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Psychological problems are prevalent among adolescents, and previous studies have robustly demonstrated that individual and family factors play a role in the formation and maintenance of these problems. On the other hand, not all adolescents show the same characteristics in terms of these factors and can be categorized into different groups. Identifying this heterogeneity is also important in intervention for psychological problems. Thus, this study aimed to identify patterns of parental attitudes, basic psychological needs, self‐regulation, and alexithymia, using latent class analysis (LCA), and investigated how different patterns of these individual and family factors are associated with psychological problems. Participants included a sample of 331 volunteer Turkish adolescents (140 male [42.3%], 191 female [57.7%]). LCA indicated a two‐class solution fit the current data well and 65% of the participants were classified into the first latent class which was labeled as "positive individual and family context" (PIFC). The PIFC were found to have higher levels of parental sensitivity and autonomy support, need satisfaction and self‐regulation, but lower levels of mother's psychological and behavioral control and father's behavioral control, need frustration, and alexithymia. The second latent class, labeled as "negative individual and family context" (NIFC), included 35% of the adolescents. Adolescents in NIFC had low levels of parental sensitivity, autonomy support, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and self‐regulation, but high levels of mother's psychological and behavioral control, father's behavioral control, frustration of basic psychological needs, and alexithymia. Moreover, after controlling gender and age, adolescents classified in the NIFC displayed significantly higher levels of psychological problems than those classified in the PIFC. These findings support the idea that individual and familial factors interact to affect adolescents' mental health and suggest that clinicians and helping professionals would benefit from including these factors in intervention processes. Practitioner points: Adolescents were assigned to "positive individual and family context" and "negative individual and family context" latent profiles.Adolescents in the "negative individual and family context" profile were characterized by low levels of positive parenting attitudes, psychological need satisfaction, and self‐regulation, but high levels of negative parenting attitudes, psychological need frustration, and alexithymia.Adolescents in the "negative individual and family context" displayed more psychological problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students who are abused in various ways are at a higher risk for psychological problems such as depression and suicidal ideation. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological problems and perceived social support in the relationship between cyber victimization and suicidal behavior. The participants in this cross‐sectional study were 250 adolescents, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth‐grade students (aged 13–18 years) in Bushehr, Iran. The instruments used to collect the data were the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 (DASS‐21), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire‐Revised (SBQ‐R), and Cyberbullying/Victimization Experiences Questionnaire. SPSS‐25 and AMOS‐24 software were used for data analysis. The indirect and negative effects of perceived social support showed that support (from family members and significant others) is associated with reduced suicidal behavior in students experiencing cyber victimization. Moreover, the indirect and positive effects of psychological problems showed that cyber victimization increases the risk of students experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, and may lead to increased suicidal behavior in them. The experience of cyberbullying victimization in students is associated with their suicidal behavior. These students need treatment through psycho‐educational interventions or even psychotherapy in some cases. Practitioner Points: The experience of cyberbullying victimization in students is associated with their suicidal behavior.Social support is associated with a reduction in suicidal behavior in students exposed to cyber victimization.A classroom climate that fosters group cohesion, support, and respect for individual differences will be effective in reducing bullying and other forms of peer aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese college students have a high incidence of psychological problems but rarely seek professional psychological help. Despite this fact, there have been few studies of the help‐seeking behavior of Chinese college students with mental health problems. This research aims to use a modified model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explore the intentions and behaviors of Chinese college students with psychological problems in seeking professional psychological help. A total of 319 Chinese college students were recruited to measure attitude, stigma, coping efficiency, help‐seeking intention, help‐seeking behavior, and demographic variables. The results showed that attitudes were the most powerful predictor of intentions to seek help, followed by coping effectiveness and stigma. In addition, a multigroup analysis showed that the model was valid across genders. Our research results show that the TPB‐based model can effectively explain the intentions and behaviors of college students with psychological problems in seeking professional help. Using our results, families, schools, and society could design intervention measures to enhance students' help‐seeking intentions and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa having no clear aetiology or pathogenesis. The influence of psychological disturbances on OLP has been widely discussed but still bears the controversy. This study aimed at assessing scientific evidence between the OLP and psychological alterations of the patient. We searched seven important databases for studies on OLP and psychological factors (anxiety, depression, stress, sleep disorders, etc.) published between 1 January 2000, and 1 October 2020. Case‐control and cross‐sectional studies were incorporated into this study. The meta‐analysis used a random‐effects model assessed by using the I2 statistic. Dichotomous variables used the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI), and continuous variables used the mean difference with 95% CI. Finally, 26 studies were included in the review. A meta‐analysis of 13 studies showed there was a significant association of OLP with anxiety, depression and stress compared with healthy controls. Certain personality characteristics and sleep disorders also influence the patient of OLP. Therefore, psychological and psychiatric examinations should be carried out routinely for patients with OLP and improve the prognosis of the disease. © 2022 Australian Dental Association [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to test the psychometric proprieties of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) applied to younger (13–16 years) and older (17–20 years) Italian adolescents examining (1) the factorial structure of RFQ; (2) its invariance across age and sex; (3) correlations between RFQ subscale scores, as well as the associations of the RFQ with (4) psychological problems and alexithymia dimensions. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 593 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 20 years old recruited from the community within Italy. These participants completed the RFQ, Symptom Checklist‑90, and Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Results: The two‐factor structure of the RFQ was confirmed. However, higher internal consistency of RFQ was obtained by removing two items that seemed problematic within this sample. Using a six‐item version of RFQ, the two‐factor structure was invariant across adolescent age and sex. Significant correlations among RFQ subscale scores, and between RFQ subscales with both psychological problems and alexithymia dimensions were found. Conclusions: Preliminary results reveal a short version of RFQ (six‐item) is a suitable measure to assess mentalizing in adolescents in the Italian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), fecal incontinence (FI), as well as sleep and behavioral problems are common in young children. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of sleep and psychological parameters for all types of incontinence in a representative sample of young children. Methods: Six hundred thirty eight (of 1161) children with a mean age of 5.9 years (50.9% boys) were assessed during their mandatory school entry examination. The participation rate was 55%. Instruments included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and other clinical questions. Incontinence was diagnosed according to ICCS standards. Constipation was assessed by two questions. Results: 17.1% of children had at least one type of incontinence, 14.8% had NE, 5.0% DUI, 2.1% FI, and 4.8% were constipated. 6.7% of children had clinically relevant psychological problems. 22.7% of children had sleep problems regularly (5−7 times/week). A wide variety of sleep problems were reported. Children with incontinence were not affected by a higher rate of sleep problems. Children with NE had fewer night wakings and those with constipation fewer parasomnias. Sleep and psychological problems were significantly associated, especially in children with DUI and FI. Conclusions: Sleep and behavioral problems are common in young children. Psychological problems have a clear impact on sleep. Young children with incontinence do not have more sleep problems than continent children. Therefore, both sleep and psychological problems should be addressed in young children with incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic is a public health emergency that represents a challenge to psychological health. This study aimed to assess the psychological conditions among university students in Saudi Arabia during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: During the period between the 4th and 18th of June 2020, the students of Umm AlQura University in Saudi Arabia were invited to complete an online survey. The survey assessed their sociodemographic characteristics, educational disciplines, and manifestations of psychological health problems including depression, anxiety, and stress as determined by the Arabic version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale‐21 (DASS‐21). Results: The study included 936 university students (56.4% women and 43.6% men). Of them, 41.1% had depressive symptoms (31.7% mild to moderate and 9.4% severe to very severe), 26.9% had anxiety symptoms (15.8% mild to moderate and 11.1% severe to very severe), and 22.4% had stress symptoms (15.2% mild to moderate and 7.2% severe to very severe). Students who reported having a friend or relative infected with or died of COVID‐19, watching or reading news about the pandemic ≥2 hours/day, and not getting emotional support from family, university, and society were more likely to show psychological problems. Conclusion: Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were common among Saudi university students during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Psychological counselling and support should be provided to university students in Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Late to complete toilet training has been associated with many psychological factors including behavior and mood problems. Unfortunately, the majority of the research is specific to children with elimination disorders or children identified as incontinent after the age of 7 years. The current study addressed gaps in the literature by comparing the psychological functioning of children not toilet trained by their 4‐year‐old well child care visit with their toilet trained peers. Design and Methods: Parent reports of internalizing and externalizing behavior using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were compared across groups, non‐toilet trained and toilet trained, for 150 children recruited during their 4‐year‐old well child health care visit. Independent samples t tests of group means and χ2 analyses were performed on all CBCL scales. Results: Results found no clinically or statistically significant differences between groups on parents' reports of internalizing and externalizing behavior. The current study provides no evidence that delays in successfully completing toilet training by 4 years of age were related to psychological problems for this sample of children. Practice Implications: Nursing professionals in primary care settings are positioned to provide anticipatory guidance to parents of children not yet toilet trained. Findings from the current study offer evidence that delays in toilet training might not be related to psychopathology, and these children are not likely to require intervention outside the pediatric setting and could be effectively managed by primary care health providers employing evidence‐based toilet training protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cancer is a type of chronic illness that causes many issues for patients and their caregivers, including a wide range of psychological problems. This study was conducted to determine the status and psychological problems of caregivers of pediatric patients with cancer who live in Iran. Methods: All articles from 2000 to March 2019 related to the psychological of caregivers and their child's cancer were included in the search. Domestic websites in Iran and international databases were searched. Keywords of the search included child, cancer, malignancy, care burden, stress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, psychological hardiness, posttraumatic stress, parents, father, mother, and pediatric. The search, data extraction, quality assessment and screening were conducted independently by two researchers. Results: In the initial search, 345 articles were extracted regarding the psychological problems of caregivers. After final screening 15 articles were selected; from these four referred to care burden, four articles for coping skills, three articles for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and four articles for stress, anxiety, and depression among carers of children with cancer. Conclusion: Considering the existence of psychological problems such as caregiver burden, PTSD, stress, anxiety, and depression in caregivers of children with cancer, it is necessary to provide nursing interventions for this group of parents; particularly interventions that provide the necessary ground for reducing psychological problems and improving caregivers' mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Retrospective and cross‐sectional studies often report associations between childhood gender nonconformity and greater emotional and peer difficulties. This study used the ALSPAC birth cohort to investigate relationships between childhood gender‐typed behavior and peer and emotional problems throughout childhood and adolescence. Methods: A total of 11,192 participants had at least one measure of parent‐rated gender‐typed behavior in infancy; 7,049 participants had a measure of child‐rated gender‐typed behavior at 8.5 years. Separate linear mixed regression models were fitted to assess whether parent‐rated and child‐rated gender‐typed behaviors were associated with emotional and peer problems across childhood and adolescence (6–16 years old). The effect of adding covariates (self‐esteem, abuse, bullying, feeling accepted by peers, and feeling different) on these relationships was assessed. Results: For boys, more gender‐nonconforming behavior was associated with greater subsequent emotional and peer problems in childhood and adolescence. Adjusting for self‐esteem, relational bullying victimization, feeling different, or feeling accepted by peers reduced some of these associations. In contrast, for girls, more gender‐nonconforming behavior was associated with fewer emotional problems in childhood and adolescence. In girls, self‐reported gender‐nonconforming behavior was also associated with fewer parent‐rated peer problems but parent‐rated gender‐nonconforming behavior was associated with more parent‐rated peer problems; this latter association was partly explained by self‐esteem, bullying, and abuse victimization. These associations were statistically significant but small. Conclusions: Overall, more female‐typical behaviors were generally associated with greater subsequent emotional and peer problems, for both boys and girls. Future studies should investigate factors that reduced these associations, as well as potential negative effects of female‐typical behaviors or advantages of male‐typical ones. As this was a 14‐year longitudinal study, the relationships between gender‐role behaviors and emotional/peer problems warrant further research despite the small association sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Joint physical custody (JPC), where children spend about equal time in both parent's homes after parental separation, is increasing. The suitability of this practice for preschool children, with a need for predictability and continuity, has been questioned.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used data on 3656 Swedish children aged three to five years living in intact families, JPC, mostly with one parent or single care. Linear regression analyses were conducted with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, completed by parents and preschool teachers, as the outcome measure.Results: Children in JPC showed less psychological problems than those living mostly (adjusted B 1.81; 95% CI [0.66 to 2.95]) or only with one parent (adjusted B 1.94; 95% CI [0.75 to 3.13]), in parental reports. In preschool teacher reports, the adjusted Betas were 1.27, 95% CI [0.14 to 2.40] and 1.41, 95% CI [0.24 to 2.58], respectively. In parental reports, children in JPC and those in intact families had similar outcomes, while teachers reported lower unadjusted symptom scores for children in intact families.Conclusion: Joint physical custody arrangements were not associated with more psychological symptoms in children aged 3-5, but longitudinal studies are needed to account for potential preseparation differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aims of this study were to establish the roles of coping typologies and the psychological problems associated with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and to identify adolescents who are at greater risk of engaging in this practice. Method The total sample comprised 965 adolescents (57% girls, aged 12-18 years) from several Chilean schools who answered the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury questionnaire. Results Young people with and without NSSI present different coping patterns, especially when compared by gender. Adolescents with repetitive NSSI (R-NSSI) report using escape, search for friendship, and venting feelings as coping strategies as well as a more avoidant style and less search for family support than those adolescents without NSSI. Adolescents who present avoidance coping typology are three times more likely (relative risk = 3.5) to engage in NSSI than adolescents who present approach coping typology. R-NSSI adolescents present higher scores on psychological symptomatology (within clinical ranges) than their N-NSSI counterparts. Girls were more likely to present psychological symptoms than boys. Conclusion The authors highlight the usefulness of coping typologies for the detection of high-risk populations for NSSI as well as the need to consider the gender variable. Professionals who detect clinical levels of symptomatology should also assess the presence of NSSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: bronchiolitis; pediatric intensive care; parents; psychological problems EN bronchiolitis pediatric intensive care parents psychological problems 1054 1055 2 04/12/22 20220501 NES 220501 Abbreviations HADS hospital anxiety and depression scale PCL-5 ptsd checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5 PICU paediatric intensive care unit PRISM paediatric risk of mortality PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder Survival rates of children admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) improved due to advanced medical care. 4 Abbreviations: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU); Paediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM); Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (PCL-5) 5 a >=8 points on the HADS anxiety subscale. Similar levels of PTSD in parents after PICU admission were seen in a population of children admitted to the PICU due to severe acute asthma. [Extracted from the article]

Background Children's health-related quality of life ( Hr Qo L) and psychological problems are important outcomes to consider in clinical decision making in paediatric asthma. However, children's and parents' reports often differ. The present study aimed to examine the levels of agreement/disagreement between children's and parents' reports of Hr Qo L and psychological problems and to identify socio-demographic, clinical and family variables associated with the extent and direction of (dis)agreement. Methods The sample comprised 279 dyads of Portuguese children with asthma who were between 8 and 18 years of age ( M = 12.13; SD = 2.56) and one of their parents. The participants completed self- and proxy-reported questionnaires on paediatric generic Hr Qo L ( KIDSCREEN-10), chronic-generic Hr Qo L ( DISABKIDS-37) and psychological problems ( Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). Children's and parents' perceptions of family relationships were measured with the Family Environment Scale and the caregiving burden was assessed using the Revised Burden Measure. Results The child-parent agreement on reported Hr Qo L and psychological problems was poor to moderate (intraclass correlation coefficients between 0.32 and 0.47). The rates of child-parent discrepancies ranged between 52.7% (psychological problems) and 68.8% (generic Hr Qo L), with 50.5% and 31.5% of the parents reporting worse generic and chronic-generic Hr Qo L, respectively, and 33.3% reporting more psychological problems than their children. The extent and direction of disagreement were better explained by family factors than by socio-demographic and clinical variables: a greater caregiving burden was associated with increased discrepancies in both directions and children's and parents' perceptions of less positive family relationships were associated with discrepancies in different directions. Conclusions Routine assessment of paediatric Hr Qo L and psychological problems in healthcare and research contexts should include self- and parent-reported data as complementary sources of information, and also consider the family context. The additional cost of conducting a more in-depth assessment of paediatric adaptation outcomes can be offset through more efficient allocation of health resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This cross-sectional study investigated the clinical features of functional constipation ( FC) at preschool age, as well as emotional and behavioral characteristics of the children, psychological symptom level and parental attitudes of the mothers, and compared these with that of non-referred typically developing controls with normal intestinal habits. Methods Participants included 65 children with FC (mean age, 43.6 ± 15.4 months; range, 25-72 months), 59 healthy controls (mean age, 46.9 ± 14.5 months; range, 25-72 months) and the mothers of the children. The Childhood Behavior Checklist, Symptom Checklist 90 and Parental Attitude Research Instrument were filled in by the mothers. Results Participants with FC had higher problem scores than the comparison children in a variety of emotional and behavioral parameters. Approximately half exhibited internalizing and one-third had externalizing problems in the clinical range. The mothers of the patient group had higher levels of psychological distress, overprotective parenting and strict discipline. On multiple logistic regression analysis child psychopathology, maternal education level and maternal distress were independently associated with FC. Conclusion Behavior problems are common in children with FC from an early age. Low level of education and high psychological distress of the mothers seem to be important risk factors for constipation and should be assessed carefully in the management of these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Previous research has documented associations of addiction with delinquency and psychological problems. However, few studies have evaluated their influence on adolescent's drug use trajectories. The current study aims to examine the influence of these factors on the recovery trajectories of 199 youths aged 15.6 years on average admitted to inpatient and outpatient addiction treatment centers, followed up three and six months later. Results indicate that youth who show higher severity of drug abuse exhibit greater improvement than youth with a lower severity of drug abuse at the onset of treatment. Although psychological problems were associated with baseline drug use, they did not influence drug use trajectory over time. Only delinquency influenced the recovery trajectories of these youth. Results suggest that a high level of delinquency can have a significant effect on the drug recovery process of adolescents and that interventions should attempt to reduce both drug use and delinquency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study investigates self-rated mental health in terms of psychological problems, protective factors and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a nationally representative sample of adolescents (n =6813) aged 11–17 involved in violence with varying frequency. Using MANCOVA and ANCOVA, youth with single and multiple histories of violent victimisation and violence perpetration were contrasted with non-involved comparisons. The results show that even low levels of violence involvement were associated with more problems, fewer protective factors and impaired HRQOL. Multiply victimised youth – not perpetrating victims – stood out with internalising, peer and hyperactivity/inattention problems. Discriminant function analysis separated non-involved from violence-affected youth, and multiply victimised from not multiply victimised youth. Externalising behaviours, family issues, male sex and school functioning predicted group separation on the first function (proportion variance explained 80.0%), while internalising and peer issues were predictive for the second function (PVE 14.2%). Implications for prevention, intervention and research are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

PROBLEM: Gang violence affects many adolescents in the United States, and there has been an increase in violent crimes against adolescents in recent years. METHOD: A literature review examined studies related to gang violence. FINDINGS: Little research has focused on adolescents' exposure to gang violence and its effects on adolescents' mental health. Adolescents develop internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors after exposure to violence; but other factors influence adolescents' exposure and reaction to violence. CONCLUSION: With the increase in gang violence over the years, more research is needed on gang violence and its effects on adolescents and their mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While recent advances in asthma management have enabled adequate control to be frequently achieved in outpatient settings, children whose asthma remains poorly controlled despite outpatient treatment are often referred to extended-stay hospitals. The aim of the present study was to examine trends concerning extended-stay hospitalization and to evaluate the present status of this approach. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to assess changes in the number of admissions among 408 children with extended stays at Kamiamakusa General Hospital between 1989 and 2005. Medical and laboratory data of 236 patients admitted since 1994 were obtained from clinical records. Results: The number of children with extended-stay hospitalizations since 2000 declined dramatically compared with the early 1990s, while the percentage of patients with complications of childhood asthma, such as severe atopic dermatitis, school absenteeism, and obesity, have increased significantly in the recent past. Practical benefits of extended-stay hospitalization were demonstrated by significant improvement of exercise performance and measurement of pulmonary function parameters and serum IgE concentrations by time of discharge. In addition to improvement in asthmatic symptoms, maintenance drug requirements and frequency of school absenteeism were reduced. Conclusions: The medical mission of extended-stay hospitalizations is currently limited due to the availability of improved pharmacotherapy. Some patients, however, with exceptionally severe asthma or psychological problems that interact with their medical condition still fare poorly under outpatient care and could benefit from group care. Further study is needed to identify the components of long-term programs essential to produce change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The growing global epidemic of HIV/AIDS has a significant impact on the lives of both people living with HIV/AIDS and their family members including children. Children of parents with HIV/AIDS may experience an increased responsibility of caregiving in family. However, limited data are available regarding the caregiving experience and its impact on psychosocial well-being among these children. This study was designed to address these issues by using qualitative data collected from children affected by HIV/AIDS in China. Methods The qualitative data were collected in 2006 in rural central China, where many residents were infected with HIV/AIDS through unhygienic blood collection procedures. In-depth individual interviews were conducted by trained interviewers with 47 children between 8 and 17 years of age who had lost one or both parents to AIDS. Results Findings of this study suggest that many children affected by AIDS had experienced increased responsibilities in housework and caregiving for family members. Such caregiving included caring for self and younger siblings, caring for parents with illness and caring for elderly grandparents. Positive impacts from children's participation in family caregiving included personal growth and emotional maturity. Negative consequences included physical fatigue, psychological fear and anxiety and suboptimal schooling (dropping out from school, repeated absence from school and unable to concentrate in class). Conclusion While the increased caregiving responsibilities among children reflected some cultural beliefs and had some positive effect on personal growth, the caregiving experience generally negatively effected the children's physical and mental health and schooling. The findings in the current study suggest that community-based caregiving support is necessary in areas with high prevalence of HIV and limited resources, especially for the families lacking adult caregivers. In addition, social and psychological support should be made available for children participating in family caregiving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study aims to explore use of coping strategies among adolescents and their relationships with well being in the context of ongoing terrorism. Furthermore, we aim to explore to what extent coping styles in addition to exposure variables explain well being of adolescents facing ongoing terror. During September 2003, after three years of ongoing terror attacks, 913 Israeli adolescents aged 12–18 years, completed the following questionnaires during regular class sessions: Demographics, Achenbach''s Youth Self Report; Exposure to Terror and Post Traumatic Stress (PTS) questionnaire; Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS) and Brief Symptoms Inventory. Adolescents employed mainly problem solving strategies which mean they have the capacity to cope well in spite of stressful events. Emotional focused coping was associated with PTS and mental health problems. Regression analysis of different exposure and coping variables revealed that exposure, appraisal (subjective exposure) and coping styles explained 26–37% of the variance of different psychological problems. The findings highlight the importance of appraisal (subjective exposure) and coping strategies, for understanding adolescents'' mental health outcomes. Moreover, these findings are relevant to the development of prevention/intervention programs that facilitate youth''s cognitive and emotional adjustments to ongoing trauma risks and terror threats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To describe psychological symptoms in 8–12-year-old children with cerebral palsy; to investigate predictors of these symptoms and their impact on the child and family. Design: A cross-sectional multi-centre survey. Participants: Eight hundred and eighteen children with cerebral palsy, aged 8–12 years, identified from population-based registers of cerebral palsy in eight European regions and from multiple sources in one further region. Main outcome measures: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) P4−16 and the Total Difficulties Score (TDS) dichotomised into normal/borderline (TDS ≤ 16) versus abnormal (TDS > 16). Statistical analysis: Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression to relate the presence of psychological symptoms to child and family characteristics. Results: About a quarter of the children had TDS > 16 indicating significant psychological symptoms, most commonly in the domain Peer Problems. Better gross motor function, poorer intellect, more pain, having a disabled or ill sibling and living in a town were independently associated with TDS > 16. The risk of TDS > 16 was odds ratio (OR) = .2 (95% CI: .1 to .3) comparing children with the most and least severe functional limitations; OR = 3.2 (95%CI: 2.1 to 4.8) comparing children with IQ < 70 and others; OR = 2.7 (95% CI: 1.5 to 4.6) comparing children in severe pain and others; OR = 2.7 (95% CI:1.6 to 4.6) comparing children with another disabled sibling or OR = 1.8 (95%CI: 1.2 to 2.8) no siblings and others; OR = 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1 to 2.8) comparing children resident in a town and others. Among parents who reported their child to have psychological problems, 95% said they had lasted over a year, 37% said they distressed their child and 42% said they burdened the family at least ‘quite a lot’. Conclusions: A significant proportion of children with cerebral palsy have psychological symptoms or social impairment sufficiently severe to warrant referral to specialist services. Care must be taken in the assessment and management of children with cerebral palsy to ensure psychological problems are not overlooked and potentially preventable risk factors like pain are treated effectively. The validity of the SDQ for children with severe disability warrants further assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to consider the psychological aspect of diabetes with regard to improving clinical outcomes. The review was limited to literature reports on the causes, solutions, and treatments of some common psychological problems known to complicate diabetes management. A literature search was undertaken using Pub-Med, CINAHL, Proquest, Elsevier, Blackwell Synergy, Ovid, Ebsco, Rose net, and Google websites, including studies published in English journals between 1995 and 2006. Therefore about 88 articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria. In earlier studies, relatively little empirical research was found to substantiate the effect of psychological counseling in complicated diabetes. The greatest deficits were seen in areas of mental health, self-esteem parent impact, and family cohesion. There were some different factors, which influence the psychological aspect of diabetic patients, such as age, gender, place of living, familial and social support, motivation, energy, life satisfaction, and lifestyle. There are various types of solutions for coping with the psychological problems in diabetic clients. The most essential solution lies in educating the patients and healthcare providers on the subject. Before initiating each educational intervention, a thorough assessment would be crucial. Treatment plans may benefit from cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), behavior family therapy, improving family communication, problem-solving skills, and providing motivation for diabetic patients. Moreover, it seems that the close collaboration between diabetologists and psychologists would be fruitful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the predictive capacity of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) on psychological problems at the age of 6 y. Methods: Eighty full-term infants of optimal health were evaluated at 3 d and 4 wk of age with the NBAS and at 6 y with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Inattention-Overactivity with Aggression Conners Teacher's Rating Scale (IOWA). Results: The NBAS clusters’ predictive value was different at 3 d and at 4 wk. Orientation at 3 d and habituation at 4 wk were the best predictors of psychological problems. At 3 d, lower orientation scores and higher motor and habituation scores predicted higher scores in externalizing problems. Externalizing problems were least influenced by background variables. Only in girls were internalizing problems associated with lower orientation scores. At 4 wk, lower habituation cluster scores predicted higher scores in internalizing problems.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the NBAS could be useful for identifying neonates at risk of later psychological problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissatisfaction with body weight and the use of unhealthy weight reduction practices have been reported among adolescents. It is important to conduct rigorous studies using large representative samples of female adolescents to assess accurately the frequency of dieting, overweight and eating disorders and accompanying attitudes. The aim of the present study was to examine the severity of dieting and its association with obesity, body satisfaction and psychological problems in female adolescents. A representative sample of 800 girls aged 14–19 years were approached during the period of October to December 2004, and 566 girls gave consent and participated in the study, thus giving a response rate of 70.8%. Self-reports were obtained from 566 teenage girls using the Adolescent Dieting Scale and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) for psychopathology. Subjects were classified into three categories: acceptable weight (BMI < 25 kg m−2); overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg m−2); and obese (BMI > 30 kg m−2). The prevalence of overweight and obesity for female adolescents were 13.4% vs. 1.8%; 39.9% were intermediate dieters, and 8.3% were extreme dieters. Dieting was not associated with age but was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) ( P = 0.045). Extreme dieting was strongly associated with peer perception of respondent's figure ( P < 0.001) and self-perception of figure ( P = 0.016). Additionally, in adult Qatari population overweight and obesity for males were (34.4% vs. 34.6%) and for females were (33.0% vs. 45.3%). This is significantly higher than adolescent girls. ( P < 0.01). The SRQ score was significantly highest in the extreme dieters group ( P = 0.005). The extreme dieters get most of their education about dieting from school (14.0%) and TV (43.6%). The present study revealed strong evidence for the association between frequent dieting and overweight, body image dissatisfaction and psychological problems among adolescent females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several uncertainties regarding psychological problems in children who underwent liver transplantation and the need to differentiate these disturbances from those related to the underlying previous chronic liver disease itself exist. This background triggered the present pilot study to investigate, using quantitative assessment methods, the incidence and the type of emotional and behavioral disturbances after liver transplantation. Sixteen liver transplant recipients (aged 5.7–14.4 yr) and 12 age-matched controls with stable chronic liver disease were assessed through the parent report form of Child Behavior Checklist/ 4–18. The mean time elapsed since transplantation was 8.1 yr. No patient or family had received psychological support during chronic liver disease or at any phase of the transplantation process. Transplanted children scored within borderline range for Internalizing and Total Behavioral Problems and within pathological range for Competences, except for the Activity Scale. Transplanted children showed more Total Behavioral (p = 0.005) and Externalizing Problems (p = 0.0005) than controls. Both groups scored within the pathological range for Total Competences with no significant differences between the two groups. Our findings suggest that in the absence of support programs a psychological risk does exist for a long period of time, after transplantation. Regarding Total Behavioral Problems and Externalizing Problems, this risk is higher than in children with chronic liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macht M, Schwarz R, Ellgring H. Patterns of psychological problems in Parkinson's disease.Acta Neurol Scand 2005: 111: 95–101.© Blackwell Munksgaard 2005.To identify patterns of psychological problems in Parkinson's disease (PD).A sample of 3075 patients was surveyed to determine frequencies of psychological problems and cross-validated cluster analyses were computed to identify patterns of these problems.An increase of symptoms during arousal was reported by 68%, sleep disturbances by 32% of the sample, and sexual problems by 57% of men and 22% of women. Less frequently reported were difficulties in communicating (27%), needing help of others (38%), and depressive moods (20%). Four patterns of psychological problems were identified: general low stress, general high stress, sexual and social problems, and non-social problems.The study confirms the clinical observation that PD patients differ not only in degree, but also in structure of psychological stress. Social and non-social stress constitute principal types of stress experienced in PD. This distinction should be taken into account for any approach to support people with PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY A group of 41 former slow learners were tested as children and at the age of 30 years. Information about family and personal problems met during childhood was available from the local school files and also by an interview at the age of 30 years. Changes in IQ were associated with the problem score and further education after leaving the compulsory school system. The group of subjects with the greater number of problems and further education improved their IQ scores by 18.1 points, against 5.0 points in the group with one or no problems and without further education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress are common in the first years after a cancer diagnosis, but little is known about the prevalence of these symptoms at the long term. The aim of this review was to describe the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress in long‐term cancer survivors, five or more years after diagnosis, and to provide implications for primary care. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search in the PubMed, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases. Studies were eligible when reporting on the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and/or distress in long‐term cancer survivors (≥5 years after diagnosis), treated with curative intent. Results: A total of 20 studies were included. The reported prevalence of depressive symptoms (N = 18) varied from 5.4% to 49.0% (pooled prevalence: 21.0%). For anxiety (N = 7), the prevalence ranged from 3.4% to 43.0% (pooled prevalence: 21.0%). For distress (N = 4), the prevalence ranged from 4.3% to 11.6% (pooled prevalence: 7.0%). Conclusion: Prevalences of symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress among long‐term survivors of cancer do not fundamentally differ from the general population. This is reassuring for primary care physicians, as they frequently act as the primary physician for long‐term survivors whose follow‐up schedules in the hospital have been completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]