Search

Objective: We reviewed current research on group‐based parenting programs for racially and ethnically minoritized parents with preschoolers to provide a synthesis of how these programs are implemented. Background: Group‐based parenting programs are an efficient and cost‐effective means of providing education and support to multiple parents simultaneously (Olofsson et al., 2016), yet most have been developed for White families (Schilling et al., 2021). No previous research has presented a synthesis of work exploring the range of parenting programs and characteristics for racially and ethnically minoritized families with preschool‐aged children. Method: We conducted a scoping review guided by the foundations of family life education (FFLE) model (Darling et al., 2020) and using recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute, Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) framework, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews guidelines. The final synthesis included 15 peer‐reviewed empirical studies. Results: Results highlight commonalities among programs, alignment with the FFLE model, and needs for future research with more diverse populations and specific child age groups. Conclusion: Group‐based parenting programs for racially and ethnically diverse families with preschoolers are effective but limited in number and scope. Implications: To ensure that parenting programs are effective and tailored to the diverse needs of individuals and their communities, it is important to consider cultural and contextual factors, make necessary adaptations to practices, content, and delivery methods, and involve racially and ethnically minoritized parents in developing, implementing, and evaluating these programs. There should be an expansion of parenting programs offered at public schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Design Methods Results Conclusion Clinical Relevance Little is known about the range and frequency of symptoms among older adult home healthcare patients with urinary incontinence, as this information is predominantly contained in clinical notes. Natural language processing can uncover symptom information among older adults with urinary incontinence to promote holistic, equitable care.We conducted a secondary analysis of cross‐sectional data collected between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2017, from the largest HHC agency in the Northeastern United States. We aimed to develop and test a natural language processing algorithm to extract symptom information from clinical notes for older adults with urinary incontinence and analyze differences in symptom documentation by race or ethnicity.Symptoms were identified through expert clinician‐driven Delphi survey rounds. We developed a natural language processing algorithm for symptom identification in clinical notes, examined symptom documentation frequencies, and analyzed differences in symptom documentation by race or ethnicity using chi‐squared tests and logistic regression models.In total, 39,179 home healthcare episodes containing 1,098,419 clinical notes for 29,981 distinct patients were included. Nearly 40% of the sample represented racially or ethnically minoritized groups (i.e., 18% Black, 14% Hispanic, 7% Asian/Pacific Islander, 0.3% multi‐racial, and 0.2% Native American). Based on expert clinician‐driven Delphi survey rounds, the following symptoms were identified: anxiety, dizziness, constipation, syncope, tachycardia, urinary frequency/urgency, urinary hesitancy/retention, and vision impairment/blurred vision. The natural language processing algorithm achieved excellent performance (average precision of 0.92). Approximately 29% of home healthcare episodes had symptom information documented. Compared to home healthcare episodes for White patients, home healthcare episodes for Asian/Pacific Islander (odds ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [0.67–0.80], p < 0.001), Black (odds ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [0.64–0.73], p < 0.001), and Hispanic (odds ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [0.85–0.97], p < 0.01) patients were less likely to have any symptoms documented in clinical notes.We found multidimensional symptoms and differences in symptom documentation among a diverse cohort of older adults with urinary incontinence, underscoring the need for comprehensive assessments by clinicians. Future research should apply natural language processing to other data sources and investigate symptom clusters to inform holistic care strategies for diverse populations.Knowledge of symptoms of older adult home healthcare patients with urinary incontinence can facilitate comprehensive assessments, health equity, and improved outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examines the racial disparity in health‐care coverage between Hispanics and whites. Racial disparities in accessing health‐care services have worsened in the United States, exacerbating social and economic inequality between whites and racial/ethnic minority groups. While existing research primarily attributes these disparities to income differences among racial groups, this study focuses on the mediating role of social capital and the moderating role of public trust in formal institutions, while controlling for income and other socioeconomic factors. Methods: Drawing on a survey data set collected in the Austin area of Texas in 2020, we test a series of regression models using mediating and moderating analyses. Results: We find that Hispanics, as a major ethnic minority group, have lower levels of social capital compared to whites, which contributes to the gap in health‐care coverage. The results indicate that social capital has mediating effects in positively transmitting the effect of being Hispanic on access to health‐care coverage. In addition, trust in nonprofits positively moderates the main relationship. Conclusion: The study suggests that promoting social capital for Hispanics can help bridge racial disparities in accessing healthcare. Our study provides policy recommendations for nonprofits to collaborate with government agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to diverse peers can expand children's experiences and skillsets, and these positive effects linger beyond childhood. Yet, little is known about the ethnic/racial, gender, and age diversity in children's peer groups and how it may shift over time. Even less is known about these patterns among US nonwhite children. In the present study, we thus explored how diversity (with regard to ethnicity/race, gender, and age) in ethnically minoritized children's peer groups change from infancy through early childhood and tested whether the diversity of early peer groups remained stable across time. Over a 6‐year period we followed 234 children (ages 1–6; 115 girls) from three large ethnic/racial minority groups in the United States: African American, Dominican American, and Mexican American. With age, children's peer groups increased in ethnic/racial diversity but decreased in gender and age diversity. Moreover, children's early peer diversity (at/around age 2–4) positively predicted the diversity of their later peer groups (at/around age 6) across all three types of diversity. This study provides novel insights into how children's peer groups change and grow in early development, particularly focusing on children from backgrounds that have been historically underrepresented in psychological science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marc Morial, President and CEO of the National Urban League, testified before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs on racism and discrimination in banking. He highlighted historical discriminatory practices in banking, such as redlining and biased lending, that have disproportionately affected communities of color. Morial advocated for greater fairness in financial services, emphasizing the importance of investing in Black-owned banks and passing legislation to address discriminatory practices and increase equitable access to banking. [Extracted from the article]

Objective Data Sources and Study Setting Study Design Data Collection/Extraction Methods Principal Findings Conclusions To decompose the mental health disparities between breast cancer patients and survivors (hereafter survivors) of racial and ethnic minority groups and non‐Hispanic White survivors into the contributions of individual‐, interpersonal‐, community‐, and societal‐level determinants.We used data from the 2010–2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component (MEPS‐HC). Our primary outcome was whether the person had mental health conditions or not.We employed the Kitagawa–Oaxaca–Blinder (KOB) method to understand to what extent the differences in outcomes were explained by the differences in the determinants between non‐Hispanic Black or Hispanic breast cancer survivors and non‐Hispanic White survivors. We also bifurcated the Hispanic sample analysis by the US‐born status (and county of origin).Confidential geographic identifiers are utilized to supplement the MEPS‐HC data with information on community characteristics and local healthcare resources.The prevalence of mental health conditions among non‐Hispanic Black and Hispanic breast cancer survivors was 26.1% (95% CI: 20.4, 31.7) and 28.3% (95% CI: 21.9, 34.6), respectively. These rates were higher than those for their non‐Hispanic White counterparts, 19.7% (95% CI: 17.4, 21.9). In our KOB model, the disparity between non‐Hispanic Black and White survivors was fully explained by differences in education, health, and family structure, with community‐ and societal‐level determinants playing no significant role. Conversely, our KOB model did not explain any of the overall differences between Hispanic and non‐Hispanic White survivors. However, for foreign‐born Hispanic survivors, the disparity was fully explained by a combination of individual‐ and societal‐level determinants.Our findings, which identify specific individual‐, interpersonal‐, and societal‐ determinants that were associated with racial and ethnic differences in mental health, can be used by clinicians and policymakers to proactively address racial and ethnic disparities in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite Medicare coverage, financial hardship is a prevalent issue among those diagnosed with cancer at age 65 years and older, particularly among those belonging to a racial or ethnic minority group. Sociodemographic, clinical, and area‐level factors may mediate this relationship; however, no studies have assessed the extent to which these factors contribute to the racial/ethnic disparities in financial hardship. Methods: Surveys assessing financial hardship were completed by 721 White (84%) or Black (16%) patients (aged 65 years and older) who were diagnosed with breast (34%), prostate (27%), lung (17%), or colorectal (14%) cancer or lymphoma (9%) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham between 2000 and 2019. Financial hardship included material, psychological, and behavioral domains. Nonlinear Blinder–Oaxaca effect decomposition methods were used to evaluate the extent to which individual and area‐level factors contribute to racial disparities in financial hardship. Results: Black patients reported lower income (65% vs. 34% earning <$50,000) and greater scores on the Area Deprivation Index (median, 93.0 vs. 55.0). Black patients reported significantly higher rates of overall (39% vs. 18%), material (29% vs. 11%), and psychological (27% vs. 11%) hardship compared with White patients. Overall, the observed characteristics explained 51% of racial differences in financial hardship among cancer survivors, primarily because of differences in income (23%) and area deprivation (11%). Conclusions: The current results identify primary contributors to racial disparities in financial hardship among older cancer survivors, which can be used to develop targeted interventions and allocate resources to those at greatest risk for financial hardship. Racial disparities in financial hardship among older cancer survivors are attributable to the downstream effects of structural racism. Interventions aimed at reducing the Black–White disparity in financial hardship should be targeted toward factors associated with historical racial discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing racial diversity in the United States, and the particular growth of multiracial populations, questions about how children perceive others’ (bi)racial identities remain poorly understood. In two preregistered studies, we asked White and racially minoritized American children (N = 157; 4–11‐years old) and White and multiracial adults (N = 226) how acceptable it was for monoracial people (Black or White; Study 1) and/or biracial people (Black–White; Studies 1 and 2) to claim either a monoracial or biracial identity. Consistent with past research with adults, children said that monoracial people should claim (only) the monoracial identity which matched their ancestry. Judgements about biracial identity were more variable. White and multiracial adults (Study 2) reported that biracial targets could claim a racial identity that matched either or both of their parents, with biracial claims being evaluated most positively. Exploratory analyses on children's judgements about biracial people's identity claims (Study 1) revealed different patterns of development for White children and children from minoritized backgrounds. Whereas White children became more likely with age to report that all identity claims were acceptable, children from racially minoritized groups became more likely with age to endorse biracial targets who claimed a biracial identity. These findings suggest that children's own racial background and age may have a larger impact on their perceptions of biracial people's identities, compared to their perceptions of monoracial people's identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects older adults, persons from racial and ethnic minority groups, and persons of low socioeconomic status. It can be prevented or delayed through evidence‐based interventions such as the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) lifestyle change program (LCP). This analysis is aimed at evaluating the outcomes (i.e., retention, physical activity, and weight loss) associated with participation in the National DPP LCP by participant characteristics and delivery mode (i.e., in‐person, online, distance learning, and combination) using the 2012–2018 Diabetes Prevention Recognition Program (DPRP) data. Across all delivery modes, there were generally no substantial differences in retention between male and female participants, but male participants tended to have higher physical activity and weight loss (e.g., average weight loss for in‐person delivery: 5.0% for males and 4.3% for females). Older participants had better retention rates than younger participants in all delivery modes and mostly higher physical activity and weight loss except for distance learning delivery (e.g., average weight loss for in‐person delivery: 5.1% for those aged 65+ and 3.3% for those aged 18–34). Among the seven racial and ethnic groups studied, retention was generally highest for non‐Hispanic/Latino (NH)‐White participants and lowest for Hispanic/Latino participants. Physical activity varied by racial and ethnic groups and delivery mode. NH‐White participants generally had the most weight loss except for distance learning delivery, and NH‐Black/African American participants had the least (e.g., average weight loss for in‐person delivery: 5.1% for NH‐White participants, 3.3% for both NH‐Black/African American and NH‐American Indian/Alaska Native participants, and other racial and ethnic minority groups ranged from 3.4% to 4.9%). Monitoring and identifying disparities across demographics and delivery modes, particularly across multiple racial and ethnic groups, provides information that can be used to improve the implementation of the National DPP LCP by tailoring the intervention to reduce disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2023 ILO report "World Employment and Social Outlook 2023: The Value of Essential Work" highlights the disparities between societal recognition of essential work and the actual conditions faced by workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The report defines key workers as those in occupations deemed essential by 126 countries, excluding those who could work from home. It reveals that key workers are often underpaid, face poor working conditions, and are disproportionately women, migrants, and informal workers. The report fails to address the contested nature of essential work designations and does not provide a comprehensive explanation for the systematic devaluation of essential work, which can be attributed to unequal exchange in the global economy, the concentration of marginalized groups in essential occupations, and the systemic devaluation of social reproduction work. [Extracted from the article]

Parenting is a critical mediator of children's school readiness. In line with this theory of change, data from the randomized clinical trial of Smart Beginnings (tiered Video Interaction Project and Family Check‐Up; N = 403, treatment arm n = 201) were used to examine treatment impacts on early language and literacy skills at child age 4 years (nLatinx = 168, nBlack = 198, nMale = 203), as well as indirect impacts through parental support of cognitive stimulation at child age 2 years. Although results did not reveal direct effects on children's early skills, there were significant indirect effects for early literacy (β =.03, p =.05) and early language (β =.04, p =.04) via improvements in parental cognitive stimulation. Implications for interventions targeting parenting to improve children's school readiness beginning at birth are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have unveiled how and why administrative burdens perpetuate inequity in access to government benefits. However, less is known about the tools public managers can use to reduce burdens and disparities in program access. We partner with a local government in the U.S. to investigate whether a reduction in documentation requirements increased equity by promoting access for "underserved" small business owners (i.e., racial/ethnic minorities, women, people with disabilities, and veterans). Specifically, we analyze outcomes for more than 8500 businesses in a COVID‐19 small business relief fund before and after a reduction in documentation requirements. Utilizing an interrupted time series design, we find increased application success for underserved small businesses, but other applicants benefitted more from the program change, calling into question whether the policy change advanced equity. Our findings suggest that even well‐intentioned interventions can perpetuate disparity if targeted supports for marginalized communities are not implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redlining refers to discriminatory lending practices based on the demographic composition of neighborhoods. The term is often attributed to boundaries drawn on maps by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the 1930s to represent the perceived credit risk of neighborhoods. Combined with other discriminatory actions, redlining restricted access to mortgage financing for racial minorities, and areas subject to historic redlining practices still exhibit worse outcomes on various socio‐economic dimensions. This study examines contemporary differences in residential housing values along historic redlined boundaries. Boundary fixed effects models are constructed using contemporary property sale data for Seattle, WA and Richmond, VA from 2000 to 2018. Results indicate that properties inside a redlined boundary continue to sell at significantly discounted prices compared to houses across the redlined border. Further investigation, using historic data from the 1930s and 1940s, finds that there was also a large and significant historic difference in housing values across the redlined boundaries at that time, including before the advent of HOLC maps. This suggests that contemporary differences in housing values are likely not a direct effect of HOLC maps but rather depict the lingering effect of broader redlining and discriminatory practices that existed before the advent of these maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article briefly traces newer kinship studies at the edges of kinship formations and argues that a feminist, decolonial examination of kinship interrupts cultural relatedness as a capital set of social relations meant to satiate the ache to belong to or progenerate a group. Examining the coordinated relationship between kinning and de‐kinning, the author exposes the suffering the social contract fails to register but reinscribes. Central to this analysis is kinship's global colonizing matrix dominated by white‐heteronormative ableism that shapes and prices commodified belonging and generation. This global colonizing matrix is the focus of this inquiry, examined through a cursory consideration of the author's lived experience as a transnational and transracial adoptee and racial minority scholar who teaches majority BIPOC students. This account theorizes a specific experience of kinship to broaden the analysis for others to locate their narratives and ongoing contributions to the deformation and reformation of kinship studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents evidence on the relative accommodation of credit requests made by minority start‐up entrepreneurs in the U.S. farm sector. Loan packaging terms (amount, interest rate, and maturity) prescribed by lending officers of the Farm Service Agency, the government's lending arm to the farm sector, are analyzed and compared across racial/ethnic and gender groups of borrowers. The intention is to discern whether prescribed loan terms are favorable and supportive of the new farms' business growth and survival goals and uncover any trends of preferential treatment for certain groups of borrowers. Econometric results did not uncover any significant deviations in the lenders' decisions for beginning African American and White farmers for all three components of the loan package. While most packaging term decisions were similar among borrowers of different racial/ethnic attributes, the only exceptional terms were significantly larger loan amounts for American Indians and higher interest rates for Hispanic Americans. Compared to farmers in the South, loan term decisions seem to align with regional concentrations of farm typologies, such as the prevalence of livestock operations in the Plains and Midwest that require longer loan repayment periods and larger crop farms in the West with higher loan amount approvals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High rates of turnover among racial minority employees have largely been explained by the adage that dissimilarity breeds discontent. An unexplored, but potentially powerful driver of turnover, may emerge as a result of supervisors' and employees' own beliefs about minority employees' abilities. We rely on predictions from research on Pygmalion effects to examine how external, leader biases can elicit subsequent differences in employees' internal cognitions, which then impact turnover decisions. Utilizing a survey study of 228 employers and employees across four time points, we found support for the notion that leaders view racial minority new hires as having less efficacy than their White counterparts, and that these biases, when combined with less satisfactory supervision, lead minorities to have decreased self‐efficacy, subsequently causing them to perceive a less viable future in that company and voluntarily turn over. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precarious work is universal, though its forms and consequences vary across countries due to institutional, cultural, and historical differences. This article reviews recent research on precarious work from a global perspective, emphasizing the comparative and interdisciplinary research needed for a comprehensive understanding of the structural transformations in contemporary capitalism that promote precarious work. The article has three foci. First, research that details the diverse forms of precarious work, which have become increasingly heterogeneous as national labor markets have been interwoven with global production networks. Second, research on precarious work that emphasizes its disparate impacts for women, youth, the elderly, racial and ethnic minority groups, and migrants, revealing an articulation of precarity and social cleavages. Third, research on the politics associated with precarious work and how some precarious workers have successfully organized and mobilized their interests, such as by unionizing and becoming involved in electoral politics. Still, questions remain regarding precarious work: how precarious workers differ from regular workers in representing their interests and demands and whether precarious workers are a new, independent social class or remain part of a changing working class. Finally, topics for future research on the global dimensions of precarious work are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines households' prospective evacuation behavior during a hurricane‐pandemic compound threat. Data from a 2020 survey of coastal Virginia households help answer two questions: (1) What factors associated with the threat and impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic and hurricanes influence the prospective evacuation behavior of households during a compound hurricane‐pandemic event? (2) What are the equity implications for emergency management policies and practices to support evacuation and sheltering during a compound hurricane‐pandemic event? Households in the sample were split between those who stated they would evacuate away from the at‐risk region and those who would stay. Greater household vulnerability to hurricanes and COVID‐19 and having sufficient financial resources increase the likelihood of evacuation. Higher‐income households were more likely to have resources to evacuate and were less likely to suffer financial consequences from a hurricane or pandemic. Racial minorities are more vulnerable to the pandemic and face greater resource challenges when evacuating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of ethnic and racial minorities across North America and Europe continue to face discrimination, for instance, when applying for jobs or seeking housing. Such unequal treatment can occur because societies categorize people into groups along social, cultural, or ethnic and racial lines that seemingly rationalize differential treatment. Research suggests that it may take generations for such differences to decline, if they change at all. Here, we show that a single gesture by international soccer players at the World Cup 2018 – followed by an extensive public debate – led to a measurable and lasting decline in discrimination. Immediately after the galvanizing event, invitation rates to view apartments increased by 6 percentage points for the migrant group represented by the players, while responses to the native population did not change noticeably. We demonstrate that anti‐immigrant behaviour can disband rapidly when the public receives messages challenging the nature of ethnic and racial categories while sharing a common cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EnCORE study is a prospective serology study of SARS‐CoV‐2 in a cohort of children from Montreal, Canada. Based on data from our fourth round of data collection (May–October 2022), we estimated SARS‐CoV‐2 seroprevalence and seroconversion. Using multivariable regression, we identified factors associated with seroconversion. Our results show that previously seronegative children were approximately 9–12 times more likely to seroconvert during the early Omicron‐dominant period compared to pre‐Omicron rounds. Unlike the pre‐Omicron rounds, the adjusted rate of seroconversion among 2‐ to 4‐year‐olds was higher than older age groups. As seen previously, higher seroconversion rates were associated with ethnic/racial minority status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant literature suggests that racism is associated with difficult emotional reactions and feelings of social disconnect among White individuals. These feelings of social disconnect may be particularly salient in today's digital era in which racism against racial minority individuals is conveniently and frequently witnessed via online platforms. Thus, we examined whether witnessing racism online may be associated with feelings of loneliness among White emerging adults. We also tested whether anti‐racism advocacy buffered loneliness given its potential for relationship building and community organizing to promote racial justice and equity. Using data from 227 White emerging adults (Mage = 20.86, SD = 4.82), we conducted a latent moderated structural equation modeling to test individual and institutional anti‐racism advocacy as moderators in the link between witnessing racism online (racial victimization of racial minority individuals in online interactions and online content on cultural devaluation/systemic racism against racial minority individuals) and loneliness. Greater exposure to online content on systemic racism and cultural devaluation of racial minority groups significantly predicted greater loneliness. Engagement in individual anti‐racism advocacy (mean to high levels) buffered this link. White allies must engage in anti‐racism practice to address racism in our society, and our findings advance our understanding of the associated psychosocial costs. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Osteoporosis is a preventable disease that is simple and cost-effective to screen based on clinical practice guidelines, yet many patients go undiagnosed and untreated leading to increased burden of the disease. Specifically, racial and ethnic minorities have lower rates of dual energy absorptiometry (DXA) screening. Inadequate screening may lead to an increased risk of fracture, higher health care costs, and increased morbidity and mortality disproportionately experienced by racial-ethnic minority populations. Purpose. This systematic review assessed and summarized the racial and ethnic disparities that exist for osteoporosis screening by DXA. Methods. Using terms related to osteoporosis, racial and ethnic minorities, and DXA, an electronic search of databases was performed in SCOPUS, CINAHL, and PubMed. Articles were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria which dictated the final articles used in the review. Full text articles that were selected for inclusion underwent quality appraisal and data extraction. Once extracted, data from the articles were combined at an aggregate level. Results. The search identified 412 articles. After screening, a total of 16 studies were included in the final review. The overall quality of the studies included was high. Of the 16 articles reviewed, 14 identified significant disparities between racial minority and majority groups and determined that the eligible patients in racial minority groups were less likely to be referred to DXA screening. Conclusion. There is a significant disparity in osteoporosis screening among racial and ethnic minorities. Future efforts should focus on addressing these inconsistencies in screening and removing bias from the healthcare system. Additional research is required to determine the consequence of this discrepancy in screening and methods of equitizing osteoporosis care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate how county and state‐level estimates of Medicaid enrollment among the total, non‐Hispanic White, non‐Hispanic Black or African American, and Hispanic or Latino/a population are affected by Differential Privacy (DP), where statistical noise is added to the public decennial US census data to protect individual privacy. Data Sources: We obtained population counts from the final version of the US Census Bureau Differential Privacy Demonstration Products from 2010 and combined them with Medicaid enrollment data. Study Design: We compared 2010 county and state‐level population counts released under the traditional disclosure avoidance techniques and the ones produced with the proposed DP procedures. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: Not applicable. Principal Findings: We find the DP method introduces errors up to 10% into counts and proportions of Medicaid participation rate accuracy at the county level, especially for small subpopulations and racial and ethnic minority groups. The effect of DP on Medicaid participation rate accuracy is only small and negligible at the state level. Conclusions: The implementation of DP in the 2020 census can affect the analyses of health disparities and health care access and use among different subpopulations in the United States. The planned implementation of DP in other census‐related surveys such as the American Community Survey can misrepresent Medicaid participation rates for small racial and ethnic minority groups. This can affect Medicaid funding decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We examine the association between college education and the number of medications used/misused in the past year. We also consider the possibility of differential socioeconomic returns to health for racial/ethnic minorities. Methods: The data come from the 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (n = 144,589). Results: In accordance with human capital theory, we found that, in the full sample and white subsample, college education was associated with lower levels of polypharmacy, even with adjustments for financial insecurity, health, and lifestyle. Consistent with the diminished return theory, we observed that college education was mostly unrelated to polypharmacy among black and Hispanic individuals. While health commodity theory was supported among Asians, health disparity theory was confirmed among individuals of other races and ethnicities. Conclusion: The most important implication of our study is that polypharmacy can be simultaneously structured by durable systems of social stratification, including education, race, and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research illustrating the adverse impact of discrimination and the increasing ethnic and racial diversity in the United States has resulted in a substantial body of work examining risk and protective factors for marginalized and ethnic and racial minority individuals. One factor that has received considerable attention over the past several decades is ethnic–racial socialization (ERS). Extant empirical research on ERS has heavily focused on parents, especially mothers, as socialization agents. What is noticeably missing from this literature is the potentially important roles of siblings as salient ERS agents. After briefly illustrating the focus of past research on parents as ERS agents, we review the theoretical justification for studying siblings in the ERS process and the very limited research on siblings' role in ERS‐related processes. We close with a discussion of the important considerations for future researchers investigating sibling ERS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study documents life course patterns of vicarious exposure to the criminal legal system among parents and siblings in the United States. Background: The criminal legal system shapes family outcomes in important ways. Still, life course patterns of vicarious exposure to the system—especially to lower‐level contacts—among parents and siblings are not well documented. Method: Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, Kaplan–Meier survival curves, and Cox regression models, we estimate cumulative risks of vicarious exposure to arrest, probation, and incarceration among parents (n = 3885 parents; 185,444 person‐years) and siblings (n = 1875; 44,766 person‐years) and examine disparities by race–ethnicity, gender, and education, and at their intersections. Results: Vicarious exposure to the system is common—but highly unequal—among parents and siblings. Racially minoritized parents and siblings had greater levels and earlier risks of exposure. For example, by age 50, an estimated one in five Black parents experienced having a child incarcerated, a risk about twice as high as White and 50% higher than Latinx parents. By age 26, an estimated 6 in 10 Black young people with brothers experienced having a brother arrested; more than 4 in 10 experienced a brother on probation; and more than 3 in 10 experienced brother incarceration. For many estimates, racialized inequities in risks of vicarious system exposure widened at higher levels of education. Conclusion: These findings provide essential context for understanding the role of the criminal legal system in maintaining and exacerbating family inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors reviewed the literature on the meaning and experience of friendship for members of underrepresented groups (sexual orientation and gender diversity, race and ethnicity). It is argued that many of the variables that contribute to friendship formation among mainstream groups (found in past research) also apply to underrepresented groups (e.g., environments that bring people into contact with one another, homophily). There also are commonalities in the friendship maintenance processes of mainstream and underrepresented groups (e.g., self‐disclosure, provision of support). However, the authors' main point is that there are additional challenges and barriers that are encountered by members of sexual and gender diverse groups and racial and ethnic minorities, and the intersections of those identities, particularly when forming and maintaining friendships with people of majority status. The authors elucidate these challenges and discuss interventions for increasing the diversity of friends in people's networks. In addition, the authors identify significant gaps in the literature on the friendship worlds of diverse groups and offer directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Underrepresented racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Racial and ethnic minorities also have more severe SLE manifestations that require use of immunosuppressive medications, and often have lower rates of medication adherence. We aimed to explore barriers of adherence to SLE immunosuppressive medications among minority SLE patients. Methods: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using in‐depth interviews with a purposive sample of racial minority SLE patients taking oral immunosuppressants (methotrexate, azathioprine, or mycophenolate), and lupus clinic providers and staff. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed, and analyzed using applied thematic analysis. We grouped themes using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior conceptual model. Results: We interviewed 12 SLE patients (4 adherent, 8 nonadherent) and 12 providers and staff. We identified capability barriers to include external factors related to acquiring medications, specifically cost‐, pharmacy‐, and clinic‐related issues; opportunity barriers to include external barriers to taking medications, specifically logistic‐ and medication‐related issues; and motivation factors to include intrinsic barriers, encompassing patients' knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and physical and mental health. The most frequently described barriers were cost, side effects, busyness/forgetting, and lack of understanding, although barriers differed by patient and adherence level, with logistic and intrinsic barriers described predominantly by nonadherent patients and side effects described predominantly by adherent patients. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that interventions may be most impactful if they are designed to facilitate logistics of taking medications and increase patients' motivation while allowing for personalization to address the individual differences in adherence barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children begin interacting less across racial lines around middle childhood, but it remains unclear why. We examine the novel possibility that, at that time, children's prejudice theories—their understanding of prejudice as a fixed or malleable attribute—begin to influence their desire for interracial affiliation. We devise immersive behavioral experiences to evaluate when and how prejudice theories affect interracial affiliation. Study 1 measured prejudice theories among 8–13‐year‐olds (N = 152; 76 White, 76 racial minority) and observed children in a newly‐developed social interaction task. In line with our hypothesis, children older than 10 years with stronger malleable‐prejudice theories exhibited more interest and affiliation in a simulated cross‐ (vs. same‐race) interaction, regardless of their preexisting prejudice level. Study 2 randomly assigned children to listen to a fixed‐ or malleable‐prejudice theory story before engaging in a real, first‐time interaction with a same‐ or cross‐race partner at a different school via live video‐stream (N = 150; 96 White, 54 racial minority). The malleable theory increased children's interest in further interaction with their cross‐race partner. These findings highlight the promise of malleable‐prejudice theories for sustaining positive interracial relationships during a critical developmental window—when the frequency of cross‐race friendships typically declines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from a 14‐day diary study of 95 ethnic/racial minority adolescents, this study examined the within‐person effect of daily discrimination tied to multiple social identities on adolescents' daily sleep quality and duration and whether daily support from important others (i.e., friends, parents, and teachers) would moderate these links. We found that daily discrimination was a low‐frequency, but high‐impact event associated with shorter sleep duration. Results pointed to the nuanced roles of daily support. Support from friends was negatively related to sleep duration, whereas support from parents appeared to be promotive to sleep quality. Support from teachers protected adolescents from the negative effects of discrimination on sleep duration. Implications for future interventions targeting sleep disturbances associated with discrimination are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Developing Inclusive Youth program is a classroom‐based, individually administered video tool that depicts peer‐based social and racial exclusion, combined with teacher‐led discussions. A multisite randomized control trial was implemented with 983 participants (502 females; 58.5% White, 41.5% Ethnic/racial minority; Mage = 9.64 years) in 48 third‐, fourth‐, and fifth‐grade classrooms across six schools. Children in the program were more likely to view interracial and same‐race peer exclusion as wrong, associate positive traits with peers of different racial, ethnic, and gender backgrounds, and report play with peers from diverse backgrounds than were children in the control group. Many approaches are necessary to achieve antiracism in schools. This intervention is one component of this goal for developmental science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Racial minorities account for 39.9% of the population in the United States, but are often underrepresented in clinical research. Results from studies predominantly enrolling White patients may not apply to racial minorities. The aim of this analysis is to assess the representation of racial minorities in cardiac surgery randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Methods: A systematic search of the literature was performed. All RCTs published from 2000 to 2020 including at least 100 patients and comparing two or more adult cardiac surgery procedures were included. Meta‐analytic estimates were calculated. Results: Among 51 cardiac surgery RCTs published between 2000 and 2020, only 9 (17.6%) reported the race of patients and were included in the final analysis. All of them were multicentric, with a mean of 33 centers included. Six RCTs enrolled patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (66.7%), while the remaining three were on valve surgery (33.3%). Overall, 9193 patients were included; of them, 8034 (87.4%) were White and 1026 (11.2%) nonWhite (386 [4.2%] Black, 191 [2.1%] Hispanic, 274 [3.0%] from other races, and 175 [1.9%] nonWhite patients of unspecified race). The proportion of nonWhite patients did not change over time. Conclusions: Only 9 (17.6%) of the 51 cardiac surgery RCTs published between 2000 and 2020 reported the race of the patients enrolled and only 11.2% of them were nonWhite patients. Given the association between race and clinical outcomes, future RCTs should either guarantee a balanced inclusion of racial minorities or be designed to specifically enroll them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is an effective elective surgical procedure for knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA), yet racial disparities in the use of and outcomes from TJA have been recognized. Racial minority individuals are less willing to undergo TJA, demonstrate worse surgical and functional outcomes, and are more likely to undergo surgery at a low‐procedure‐volume center. In this systematic review, we summarize evidence to date on racial disparities in TJA and discuss potential factors that may underlie this gap in care for patients with OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, suicide risk for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) is most concentrated before age 30, which contrasts with non‐Hispanic White groups, for whom the highest risk period is during ages 50–65. The need for a better understanding of the underlying causes of suicidal behavior among BIPOC youth is critical. Cultural considerations were recommended over a decade ago to advance the study of youth suicide prevention and research. Without addressing the barriers to implementing these recommendations in limited‐resourced settings, however, the mental health needs of BIPOC youth at risk for suicide will continue to go unmet. In this commentary, we outline structural barriers in research that perpetuate a cycle of exclusion wherein an understudied, though timely, research area faces undue burdens across the research cycle, which impedes the study of suicide risk among BIPOC youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black women are under‐represented in insomnia research. Further, cancer treatments increase the risk of late effects, thus affecting the sleep of psychologically and medically vulnerable cancer survivors. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is widely used, but has not been researched in black women, and research in cancer survivors is limited. Prior studies demonstrate that psychometric properties of the ISI are not consistent across samples. This study examined the internal consistency and factor structure of the ISI in 29,500 participants from the Black Women's Health Study, an epidemiological study of black women in the United States. This cohort included 28,214 women without a cancer history and 1,286 cancer survivors. Exploratory, confirmatory and multigroup analyses were conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the ISI in these groups. The mean ISI score was 7.18 (standard deviation [SD] = 6.82). Findings supported the internal consistency reliability of the ISI in black women with (Ω = 0.896) and without (Ω = 0.892) a cancer history. Exploratory factor analyses supported a one‐factor structure. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that fit of this one‐factor model was not robust in survivors (Satorra‐Bentler chi‐square [χSB2(14)] = 197.78, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.928, root mean‐square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.143) or in women with no cancer history (χSB2(14) = 2,887.93, CFI = 0.945, RMSEA = 0.121), but the alternative models we examined were not superior. Although factor structures in previous studies have varied considerably, we found a one‐factor structure. Although internal consistency reliability was strong, factor analytic results did not further support the ISI. Inconsistencies in ISI measurement properties across studies may reflect differences in sample sizes and populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stigma is integral to understanding mental health disparities among racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States. We conducted a systematic review to identify empirical studies on cultural aspects of mental illness stigma (public, structural, affiliative, self) among three racial and ethnic minority groups (Asian Americans, Black Americans, Latinx Americans) from 1990 to 2019, yielding 97 articles. In comparison studies (N = 25), racial and ethnic minority groups often expressed greater public and/or self‐stigma than White American groups. In within‐group studies (N = 65; Asian American, n = 21; Black American, n = 18; Latinx American; n = 26), which were primarily qualitative (73%), four major cultural themes emerged: 1) service barriers including access and quality (structural stigma); 2) family experiences including concealment for family's sake, fear of being a burden, and stigma extending to family (affiliative stigma); 3) lack of knowledge about mental illness and specific cultural beliefs (public stigma); and 4) negative emotional responses and coping (self‐stigma). These findings confirmed stigma has both similar and unique cultural aspects across groups. Despite this, few studies tested stigma reduction interventions (N = 7). These cultural insights can inform contextual change at the health systems and community levels to reduce stigma, and empowerment at the interpersonal and individual levels to resist stigma. Highlights: We identified cultural aspects of mental illness stigma among Asian, Black, and Latinx AmericansStigma tended to be higher among the racial and ethnic minority groups than White comparison groupsStigma has similar and unique cultural aspects across the three racial and ethnic minority groupsMajor themes were service barriers, family experiences, knowledge/beliefs, and emotional responsesInterventions can integrate cultural aspects to reduce service barriers and target stigma directly [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research on increasing income inequality focuses on recessions' role on the income distribution and racial disparities in the United States. Objective: This study expands this research by focusing on the evolution of racial income inequality during postrecession periods. We hypothesize that differential recovery trends by race and income rank during postrecession periods exacerbate between‐ and within‐race income inequality. Specifically, we examine postrecession trajectories of race‐specific weekly earnings for the bottom and top 10 percent in the U.S. weekly earnings distribution. Method: We apply a break‐spline regression approach to quarterly weekly earnings data (2001–2018) collected from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis for the 2001 Recession, the Great Recession, and between‐recession periods. Results: Results show an increase in income inequality between the bottom and top 10 percent in the weekly earnings distribution during recovery periods. For all races, the bottom 10 percent recovered from recessions slower and later than the top 10 percent. We also find that Asian Americans' weekly earnings influence between‐ and within‐race income inequality during postrecession periods. Conclusion: Income inequality—overall and across races—is entrenched as racial/ethnic minorities and the poor are particularly vulnerable to recessions and are neither catching up nor recovering during upturns of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To better understand how biracial/multiracial millennials make meaning of their multiple identities and racial socialization messages within their interracial families. Background: A small body of research suggests that the content of parents' race messages to their biracial/multiracial children may have profound social and psychological ramifications. Changing American demographics, including the growth of biracial/multiracial populations, have created a demand for careful examination of this group's racialized experiences. Method: To examine the racial socialization experiences of biracial/multiracial participants (n = 30), this qualitative substudy used thematic analysis, an intersectional theoretical framework, and a phenomenological approach in analyzing open‐ended responses. Results: We found that interracial families employed a number of racial socialization messages, including those that extol mainstream cultural values as well as communications that fuel race‐related stress and identity politics. Conclusion: Findings highlight the prevalence of dominant Western cultural values and racial silence in the socialization messages within interracial families and the reality of racism and racial awareness among individuals identifying as biracial/multiracial. Implications: The findings in this study suggest a need to examine racial socialization as a function of parents' salient identities, including gender, race, and immigration status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our goal was to explore racial socialization practices in Asian American families during a time of heightened racial tension. Background: Asian Americans hold a complex racial position in the United States, made even more complicated by an increase in public protests regarding socioracial injustices in the United States experienced by racial minority groups. Discussions about race and ethnicity occur within Asian American families but often focus on cultural heritage rather than awareness of discrimination and the historical roots of racism. Method: Our study used an inductive–deductive thematic analysis to collect data from 12 Asian American young adults. Semistructured interviews queried participants' experiences with racial socialization in their nuclear families and their own racial identity. Findings: Qualitative analysis revealed the following themes: (a) Participants received limited messages regarding racial issues, (b) participants engaged in "bottom‐up" racial socialization and taught their parents about race, and (c) participants felt left out of society's racial dialogue. Conclusion: During this time of heightened racial tension, Asian American young adults struggle to find their place, despite wanting to participate in community building. Implications: Without strong Asian American racial socialization practices in families, young adults must educate themselves and initiate racial meaning‐making in their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines associations between childhood maltreatment and developmental trajectories of sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) in a sample of 882 sexually active adolescent girls, predominantly Hispanic or Black, assessed every 6 months between 13 and 23 years. Latent profile analyses revealed four distinct maltreatment profiles: Low Maltreatment (76%), Moderate Emotional Neglect Only (15%), Severe Physical/Emotional Abuse (3%), and Severe Sexual Abuse (6%). Multilevel growth analyses showed the Moderate Emotional Neglect Only and Severe Sexual Abuse profiles exhibited more SRBs starting in late adolescence, and the Severe Sexual Abuse profile also exhibited a faster increase than the Low Maltreatment profile. Understanding heterogeneity within maltreated populations may have important implications for healthy sexual development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Lung cancer screening (LCS) reduces NSCLC mortality; however, a lack of diversity in LCS studies may limit the generalizability of the results to marginalized groups who face higher risk for and worse outcomes from NSCLC. Identifying sources of inequity in the LCS pipeline is essential to reduce disparities in NSCLC outcomes. The authors searched 3 major databases for studies published from January 1, 2010 to February 27, 2020 that met the following criteria: 1) included screenees between ages 45 and 80 years who were current or former smokers, 2) written in English, 3) conducted in the United States, and 4) discussed socioeconomic and race‐based LCS outcomes. Eligible studies were assessed for risk of bias. Of 3721 studies screened, 21 were eligible. Eligible studies were evaluated, and their findings were categorized into 3 themes related to LCS disparities faced by Black and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals: 1) eligibility; 2) utilization, perception, and utility; and 3) postscreening behavior and care. Disparities in LCS exist along racial and socioeconomic lines. There are several steps along the LCS pipeline in which Black and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals miss the potential benefits of LCS, resulting in increased mortality. This study identified potential sources of inequity that require further investigation. The authors recommend the implementation of prospective trials that evaluate eligibility criteria for underserved groups and the creation of interventions focused on improving utilization and follow‐up care to decrease LCS disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

America's judicial system is both exceptionally punitive and demonstrably unjust toward racial minorities. While these dual realities are structured into America's institutions, we propose they are also partially sustained by the intersection of ideologies that are both racialized and sacralized. Using multiple waves of the General Social Surveys and a unique measure that asks Americans to choose between two forms of judicial injustice (wrongful conviction or erroneous acquittal), we examine how white racial identity intersects with biblical literalism to bolster America's bent toward unjust punitiveness. In the main effects, Americans who affirm biblical literalism are more likely to show a preference for convicting the innocent, as are whites compared to Black Americans. Examining interaction effects, however, we find whiteness moderates the influence of biblical literalism such that only white biblical literalists (as opposed to non‐white biblical literalists or white non‐biblical literalists) are more likely to prefer wrongful conviction. Indeed, in our full model, being a white biblical literalist is the strongest predictor of preferring wrongful conviction. We theorize that preference for wrongful conviction over erroneous acquittal stems, at least in part, from the combination of sacralized authoritarianism and perceived racial threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Representation trends of women, older adults, and ethnic/racial minorities in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of atrial fibrillation (AF) are uncertain. Methods: We systematically reviewed 134 AF related RCTs (phase II and III) encompassing 149,162 participants using Medline and ClinicalTrials.gov through April 2019 to determine representation trends of women, older patients (≥75 years), and ethnic/racial minorities. Weighted data on the prevalence of AF from epidemiological studies were used to compare the representation of the studied groups of interest in AF RCTs to their expected burden of the disease. Results: Only 18.7% of the RCTs reported proportion of older patients, and 12.7% RCTs reported ethnic/racial minorities. The proportions of women in RCTs versus general population were 35.2% and 35.1%, of Hispanics were 11.9% and 5.2%, of Blacks were 1.2% and 5.7%, of American Indian/Alaskans were 0.2% and 0.2%, of Asians were 14.2% and 2.4%, of native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders were 0.05% and 0.1% and of non‐Whites were 19.5% and 22.5%, respectively. The weighted mean age (SD) across the trials was 65.3 (3.2) years which was less than the corresponding weighted mean age of 71.1 (4.5) years in the comparative epidemiological data. Conclusion: The reporting of older patients and ethnic/racial minorities was poor in RCTs of AF. The representation of women and American Indian/Alaskan natives matched their expected population share of disease burden. Hispanics and Asians were over‐represented and Blacks, native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders and non‐Whites were under‐represented in RCTs of AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intersectionality allows better understanding of the differences between individuals' experiences. In this article, I use intersectionality to explore how my lived experience of marginalization is different from one context to another. I reflect on how the nature of intersectionality and the intensity of oppression are altered by context. Grounded in a brief reflection of my fragmented experience in two different contexts, I explore how my identities and their intersection "mutate" from the Egyptian context to the UK context. Then, I reflect on how the intensity of oppression changed with this alteration in my intersectionality. In contextualizing my intersectional experience, first I problematize viewing intersectionality as a fixed acontextual ontology. Second, as a student immigrant and racialized minority in the United Kingdom, I seek to extend intersectionality and move beyond the traditional categories of race, class, gender, religion, and sexuality to include precarity as a pivotal social category that amplifies the intensity of oppression and marginalization, especially when intersected with race and gender. Finally, in sharing my reflection as a Middle Eastern woman, I contribute my unique experiences into the conversation, and a voice that has been muted, invisibled, marginalized, and excluded from the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a novel data set that links college administrative information with earnings records from a state college system for both public two‐year and four‐year colleges, this study quantifies the impacts of exposure to different types of instructors during students' initial semester in college on their subsequent academic and labor market outcomes. To minimize bias from student sorting by type of instructor, we combine course‐set fixed effects with an instrumental variables approach that exploits term‐by‐term fluctuations in faculty composition in each department, therefore controlling for both between‐ and within‐course sorting. The findings suggest that two‐year students, particularly racial minority students, have substantially higher levels of exposure to adjuncts with temporary appointments than four‐year students. Two‐year students taking a heavy course schedule with temporary adjuncts are adversely affected in college persistence and subsequent credit accumulation, and the penalty is particularly pronounced among males and racial minority students with stronger academic potential. Such negative impacts on academic outcomes do not translate into poorer short‐ to medium‐term labor market performance. In the four‐year setting, no significant distinction is identified between different types of instructors on either student academic or labor market outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to provide modern estimates of survival for untreated head and neck cancer (HNC) and to identify patient‐ and tumor‐specific factors associated with not receiving definitive treatment. Methods: Adults with mucosal HNC were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Median overall survival of untreated patients was calculated and stratified by site and stage. Cause‐specific survival and factors associated with no treatment were investigated with advanced statistics. Results: The study cohort included 6477 patients who received no treatment. Overall, untreated patients had a median survival of 12 months, with significant variability by site and stage. Multivariable analysis identified advanced age, black race, unmarried status, and lack of private insurance as associated with no treatment. Conclusions: Survival of HNC without treatment is dismal, yet substantial variation exists by tumor site and stage. Higher rates of no treatment among the poor and racial minorities are potentially driven by disparities in care availability and provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Investigation of whether the characteristics (i.e., gender especially) of fatherhood program facilitators influence dynamics in group sessions and program outcomes. Background: Within the past decade, policy initiatives have spurred an increase in fatherhood programs. As a result, empirically examining the factors that support effective programming is essential. Previous research highlights program facilitator characteristics as one of these factors but facilitator gender is one characteristic that needs more attention. Methods: This study used data from six focus groups conducted with 40 fathers and one‐on‐one interviews with five fatherhood program group facilitators in a western U.S. urban community. Results: Our findings revealed that fathers care deeply about learning how to be better fathers and that having female facilitators lead program sessions can promote qualitatively different skills in fathers relative to male facilitators. Results also lend support to program structures where male and female facilitators colead group sessions together. Conclusions: The characteristics of the session facilitator can change both the dynamics of the conversations in the session and the nature of the skills that are produced among participating fathers. Implications: Fatherhood program administrators may want to think critically not only about what content they want to deliver in their programs but also about the characteristics of the facilitator(s) delivering the content and how the latter can potentially influence program outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the association between minority racial/ethnic groups and travel mode choices according to a multitude of neighborhood characteristics, travel modes, and purposes in the Delaware Valley region. This study finds that minority racial/ethnic groups show different travel mode choices than whites. For instance, Blacks and Hispanics are less inclined to walk/bike, whereas whites prefer to use household carpool in high density areas when they go home. This study also highlights that minority racial/ethnic groups choose different travel modes according to travel purposes. For instance, blacks in ethnic neighborhoods are less inclined to use household carpool, whereas Asians are more apt to use it for the purpose of home. The results show that urban planners should design transportation policies for minority groups based on race/ethnicity, neighborhood characteristics, and travel purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brandell, James Francis, I An Evaluation of How Federal Advisory Boards Operationalize Congressional Intent of Transparency, Financial Efficiency, and Balanced Membership i , School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech. Broffman, Lauren, I Substance Use Disorder Treatment Organizations and the Opioid Epidemic: An Institutional and Market Analysis of Organizational Change and the Implications for Access to Treatment i , Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University. Buechel, Kathryn Jean, I Institutional Adaptation and Public Policy Practices of Military Transfer Credit i , School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech. Calderon Ramirez, Ana Cristina, I Institutional Isomorphism and Policy Transfer in Public Management Reforms: Three Stories about Public Procurement Agencification in Latin America i , Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, United Nations University-MERIT, Maastricht University. Davis, Whitney Michelle, I The Decision to Decentralize Good Provision in the United States: A Study in Clean Energy Policy i , Martin School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Kentucky. de Groot, Richard, I Cash Transfers, Child Nutrition and Intra-Household Dynamics: Unpacking the Causal Mechanisms i , Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, United Nations University-MERIT, Maastricht University. Lyon-Hill, Sarah E., I A New Institutionalist History of Appalshop: Exploring the Agential Dynamics of an Appalachian Community Cultural Development Organization i , School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech. Macri, Lisa, I Assessing Institutional Response to Sexual Violence on College Campuses: The Relationship Between Organizational Characteristics of Colleges and Adherence to National Guidelines i , School of Public Administration, College of Community Innovation and Education, University of Central Florida. [Extracted from the article]

Youth of color often experience counseling professionals as inauthentic. This presents a concern, especially considering the low utilization and retention rates of racial minority groups in counseling. This article describes a series of culturally sensitive interventions that are rooted in hip‐hop definitions of authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]