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Regionalisation is a hallmark of Australia's approach to international migration, reflecting governments' growing concern with where new arrivals live. Residence in regional Australia is encouraged (mandated, for some visas) in response to urban population pressures alongside rural population and economic decline. Parallel to regionally focused visa schemes exists a pattern of voluntary urban-to-rural migration among some international migrants. Such secondary mobility counters the policy logic that international migrants only live outside cities when required to do so. This paper explores 18 African migrants' motivations for 'urban flight': Australian cities have failed to sustain their well-being and they consider rural life a remedy. Their preference for rural locations is not purely instrumental, it is shaped by deep-seated affective connections. Given the challenges of regional population retention, settlement policies should be recalibrated to support the aspirations of international migrants who feel an affinity for rural places, rather than compelling the rural settlement of others who do not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Nowadays, aerodynamic computational modeling is carried out on a daily basis in an industrial setting. This is done with the aim of predicting the performance and flow characteristics of new components. However, limited resources in terms of time and hardware force the engineer to employ relatively coarse computational grids, thus achieving results with variable degree of inaccuracy. In this article, a novel combination of feature and adjoint‐based mesh adaptation methods is investigated and applied to typical three‐dimensional turbomachinery cases, such as compressor and fan blades. The proposed process starts by employing feature‐based mesh movement to improve the global flow solution and then adjoint refinement to tune the mesh for each quantity of interest. Comparison of this process with one utilizing only the adjoint refinement procedure shows significant benefits in terms of accuracy of the performance quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium form highly resistant spores, which in the case of some pathogens act as the infectious agents. An exosporium forms the outermost layer of some spores; it plays roles in protection, adhesion, dissemination, host targeting in pathogens and germination control. The exosporium of the Bacillus cereus group, including the anthrax pathogen, contains a 2D-crystalline basal layer, overlaid by a hairy nap. BclA and related proteins form the hairy nap, and require ExsFA (BxpB) for their localization on the basal layer. Until now, the identity of the main structural protein components of the basal layer was unknown. We demonstrate here that ExsY forms one of the essential components. Through heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, we also demonstrate that ExsY can self-assemble into ordered 2D arrays that mimic the structure of the exosporium basal layer. Self-assembly is likely to play an important role in the construction of the exosporium. The ExsY array is stable to heat and chemical denaturants, forming a robust layer that would contribute to overall spore resistance. Our structural analysis also provides novel insight into the location of other molecular components anchored onto the exosporium, such as BclA and ExsFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many bacterial genomes encode multiple metal-sensing ArsR-SmtB transcriptional repressors. There is interest in understanding and predicting their metal specificities. Here we analyse two arsR-smtB genes, ydeT and yozA (now aseR and czrA) from Bacillus subtilis. Purified AseR and CzrA formed complexes in gel-retardation and fluorescence-anisotropy assays with fragments of promoters that were derepressed in Δ aseR and Δ czrA cells. Candidate (i) partly thiolate, α3-helix (for AseR) and (ii) tetrahedral, non-thiolate, α5-helix (for CzrA) metal binding sites were predicted then tested in vitro and/or in vivo. The precedents are for such sites to sense arsenite/antimonite (α3) and zinc (α5). This correlated with the respective metal inducers of AseR and CzrA repressed promoters in B. subtilis and matched the metals that impaired formation of protein–DNA complexes in vitro. The putative sensory sites of 1024 ArsR-SmtB homologues are reported. Although AseR did not sense zinc in vivo, it bound zinc in vitro exploiting α3 thiols, but AseR DNA binding was not impaired by zinc. If selectivity relies on discriminatory triggering of allostery not just selective metal binding, then tight non-effector metal complexes could theoretically inhibit metal sensing. AseR remained arsenite-sensitive in equimolar zinc, while CzrA remained zinc-sensitive in equimolar arsenite in vitro. However, cupric ions did not impair CzrA–DNA complex formation but did inhibit zinc-mediated allostery in vitro and prevent zinc binding. Access to copper must be controlled in vivo to avoid formation of cupric CzrA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers accessibility as a consumer standard in rural areas and relates transport problems to factors such as family expenditure patterns. The access limitations on certain groups of individuals in a particular area in central South Wales are considered in detail and the need for a minimum access standard in all communities is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on project LIFE, which is a state systemic initiatives professional development program for middle-grades life science teachers. Methodology of the study; Results of the study.