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The Blackfoot Reservoir volcanic field (BRVF), Idaho, USA, is a bimodal volcanic field that has hosted silicic eruptions during at least two episodes, as recently as 58 ka. Using newly collected ground and boat‐based gravity data, two large negative anomalies (−16 mGal) are modeled as shallow (<1 km) intrusions beneath a NE‐trending alignment of BRVF rhyolite domes and tuff rings. Given the trade‐off between density contrast and model volume, best‐fit gravity inversion models yield a total intrusion volume of 50−120 km3; a density contrast of −400 kg m−3 results in two intrusions, each ∼9 km ×4.5 km and about 0.5 km thick, with cumulative volume of 100 km3. A network of 340°−360° trending faults lies directly above and on the margins of the mapped gravity anomalies. Most of these faults have 5−10 m throw; one has throw up to ∼50 m. We suggest that the emplacement of shallow sill‐like intrusions produced this fault zone and also created a ENE‐trending fault set, indicating widespread ground deformation during intrusion emplacement. The intrusions and silicic domes are located 3−5 km E of a regional, 20 mGal step in gravity. We interpret this step in gravity as thickening of the Upper Precambrian to lowermost Cambrian quartzites in the Meade thrust sheet, part of the Idaho‐Wyoming Thrust Belt. Silicic volcanism in the BRVF is a classic example of volcanotectonic interaction, influenced by regional structure and creating widespread deformation. We suggest volcanic hazard assessments should consider the possibility of large‐volume silicic eruptions in the future. Plain Language Summary: On Earth, gravity anomalies occur where there are significant, subsurface, lateral density variations. We map two gravity anomalies located in the Blackfoot Reservoir volcanic field, Idaho, a site which has experienced explosive volcanic eruptions as recently as 58,000 years ago. Our numerical models of the gravity anomalies indicate that they are caused by two saucer‐shaped intrusions, magma bodies that likely fed eruptions at the surface and triggered fault displacement. Although these magma bodies have cooled, they have large volumes and the timing of the emplacements suggest that large‐volume explosive volcanic eruptions are possible in this volcanic field in the future. Key Points: Large‐amplitude gravity anomalies are mapped in a combined ground and boat‐based gravity survey in the Blackfoot Reservoir volcanic field, Idaho (BRVF), adjacent to young (1.5 Ma, 58 ka) topaz rhyolite domes and tuff rings within a Quaternary basaltic volcanic fieldBest‐fit 3D inversion of the gravity data, constrained by density contrast estimates and excess mass calculations, indicates the presence of two bodies with thick sill‐like shapes in the uppermost crust, with cumulative volume of ∼100 km3 and volume uncertainty in the range 50−120 km3Extensive volcanotectonic interaction is suggested by comparison of mapped gravity with fault distribution. The western edges of the gravity anomalies coincide with normal faults with vertical displacements that range from 5−10 m (maximum 50 m) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a primarily hepatic hormone with pleotropic metabolic effects, is regulated by fructose in humans. Recent work has established that 75 g of oral fructose robustly stimulates FGF21 levels in humans with peak levels occurring 2 h following ingestion; this has been termed an oral fructose tolerance test (OFTT). It is unknown whether prolonged high‐fructose consumption influences the FGF21 response to acute fructose or whether biological sex influences FGF21–fructose dynamics. Methods: Thirty‐nine healthy adults underwent baseline OFTT following an overnight fast. For the high‐fructose exposure protocol, 20 subjects ingested 75 g of fructose daily for 14 ± 3 d, followed by repeat OFTT. For the control group, an OFTT was repeated following 14 ± 3 d of ad lib diet. For all subjects, FGF21 levels, glucose, insulin, non‐esterified fatty acids and triglyceride levels were measured at baseline and 2 h following OFTT. All subjects maintained 3‐d food logs prior to OFTT testing. Results: Women demonstrated significantly higher baseline and peak stimulated total and intact FGF21 levels compared with men both before and after high‐fructose exposure. Baseline total and intact FGF21 levels decreased following ongoing fructose exposure, maintaining a stable ratio. This decrease was sex specific, with only women demonstrating decreased baseline FGF21 levels. There were no changes in metabolic or anthropometric parameters following the high‐fructose exposure. Conclusions: Daily ingestion of 75 g of fructose for 2 weeks results in a sex‐specific decrease in baseline FGF21 levels without change in body weight or biochemical evidence of metabolic injury. There were also sex‐specific differences in peak fructose‐stimulated FGF21 levels, which do not change with high‐fructose consumption. The role of FGF21 in the development of metabolic disease caused by fructose consumption may differ based on biological sex. Future long‐term studies should consider sex differences in FGF21–fructose dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: Fructose consumption is a risk factor for metabolic disease. We recently demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a metabolic hormone involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, is acutely stimulated in humans by 75 g oral fructose, with peak levels occurring 2 h after consumption. This study reports on the dose dependency and reproducibility of the FGF21 response to fructose. Methods: Lean, healthy adults drank either five different doses of fructose dissolved in water, each separated by 2 weeks, or the same dose on three occasions, each separated by 1 week. Results: Fibroblast growth factor 21 levels peaked at 2 h in a dose‐dependent manner. No significant increase in FGF21 was seen after consumption of 10 g fructose, while robust increases were seen after drinking solutions containing 30, 50 and 75 g. At 2 h, the minimal fold change of FGF21 was highest following a 75 g fructose drink, and all subjects demonstrated at least a doubling of FGF21 levels following consumption of this dose. Conclusions: The increase in FGF21 following an oral fructose challenge is dose dependent, with levels peaking at 2 h independent of dose. The FGF21 response to 75 g fructose is also highly reproducible within individuals. Clinical Implications: By demonstrating that the FGF21 response to fructose is dose dependent and reproducible, this study deepens current understanding of FGF21 fructose dynamics and physiology in humans. This is an important area of clinical interest given associations between fructose intake and a wide variety of metabolic derangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monowai is a submarine volcanic center in the Kermadec Arc, Southwest Pacific Ocean. In the past, activity at the volcano had been intermittently observed in the form of fallout at the sea surface, discolored water, changes in seafloor topography, and T phase seismicity, but there is no continuous record for more recent years. In this study, we investigated 3.5 years of recordings at a hydrophone array of the International Monitoring System, located near Juan Fernández Islands, for long‐range underwater sound waves from Monowai. Results from direction‐of‐arrival calculations and density‐based spatial clustering indicate that 82 discrete episodes of activity occurred between July 2003 and March 2004 and from April 2014 to January 2017. Volcanic episodes are typically spaced days to weeks apart, range from hours to days in length, and amount to a cumulative sum of 137 days of arrivals in total, making Monowai one of the most active submarine arc volcanoes on Earth. The resolution of the hydrophone recordings surpasses broadband network data by at least 1 order of magnitude, identifying seismic events as low as 2.2 mb in the Kermadec Arc region. Further observations suggest volcanic activity at a location approximately 400 km north of Monowai in the Tonga Arc and at Healy or Brothers volcano in the southern Kermadec Arc. Our findings are consistent with previous studies and highlight the exceptional capabilities of the International Monitoring System network for the scientific study of active volcanism in the global ocean. Key Points: Volcanic activity at Monowai is detected by an IMS hydrophone array at Juan Fernández Islands, Southeast Pacific OceanEighty‐two discrete episodes of activity have been identified in a 3.5‐year recordMonowai is one of the most active submarine arc volcanoes currently known [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the clinical practice guidelines of the scientific organization International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) in addressing the importance of ultrasound assessment in twin pregnancy. Topics discussed include the twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), how to determine chorionicity/amnionicity in twin pregnancy, and the management of fetal growth restriction (FGR).

Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify differences in infant outcomes, virological efficacy, and preterm delivery (PTD) outcome between women exposed to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and those exposed to atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r). Methods: A retrospective case note review was carried out. The case notes of 493 women who conceived while on LPV/r or ATV/r or initiated LPV/r or ATV/r during pregnancy and who delivered between 1 September 2007 and 30 August 2012 were reviewed. Data collected included demographics, antiretroviral use, HIV markers, and pregnancy and infant outcomes. Infant outcomes, virological efficacies and PTD rates for LPV/r and ATV/r were compared. Results: A total of 306 women received LPV/r (82 conceiving while on the drug and 224 commencing it post-conception) and 187 received ATV/r (96 conceiving while on the drug and 91 commencing it post-conception). Comparing the two protease inhibitors (PIs), viral suppression rates were similar and, in women starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) post-conception, the median times to first undetectable HIV viral load were not significantly different (P = 0.64). PTD rates did not differ by therapy overall (ATV/r, 13%; LPV/r, 14%) or when considering the timing of first exposure (conceiving on ART, P = 0.81; commencing ART in pregnancy, P = 0.08). Poor fetal outcomes were very uncommon. There were two transmissions, giving a mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate of 0.4% (95% confidence interval 0.05-1.5%). Conclusions: Both ART regimens were well tolerated and successful in preventing MTCT. No significant differences in tolerability or in pregnancy or infant outcomes were observed, which supports the provision of a choice of PI in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third-sequential binding energies of the late first-row divalent transition-metal cations with 2,2′-bipyridine (Bpy) are determined using guided-ion-beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS) techniques. The metal cations investigated include the late first-row divalent transition-metal cations, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+. The kinetic-energy-dependent cross sections for collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the M2+(Bpy)3 complexes are analyzed to extract absolute 0 and 298 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for the loss of an intact Bpy ligand. Theoretical electronic structure calculations at the B3LYP, BHandHLYP, and M06 levels of theory are performed to determine stable geometries and sequential BDEs of the M2+(Bpy) x complexes ( x=1-3). BDEs computed using the M06 functional are the largest, BHandHLYP values are intermediate, whereas B3LYP produces the smallest values. Very good agreement between the B3LYP theoretically calculated and threshold collision-induced dissociation experimentally determined BDEs is found, which suggests that the B3LYP functional is capable of accurately describing the binding in these M2+(Bpy)3 complexes. Periodic trends in the binding of the M2+(Bpy) x complexes are examined and compared to the analogous complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen), M2+(Phen) x. Comparisons are also made to the analogous Bpy complexes, M+(Bpy) x, with the late first-row monovalent transition-metal cations, Co+, Ni+, Cu+, and Zn+ investigated previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of the study was to describe pregnancies in HIV-infected teenagers. Methods A review of the case notes of HIV-infected pregnant teenagers aged 13-19 years from 12 London hospitals was carried out for the period 2000-2007. Results There were 67 pregnancies in 58 young women, of whom one was known to have acquired HIV vertically. The overall mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate of HIV was 1.5% (one of 66). There were 66 live births. Median ages at HIV diagnosis and conception were 17 and 18 years, respectively. Sixty-three per cent of women were diagnosed with HIV infection through routine antenatal screening. Eighty-two per cent of pregnancies (41 of 50) were unplanned, with 65% of women (26 of 40) using no contraception. Forty-three per cent of the women (20 of 46) had a past history of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). In 63 pregnancies, antiretroviral therapy was started postconception, with prevention of HIV MTCT the only indication in 81% of cases. Fifty-eight per cent of those on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) had an undetectable HIV viral load by delivery. Eighty-seven per cent were uncomplicated pregnancies. Seventy-one per cent delivered by Caesarean section and 21% (14 of 64) had a preterm delivery (<37 weeks). In the 12 months after delivery, 45% of women received contraceptive advice and 25% of women became pregnant again. Conclusion Obstetric and virological outcomes were favourable in this group of HIV-infected young women. However, the majority of pregnancies were unplanned with poor documentation of contraception use and advice and low rates of STI screening. A quarter of women conceived again within 12 months of delivery. Effective measures to reduce STIs, unplanned pregnancies and onward HIV transmission in HIV-infected teenagers are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the comparison of the nutrient and sediment releases of five Irish tillage soils. It says that phosphorus loss is an important pathway in agro-environments in which dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) is available for biological uptake that poses threat for algal growth. The study was made for the quantification of DRP, particulate phosphorus (PP), and total phosphorus (TP) released in surface runoff which account for fertilizer usage of tillage crops. An analysis of the soil test phosphorus (STP) of Irish tillage soils through the relationship of STP and DTP is made. The results indicate the possibility of producing surface runoff phosphorus concentration by tillage soils.

The article discusses the potential for ochre to sequester phosphorus in an environmentally sustainable fashion. Ochre deriving from coal mine drainage sites in the United Kingdom displays a high phosphorus retention capacity without highly mobilizing metals, indicating that it can potentially adsorb phosphorus from agricultural wastewaters and be used as a fertilizer. A study focused upon untreated acid mine drainage from an abandoned copper-sulfur mine in a catchment of southeast Ireland. Ochre was mixed with phosphorus-amended water in batch experiments and a maximum adsorption capacity was calculated from the Langmuir equation.

Accumulation of biomass and deposition of suspended solids at the surface of a sand filter can lead to clogging of the filter media. A laboratory intermittent sand filter column, which included three sand strata, was operated for a period of 806 d before failure occurred through surface clogging. Upon dismantling the column, the cause and effects of the surface clogging were investigated. The main mechanism responsible for sand clogging appeared to be biomass buildup. Maximum loss on ignition of filter media samples was 2.35%, and it occurred in the upper 0.01 m of the sand. There was a reduction in field-saturated hydraulic conductivity in the top 0.01 m of the upper sand stratum from a value of 1.9 × 10-3 ± 1.7 × 10-4 m s-1 (for virgin sand with an effective size, d10, of 0.45 mm) to 3.5 × 10-5 ± 7.5 × 10-6 m s-1. The soil-water characteristic curve, which relates the volumetric water content (θv) to the soil suction, also reflected the changes in the filter media due to clogging. The water-holding capacity greatly increased as biomass accumulated in the filter media. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the existence of a clogging organic layer on the surface of the top sand layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus from synthetic dairy parlor washings when three-quarters of the nitrified effluent is recirculated through the anoxic zone of the sand filter system in Ireland. Chemical oxygen demand; Hydraulic loading rates; Volumetric moisture content.

Background: Individuals with HIV/AIDS generally experience decreased levels of health-related quality-of-life (HR-QoL). However, very few HR-QoL data exist for these individuals following the introduction of HAART. Methods: Individuals with HIV/AIDS were asked to complete the Medical Outcomes Study-HIV questionnaire, which measures HRQoL on 11 separate profiles from 0 to 100. Regression analysis was used to see whether CD4 count (cells/mm[sup 3] and logged vital load (copies/mL) predicted these scores once they had been factorized. Results: The 73 individuals who responded had a mean age of 37.4 (SD 8.1). The median CD4 count and logged vital load was 369 (range 0-1044) and 3.04 (range 1.69-5.82). The mean HR-QoL scores ranged between 49.4 and 70.3 but CD4 count did not predict HR-QoL (P=0.82). However, logged vital load independently predicted HR-QoL (P=0.02) after adjusting for differences in gender, mode of HIV transmission and age. Conclusion: Individuals with HIV/AIDS are still experiencing decreased levels of HR-QoL. Information on vital load may be more useful than CD4 counts in predicting HR-QoL in the era of HAAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]