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BACKGROUND: Whey protein isolate (WPI) generally represents poor functional properties such as thermal stability, emulsifying activity and antioxidant activity near its isoelectric point or high temperatures, which limit its application in the food industry. The preparation of WPI–polysaccharide covalent conjugates based on Maillard reaction is a promising method to improve the physical and chemical stability and functional properties of WPI. In this research, WPI–inulin conjugates were prepared through wet heating method and ultrasound method and their structural and functional properties were examined. RESULTS: In conjugates, the free amino acid content was reduced, the high molecular bands were emerged at sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), new C–N bonds were formed in Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence intensity was reduced compared with WPI. Furthermore, the result of circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy also showed that the secondary structure of conjugates was changed. Conjugates with ultrasound treatment had better structural properties compared with those prepared by wet heating treatment. The functional properties such as thermal stability, emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsion stability (ES) and antioxidant activity of conjugates with wet heating treatment were significantly improved compared with WPI. The EAI and ES of conjugates with ultrasound treatment were the highest, but the thermal stability and antioxidant activity were only close to that of the conjugates with wet heating treatment for 2 h. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that WPI–inulin conjugates prepared with ultrasound or wet heating method not only changed the structural characteristics of WPI but also could promote its functional properties including thermal stability, EAI, ES and antioxidant activity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the associations of individual and combined healthy lifestyle factors (HLS) with the risk of stroke in individuals with diabetes in China. Methods: This prospective analysis included 41 314 individuals with diabetes [15 191 from the Comprehensive Research on the Prevention and Control of the Diabetes (CRPCD) project and 26 123 from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study]. Associations of lifestyle factors, including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, body shape and sleep duration, with the risk of stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) and ischaemic stroke (IS) were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: During median follow‐up periods of 8.02 and 9.05 years, 2499 and 4578 cases of stroke, 2147 and 4024 of IS, and 160 and 728 of ICH were documented in individuals with diabetes in the CRPCD and CKB cohorts, respectively. In the CRPCD cohort, patients with ≥5 HLS had a 14% lower risk of stroke (hazard ratio (HR): 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75‐0.98) than those with ≤2 HLS. In the CKB cohort, the adjusted HR (95% CI) for patients with ≥5 HLS were 0.74 (0.66‐0.83) for stroke, 0.74 (0.66‐0.83) for IS, and 0.57 (0.42‐0.78) for ICH compared with those with ≤2 HLS. The pooled adjusted HR (95% CI) comparing patients with ≥5 HLS versus ≤2 HLS was 0.79 (0.69‐0.92) for stroke, 0.80 (0.68‐0.93) for IS, and 0.60 (0.46‐0.78) for ICH. Conclusions: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle was associated with a lower risk of stroke, IS and ICH among individuals with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global data strategy deepens and data elements accelerate integrating and flowing more rapidly, the demand for data security and privacy protection has become increasingly prominent. Confidential computing emerges as a crucial security technology to solve security and privacy problem, and it is also a hot subject of in contemporary security technologies. Leveraging collaborative security in both hardware and software, it builds a trusted execution environment to ensure confidentiality and integrity protection for data in use. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development process of confidential computing, summarizing its current research status and issues, which focuses on the security requirements for data security and privacy protection. Furthermore, it deeply analyses the common technical features of confidential computing, and proposes a trusted confidential computing architecture based on collaborative hardware and software trust. Then, it elaborates on the research status and issues of confidential computing from four aspects: hardware security, architecture and key technologies, applications, and standards and evaluation. Finally, this paper provides a synthesis and outlook for the future development of confidential computing. In summary, confidential computing is currently in a rapidly developing stage and will play an important role in cyber security in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caddisworms (Trichoptera) spin adhesive silks to construct a variety of underwater composite structures. Many studies have focused on the fibroin heavy chain of caddisworm silk and found that it contains heavy phosphorylation to maintain a stable secondary structure. Besides fibroins, recent studies have also identified some new silk proteins within caddisworm silk. To better understand the silk composition and its secretion process, this study reports the silk gland proteome of a retreat‐building caddisworm, Stenopsyche angustata Martynov (Trichoptera, Stenopsychidae). Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), 2389 proteins were identified in the silk gland of S. angustata, among which 192 were predicted as secreted silk proteins. Twenty‐nine proteins were found to be enriched in the front silk gland, whereas 109 proteins were enriched in the caudal silk gland. The fibroin heavy chain and nine uncharacterized silk proteins were identified as phosphorylated proteins. By analysing the sequence of the fibroin heavy chain, we found that it contains 13 Gly/Thr/Pro‐rich regions, 12 Val/Ser/Arg‐rich regions and a Gly/Arg/Thr‐rich region. Three uncharacterized proteins were identified as sericin‐like proteins due to their larger molecular weights, signal peptides and repetitive motifs rich in serine. This study provides valuable information for further clarifying the secretion and adhesion of underwater caddisworm silk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of isostructural supramolecular cages with a rhombic dodecahedron shape have been assembled with distinct metal‐coordination lability (M8Pd6‐MOC‐16, M=Ru2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Zn2+). The chirality transfer between metal centers generally imposes homochirality on individual cages to enable solvent‐dependent spontaneous resolution of Δ8/Λ8−M8Pd6 enantiomers; however, their distinguishable stereochemical dynamics manifests differential chiral phenomena governed by the cage stability following the order Ru8Pd6>Ni8Pd6>Fe8Pd6>Zn8Pd6. The highly labile Zn centers endow the Zn8Pd6 cage with conformational flexibility and deformation, enabling intrigue chiral‐Δ8/Λ8−Zn8Pd6 to meso‐Δ4Λ4−Zn8Pd6 transition induced by anions. The cage stabilization effect differs from inert Ru2+, metastable Fe2+/Ni2+, and labile Zn2+, resulting in different chiral‐guest induction. Strikingly, solvent‐mediated host–guest interactions have been revealed for Δ8/Λ8−(Ru/Ni/Fe)8Pd6 cages to discriminate the chiral recognition of the guests with opposite chirality. These results demonstrate a versatile procedure to control the stereochemistry of metal‐organic cages based on the dynamic metal centers, thus providing guidance to maneuver cage chirality at a supramolecular level by virtue of the solvent, anion, and guest to benefit practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Necroptosis induced by receptor‐interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is engaged in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) pathology. In this study, we explored the impact of RIPK3 activation on neuronal necroptosis and the mechanism of the death domain‐associated protein (DAXX)‐mediated nuclear necroptosis pathway after ICH. Methods: Potential molecules linked to the progression of ICH were discovered using RNA sequencing. The level of DAXX was assessed by quantitative real‐time PCR, ELISA, and western blotting. DAXX localization was determined by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays. The RIPK3 inhibitor GSK872 and DAXX knockdown with shRNA‐DAXX were used to examine the nuclear necroptosis pathway associated with ICH. Neurobehavioral deficit assessments were performed. Results: DAXX was increased in patients and mice after ICH. In an ICH mouse model, shRNA‐DAXX reduced brain water content and alleviated neurologic impairments. GSK872 administration reduced the expression of DAXX. shRNA‐DAXX inhibited the expression of p‐MLKL. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays showed that RIPK3 and AIF translocated into the nucleus and then bound with nuclear DAXX. Conclusions: RIPK3 revitalization promoted neuronal necroptosis in ICH mice, partially through the DAXX signaling pathway. RIPK3 and AIF interacted with nuclear DAXX to aggravate ICH injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1) are involved in the production and reabsorption of uric acid, respectively. However, the currently available individual XOR‐ or URAT1‐targeted drugs have limited efficacy. Thus, strategies for combining XOR inhibitors with uricosuric drugs have been developed. Previous virtual screening identified Compounds 1–5 as hits for the potential dual inhibition of XOR/URAT1. Nevertheless, in vitro experiments yielded unsatisfactory results. The first round of optimization work on those hits was performed, and two series of compounds were designed and synthesized. Compounds of the A series exerted moderate inhibitory effects on URAT1, but extremely weak inhibitory effects on XOR. Compounds of the B series exerted strong inhibitory effects on both XOR and URAT1. B5 exhibited the greatest inhibitory activity, with similar inhibitory effects on XOR and URAT1. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of XOR was 0.012 ± 0.001 μM, equivalent to that of febuxostat (IC50 = 0.010 ± 0.001 μM). The IC50 of URAT1 was 30.24 ± 3.46 μM, equivalent to that of benzbromarone (IC50 = 24.89 ± 7.53 μM). Through this optimization, the in vitro activity of most compounds of the A and B series against XOR and URAT1 was significantly improved versus that of the hits. Compound B5 should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Fifteen new meroterpenoids, littoreanoids A—O (1—15), including three rearranged skeleton meroterpenoids (1—3), were isolated from the mangrove‐derived fungus Penicillium sp. HLLG‐122. Compound 1 was a novel berkeleyacetal‐derived meroterpenoid featuring an unusual spirocyclic 2‐oxaspiro[5.5]undeca‐4,7‐dien‐3‐one moiety. Compound 2 possessed an unusual 6/6/6/6/6 pentacyclic system with a novel 1‐hydroxy‐7,7‐dimethyl‐2‐oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan‐5‐yl acetate moiety. Compound 3 was an unusual 6/7/6/5/6/5/4 polycyclic systems containing a β‐lactone ring. The structures and absolute configurations of new compounds were elucidated by HRESIMS, NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. The plausible biosynthetic pathways of 1—3 were also proposed. Compounds 6 and 11 exhibited anti‐inflammatory effects with IC50 values of 30.41 and 19.02 μmol/L, respectively. The bioactive compound 11 was selected for the investigation of preliminary mechanism using molecular docking and Western blotting experiments. Compound 11 could suppress the levels of TNF‐α and IL‐6, and down‐regulate the protein expression of iNOS and COX‐2 in RAW 264.7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does a new epidemic affect individuals' expectations on economic prospects in the early stage of the breakout? We implemented an incentivized longitudinal online survey soon after the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) epidemic in China to answer this question. Results show that fewer new confirmed COVID‐19 cases significantly increase individuals' expectations on gross domestic product and consumer price index growth rates. Our finding provides evidence that at the early stage of an unfamiliar epidemic, containing the spread of the disease may help to maintain positive economic expectations among individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The high hip center (HHC) technique has been proposed for the treatment of patients with developmental dysplaisa of the hip (DDH) who have an acetabular bone defect. However, the importance of global femoral offset (FO) in the application of this technique has not been sufficiently appreciated. Our goals were to confirm that the HHC technique is feasible in the treatment of patients with DDH and to assess the function of global FO in this procedure. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 73 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty using high hip center technique for unilateral DDH at our hospital between January 2014 and June 2019. According to global FO, the patients were split into three groups: increased FO group (increment greater than 5 mm), restored FO group (restoration within 5 mm) and decreased FO group (reduction greater than 5 mm). Patients' medical records and plain radiographs were reviewed. One‐way ANOVA was used to compare radiographic outcomes and Harris hip score (HHS). Paired t‐test was used to assess preoperative and postoperative HHS and leg length discrepancy. Trochanteric pain syndrome, Trendelenburg sign and postoperative limp was evaluated with Fisher's exact test. Results: The average follow‐up time was 7.5 ± 1.4 years. The patients' HHS and leg length discrepancy were significantly improved (p < 0.05). In terms of vertical acetabular height, abductor arm, postoperative leg length difference, and acetabular cup inclination, there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups. At the last follow‐up, HHS was significantly higher in the restored FO group than in the decreased FO and increased FO groups. Trochanteric pain syndrome occurred in 15.0% and Trendelenburg sign and postoperative limp in 8.2% of all patients, respectively. Trochanteric pain syndrome, Trendelenburg sign and postoperative limp did not differ significantly across the three groups. One patient in increased FO group underwent revision for dislocation 6 years after surgery. Conclusion: The HHC technique is an alternative technique for total hip arthroplasty in patients with acetabular bone abnormalities, according to the results of the mid‐term follow‐up. Also, controlling the correction of the global femoral offset to within 5 mm may lead to better clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have enormous potential to participate in the frequency regulation (FR) of future high‐penetration renewable energy grids. This study reports the development of non‐destructive LIBs that supply FR service through controllable input–output power. The low‐destructive operation does not impair the cells and even provides a fast solid inter‐electrolyte phase for the LIB to ensure rapid diffusion of Li+ and suppress Li deposition. Cracks of the cathode and Li deposition on the anode appear to varying degrees when different destructive operations are adopted. The extraordinary capability of such non‐destructive operations for LIBs is demonstrated in historical dynamic signals from the regulation market of Pennsylvania‐New Jersey‐Maryland, where the matching degree achieved 86.7% of annual FR demand. This study guides the design criteria of low‐destructive operations of LIBs for future grid and contributes to the energy greening and electrification through a vehicle‐to‐grid solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reveal state‐led anti‐corruption campaigns in China can mitigate excess executive perk consumption facilitated by firms' weak internal control environment. Our findings suggest that public governance can substitute for firm‐level governance mechanisms. Since these campaigns enhance the central government's disciplinary power over local state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), the above effects are heightened among SOEs controlled by provincial/municipal governments rather than the central government. Irrespective of political connections, non‐SOEs are also affected, indicating policy effect spillover to China's private sectors. We explore several underlining mechanisms for these effects, including Communist Party Committee governance, chief executive officer/chairperson dismissal, industry competition, and firm productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A supramolecular solvent‐based dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction was proposed for the extraction and determination of lignans in Forsythiae Fructus combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography. The supramolecular solvent, consisting of tetrabutylammonium bromide and n‐hexanol, was mixed with the sample solution to extract the analytes by a vortex. After accomplishing the extraction, the extraction phase was separated by centrifugation and collected for high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis. In this work, the important extraction variables such as the type and amount of extraction solvent, pH and salt amount in the sample phase, and extraction time were optimized. The synthesis of supramolecular solvent was studied and its microstructure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Under the optimal conditions, the analytes' enrichment factors were between 6 and 170 for the proposed procedure. Satisfactory linear ranges (r ≥ 0.99), detection limits (0.025–0.4 ng/ml), precisions (< 9.2%), and accuracies (recoveries: 96.5%–104.8%) were obtained. The method has been successfully applied to the preconcentration of lignans in Forsythiae Fructus with simple and rapid operation, low cost, and environmental friendliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS‐CoV) is a newly discovered alphacoronavirus with zoonotic potential that causes diarrhea and vomiting mainly in piglets. Having emerged suddenly in 2017, the prevailing opinion is that the virus originated from HKU2, an alphacoronavirus whose primary host is bats, and at some unknown point achieved interspecies transmission via some intermediate. Here, we further explore the evolutionary history and possible cross‐species transmission event for SADS‐CoV. Coevolutionary analysis demonstrated that HKU2 may have achieved host switch via SADS‐related (SADSr)‐CoV, which was isolated from the genus Rhinolophus in 2017. SADS‐CoV, HKU2, and SADSr‐CoV share similar codon usage patterns and showed a lower tendency to use CpG, which may reflect a method of immune escape. The analyses of virus‐host coevolution and recombination support SADSr‐CoV is the direct source of SADS‐CoV that may have undergone recombination events during its formation. Structure‐based spike glycoprotein variance analysis revealed a more nuanced evolutionary pathway to receptor recognition for host switch. We did not find a possible positive selection site, and the dN/dS of the S gene was only 0.29, which indicates that the current SADS‐CoV is slowly evolving. These results provide new insights that may help predict future cross‐species transmission, and possibly surveil future zoonotic outbreaks and associated public health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, zinc ferrate (ZnFe2O4) and polyaniline (PANI) were coated on the surface of FAC by hydrothermal and in situ polymerisation using the floating property of fly ash cenospheres (FAC) to form PANI‐ZnFe2O4/FAC composites. Compared with other reference materials, the PANI‐ZnFe2O4/FAC material not only solves the problem of less easy recycling, but also has significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity for methylene blue (MB). The significant increase in catalytic efficiency is attributed to the synergistic effect of PANI and ZnFe2O4 on the FAC surface resulting in efficient separation and low photogenerated charge complexation rates. In addition, cycling tests have shown the material to be stable and reusable. Active species capture experiments show that ⋅O2− and h+ play a dominant role in the reaction system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) exerts protective effects on the brain. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but their involvement in CXCR7‐mediated brain protection is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of miRNAs in CXCR7‐mediated brain protection. Methods: CXCR7 levels in peripheral blood samples from patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and ischemic penumbra area brain tissues from middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats after recanalization were measured. An miRNA microarray analysis was performed to examine the expression of miRNAs caused by CXCR7 knockdown in ischemic penumbra area brain tissue in middle cerebral artery occlusion–reperfusion rats and to predict corresponding downstream target genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed the most enriched pathways. A dual‐luciferase reporter assay confirmed the direct regulation of miR‐182 on the target gene TCF7L2. The correlation between TCF7L2 and CXCR7/miR‐182 was verified using rescue assays. Results: CXCR7 expression was upregulated in MCAO rats and mechanical thrombectomy patients with AIS compared to that in controls. The motor and sensory functions of MCAO rats with CXCR7 knockdown further decreased, and the infarct volume and cerebral edema increased. miRNA microarray data showed that seven miRNAs were differentially expressed after shRNA‐CXCR7 treatment. The dual‐luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR‐182 directly targeted the TCF7L2 gene. Rescue assays confirmed that TCF7L2 is downstream of CXCR7/miR‐182. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the Hippo pathway may be a key pathway in CXCR7 upregulation and plays a role in protecting the brain after interventional surgery. Animal experiments have shown that CXCR7‐mediated cerebral I/R injury promotes the phosphorylation of key molecules YAP and TAZ in the Hippo pathway. Conclusion: CXCR7 protects against cerebral I/R injury, possibly via the miR‐182/TCF7L2/Hippo pathway. These results indicate that CXCR7 affects cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury through miRNA regulation and downstream pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are often found in eukaryocyte and have a role in the pathogenesis of a variety of human disorders. Our related research has shown the differential expression of circRNAs in periprosthetic osteolysis (PPOL). However, the involvement of circRNAs in the exact process is yet unknown. CircSLC8A1 expression was evaluated in clinical samples and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) in this investigation using quantitative real‐time PCR. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to explicate its functional role and pathway. We demonstrated CircSLC8A1 is involved in PPOL using gain‐ and loss‐of‐function methods. The association of CircSLC8A1 and miR‐144‐3p, along with miR‐144‐3p and RUNX1, was predicted using bioinformatics. RNA pull‐down and luciferase assays confirmed it. The impact of CircSLC8A1 in the PPOL‐mouse model was also investigated using adeno‐associated virus. CircSLC8A1 was found to be downregulated in PPOL patients' periprosthetic tissues. Overexpression of CircSLC8A1 promoted osteogenic differentiation (OD) and inhibited apoptosis of hBMSCs in vitro. The osteogenic markers of RUNX1, osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN) were significantly upregulated in hBMSCs after miR‐144‐3p inhibitor was transferred. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that CircSLC8A1 directly bound to miR‐144‐3p and participated in PPOL through the miR‐144‐3p/RUNX1 pathway in hBMSCs. Micro‐CT and quantitative analysis showed that CircSLC8A1 markedly inhibited PPOL, and osteogenic markers (RUNX1, OPN and OCN) were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the mice model. Our findings prove that CircSLC8A1 exerted a regulatory role in promoting osteogenic differentiation in hBMSCs, and CircSLC8A1/miR‐144‐3p/RUNX1 pathway may provide a potential target for prevention of PPOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroalloy has shown potential as implant materials, but little attention has been paid to their effects on synovial tissue ferroptosis. This study aimed to examine the mechanical properties, degradability and biocompatibility of Fe–30Mn–0.6N alloy and effects of it on synovial tissue ferroptosis. Tensile testing showed that Fe–30Mn–0.6N alloys exhibited tensile strength of 487 ± 18 MPa, yield strength of 221 ± 10 MPa, elongation of 16.9 ± 0.3% and Young's modulus of 37.7 ± 1.3 GPa. In vivo experiments, the cross‐sectional area of the Fe–30Mn–0.6N alloys decreased by 73.32 ± 12.73% after 8 weeks of implantation. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface elemental analysis (EDS) showed that the Fe–30Mn–0.6N alloys had more Ca, O, C and P element deposition (p <.05). After 2, 4 and 8 weeks of implantation, no inflammatory response was observed in peri‐implant synovial tissue of Fe–30Mn–0.6N and Ti–6Al–4V alloys, and Fe–30Mn–0.6N alloys did not affect the expression of the ferroptosis inhibitory gene Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Compared with the control group, 30% Fe–30Mn–0.6N alloy extracts did not affect the cell viability (p >.05) in vitro, and intracellular Fe2+ and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly reduced (p <.05). WB and PCR results showed that the 30% extracts increased the protein activity and mRNA expression of GPX4, FTH1 and SLC7A11 in synoviocytes, but had no effect on PTGS2 and p53. It is concluded that Fe–30Mn–0.6N had degradability and biocompatibility in peri‐implant synovial tissue, and did not induce significantly ferroptosis in synoviocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of perampanel (PER) therapy and to optimize a specific plasma reference range for PER in children. Another major aim was to evaluate the potential determinators of PER concentration. Methods: Concentrations obtained from 80 children were analyzed for routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) between 2021 and 2022. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of these patients and assessed the efficacy at 3 months after treatment initiation. Trough concentration‐to‐dose ratio (C0/Dose ratio) of PER was compared among patients on various potential influencing factors. Results: A 3‐month PER therapy produced a ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency in 58.8% of patients. Twelve patients reported at least one adverse effect (AE), mainly dizziness. The monitoring data showed that the median C0 was 325.5 ng/mL. Under maintenance dosages, approximately 75% of the C0 values were 180.0‐610.0 ng/mL. The C0/Dose ratio in patients aged 1 to <4 was significantly lower by twofold than in those aged 4 to ≤12 years (P = 0.001). Enzyme‐inducing ASMs (EIASMs) decreased the C0/Dose ratio of PER by 25.9% (P = 0.165). In addition, seizure frequency reduction in responders was achieved at a median PER C0 value of 357 ng/mL, which was similar to the value of 314 ng/mL found in nonresponders (P = 0.288). No significant difference was found in PER C0 values between patients with and without AEs (P = 0.082). Significance: In this study, PER treatment showed acceptable efficacy and tolerance in Chinese children with epilepsy. Contributing factors like age to variable C0/Dose ratios were identified, and complex PER‐ASMs interactions were observed. Notably, the reference range, that is, 180.0‐610.0 ng/mL, for routine PER monitoring may be more applicable for them. Routine TDM should be considered a positive attempt to manage the effectiveness and safety of PER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early diagnosis and treatment of esophageal squamous cell dysplasia (ESCdys) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) could significantly reduce the incidence and mortality of ESCC. This pilot study aimed to investigate whether P16/CDKN2A methylation could serve as a cytologic biomarker for early detection of ESCdys and ESCC. Methods: Paired esophageal biopsy and cytology specimens (exfoliated cells) were obtained from subjects at different stages of ESCC development. The methylation status of P16 gene in these two specimen types was determined using a 115‐bp MethyLight assay. Categorical data were compared by the Chi‐square test. Logistic regression was performed to assess adjusted odds ratios of P16 methylation associated with ESCC and ESCdys. Prediction models for identifying individuals at risk of ESCC and high‐grade ESCdys (high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia, HGIN) were developed by multivariable logistic regression. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Internal validation of the prediction models was performed using the 1000‐bootstrap resample. Results: A total of 105 subjects with diagnoses ranging from normal mucosa through ESCC were included in this study. An increase in P16 methylation frequency was observed with increasing severity of esophageal lesions (p for trend <0.001). In the adjusted logistic regression models, P16 methylation in cytology specimens was positively associated with ESCC and ESCdys risk, whereas P16 methylation in biopsy specimens was only associated with a higher risk of developing ESCC. The predictive capacity of base model I (AUC, 0.816) for ESCC and HGIN was significantly increased by adding P16 methylation in cytology specimens (model III; AUC, 0.882; p = 0.043), but not P16 methylation in biopsy specimens (model II; AUC, 0.850; p = 0.225). Bootstrap validation showed optimism‐corrected AUC of 0.789 for model I, 0.822 for model II, and 0.854 for model III. Conclusion: P16 methylation as a cytologic marker was associated with the ESCC development and has the potential for application in minimally invasive ESCC screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The longitudinal associations of sleep timing and time in bed (TIB) with dementia and cognitive decline in older adults are unclear. Methods: This population‐based cohort study used data from 1982 participants who were aged ≥60 years, free of dementia, and living in rural communities in western Shandong, China. At the baseline (2014) and follow‐up (2018) examinations, sleep parameters were assessed using standard questionnaires. Cognitive function was measured using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Dementia was diagnosed following the DSM‐IV criteria, and the NIA‐AA criteria for Alzheimer disease (AD). Data were analyzed using restricted cubic splines, Cox proportional‐hazards models, and general linear models. Results: During the mean follow‐up of 3.7 years, dementia was diagnosed in 97 participants (68 with AD). Restricted cubic spline curves showed J‐shaped associations of sleep duration, TIB, and rise time with dementia risk, and a reverse J‐shaped association with mid‐sleep time. When sleep parameters were categorized into tertiles, the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of incident dementia was 1.69 (95%CI 1.01–2.83) for baseline sleep duration >8 hours (vs. 7–8 h), 2.17 (1.22–3.87) for bedtime before 9 p.m. (vs. 10 p.m. or later), and 2.00 (1.23–3.24) for mid‐sleep time before 1 a.m. (vs. 1–1.5 a.m.). Early bedtime and mid‐sleep time were significantly associated with incident AD (HR range: 2.25–2.51; p < 0.05). Among individuals who were free of dementia at follow‐up, baseline long TIB, early bedtime and mid‐sleep time, early and late rise time, and prolonged TIB and advanced bedtime and mid‐sleep time from baseline to follow‐up were associated with a greater decline in MMSE score (p < 0.05). These associations with cognitive decline were statistically evident mainly among men or participants who were aged 60–74 years. Conclusions: Long TIB and early sleep timing are associated with an increased risk of dementia, and the associations with greater cognitive decline are evident only among older people aged 60–74 years and men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking is an important modifiable factor in the risk of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes and hypertension overlap in the population. The present study investigated effects of smoking on glucose metabolism under different blood pressure (BP) levels in occupational population. A smoking survey among occupational groups was conducted in 2018. The general linear model was used to analyze the differences of glucose metabolism indexes and BP indexes influenced by different smoking intensity (never 0, mild <10, moderate <20, heavy ≥20 pack‐years). Odds ratios of developing diabetes and β‐cell deficiency were analyzed by using logistic regression model. BP was further taken into account in the relationship between smoking and glucose metabolism. As a result, 1730 male workers aged 21 to 60 years were included in the analysis finally. Compared to never smokers, heavy smokers had significantly increased fasting plasma glucose. Moderate and above smokers had significantly increased glycosylated hemoglobin, decreased fasting plasma insulin and β‐cell function, after adjustment for covariates. Further, smoking intensity was found to have a dose‐dependent relationship with impaired β‐cell function and diabetes. In conclusion, smoking has a positive dose‐dependent relationship with β‐cell deficiency and diabetes. Male smoking workers, especially the moderate or higher smoking, with high‐normal and high BP levels are at high risk of abnormal glucose metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many cells in vivo have their inherent motions, which involve numerous biochemical and biophysical signals synergistically regulating cell behavior and function. However, existing methods offer little information about the concurrently chemical and physical responses of dynamically pulsing cells. Here, we report a soft electrode with an electrospun poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)‐based nanomesh to fully comply with spontaneous motions of cells. Moreover, this electrode demonstrated excellent electrical conductivity, electrochemical performance and cellular biocompatibility. Cardiomyocytes cultured thereon exhibited autonomous and rhythmic contractility, and synchronously induced mechanical deformation of the underlying electrode, which allowed real‐time monitoring of nitric oxide release and electrophysiological activity of cardiomyocytes. This work provides a promising way toward recording chemical and electrical signals of biological systems with their natural motions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To comprehensively analyze the cost‐utility of robotic surgery in clinical practice and to investigate the reporting and methodological quality of the related evidence. Methods: Data on cost‐utility analyses (CUAs) of robotic surgery were collected in seven electronic databases from the inception to July 2021. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the CHEERs and QHES checklists. A systematic review was performed with the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio as the outcome of interest. Results: Thirty‐one CUAs of robotic surgery were eligible. Overall, the identified CUAs were fair to high quality, and 63% of the CUAs ranked the cost‐utility of robotic surgery as "favored," 32% categorized as "reject," and the remaining 5% ranked as "unclear." Although a high heterogeneity was present in terms of the study design among the included CUAs, most studies (81.25%) consistently found that robotic surgery was more cost‐utility than open surgery for prostatectomy (ICER: $6905.31/QALY to $26240.75/QALY; time horizon: 10 years or lifetime), colectomy (dominated by robotic surgery; time horizon: 1 year), knee arthroplasty (ICER: $1134.22/QALY to $1232.27/QALY; time horizon: lifetime), gastrectomy (dominated by robotic surgery; time horizon: 1 year), spine surgery (ICER: $17707.27/QALY; time horizon: 1 year), and cystectomy (ICER: $3154.46/QALY; time horizon: 3 months). However, inconsistent evidence was found for the cost‐utility of robotic surgery versus laparoscopic surgery and (chemo)radiotherapy. Conclusions: Fair or high‐quality evidence indicated that robotic surgery is more cost‐utility than open surgery, while it remains inconclusive whether robotic surgery is more cost‐utility than laparoscopic surgery and (chemo)radiotherapy. Thus, an additional evaluation is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microtubule affinity regulating kinase 4 (MARK4), an important member of the serine/threonine kinase family, regulates the phosphorylation of microtubule‐associated proteins and thus modulates microtubule dynamics. In human atherosclerotic lesions, the expression of MARK4 is significantly increased. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that MARK4 exerts a proatherogenic effect via regulation of lipid metabolism (cholesterol, fatty acid, and triglyceride), inflammation, cell cycle progression and proliferation, insulin signaling, and glucose homeostasis, white adipocyte browning, and oxidative stress. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the role of MARK4 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis to provide a rationale for future investigation and therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To update and evaluate the recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication therapy in recent 10 years. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and Web of science was performed to identify the studies of recurrence rate of H. pylori published from 2010 to 2019. Stata 15.0 was used for analysis. Results: A total of 31 studies (16,797 participants) were analyzed. The recurrence rate of H. pylori was 9% (95% CI, 8–11%), and it showed an upward trend with the time elapsed after eradication. The annual recurrence rate was 4%, and there was a stable trend with the time elapsed after eradication. Subgroup analyses showed that the recurrence rate of H. pylori eradication by triple therapy was higher than that of quadruple therapy (14% [95% CI, 9–19] vs 12% [95% CI, 7–17]); urban was higher than that of rural (8% [95% CI, 1–14] vs 5% [95% CI, 1–9]); males were higher than that of females (11% [95% CI, 8–14] vs 10% [95% CI, 7–14]); Europe had the highest recurrence rate (16% [95% CI, −1 to 42]), and Africa had the lowest (1% [95% CI, 0–2]). The recurrence rate ofH. pylori was inversely related to the human development index. Conclusions: The recurrence rate of H. pylori showed an increasing trend in recent 10 years, and it is still a knotty public health problem worldwide. The recurrence rate of H. pylori showed an upward trend with the time elapsed after eradication, and the recurrence rate of H. pylori varies by area, gender, and eradication methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of nanomaterials (geometric shape and dimension) play a significant role in its various physical and chemical properties. Thus, it is essential to link morphology with performance in specific applications. For this purpose, the morphology of copper metal–organic polyhedra (Cu‐MOP) can be modulated through distinct assembly process, which facilitates the exploration of the relationship between morphology and catalytic performance. In this work, the assemblies of Cu‐MOP with three different morphologies (nanorods, nanofibers and nanosheets) were facilely prepared by the variation of solvent mixture of N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and methanol, revealed the important role of the interaction between the surface group and the solvent on the morphology of these assemblies. Cu‐MOP nanofibers exhibited the highest mimetic peroxidase enzyme activity over the Cu‐MOP nanosheets and nanorods, which have been utilized in the detection of glucose. Cu‐MOPs assemblies with tunable morphology accompanied with adjustable mimic peroxidase activity, had great potential applications in the field of bioanalytical chemistry and biomedicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents new integrated stratigraphic, sedimentary, and geochronological data for Silurian to Devonian sedimentary rocks in the central North Qilian Belt (NQB), NW China. These data constrain the timing and processes involved in the Palaeozoic tectonic transition from compression to extension in the NQB. This study indicates that the Angzanggou Formation probably formed in a foreland basin setting during 439–430 Ma compression associated with the closure of the North Qilian Ocean. The terrestrial sedimentary rocks overlying the formation were most likely deposited in a superimposed basin at 409–388 Ma as a result of the post‐orogenic extension of the NQB, an event that involved initial post‐orogenic extension‐related sedimentation. Silurian–Devonian sediments were derived from multiple sources, including the NQB, Central Qilian Block (CQB), and Alxa and Dunhuang blocks. Convergence between the CQB and the Alxa Block propagated westward, leading to the scissor‐like closure of the North Qilian Ocean during the Middle to Late Silurian and the oblique docking and collision of these two blocks. This is evidenced by a lack of middle–upper Silurian sedimentary rocks in the middle and eastern NQB compared with the well‐developed and well‐preserved sedimentary strata in the western segment. Devonian retrogradation and intracontinental extension‐related magmatism in the NQB also provide evidence of long‐lived tectonic extension of the lithosphere. Combining these new data with previously published data for the NQB and the wider region suggests that the Devonian terrestrial strata were deposited in a post‐orogenic extensional setting similar to that in the North Qaidam and East Kunlun belts, indicating that the Palaeozoic large‐scale tectonic transition from compression to extension in these three belts most likely started during the Early Devonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butterfly‐like molecules of oxacalix[2]arene[2]pyrazine (OAP) are reported, which exhibit the typical characteristics of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) via the restriction of intramolecular vibration (RIV) mechanism. Unlike any of the reported RIV‐type AIE molecules, the synthetic procedures of which are complicated and have associated high costs, OAP AIEgens can be synthesized in a facile manner by a one‐step catalyst‐free reaction using commercially available materials. Notably, OAP AIEgens are ideal ligands for constructing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) due to their built‐in pyrazine coordination sites. OAP‐based MOFs exhibit multiple potential applications in reversible gas response, encrypted information storage, and construction of white light‐emitting devices. This work builds on RIV‐type AIEgens, offers additional selections of bridging ligands for constructing luminescent MOFs and provides a visualized prototype to understand the effect of the RIV process on the luminescence properties of MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung function impairment and hypertension, especially hypertension, are risk factors of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). However, the relationships among lung function impairment, hypertension, and MACEs have not been well‐reported. We aimed to investigate the association between lung function and hypertension and MACEs. We studied 6769 people who were a representative sample of the general population in Jiangsu Province using the multi‐stage stratified cluster sampling method. The average age was 51.54 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the relationships between the blood pressure status and various types of lung function impairment related to MACEs. Over a follow‐up of 10 years, 236 MACEs occurred. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, drinking, education, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, creatine and use of antihypertensive drugs, hypertension [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.154, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.565–2.966], and restrictive lung function impairment (RLFI) (HR = 1.398, 95% CI: 1.021–1.879) were independently associated with MACEs. Individuals with hypertension and RFLI had the highest risk for MACEs (HR = 2.930, 95% CI: 1.734–4.953) and stroke (HR = 3.296, 95% CI: 1.862–5.832). Moreover, when combined with hypertension, obstructive lung function impairment (OLFI) (HR = 2.376, 95% CI: 1.391–4.056) and mixed lung function impairment (MLFI) (HR = 2.423, 95% CI: 1.203–4.882) were associated with MACEs. There is a synergistic effect of lung function impairment (especially RLFI) and hypertension on MACEs. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the incidence of MACEs in individuals with impaired lung function, especially those who have hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying the impact of landscape on hydrological variables is essential for the sustainable development of water resources. Understanding how landscape changes influence hydrological variables will greatly enhance the understanding of hydrological processes. Important vegetation parameters are considered in this study by using remote sensing data and VIC‐CAS model to analyse the impact of landscape changes on hydrology in upper reaches of the Shule River Basin (URSLB). The results show there are differences in the runoff generation of landscape both in space and time. With increasing altitude, the runoff yields increased, with approximately 79.9% of the total runoff generated in the high mountains (4200–5900 m), and mainly consumed in the mid‐low mountain region. Glacier landscape produced the largest runoff yields (24.9% of the total runoff), followed by low‐coverage grassland (LG; 22.5%), alpine cold desert (AL; 19.6%), mid‐coverage grassland (MG; 15.6%), bare land (12.5%), high‐coverage grassland (HG; 4.5%) and shrubbery (0.4%). The relative capacity of runoff generation by landscapes, from high to low, was the glaciers, AL, LG, HG, MG, shrubbery and bare land. Furthermore, changes in landscapes cause hydrological variables changes, including evapotranspiration, runoff and baseflow. The study revealed that HG, MG, and bare land have a positive impact on evapotranspiration and a negative impact on runoff and baseflow, whereas AL and LG have a positive impact on runoff and baseflow and a negative impact on evapotranspiration. In contrast, glaciers have a positive impact on runoff. After the simulation in four vegetation scenarios, we concluded that the runoff regulation ability of grassland is greater than that of bare land. The grassland landscape is essential since it reduced the flood peak and conserved the soil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) are involved in the response to stress. The present study investigated the role of GRs and MRs in the PVN in regulating depressive and anxiety-like behaviours.Experimental Approach: To model chronic stress, rats were exposed to corticosterone treatment via drinking water for 21 days, and GR antagonist RU486 and MR antagonist spironolactone, alone and combined, were directly injected in the PVN daily for the last 7 days of corticosterone treatment. Behavioural tests were run on days 22 and 23. Depressive- and anxiety-like behaviours were evaluated in forced swim test, sucrose preference test, novelty-suppressed feeding test and social interaction test. The expression of GRs, MRs and CRF were detected by western blot.Key Results: Rats exposed to corticosterone exhibited depressive- and anxiety-like behaviours. The expression of GRs and MRs decreased, and CRF levels increased in the PVN. The intra-PVN administration of RU486 increased the levels of GRs and CRF without influencing depressive- or anxiety-like behaviours. The spironolactone-treated group exhibited an increase in MRs without influencing GRs and CRF in the PVN and improved anxiety-like behaviours. Interestingly, the intra-PVN administration of RU486 and spironolactone combined restored expression of GRs, MRs and CRF and improved depressive- and anxiety-like behaviours.Conclusion and Implications: In this rat model of stress, the simultaneous restoration of GRs, MRs and CRF in the PVN might play an important role in the treatment of depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoride is a persistent environmental pollutant, and its excessive intake contributes to skeletal and dental fluorosis. The mechanisms underlying fluoride‐induced abnormal osteoblast proliferation and activation, which are related to skeletal fluorosis, have not yet been fully clarified. As important epigenetic regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in bone metabolism. On the basis of our previous miRNA‐seq results and bioinformatics analysis, this study investigated the role and specific molecular mechanism of miR‐486‐3p in fluoride‐induced osteoblast proliferation and activation via CyclinD1. Herein, in the fluoride‐challenged population, we observed that miR‐486‐3p expression decreased while CyclinD1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 increased, and miR‐486‐3p level correlated negatively with the expression of CyclinD1 and TGF‐β1 genes. Further, we verified that sodium fluoride (NaF) decreases miR‐486‐3p expression in human osteoblasts and overexpression of miR‐486‐3p reduces fluoride‐induced osteoblast proliferation and activation. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that miR‐486‐3p regulates NaF‐induced upregulation of CyclinD1 by directly targeting its 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR). In addition, we observed that NaF activates the TGF‐β1/Smad2/3/CyclinD1 axis and miR‐486‐3p mediates transcriptional regulation of CyclinD1 by TGF‐β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway via targeting TGF‐β1 3′‐UTR in vitro. This study, thus, contributes significantly in revealing the mechanism of miR‐486‐3p‐mediated CyclinD1 upregulation in skeletal fluorosis and sheds new light on endemic fluorosis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the pattern of positive conversion of interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) during infliximab therapy in China, which has a high burden of tuberculosis. Methods: Eligible patients with CD who received serial IGRA screening during infliximab therapy from January 2015 to March 2020 were retrospectively included. The positive conversion rate of IGRA and the risk of subsequent tuberculosis of the patients were analyzed. Results: A total of 128 patients with CD were included, and the median time from the initiation of IFX treatment to positive conversion or the last follow‐up test of IGRA was 43.6 weeks. At baseline 3.9% of the patients were positive for IGRA and received prophylactic anti‐tuberculosis treatment. In the other 123 patients with negative IGRA at baseline, 6.5% had IGRA positive conversion during infliximab treatment, and one (12.5%) who was exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis was diagnosed as having active tuberculosis. The conversion rate at 40 weeks, 2 years and 3 years after treatment were 10.0% (6/60), 2.2% (1/46) and 5.9% (1/17), respectively. Age, sex, history of smoking and alcohol consumption, disease severity (Crohn's disease activity index score) and immunosuppressive therapy were not significantly associated with latent tuberculosis test conversion. Conclusions: Positive conversion of IGRA occurs early during treatment with infliximab for CD and the monitoring frequency of IGRA should be appropriately increased at the early stage of treatment. Physicians should pay attention to patient's history of tuberculosis exposure and carry out surveillance in a timely fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture and tissue engineering, great advance focusing on functionalized materials and desirable culture systems has been made to mimic the natural environment of cells in vivo. Mechanical loading is one of the critical factors that affect cell/tissue behaviors and metabolic activities, but the reported models or detection methods offer little direct and real‐time information about mechanically induced cell responses. Herein, for the first time, a stretchable and multifunctional platform integrating 3D cell culture, mechanical loading, and electrochemical sensing is developed by immobilization of biomimetic peptide linked gold nanotubes on porous and elastic polydimethylsiloxane. The 3D scaffold demonstrates very good compatibility, excellent stretchability, and stable electrochemical sensing performance. This allows mimicking the articular cartilage and investigating its mechanotransduction by 3D culture, mechanical stretching of chondrocytes, and synchronously real‐time monitoring of stretch‐induced signaling molecules. The results disclose a previously unclear mechanotransduction pathway in chondrocytes that mechanical loading can rapidly activate nitric oxide signaling within seconds. This indicates the promising potential of the stretchable 3D sensing in exploring the mechanotransduction in 3D cellular systems and engineered tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Yogurt preserves and enhances nutritional value of milk. In this study, we have compared several strains to determine the physicochemical, sensory, rheological and aroma characteristics of different yogurts. We used Lactobacillus gasseri LGZ 1029 (LG), commercial probiotic L. rhamnosus (LGG) and traditional fermentation strains Streptococcus thermophilus and L. bulgaricus (SL). Results showed that the flavour and texture characteristics of mixed‐strain yogurts were obviously better than in single‐strain yogurts. Addition of LG increased pseudoplastic behaviour, as shown by Herschel–Bulkley model analysis of rheological behaviour. The LG + SL group also had both the highest viscosity consistency index and thickening ability. In addition, a total of 57 volatile compounds were detected in yogurts and the fermentation with the addition of LG was mainly affected by ketones. Our study suggested that a yogurt with new attributes can be produced by using LGZ 1029. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Glyphosate is routinely used in Australia to control the Arctotheca species Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns (referred hereinafter as capeweed). This study identifies the first global case of field‐evolved glyphosate‐resistant capeweed, collected from the grainbelt of Western Australia. RESULTS: In 2020, a capeweed biotype that was collected from Borden in the southern Western Australian grainbelt was confirmed to be glyphosate‐resistant (referred hereinafter as Spence population). When compared to the pooled mortality of six field‐collected, glyphosate susceptible capeweed populations (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6), the Spence population was found > 11‐fold more resistant to glyphosate than the pooled results of the susceptible populations (S1–S6) at the lethal dose of 50% (LD50) level. The growth of the Spence population was also less affected, requiring > 13‐fold more glyphosate to reduce growth than the pooled susceptible populations at the growth reduction of 50% (GR50) level. Sequencing of the plastidic 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene indicated no known single gene mutation imparting glyphosate resistance. This study, however, did not investigate any other known mechanisms that impart glyphosate resistance. When screened at the field‐applied rate, this Spence population was also found to survive an inhibitor of acetolactate synthase (ALS) (metosulam) and an inhibitor of phytoene desaturase (diflufenican). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first confirmation of glyphosate resistance evolution in a capeweed population globally. With capeweed resistance already confirmed to photosystem‐I inhibiting herbicides (paraquat and diquat), this study emphasizes the importance of using integrated measures that do not depend only on the use of non‐selective herbicides for controlling herbicide resistance‐prone capeweed populations. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bacillus coagulans 13002 (13002) as a new potential starter was incorporated into the yoghurts for fermentation in this study. We compared three groups of yoghurt, including Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (SL), 13002 (BCS), and 13002 and SL (BCS + SL). Compared with the combination of SL and BCS, the group of BCS + SL exhibited better flavour, higher titratable acidity, cohesiveness and richer volatile compounds, suggesting that the combination of BCS and SL was more efficient to produce the best sensory properties of yoghurt (P < 0.05). The production of volatile compounds in fermentation with and without the addition of BCS was mainly affected by aldehydes, ketones, esters and hydrocarbons, respectively. Furthermore, BCS additions into traditional starters resulted in increasing organic acids and speeding up the usage of sucrose and lactose during the fermentation period of yoghurt. Our study suggested that BCS is a favourable starter supplement for improving the quality of probiotic yoghurts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess whether group cognitive behavioural therapy (GCBT) delivered by general practitioners reduces anxiety and depression and improves glycaemic levels in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We conducted a community‐based cluster randomized controlled trial in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 48 communities in China. Participants received either GCBT plus usual care (UC) or UC only. General practitioners were trained in GCBT before intervention in the intervention group. The primary outcome was glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration. Outcome data were collected from all participants at baseline, 2 months, 6 months and 1 year. The secondary outcomes were depression (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9; PHQ‐9) and anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder questionnaire; GAD‐7). Results: The GCBT group showed greater improvement in GAD‐7 and PHQ‐9 scores, respectively, than the UC group after 2 months post‐baseline (T = −6.46, p < 0.0001; T = −5.29, p < 0.001), 6 months (T = −4.58, p < 0.001; T = −4.37, p < 0.001) and 1 year post‐intervention (T = −3.91, p < 0.001; T = −3.57, p < 0.001). There was no difference in HbA1c values between the GCBT and UC groups at 2 months while the values were lower in the GCBT group at 6 months and 1 year (T = −6.83, p < 0.001; T = −4.93, p < 0.001, respectively). Subgroup analysis indicated a long‐term effect of GCBT only for mild and moderate anxiety and mild depression groups. Similarly, HbA1c values reduced only in the mild and moderate anxiety and the mild depression groups. Conclusions: General practitioners can deliver GCBT interventions. GCBT plus UC is superior to UC for reducing mild/moderate anxiety and depression, and improving glycaemic levels. Trial registration: Chinese clinical trials registration (ChiCTR‐IOP‐16008045). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polylactic acid (PLA) films with different nano‐ZnO concentration (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 15%wt) were obtained by casting method. Overall migration values and specific migration values were studied in different food simulants (10% [v/v] ethanol and isooctane). The results demonstrated that overall migration of the composite films and specific migration of Zn2+ was higher in 10% (v/v) ethanol solution than in isooctane solution. The release of Zn2+ was affected by the percentage of nano‐ZnO in the composite films and food simulants. The migration of Zn in this study was mainly caused by polymer softening and degradation leading to the dissolution of Zn. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicated that with the migration of Zn2+, the structure of the composite films changed greatly. Differential scanning calorimeter analysis indicated that the thermal stability was decreased and the glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature were reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Chronic inflammation links closely to insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Macrophage M1 activation plays an important role in the initiation and continuing of pro‐inflammatory response of NAFLD. Our study was to investigate whether macrophage M1/M2 polarization switching would affect hepatic inflammation and lipid metabolism through modulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPAR‐γ) activity in vivo and in vitro. Methods: RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with different fatty acids, and cell culture supernatants were collected to prepare conditioned media (CM). Different co‐culture systems between primary hepatocytes and CM from macrophages were established. A PPAR‐γ agonist or antagonist was administered to regulate PPAR‐γ activity and macrophage polarization. M1/M2 phenotype markers, inflammatory signaling pathway, and lipid‐related genes expression were determined. Wild‐type C57BL/6 mice were fed a high‐fat diet to induce NAFLD and given rosiglitazone to regulate PPAR‐γ activity in vivo. Results: Saturated fatty acids induced M1‐polarized macrophages while polyunsaturated fatty acids induced M2‐polarized macrophages. M1‐polarized macrophages significantly promoted lipid synthesis and accumulation in primary hepatocytes through upregulation of a toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF‐κB signaling pathway. The PPAR‐γ agonist made lipid‐induced M1‐polarized macrophages switch to an M2‐predominant phenotype, while PPAR‐γ antagonist had the opposite effect. Macrophage polarization shifting subsequently affected lipid metabolism in primary hepatocytes. Administration of rosiglitazone improved high‐fat diet induced hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolism through reducing hepatic TLR4/NF‐κB expression and M1‐polarized Kupffer cells. Conclusions: Lipid‐induced macrophage M1 polarization promoted hepatic lipid metabolism. Modulation of PPAR‐γ activity could shift macrophage polarization and subsequently affect lipid metabolism. Upregulation of the TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathway is closely linked to dysregulated lipid metabolism in NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]