies on implants with the same design but with different surfaces are lacking at the present time. Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the survival rate of and marginal bone loss (MBL) around 2 types of implants with the same design, but with different surfaces: fully 'sandblasted and double-etched' (SDE) implants and hybrid (H) implants, with an apical SDE-surface and a coronal machined-surface. Materials and methods The SDE- and H-surfaces were previously analyzed under SEM and profilometer. Implants were placed in partially edentulous periodontally healthy patients requiring single implant-restoration, in either mandible or maxilla, with cement-retained prosthetic restoration. Twelve months after prosthetic loading, MBL in relation to prosthetic abutment height (AH), calculated radiographically, was statistically analyzed. Results SEM and profilometer analyses revealed no differences between the SDE-surfaces of either SDE- or H-implants. Transverse ridges and grooves characterized the machined portion of H-implants, clearly influencing the profilometer analysis. In 75 patients, 37 SDE and 38 H-implants were placed and all functioned completely after 12 months. In both SDE- and H-groups, MBL had a significant inverse relationship with AH, with greater intercept and negative slope for SDE-group and intersection of the 2 regression lines at AH = 2 mm. Conclusions A 100% survival rate was recorded for SDE- and H-implants placed in pristine bone of periodontally healthy patients; MBL was limited and similar in both SDE- and H-groups; the higher the prosthetic AH, the lesser the MBL around implants; H-implants could reduce bone loss most effectively with abutments lower than 2 mm, realistically exploitable on thin biotypes; SDE-implants could reduce bone loss most effectively with abutments greater than 2 mm, realistically exploitable on thick biotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actively bent X-ray mirrors are important components of many synchrotron and X-ray free-electron laser beamlines. A high-quality optical surface and good bending performance are essential to ensure that the X-ray beam is accurately focused. Two elliptically bent X-ray mirror systems from FMB Oxford were characterized in the optical metrology laboratory at Diamond Light Source. A comparison of Diamond-NOM slope profilometry and finite-element analysis is presented to investigate how the 900 mm-long mirrors sag under gravity, and how this deformation can be adequately compensated using a single, spring-loaded compensator. It is shown that two independent mechanical actuators can accurately bend the trapezoidal substrates to a range of elliptical profiles. State-of-the-art residual slope errors of <200 nrad r.m.s. are achieved over the entire elliptical bending range. High levels of bending repeatability (Δ R/ R = 0.085% and 0.156% r.m.s. for the two bending directions) and stability over 24 h (Δ R/ R = 0.07% r.m.s.) provide reliable beamline performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim In the present study, we evaluated the influence of surface sealing on color stability and surface roughness of a composite resin after accelerated artificial aging. Methods Thirty-two specimens of a composite were prepared. After 24 h, the specimens were polished and divided into four groups ( n = 8), according to the surface sealant used, including the control, which had no sealant application. Baseline color was measured according to the CIELab system using a reflection spectrophotometer. Surface roughness was determined using a profilometer with a cut-off of 0.25 mm. After these tests, specimens were aged for 252 h in an ultraviolet ( UV)-accelerated aging chamber. Color stability was determined by difference between coordinates obtained before and after the aging procedure. Data of color change and roughness were evaluated by anova and Fisher's exact test ( α = 0.05). Results The results showed that the unsealed group had the highest color change compared to other groups ( P = 0.0289), and there was no significant difference between groups sealed with surface sealant ( P > 0.05). The artificial aging caused an increase in roughness values independent of the experimental group studied ( P = 0.0015). Conclusion The sealed composites showed lower color change after UV aging, but all groups showed clinically-acceptable color change, and only liquid polish decreased roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is presented, which allows quantification of the roughness of nonplanar boundaries of objects for which the neutral plane is not known. The method provides quantitative descriptions of both the local and global characteristics. How the method can be used to estimate the sizes of rough features and local curvatures is also presented. The potential of the method is illustrated by quantification of the roughness of two recrystallization boundaries in a pure Al specimen characterized by scanning electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of this investigation was aimed at testing the use of a three-dimensional (3D) digital terrain model and a quasi-tridimensional (2.5D) digital elevation model obtained by a large series of oblique images of eroded channels taken from consumer un-calibrated and non-metric cameras. For two closed earth channels having a different sinuosity, the ground measurement of some cross sections by a profilometer (P) was carried out and their real volume was also measured. The comparison among the three methods (3D, 2.5D, and P) pointed out that a limited underestimation of the total volume always occurs and that the 3D method is characterized by the minimum difference between measured and real volume. For this reason, 3D model can be used as benchmark. In the subsequent part of the investigation, the three ground measurement methods were applied for surveying of an ephemeral gully (EG) channel at the Sparacia area. The morphological and hydraulic variable values of the 24 surveyed cross sections determined by both 2.5D model and profilometer were compared. This comparison showed that the estimate error is generally less than ±10%. The EG measurements carried out by the three methods supported the applicability both of the empirical relationship between EG length and its eroded volume and the theoretical dimensionless relationship among the morphological variables describing the channelized erosion process. Finally, it was demonstrated that the effect of the distance interval on the EG volume measurement by 3D and 2.5D models is negligible for the investigated EG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Changes to titanium implants smooth-surfaces after instrumentation were comparatively analyzed using low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy ( LV- SEM) and white-light confocal ( WLC) profilometry, to accurately evaluate curved surfaces. Material and methods Sixty titanium implants screwed to their abutments were randomly split into three groups for cleaning treatment with (S) stainless-steel Gracey-curettes, (T) titanium Langer-curettes, and (P) an ultrasonic-device with the probe covered with a plastic-tip. One sector of each implant was left unprocessed (U). The other sectors were cleaned for either 60 s, to simulate a single cleaning session, or 180 s to simulate a series of sessions. Surface morphology was analyzed by LV- SEM, without metal sputtering. Quantitative evaluations of the roughness of surfaces were performed using a WLC-profilometer. The Wilcoxon and the Mann-Whitney tests were used in statistical comparisons. Results U-surfaces showed that thin transverse ridges and grooves, i.e. a polarized surface roughness was substantially compromised after S-instrumentation. Small surface alterations, increasing with time, were also recorded after T-·and·P-instrumentation, although to a lesser degree. The gap of the fixture-abutment connection appeared almost completely clean after T-, clotted with titanium debris after S-, and clotted with plastic debris after P-treatment. The mean roughness (Ra) was unchanged after P-, significantly increased after S- and decreased after T-treatment, when compared with U. The Rz roughness-parameter, calculated along the fixture Y-axis, of S, T, and P resulted similar and significantly lower than that of U. Rz ( X-axis) resulted unchanged after P-, slightly increased (+40%) after T-, and greatly increased (+260%) after S-treatment, this latter being statistically significant when compared with U. Conclusions The careful use of titanium-curettes could produce only minimal smooth surface alteration particularly over prolonged treatments, and avoid debris production that could endanger implant preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the development of the striagraph, various attempts have been made to enhance forensic investigation through the use of measuring and imaging equipment. This study describes the development of a prototype system employing an easy-to-use software interface designed to provide forensic examiners with the ability to measure topography of a toolmarked surface and then conduct various comparisons using a statistical algorithm. Acquisition of the data is carried out using a portable 3D optical profilometer, and comparison of the resulting data files is made using software named ' MANTIS' (Mark and Tool Inspection Suite). The system has been tested on laboratory-produced markings that include fully striated marks (e.g., screwdriver markings), quasistriated markings produced by shear-cut pliers, impression marks left by chisels, rifling marks on bullets, and cut marks produced by knives. Using the system, an examiner has the potential to (i) visually compare two toolmarked surfaces in a manner similar to a comparison microscope and (ii) use the quantitative information embedded within the acquired data to obtain an objective statistical comparison of the data files. This study shows that, based on the results from laboratory samples, the system has great potential for aiding examiners in conducting comparisons of toolmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluated the effects of Er:YAG laser irradiation applied at varying pulse repetition rate on the surface roughness of eroded enamel. Methods Bovine enamel slabs ( n = 10) were embedded in polyester resin, ground, and polished. To erosive challenges, specimens were immersed two times per day in 20mL of concentrated orange juice (pH = 3.84) under agitation, during a two-day period. Specimens were randomly assigned to irradiation with the Er:YAG laser (focused mode, pulse energy of 60 mJ and energy density of 3.79 J/cm2) operating at 1, 2, 3, or 4 Hz. The control group was left nonirradiated. Surface roughness measurements were recorded post erosion-like formation and further erosive episodes by a profilometer and observed through atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results Analysis of variance revealed that the control group showed the lowest surface roughness, while laser-irradiated substrates did not differ from each other following post erosion-like lesion formation. According to analysis of covariance, at further erosive episodes, the control group demonstrated lower surface roughness ( P > 0.05), than any of the irradiated groups ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The pulse repetition rate of the Er:YAG laser did not affect roughness of dental enamel eroded. The AFM images showed that the specimens irradiated by the Er:YAG laser at 1 Hz presented a less rough surface than those irradiated at 2, 3, and 4 Hz. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:989-993, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Peri-implantitis is an infection of the implant surface caused by adhesion of bacteria that generate bone resorption and sometimes even consequent implant loss. Both screw-retained and cemented fixed implants are affected. Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological defects at the cemented interface between titanium abutment and ceramic crown, comparing different adhesive cements used to fill the marginal gap. Materials and Methods Twelve computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing dental crowns were cemented to titanium abutments using three different resin composite cements. Sealed margins were polished using grommets with descending diamond particle size. Three groups of four crowns each were made according to the cement used, namely R elyX Unicem (3 M ESPE), Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray), and NX3 ( Nexus Kerr). Samples were analyzed using optical inspection, three-dimensional profilometry, and image analysis, including analysis of variance. Results Although RelyX showed significantly lower root mean square surface roughness (4.4 ± 1.5 μm) than that of NX3 (7.0 ± 2.9 μm), it showed no significant difference with Panavia (3.7 ± 1.5 μm). The marginal gap was significantly wider in Panavia (149 ± 108 μm) as compared with NX3 (71 ± 45 μm) and Relyx (64 ± 34 μm). For all groups, homogeneous heights of both metal-cement and ceramic-cement gaps were observed. Moreover, all samples showed homogeneity of the margins and absence of instrumental bias, thus validating both procedure and materials. Conclusions When using the chosen polishing method, RelyX Unicem showed both low roughness and marginal width, and thus the smoothest and more continuous abutment-crown interlayer, promising a low probability of occurrence of peri-implantitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Modular hip implants allows for the adjustment of leg length, offset, and the ability to remove the head for acetabular exposure during primary and revision surgery. The design of the Morse taper facilitates the intimate contact of the conical trunnion of the femoral stem (male component), with the conical bore of the femoral head (female component). Orthopaedic trunnion tapers are not standardized and vary in length, taper angle, and base dimension. Variations in the design and surface characteristics of the trunnion, will directly reflect on the interface at the taper junction and can influence the likelihood of subsequent wear, corrosion and longevity of the implant. The effect of surface topography of trunnions on commercially available hip stems has not yet been considered as a possible contributing factor in the corrosion observed at taper junctions. In this study we analyzed the surface topography and surface roughness of randomly selected commercially available femoral hip stem trunnions to obtain a greater insight into their surface characteristics. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:98-105, 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin film metallisation of machinable glass–ceramic is a technique used for industrial applications. Data of copper thin films on machinable glass–ceramic, realised by using a magnetron sputtering system in an extensive pressure range, are uncommon. Aim of this study is to obtain and analyse these data, and to use as comparison the same copper depositions performed on glass. Surface analyses of materials used as substrates have been performed, and treatments prior to depositions are reported. Films with thicknesses of some hundreds of nanometres have been obtained by DC magnetron sputtering, varying the gas discharge pressure in the range 0.13–6.6 Pa. The films have been analysed, and the mechanical and structural data have been determined by profilometer, X‐ray diffraction and atomic force measurements, whereas electrical resistivity has been derived from sheet resistance measurement. The analyses have shown that the films obtained on glass and machinable glass–ceramic have similar structural (crystallite sizes and preferred orientation) and electrical (resistivity) characteristics. The resistivity data obtained from coatings realised at the highest pressures present an increase of more than one order of magnitude with respect to the values measured at the lowest pressures, and this result may be related to film 'intra‐grain' size effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Functional and urodynamic ( UDS) outcomes of W-configured ileal orthotopic neobladder ( ONB) with extramural serosa-lined tunnel uretero-ileal anastomosis are presented Methods Consecutive 17 patients undergoing ONB during December 2009 to March 2011 were enrolled. Of these 15 men (bladder cancer 14, tuberculosis 1) with mean age 52.7 ± 11.3 years completed the follow-up. Pouch-related quality of life ( PQOL) was assessed using a published questionnaire. Uroflowmetry, cystometry/cystography and urethral-pressure profilometry were done at two follow-up visits at least 3 months apart. Mean follow up 10 ± 5 months. Mean length of harvested ileum 48 ± 6 cm. Results Overall PQOL were similar at both evaluations (55 ± 11 and 54 ± 15, respectively). During first and second follow-up, maximum flow-rate, voided-volume and post-void residual urine were 11 ± 4 mL/sec, 246 ± 99 mL and 68 ± 74.9 mL and 10.4 ± 4.6 mL/sec, 234 ± 138 mL and 86 ± 146 mL, respectively. Mean neobladder capacity, compliance, maximum urethral closure-pressure ( MUCP) and functional urethral length were 484 ± 244 mL, 50.5 ± 49.1 mL/ cmH2O, 42 ±20 cmH2O and 22 ± 12 mm, and 468 ± 250 mL, 46.4 ± 47.5 mL/ cmH2O, 52 ± 27 cmH2O and 23 ± 12 mm, respectively. Patients with smaller pouch (r = 0.828; P = 0.0001), longer urethral length (r = −0.392; P = 0.023) and lesser incontinence (r = 0.429; P = 0.011) had significantly better PQOL. With continued supervised pelvic-floor rehabilitation, a trend in improvement in hesitancy ( P = 0.058), MUCP ( P = 0.05) and bothersome incontinence ( P = NS) was observed. None of the patients had any obstruction or reflux of the upper tracts. Conclusion The index ONB has reasonable storage and voiding characteristics but with a rider of nocturnal urinary incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Facial wrinkles are an undesirable feature caused by extrinsic photodamage and intrinsic aging process. Many cosmetic products and esthetic procedures strive to ameliorate the appearance of wrinkles. Currently the effects of those products and procedures on wrinkles are mainly evaluated by clinical grading, subjective self-assessment questionnaires, and optical profilometry of replica impressions. An objective and quantitative method is in demand. Methods Raking light optical profilometry was applied directly to facial photography to cast wrinkles as dark shadows. The resulting high-resolution digital images were analyzed using Image Pro software. A high-throughput method, Stephens Wrinkle Imaging using Raking Light ( SWIRL), was developed to analyze the severity of wrinkles using photographs taken under the raking light condition. This method was applied to photographs taken from many panelists with a wide range of wrinkle severity scores. The result was compared with clinical grading scores to determine its validity. In addition, this method was applied to photographs taken from panelists before and after product usage to determine its sensitivity. Results Using the SWIRL method, multiple wrinkle parameters were quantitatively assessed, including wrinkle count, length, width, area, and relative depth. Those parameters correlated well with clinical grading scores, showing correlation coefficient ( r value) of about 0.8 for all parameters. This result indicates that the SWIRL method is a valid method for analyzing wrinkle severity. When applied to a clinical study, the SWIRL method was sensitive enough to detect improvement after 8 weeks of product application. Conclusions The SWIRL method has been fully validated through clinical studies. It is accurate, objective, and quantitative. As multiple wrinkle parameters are analyzed simultaneously, it can provide more detailed information on how wrinkles change over time and therefore has the potential to shed light on the action and mechanism of antiwrinkle products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractures play an important role in the Earth's crust, often controlling both mechanical and transport processes. Developing a mechanistic understanding of these processes requires quantifying the roughness of fracture surfaces and the contacts and void spaces between fracture surfaces at high spatial resolution (10s of microns) over a broad range of scales (centimeters to meters). Here we present a scalable method for measuring fracture surfaces and reconstructing fracture aperture fields using an optical profilometer. We evaluate the method by measuring two fractured limestone cores; one is a tensile fracture with strong cross correlation between the surfaces and the other is a saw-cut, sand-blasted fracture with negligible cross correlation between the surfaces. Results of repeated measurements of these two fractures suggest that well-correlated surfaces, where the correlation between the surfaces can aid reconstruction, can be reproduced with local uncertainties with median standard deviation of [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study was designed to evaluate the comparative effect of osseointegration induced by the dental implants of Beijing Leiden Biomaterial (BLB) and BLBIII. Materials and methods: The surface properties ofBLBI and BLBIII were studied through thermal field-scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and optical profilometer. A total of 36 BLBI and BLBIII implants, with each of the two groups possessing 18, were randomly implanted into the extraction fossa of the mandibular premolar areas of six Beagles. The animals were then executed 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the surgery, which was followed by macroscopic examination and histomorphometric analysis. Results: Typical cloud-form microstructure was found on the surface of BLBI implant, which was distributed widely yet in an irregular way. The surface of BLBIII implant was mainly featured by a highly porous layer. The EDS spectra of BLBI indicated the peaks of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) compatible with apatite phase, while the peaks of Ca, P, oxygen and titanium were incorporated in the BLBIII group. The ratio of Ca and K showed no significant differences in the surface chemical composition of BLBI and BLBIII. Surface microtopographic analysis showed a statistical difference ( P<0.01) in the roughness between BLBI ( Ra) and BLBIII. In the healing period, a larger amount of osteoid and bone tissues were observed in the areas surrounding the BLBIII group than those of the BLBII group. After 2 and 4 weeks of the surgery, the bone-implant contact (BIC) of BLBIII group presented higher value of statistical significance ( P<0.05) than that of BLBI. However, after the 8-week healing period, the BIC difference between the two groups proved to be of no statistical significance ( P>0.05). Conclusion: Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and electrophoresis deposition (EPD) are able to produce a highly porous layer on the surface of BLBIII, which is characterized by a relatively stable Ca/P ratio similar to that of the hydroxyapatite layer. Therefore, superior and early osseointegration potential was demonstrated in the threaded implants treated by MAO coupling with EPD, rather than the merely cylindrical-shaped ones with plasma-sprayed HA coating layer. To cite this article: Yin K, Wang Z, Fan X, Bian Y, Guo J, Lan J. The experimental research on two-generation BLB dental implants. Part I: surface modification and osseointegration. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 846-852. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02209.x [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose two techniques for fracture aperture reconstruction. The first one is a correlation technique that estimates the normal aperture or the tangential shift across a discontinuity whose sides present geometrical similarities. The only required material is a pair of appropriately controlled images of each side. Here, the images are maps of the corresponding side topography, obtained from laser profilometry. Assuming a purely normal opening, it is possible, from two corresponding sides of a given discontinuity in a core log, to infer the precise geometry of the in situ aperture. The second technique allows to retrieve the three-dimensional geometry of a sealed discontinuity from non-independent topography measurements of both sides. Both techniques are applied to discontinuities extracted from a core drilled down to 20 m in a fractured marl formation at Draix (French Alps). The probability density functions of the aperture of the sealed and open discontinuities are shown to be Gaussian. At the sample scale, the sealed fracture aperture is self-affine, while the open one shows a cross-over from a self-affine regime at very small scales to an uncorrelated regime at largest scales. After extrapolating those scaling laws at the scale of the whole formation, we discuss when the aperture roughness affects the hydraulic properties of the Draix fractured bedrock. The overall estimated permeability is significant (10−9 − 10−8 m2), consistently with some previous indirect inferences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate by 3D profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the marginal adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Sealer 26 placed in root-end cavities with direct vision or under an optical microscope. Methodology The root ends of 52 root filled canine teeth were filled with MTA or Sealer 26 under direct vision or optical microscope (n = 13). In each group, eight specimens were analysed by profilometry for measurement of the area and depth of gaps. In the other five specimens, gap area was measured using SEM to verify marginal adaptation and surface characteristic. Data were analysed by parametric (anova and Tukey) and non-parametric (Kruskal- Wallis and Dunn) tests. Results The assessment of the adaptation of both materials to dentine was not influenced by the mode of visualization, which was confirmed by both profilometry and SEM observations. The voids measured with profilometry for Sealer 26 under direct vision were significantly wider and deeper than those for MTA under direct vision (P < 0.05). In SEM, significantly larger gap areas were observed with Sealer 26 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Root-end cavities filled with MTA had smaller gaps and better marginal adaptation than Sealer 26. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resorption pit assay is classically used to evaluate osteoclast activity on bone or dentine slices that can be eroded by these cells. Two different types of cells were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in the presence of M-CSF + sRANKL or with M-CSF + LPS. At the end of the culture period (21 days), cells were discarded and the dentine slices stained with toluidine blue and examined with an NT9100 Wyco vertical scanning profilometer. The images of the dentine surface were corrected for tilt and the eroded volume was calculated on the whole images. The depth of the eroded pits was determined. The data files were used to reconstruct the surface of the slices by standardizing the ground level to compare both conditions. Osteoclasts generated with M-CSF + sRANKL were capable of resorbing a more important volume than those generated with M-CSF + LPS. In addition, the formers were able to resorb the dentine matrix more deeply. Data provided by the microscope were used to reconstruct three-dimensional images of the dentine slices with pseudo colours varying with the depth of erosion. Vertical scanning profilometry, a technique used to measure the roughness of polished or etched surfaces in metallurgic industry, can be used to accurately measure the eroded volume and the mean erosion depth done by osteoclasts in the resorption pit assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, evolution of damage under high-temperature (823 K) low cycle fatigue loading condition in near α IMI-834 titanium alloy has been studied. The in situ damage has been experimentally measured during cyclic deformation using the alternating current potential drop (ACPD) technique. The measured damage curve has been compared with the damage curves calculated through mechanical variables such as cyclic modulus and stress amplitude. The ACPD damage curve has been found most sensitive towards high-temperature low cycle fatigue damage evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate, in vitro, the effect on enamel erosion of the addition of 0.2% w/v casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) to four commercially-available soft drinks, two of which were carbonated. Methods: Enamel specimens (n = 27) were sectioned from sound extracted human third molar teeth and polished to a mirror finish. Exposed enamel windows of 1 mm2 were created by painting the surface with acid-resistant nail varnish. Four citric flavoured soft drinks (pH range 2.2 to 2.4) and distilled deionized water (DDW) were tested. Each drink was tested with and without 0.2% CPP-ACP w/v. The specimens were placed into 50 mL of solution at 37 °C for 30 minutes, rinsed and varnish removed. The samples were profiled with a white light profilometer and erosive depths recorded. Results: All soft drinks tested caused enamel erosion but adding 0.2% w/v CPP-ACP significantly reduced (p <0.05) erosive depth in all test solutions in comparison with the solutions without CPP-ACP. The erosive depths for all solutions with 0.2% CPP-ACP did not differ significantly from those of DDW. Conclusions: Adding CPP-ACP at 0.2% w/v significantly decreased the erosivity of all four soft drinks. The erosivity of the soft drinks with 0.2% CPP-ACP added did not differ significantly from that of distilled water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cite this article: Int J Dent Hygiene 8, 2010; 237–243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00433.x Liljeborg A, Tellefsen G, Johannsen G. The use of a profilometer for both quantitative and qualitative measurements of toothpaste abrasivity. Aim: To evaluate the abrasivity of different toothpastes both quantitatively and qualitatively with a profilometer technique and to correlate these findings to the radioactive dentin abrasivity (RDA) value. Materials and methods: Acrylic plates were exposed to brushing in a brushing machine with 11 different toothpastes. The results were evaluated using a profilometer. A surface roughness value (Ra-value), that is, a qualitative measurement, and also a volume value, that is, a quantitative measurement, were calculated from the profilometer results. These values were then correlated to each other and to the RDA-value. A comparison between RDA, Ra and volume measurements was performed using linear fitting procedure. Results: The results showed that the correlation between RDA and Ra measurements was low ( R2 = 0.04) and also that the correlation between RDA and volume measurements was low ( R2 = 0.00002). Correlation between Ra and abraded volume was high ( R2 = 0.87). Conclusions: It is important to consider not only the RDA-value when evaluating toothpaste abrasivity. From the profilometer results both a quantitative (volume) and qualitative (roughness) measurement of the abrasivity of a toothpaste can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the surface finish of some direct posterior resin composites with new novel ones, which are based on a resin matrix other than the ordinary dimethacrylate, after fine finishing and polishing with eight different systems. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight disk-shaped specimens of the posterior composites were prepared in a split Teflon mold and irradiated by an Astralis 10 light cure (560 mW/cm2 for 10 seconds) at four quadrants on each sample's side. The specimens were divided into eight groups according to the designed finishing and/or polishing protocols. The surface roughness in the form of surface finish (Ra) was recorded using a contact profilometer. The surface of the specimens was observed under the scanning electron microscope. Results: Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between the materials for the Ra roughness parameter at each finishing and polishing system used ( p < 0.05). On the one hand, Filtek P90 (3M ESPE Dental Products, Seefeld, Germany) and Definite (Degussa, Dental Centrum, Hanau, Germany) provided the smoothest surface finish (Ra) when they were finished and polished with a series of Sof-Lex pop-on disks (3M ESPE Dental Products) and Astropol (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), respectively. On the other hand, Filtek P60 (3M ESPE Dental Products) presented the roughest surface when it was finished with Fini disks (Jeneric/Pentron Clinical Technologies, Wallingford, CT, USA). Scanning electron microscope images indicated a uniform surface topography for Filtek P90 with most finishing/polishing systems. Contrary to CompoSite polishers (Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan), Astropol showed the smoothest surface finish with most of the investigated composites. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The smoothest surface finish was achieved by most of the finishing/polishing systems investigated specifically on cationic (Filtek P90) and organically modified ceramics (Definite) composites compared with dimethacrylate-based composites, suggesting their successful clinical use. ( J Esthet Restor Dent 22:127–138, 2010) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on an experimental study regarding strength degradation of polymer coatings in glass indentation damage. The study uses epoxies such as epoxy acrylate and urethane acrylate on soda-lime glass substrates and measures the coating surface topography through profilometer. Results show that strength degradation of coating depends more on coating thickness than coating hardness.

Printing paper is an important communication and information medium affecting our daily activities in several ways. The structure of paper may affect its optical, mechanical, fluid transport and print properties. In order to achieve a complete understanding of these processes a comprehensive characterization of relevant surface and bulk structures of paper is necessary. The paper grades considered in this study are newsprints, super calendered and coated papers. A detailed description of several image acquisition techniques used to assess the printing paper structures is given, including desktop scanners, profilometry, light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, focused-ion-beam, X-ray microtomography and transmission electron microscopy. The presented methods cover a wide range of structure sizes, from the macro- to the sub-nano level. The complementary capabilities of the image acquisition techniques for assessing structural details of paper and prints are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effects of six surface treatment methods on the surface roughness of two feldspathic ceramic materials. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty metal discs were cast (Remanium CS). A low-fusing feldspathic ceramic (Vita Omega 900) was fired onto 60 metal discs, and an ultra low-fusing feldspathic ceramic (Finesse) was fired onto the other 60 metal discs. Six surface treatment methods were selected: (1) autoglazing (AUG), (2) overglazing (OVG), (3) polishing (POL), (4) fine diamond disc grinding + polishing + autoglazing (FDPA), (5) coarse diamond disc grinding + polishing + autoglazing (CDPA), (6) polishing + autoglazing (PA). Omega specimens were assigned to six experimental groups representing six surface treatment methods (Om-AUG, Om-OVG, Om-POL, Om-FDPA, Om-CDPA, Om-PA) (n = 10). Finesse specimens were also assigned to six experimental groups (Fn-AUG, Fn-OVG, Fn-POL, Fn-FDPA, Fn-CDPA, Fn-PA) (n = 10). Treated ceramic surfaces were examined by means of profilometry and transmission electron microscopy. Results: In Omega groups mean roughness values ranged as follows: group Om-AUG = Om-POL > Om-OVG > Om-CDPA = Om-FDPA > Om-PA ( p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between groups Om-AUG/Om-POL and Om-CDPA/Om-FDPA ( p > 0.05). In Finesse groups mean roughness values ranged as follows: Fn-CDPA > Fn-FDPA = Fn-AUG = Fn-POL = Fn-OVG > Fn-PA ( p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between Fn-FDPA, Fn-AUG, Fn- POL and Fn-OVG ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: For both ceramic types, the smoothest surfaces were obtained with polishing prior to autoglazing. Diamond disc grinding prior to polishing and autoglazing (Fn-FDPA, Fn-CDPA) displayed the roughest surfaces in ultra low-fusing ceramic (Finesse). Autoglazing alone and polishing displayed the roughest surfaces in low-fusing ceramic material (Om-AUG, Om-POL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates the effect of an imposed texture on the gloss of injection-molded polymeric surfaces and they ways in which these properties are visually perceived. Two mold cavities with slight differences in texture and three different polymers produced specimens with small differences in surface topography. Laser profilometry, gloss measurements, and psychometric evaluations were used to characterize the texture and gloss. Variations in surface topography caused by differences in the rheological properties of the polymer melts were too small to be reflected in the measurements.

The existing procedures for robust design, devised for physical experiments, may be too limiting when the system can be simulated by a computer model. In this paper we introduce a modification of the dual response surface modelling, which incorporates the option of stochastically simulating some of the noise factors when their probabilistic behaviour is known. Our method generalizes both the crossed and the combined array approaches and finds a natural application to integrated parameter and tolerance design. The method appears suitable for designing complex measurement systems and in this paper is applied to the design of a high-precision optical profilometer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose: Cutaneous fibrosis is the quite mandatory sequela after a breast cancer treated by radiotherapy and it induces more or less important functional troubles. The LPG® technique is a technique of mechanical massage that allows skin mobilization by folding/unfolding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes on irradiated skin before and after LPG treatment by clinical and skin replica analysis. Methods: Twenty women, 43–55 years old, who had been treated from 6 to 16 months before, for breast cancer with a conservative surgery and radiotherapy, had been enrolled in the trial. They were divided into two groups after randomization: the first group was LPG treated three times a week for 1 month; the second group was only placed under medical supervision. The clinical criteria studied were systematically studied before (T0), at the end of treatment (T1) and 1 month after the end of treatment (T2): pain, itching, skin dryness, erythema, skin infiltration, feeling of tightness and of induration of the skin. Softening of the skin was assessed at T1 and T2. Cutaneous replica was performed on the internal upper 1/4 of each breast with silicone material before, after and 1 month later after the end of the treatment. After polymerization, the replica was stored and then blindly analyzed by image analysis software. The following parameters were systematically measured: average skin roughness, average of wrinkles' depth and residual length, wrinkle number and the space between them. Results: Clinically, the LPG treatment induced a decrease of erythema (10% of the patients vs. 40% before treatment), a decrease of pain and pruritus (10% vs. 20% and 40%, respectively) and a decrease of the feeling of induration of the skin (10% of the patients vs. 70% before treatment). Furthermore, a skin-softening sensation was noted by seven patients vs. one in the control group. Replica shows an increase of roughness and of furrow depth without any change in the residual length and an increase in the space between the wrinkles, whose number decreases. Conclusion: This study confirms the impact of the clinical sequelae induced on skin after radiotherapy and shows improvement of the clinical signs after treatment by the LPG® technique. The latter induces changes of micro relief, suggesting a softening effect on the skin. These preliminary results have to be confirmed on a more important group of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the development of an ImageJ plugin for surface characterization. Based on gradient analysis, parameters, such as the gradient magnitude, orientation, mean resultant vector and surface area are derived. A comparative study of supercalendered (SC) papers was performed to verify the surface representations yielded by a laser profilometer. The surface representations of samples covered with carbon and gold were compared to untreated samples. The results confirm the suitability of gold coating for reducing the artefacts encountered on laser profilometry surface representations of paper. In addition, a complete scanning electron microscopy analysis is performed on the assessed samples to quantify the surface fraction covered by mineral fillers and to reveal the true 3D microstructure of SC surfaces. The influence of filler coverage and filler type on the gloss level of commercial SC papers is evaluated. The relationship between the surface topography, gloss and PPS roughness for a series of commercial SC papers is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]