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Objective Animal Studied Procedures Results Conclusions To evaluate whether intracameral tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) injection is effective in regulating posterior capsular opacification (PCO), fibrin formation and intraocular pressure (IOP) after cataract surgery.Prospective study involving 30 eyes of 21 dogs that underwent phacoemulsification.Thirty eyes were randomly divided into two groups of 15 eyes (control and tPA groups). Intracameral tPA (25 μg/0.1 mL) was injected into tPA group eyes before corneal incision closure but not into the eyes of the control group. The grades of anterior fibrin formation and PCO were compared based on slit lamp biomicroscope examination at 1 and 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2–3 months postoperatively. IOP was measured using applanation tonometry every 30 min for 4 h immediately after operation and on the following morning. The IOP of the two groups at each time was compared.The grade of anterior fibrin formation and that of PCO were not significantly different between the two groups at any time point (p > .05). However, the IOP of the tPA group was significantly lower than that of the control group at each point on the day of surgery (p < .05). No complications were observed with tPA injection, except for temporary hyphema (for 3 days) in one eye.Although the intracameral tPA injection did not affect anterior fibrin formation and PCO, it effectively maintained normal IOP immediately after phacoemulsification. Thus, our findings provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of intracameral tPA injection in achieving immediate IOP control after phacoemulsification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animals Studied Procedure(s) Results Conclusions The aim of this study was to detect and describe ocular abnormalities in a population of Turkmen horses.A total of 55 Turkmen horses (33 mares and 22 stallions) from one herd were evaluated in this study.Demographic data (Age, Sex, Coat color) were recorded. All animals underwent complete ophthalmic examination. The Schirmer tear test ‐I (STT‐I) was performed for all horses prior to other diagnostic tests. Neuro‐ophthalmic examinations (menace response, dazzle reflex, pupillary light reflex, maze test, and visual tracking) were carried out in different lighting situations (bright and dim lights). Slit lamp biomicroscopy, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein staining, and tonometry were performed for each horse.The mean (standard deviation) age of horses was 5.7 (4.6) years (range of 1–17 years). In total, 18 horses (32.7%) had ocular‐related lesions. Cataract, iris hyperpigmentation and corneal edema were the most identified conditions in the horses of this study.About one‐third of studied horses had at least one ocular abnormality. No ocular abnormalities attributed to the distinct cream/gold coat color were identified, which the Turkmen horse is known for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusion Prospective investigation to determine the prevalence of ocular melanosis in adult Cairn Terriers within the United Kingdom using a previously established staging scheme.Ophthalmic assessment was performed on adult Cairn Terriers, recruited from various geographic locations within the United Kingdom. Examination included gonioscopy, rebound tonometry, slit lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, performed by one examiner (AM).A total of 93 dogs were examined, including 52 females and 41 males, aged between 15 months and 16 years 4 months. Sixty of 93 dogs (64.5%) were >7 years of age. Nine of 93 dogs (9.6%) demonstrated changes consistent with ocular melanosis. Four of 9 (44.4%) had Stage 1 disease and 5 of 9 (55.6%), Stage 2. Stages 3 or 4 were not identified in any dogs. Mean intraocular pressures in affected and unaffected dogs were 14.7 mmHg (range 12–17 mmHg) and 12.8 mmHg (range 5–21 mmHg), respectively. Incomplete pupil dilation was noted in affected dogs following pharmacologic mydriasis.Ocular melanosis was identified in approximately 10% of examined dogs, over half were dogs of breeding age (<7 years of age). It is possible that Grade 1 disease could go undetected, prior to obvious scleral pigment accumulation (Grade 2 disease). It is therefore recommended that dogs undergoing pre‐breeding screens have pre‐dilation assessment of the anterior segment using slit lamp biomicroscopy with subsequent gonioscopy to clearly assess for circumferential thickening of the iris base that might otherwise go undetected. Additionally, regular reassessment of breeding dogs is advised as disease progression could be rapid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This randomised clinical trial assessed the impact on symptoms, tear film dynamics and ocular surface integrity of daily disposable silicone‐hydrogel contact lenses (CLs) over a month, paying special attention to lid wiper epitheliopathy (LWE) and its implications for CL discomfort. Methods: Neophyte CL wearers (n = 44, 21.09 ± 5.00 years old) were randomly assigned to either the experimental (n = 24) or control group (n = 20). Participants assigned to the experimental group were required to wear daily disposable CLs for 1 month for at least 8 h/day and 6 days/week. All participants were healthy subjects (no history of ocular surgery or active ocular disease) with spherical refractive errors between −8.00 and +5.00 D and cylindrical power <0.75 D. At the baseline and 1‐month sessions, the Dry Eye Questionnaire 5 (DEQ‐5) was completed, together with the measurement of tear film osmolarity with the TearLab osmometer, tear meniscus height (TMH) and lipid layer pattern (LLP) using a slit‐lamp with Tearscope Plus attached, fluorescein break‐up time (FBUT), maximum blink interval (MBI), corneal staining with fluorescein under cobalt blue light and LWE with lissamine green under slit lamp and halogen white light. Results: At the baseline session, LWE showed a negative correlation with DEQ‐5 (r = −0.37, p = 0.02). Significant differences in FBUT and LWE (p = 0.04) and a positive correlation between LWE and DEQ‐5 (r = 0.49, p = 0.007) were observed at 1 month. Intrasession analysis at 1 month showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in DEQ‐5, FBUT and LWE (all p ≤ 0.02). Intersession analysis in the experimental group showed variations in DEQ‐5, FBUT and LWE (all p ≤ 0.02) but no significant variation in the control group (all p ≥ 0.11). Conclusion: The presence of LWE was significantly correlated with higher symptom values in the DEQ‐5. Also, participants in the experimental group presented higher values of LWE after 1 month of CL wear, in comparison with the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, simple, and inexpensive model for teaching depth of lesions within the cornea using slit lamp biomicroscopy to veterinary students, ophthalmology residents, and general clinicians with access to a slit lamp biomicroscope is described. Using common laboratory items, this method can be created in any clinic and can be used to teach and quiz students through independent study with objective self‐testing achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To document ocular lesions and establish ophthalmic diagnostic test reference values in a colony of African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Animals Studied: Fifty one geriatric (GAGM, 19–30 years old), 10 adult (AAGM, 5–9 years old) and 10 juvenile (JAGM, <2 years old) African green monkeys housed in a single Caribbean research colony. Procedures: Ocular biomicroscopy, indirect fundoscopy, Schirmer tear test (STT), rebound tonometry (TonoVet®) and corneal fluorescein staining were performed. Mixed ANCOVA tests were performed to compare STT and IOP between groups. Results: Common ocular lesions in GAGM included vitreal degeneration (27/51, 51/102 eyes) and cataracts (21/51, 32/102 eyes). Vitreal degeneration was also common in AAGM (8/10, 16/20 eyes) and infrequent in JAGM (3/10, 6/20 eyes). Cataracts were not present in any JAGM or AAGM. All eyes in all three groups had perilimbal corneal pigmentation and faint lace‐like anterior corneal stromal opacification. Median (range) STT values were 16.0 (18) mm/min in GAGM. Mean (SD) STT values were 14.2 (4.6) mm/min in AAGM, and 8.9 (3.4) mm/min in JAGM. Median (range) IOP values were 16.5 (27) mmHg in GAGM. Mean (SD) IOP values were 18.0 (2.8) mmHg in AAGM, and 14.1 (2.2) mmHg in JAGM. JAGM had significantly lower STT and IOP values compared to AAGM (p =.0449,.0057, respectively) and GAGM (p =.0002,.0130, respectively). Conclusions: Spontaneous ocular lesions were common in geriatric monkeys in this research colony. IOP and STT values were lower in juvenile African green monkeys relative to adult or geriatric animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To examine ocular symptoms and signs of veterans with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) diagnosis, ME/CFS symptoms, and controls. Methods: This was a prospective, cross‐sectional study of 124 South Florida veterans in active duty during the Gulf War era. Participants were recruited at an ophthalmology clinic at the Miami Veterans Affairs Hospital and evaluated for a diagnosis of ME/CFS, or symptoms of ME/CFS (intermediate fatigue, IF) using the Canadian Consensus criteria. Ocular symptoms were assessed via standardised questionnaires and signs via comprehensive slit lamp examination. Inflammatory blood markers were analysed and compared across groups. Results: Mean age was 55.1 ± 4.7 years, 88.7% identified as male, 58.1% as White, and 39.5% as Hispanic. Ocular symptoms were more severe in the ME/CFS (n = 32) and IF (n = 48) groups compared to controls (n = 44) across dry eye (DE; Ocular Surface Disease Index [OSDI]: 48.9 ± 22.3 vs. 38.8 ± 23.3 vs. 19.1 ± 17.8, p < 0.001; 5 item Dry Eye Questionnaire [DEQ‐5]: 10.8 ± 3.9 vs. 10.0 ± 4.6 vs. 6.6 ± 4.2, p < 0.001) and pain‐specific questionnaires (Numerical Rating Scale 1‐10 [NRS] right now: 2.4 ± 2.8 vs. 2.4 ± 2.9 vs 0.9 ± 1.5; p = 0.007; Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory modified for the Eye [NPSI‐E]: 23.0 ± 18.6 vs. 19.8 ± 19.1 vs. 6.5 ± 9.0, p < 0.001). Ocular surface parameters and blood markers of inflammation were generally similar across groups. Conclusion: Individuals with ME/CFS report increased ocular pain but similar DE signs, suggesting that mechanisms beyond the ocular surface contribute to symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study investigated the prevalence, risk factors and severity of corneal tomographic features of keratoconus in Down syndrome (DS). Additionally, previous studies indicate anomalous corneal features in DS, without keratoconus, this study characterised corneal features in DS without keratoconus. Methods: This prospective observational study included participants with DS ≥10 years old. Keratoconus diagnosis, risk factors and corneal tomographic characteristics were recorded. Participants underwent slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, Scheimpflug corneal tomography, corneal topography and autorefraction. A diagnosis of keratoconus (DS‐KC), suspect keratoconus (DS‐SK) and non‐keratoconus (DS‐NK) was made based on expert review of scans by three fellowship trained anterior segment ophthalmologists. Corneal tomography parameters from one eye of each participant were analysed. Results: Keratoconus affected 50 (26.3%) of 190 participants, diagnosed by corneal tomography, topography or slit‐lamp signs. Corneal hydrops affected 14.0% of DS‐KC participants. Eye rubbing was a significant risk factor for keratoconus (p = 0.036). 175 (92%) participants could undertake corneal tomography of which tomography assessment alone identified 47 (26.9%) DS‐KC participants, 64 (36.6%) DS‐SK participants and 64 (36.6%) DS‐NK participants. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were identified when the DS‐KC, DS‐SK and DS‐NK groups were compared in maximum keratometry and posterior elevation at the thinnest point respectively: median (interquartile range) 50.20 (10.30D), 47.60 (1.95D), 46.50 (2.40D); 24.0 (38.00 μm), 10.00 (13.75 μm), 8.00 (6.00 μm). The DS‐SK and DS‐NK cohorts had similar minimum pachymetry, however, had several significantly different parameters among which included greater maximum keratometry, posterior elevation at the thinnest point in the DS‐SK group. Conclusions: Keratoconus is common in DS. Keratoconus screening with corneal tomography is recommended for early detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Few reports describe the aetiology, presentation and diagnosis of retinal detachment in horses. Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) and trauma are the most common causes of equine retinal detachment in the United States, but no studies have characterised the disease within the United Kingdom. Objectives: To describe clinical presentation, aetiology and diagnostic examination findings of horses with retinal detachment within a UK‐based population. Study design: Retrospective case series. Methods: Medical records of horses presented to a single UK referral centre between 2010 and 2020 were reviewed. Horses were diagnosed with retinal detachment by clinical examination and/or ultrasonography, and details of clinical presentation, aetiology and examination findings were recorded. Results: A total of 23 horses were included. There were 13 geldings and 10 mares with a median age of 9 at presentation (range 4 days to 17 years). Warmbloods were the most common breed (n = 8). Unilateral cases (n = 21) were more common than bilateral (n = 2). ERU was the most common aetiology (n = 10) followed by trauma (n = 8). Three cases presented post‐intraocular surgery, one congenital and one secondary to primary glaucoma. Ultrasound confirmed diagnosis in 23 (100%) cases, but only nine could be visualised by direct ophthalmoscopy. Cataracts, posterior synechiae and vitreal debris were found commonly in both the ipsilateral and contralateral eye affected. Main limitations: Small sample size. Single‐centre retrospective study which may not be representative of the entire UK population. Histological confirmation of cases was not obtained. Conclusions: Causes of retinal detachment in the studied population are like those previously reported in the USA and most cases presented with complete detachment. Ocular ultrasound is useful in the diagnosis of retinal detachment when the fundus cannot be directly assessed. The presence of retinal detachment should be considered in non‐visual eyes presenting with cataracts, vitreal debris and posterior synechiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was performed with the aim of finding a more convenient and less time‐consuming method to diagnose retinal breaks in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) patients. Methods: A prospective double‐blind observational case study was performed with patients who were admitted to the Eye Emergency Department Sahlgrenska University Hospital with PVD symptoms and approved to participate in the study (n = 128). Standard slit lamp examination was compared with images from a Zeiss Clarus 700 ultra‐wide‐field camera (UWFC). Patients were examined and photographed by an independent operator. Data and image review was performed by three independent reviewers with varying experience. Retinal break detection with the two different methods (detailed eye examination by well‐trained ophthalmologist and UWFC evaluations) was analysed statistically. Results: After excluding diagnoses other than PVD as well as unclear images due to cataracts, vitreous bleeding, etc., a total of 103 eyes with PVD were evaluated. A total of 38 ruptures in 25 patients were detected by routine examination and were subjected to laser treatment. UWFC images were reviewed by three ophthalmology consultants and compared with routine examinations. Sensitivity values in detecting retinal ruptures in UWFC images of the three reviewers were 0.89, 0.87 and 0.79, and specificity values were 0.88, 0.86 and 0.93 (kappa values: 0.742, 0.689 and 0.728) respectively. Conclusion: Although there have been rapid developments in imaging with UWFC in recent years and it is a very promising method for the future, routine clinical examination is still the only valid method for the detection of retinal tears today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare tear film (TF) osmolarity measured using TearLab® and I‐PEN® osmometers in the same dogs without any ocular surface disease. Animal Studied: Fifty‐two dogs (98 eyes) of different breeds were evaluated. Procedures: Tear film (TF) osmolarity was evaluated at 2‐min intervals. The test was randomly determined, and single measurements were performed using each osmometer. Subsequently, complete ophthalmologic examinations were performed based on Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1) analysis, tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and slit‐lamp biomicroscopy. For each osmometer, the mean ± standard deviation of the TF osmolarity was calculated, and a paired Student's t‐test was used to compare the values obtained. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the association between osmolarity and other values such as STT‐1, TFBUT, and age. Results: Tear film osmolarity determined using TearLab® (340.42 ± 15.87 mOsm/L) and I‐PEN® (321.58 ± 17.39 mOsm/L) were significantly different (p <.001). However, statistical significance could not be confirmed between osmolarity and other values, such as STT‐1, TFBUT, and age. Conclusions: In dogs, the TF osmolarity values obtained using TearLab® tend to be higher than those obtained using I‐PEN®, contrary to that observed in humans. These findings can serve as a reference for establishing normal values for each osmometer for clinical use in measuring TF osmolarity in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ophthalmic diagnosis in many avian species remains hindered by a lack of normative values. This study aimed to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in clinically normal Quaker parrots. Methods: Ninety‐six captive Quaker parrots aged 8–18 years underwent ophthalmic examination to include assessment of neuro‐ophthalmic reflexes, phenol red thread test, rebound tonometry, fluorescein staining, palpebral fissure length measurements, slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasound biometry. Results: Menace response, dazzle reflex, and direct pupillary light reflex were present for all Quaker parrots. Tear production (mean ± SD) was 13.3 ± 4.0 mm/15 s and intraocular pressure (IOP, mean ± SD) was 10.6 ± 1.4 and 6.0 ± 1.3 mmHg in the D and P rebound tonometer calibration settings, respectively. For IOP measurement, D and P calibration settings were not interchangeable, with the lesser variation of the D setting preferred in the absence of a gold standard. Ultrasound measurement of the anterior chamber depth increased with age and males had longer axial globe and vitreous lengths. Incidental adnexal and ocular lesions, identified in 36/96 (37.5%) of Quaker parrots, did not statistically affect the created reference data. Conclusions: This work provides reference values and clinical findings to assist with monitoring the health of wild populations and maintaining the health of captive Quaker parrots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case of monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma involving the aqueous humor in a 70-year-old woman who previously had the lymphoma in her jejunum. Despite achieving complete remission with chemotherapy, the lymphoma relapsed in her eye, showing atypical intraocular infiltration. The diagnosis of such cases remains challenging and requires coordination between ophthalmologists and cytologists due to the rarity and fragility of lymphoma cells in the aqueous humor. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between subjective (slit lamp examination [SLE]) and objective (densitometry) measurements of corneal haze after accelerated corneal crosslinking (aCXL), assess the relationship between densitometry and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and determine the effect of baseline characteristics on densitometry after aCXL in eyes with progressive keratoconus and other ectasias. Setting: Kensington Eye Institute and Bochner Eye Institute, Toronto, Canada. Design Retrospective analysis of a prospective interventional cohort study. Methods: Scheimpflug‐derived corneal densitometry, CDVA, maximum keratometry (Kmax), and central corneal thickness were measured preoperatively and up to 1 year after aCXL, and post‐operative haze was estimated with SLE (n = 483 eyes). A random effect model was used to examine the relationship between post‐operative subjective haze with SLE and densitometry. Linear mixed models were used to examine the relationship between densitometry, pre‐operative baseline characteristics, and CDVA. Results: There was a significant association between subjective haze with SLE and densitometry (p < 0.001). There was a significant relationship between CDVA and densitometry: for every 10 GSUs of increased densitometry in the 0–2 mm zone, CDVA worsened by approximately half a Snellen line (p < 0.001). Age and pre‐operative Kmax were significant predictors of densitometry. For every 10 years of age, densitometry increased by 0.68 GSUs (95% CI [0.27 to 1.07], p < 0.001). For every 10 D of increased preoperative Kmax, densitometry increased by 0.69 GSUs (95% CI [0.41 to 0.98], p < 0.001). Conclusions: Subjective haze after aCXL estimated with SLE, is significantly associated with densitometry. Increased densitometry after aCXL is associated with a reduction in CDVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the prevalence of ocular disease in draft horses in the United States. Animals: Draft horses of various breeds and ages. Procedure: Nondilated ophthalmic examination was performed using slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Intraocular pressures were measured when possible. Results: One hundred sixty‐five draft horses were examined. Age range: 10 days to 33 years (mean 10.8 years, median 10 years); 87 geldings (52.7%), 71 mares (43.0%), 7 stallions (4.2%); 64 Percherons (38.8%), 51 Belgians (30.9%), 29 Clydesdales (17.6%), 15 Shires (9%), and 6 other draft breed (3.6%). Intraocular pressure: mean 24.7 mmHg OD, range 13‐37 mmHg; mean 25.0 mmHg OS, range 11‐37 mmHg. Vision‐threatening disease was present in 9 horses (5.5%): complete cataracts 1, post‐traumatic optic nerve atrophy 1, uveitis and secondary glaucoma 1, retinal detachment 1, large chorioretinal scar 3, phthisis bulbi 2. Non‐vision‐threatening ocular disease was present in 56 horses (33.9%) involving one or more ocular structures: eyelid trauma/notch defect 14 (8.5%), SCC‐type adnexal lesions 12 (7.3%), corneal scars 16 (9.7%), keratitis 6 (3.6%), corpora nigra cyst 15 (9.1%), incipient/punctate cataract 50 (30.3%), vitreous degeneration 10 (6.1%), asteroid hyalosis 1, "bullethole" chorioretinal scars 3, RPE coloboma 1. Linear keratopathy was present in 28 horses (17%) with 2/28 having concurrent vision threatening ocular disease. Conclusions: Ocular abnormalities, in particular minor cataracts, were relatively common in this population, but not typically vision‐threatening. Additionally, this survey demonstrated a greater prevalence of linear keratopathy in draft horses compared with reports in other breeds; however, it does not appear to be associated with concurrent ocular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES) is characterised by eyelid laxity and papillary conjunctivitis associated with epiphora, discharge, itching, and foreign body sensation. In association with BMI reduction, these patients exhibited significant improvements in eyelid laxity, IOP, conjunctival papillae, conjunctival injection and corneal PEE. This is the first study to evaluate eyelid laxity after rapid weight loss and to note a statistically significant improvement in eyelid laxity in relation to BMI reduction. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the importance of correcting corneal astigmatism in patients undergoing cataract surgery. It explains that uncorrected corneal astigmatism can lead to decreased visual acuity and other visual disturbances. The most common method for correcting astigmatism is the use of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs), which have been shown to provide greater spectacle independence. However, accurately measuring pre-existing corneal astigmatism and achieving optimal outcomes after toric IOL implantation can be challenging. The article highlights the need for ongoing research to refine measurement techniques and improve toric IOL calculations in order to reliably correct astigmatism after cataract surgery. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The need to validate core competency skills in qualified optometrists wishing to take part in extended roles in glaucoma care has been questioned. This analysis examines the ability of qualified optometrists to perform relevant core competency skills under standardised objective assessment conditions to explore whether such validation is justified. It also investigates if there are associations between performance, gender and length of time since qualification. Methods: Anonymised data from the Cardiff University assessment programme for the Wales Optometry Postgraduate Education Centre (WOPEC) Local Optical Committee Support Unit glaucoma referral filtering and monitoring pathway delivered between January 2017 and March 2020 were analysed. Results were combined with demographic data from the General Optical Council register of optometrists in the UK to investigate associations between performance and practitioner characteristics, namely length of time since qualification and gender. Results: The assessment results of 2215 optometrists practising in England (approximately 15% of all UK registered optometrists and 30% of all optometrists registered in England) were analysed. Failure rates for first time assessment in each of five objective structured clinical examination style practical assessments were 8.5% (van Herick); 8.8% (slit lamp binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy); 10.1% (Goldmann applanation tonometry calibration); 21.9% (Goldmann applanation tonometry) and 23.3% (case scenario interpretation and management). There were either no associations or at most very weak associations between performance and practitioner characteristics. Conclusions: Our results suggest that these competencies are not universally present in optometrists practising in England and that ongoing training and assessment of these competencies is justified for entry into extended roles. There are no meaningful associations between performance in these assessments and gender or time since qualification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Vitiligo is a skin disorder in which the melanocytes are destroyed. Melanocytes can be destroyed anywhere in the body, compromising the function of the organs where they are found. Melanocytes in the epidermis and the uveal tract share a common embryological origin in addition to physiological and morphological similarities. Our aim was to detect ocular changes in non‐segmental vitiligo patients. Methods: This study included 40 non‐segmental vitiligo patients and 40 healthy volunteers as a control. Visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination and optical coherence tomography were performed on all patients as well as controls. Results: Patients with non‐segmental vitiligo had a considerably greater incidence of ocular alterations than controls, although there was no significant difference in visual acuity. Conclusions: Vitiligo is a systemic condition that can affect the activity of melanocytes in organs besides the skin. The depigmentation process can influence ocular melanocytes. Ocular problems may be closely connected to vitiligo. Because ocular melanocytes aren't involved in the detection or transmission of visual pathway, there is no vision impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: A corneal stroma circular ring has captured by smartphone adaptor slit lamp camera after smile for 1 week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angle closure glaucoma leads to fluid deposition in eye, and intraocular pressure occurs that damage the optic nerve, causes blindness and vision loss. Anterior chamber (AC) evaluation is imperative for determining the risk of angle‐closure. Previously, techniques were dependent on either Pentacam–Scheimpflug that interprets poor visual information, anterior segment optical coherence tomography is injurious to intercede opaque optical structures. Therefore, in this paper, an experimental protocol is designed for detailed disease analysis based on IBM SPSS statistics via ultrasound biomicroscopy which is superior in evaluating deep structures; first, the affected parameter for AC is analysed, and afterwards the direction that needs laser surgery is explored. Experiments are conducted on large‐scale clinical studies from an affiliated hospital in Shanghai, China. The dataset comprised 600 AC images in five directions of 60 subjects. The mean with standard deviation for anterior open distance is 0.15879±$\pm$0.096779 mm, 0.15863±$\pm$0.081435 mm, and anterior chamber angle is 18.749±$\pm$08.0315∘$^{\circ }$, 18.741±$\pm$08.3889∘$^{\circ }$ for left and right eye respectively. It is found that anterior chamber angle in the downside of the AC is wider than the upside. However, this decision is partly based on the narrowest part of the angle to widen the depth of the direction and eliminate pupil block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the clinical findings, multimodal corneal imaging features and treatment in canine patients diagnosed with endotheliitis. Animals studied: Four canine patients met inclusion criteria for bilateral corneal disease with endothelial inflammation and secondary corneal edema that responded to topical anti‐inflammatory treatment. Methods: The patients selected underwent a complete ophthalmic examination with emphasis on the cornea including ultrasound pachymetry (USP), Fourier‐domain optical coherence tomography (FD‐OCT), in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and digital slit lamp photography. Results: All patients in this study demonstrated thickened corneas due to edema with USP and FD‐OCT. With IVCM, mild to severe polymegathism and pleomorphism of corneal endothelial cells, reduced endothelial cell density, hyperreflective keratic precipitates (KPs), and extracellular debris as well as hyporeflective pseudoguttata were observed. With FD‐OCT, hyperreflective KPs were commonly observed on the inferior cornea. Clinical examination and advanced imaging results were consistent with a diagnosis of endotheliitis. All patients initially responded to topical anti‐inflammatory treatment and required continued therapy; two patients also received topical netarsudil, a rho‐associated coiled‐coil kinase inhibitor. Conclusion: Endotheliitis should be considered for canine patients with bilateral edema that is most severe in the inferior cornea. Careful inspection of Descemet's membrane–endothelial complex should be performed for KPs or inflammatory debris. Chronic administration of topical anti‐inflammatories may be necessary to prevent flare‐ups of endotheliitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical application of spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) for anterior uveitis in dogs. Animals and procedures: Client‐owned dogs presenting with anterior uveitis and clinically healthy dogs were enrolled in this study. Included eyes were divided into 5 groups by flare grade and 3 groups by cell grade through slit‐lamp biomicroscopy. Each eye was examined using SD‐OCT following slit‐lamp biomicroscopy. The ratio of aqueous signal intensity to air signal intensity, which is called the aqueous‐to‐air relative intensity (ARI) index, was used to evaluate the flare grade. Cell number, central corneal thickness (CCT), and the presence of keratic precipitates (KPs) were analyzed on SD‐OCT. The OCT parameters, including ARI index, cell number, and CCT, were compared to the slit‐lamp clinical flare and cell grade. Results: Thirty‐six eyes with anterior uveitis and 27 healthy eyes were enrolled. The ARI index showed a significant correlation with clinical flare grade (rs = 0.811, p <.001). In multiple regression analysis, the ARI index and CCT showed a significant negative correlation (r = −0.258, p =.044). The number of cells on SD‐OCT significantly increased with cell grade on slit‐lamp biomicroscopy (rs = 0.653, p <.001). The clinical flare grade and CCT were significantly correlated in the partial correlation analysis after controlling for age (partial correlation coefficient = 0.471, p =.002). KPs were observed in 61% of the eyes with flare using SD‐OCT (22/36 eyes). Conclusions: Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography could provide quantitative information, including the ARI index, cell counts, and CCT in dogs. SD‐OCT is an auxiliary modality for slit‐lamp biomicroscopy when evaluating anterior uveitis in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lacrimal canaliculitis (LC) is a rare infection of lacrimal passage, which is usually late diagnosed or misdiagnosed. Traditional lacrimal system tests barely provide a clear and definite understanding of the pathological changes in lacrimal passage. We presented three patients with asymptomatic and atypical symptoms who were misdiagnosed and were eventually diagnosed with chronic LC with assistance of 80‐MHz ultrasound biomicroscopy (80‐MHz UBM) and lacrimal endoscopy. To our knowledge, the mutual assistance of above two techniques diagnosing LC has never been reported, it can provide better images and observations of the canaliculus from the inside out and can guide the differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the benefit of iris biopsy in cats with iris hyperpigmentation to differentiate melanosis from early feline diffuse iris melanoma (FDIM). Methods: The medical records of cats with unilateral iris hyperpigmentation that had undergone iris biopsy between February 2013 and September 2016 at Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service were reviewed. Results: Seven cats with unilateral iris hyperpigmentation were included in this retrospective study. The biopsy procedure was performed under general anesthesia (n = 7) with neuromuscular blockade (n = 6) following pre‐operative topical miotic therapy (n = 5). One to six biopsy samples per eye were harvested from areas of hyperpigmentation. The samples were partial thickness (n = 4 eyes) and full thickness (n = 3 eyes). Complications were minor: mild intra‐operative hemorrhage (n = 4), fibrin clot (n = 2), corneal ulcer (n = 1), post‐operative ocular hypertension (n = 1), dyscoria (n = 1), and pseudopolycoria (n = 2). The first biopsy was diagnostic in six cats; a repeat biopsy was necessary in one cat. Histopathology was consistent with melanosis in five cats and with early FDIM in two cats. Screening for signs of metastatic disease (thoracic computed tomography and abdominal ultrasonography) was negative in the two cats with a preliminary diagnosis of early FDIM. Subsequent enucleation and histopathology confirmed the initial diagnosis in both cases. Conclusions: Iris biopsy in cats with iris hyperpigmentation can be beneficial to differentiate melanosis from early FDIM and thereby help to justify the decision for early enucleation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the efficacy of automated imaging software of the Nidek ConfoScan 4 confocal biomicroscope at analyzing canine corneal endothelial cell density and morphology in health and disease, by comparing to a manual analysis method. Animal studied: Nineteen eyes of 10 dogs were evaluated and include three Beagles, three Jack Russell Terriers, and four miscellaneous breeds. Twelve clinically normal and seven eyes affected with corneal endothelial dystrophy (CED) were scanned and analyzed. Procedures: Endothelial cell density (ECD), mean and standard deviation (SD) of cell area, percent polymegathism, mean and SD of the number of cell sides, and percent pleomorphism were calculated using automated and manual methods for each scan. Results: The automated analysis showed significantly greater ECD in comparison with the manual frame method due to misidentification of cell domains in CED‐affected dogs. No significant differences in ECD were observed between normal and CED‐affected dogs in automated analysis, while CED‐affected dogs showed significantly lower ECD in manual frame method and planimetry. Using both automated and manual methods, CED‐affected dogs showed greater variability of cell area or the number of cell sides than normal dogs. Conclusion: The automated imaging software is unable to accurately identify cell borders in CED‐affected dogs resulting in inaccurate estimates of ECD. Thus, manual analysis is recommended for use in clinical trials assessing adverse events associated with novel medical treatments and/or surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the diagnostic technique to assess corneal neovascular (CoNV) complexes and identify feeder vessels in ocular surface pathologies. To illustrate the role of corneal angiography in clinical assessment and surgical treatment of patients with complex corneal neovascularization. To compare corneal angiography with non‐invasive diagnostic tests such as OCT angiography and slit lamp camera. A case series of patients with CoNV is presented whose management was guided by indocyanine green (ICG) and fluorescein corneal angiography. Corneal angiography is a useful diagnostic tool to guide medical and surgical management of CoNV by enabling the localization of vessel depth and topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods for visual or quantitative exploration of the cellular morphology of the cornea based on inherent three‐dimensional features open up completely new diagnostic possibilities. However, previous approaches to confocal microscopy of the cornea using mechanical 3D scanning strategies are slow and thus only partially suitable for in vivo investigations. Addressing these shortcomings, the idea of developing a novel confocal microscopic technique for three‐dimensional in vivo imaging of the cellular morphology of the cornea is aimed. By exploiting induced chromatic aberration using a swept‐source laser in conjunction with a specifically designed high‐dispersion optic, an extremely fast method for focal positioning in the tissue shall be developed. Utilizing a dedicated laser line scanning, will enable the display of sectional images in real time. These are comparable to slit lamp images, but with cellular resolution. Furthermore, with an x–y scanning protocol, corneal volumes can be acquired in less than 1 s. The project thus paves the way for cellular 3D slit‐lamp microscopy and, in perspective, provides ophthalmologists with further methods for dedicated diagnostics of ocular surface diseases. This paper summarizes the concept of this novel approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Any corneal microsurgeon may have inadvertently transplanted a donor corneal tissue with (subclinical) keratoconus or prior keratorefractive surgery, which typically leads to postoperative refractive surprises and cannot always be detected in the eye bank with only slit lamp. Given the increased number of keratorefractive procedures performed in the last decades, eye banks will soon have to face this problem more intensively. Thus, the efficiency and reliability of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) as a non‐invasive and sterile screening method in the eye bank to detect corneal grafts with curvature and/or thickness abnormalities was assessed. Methods: 1315 donor corneal tissues mounted in sterile tissue cultivation flasks were imaged using an AS‐OCT. The corneal tissues were preserved in organ culture medium I and transferred into organ culture medium II (containing dextran T‐500 6%) for deswelling at least 24 h prior to measurement and keratoplasty. Depth raster scans were performed through the posterior surface of the corneal tissues within a 7 mm central zone to create 3D volume data. The volume data set was preprocessed to eliminate flask reflections artefacts and to define the region of interest (ROI). Subsequently, the adaptation of a sphero‐cylindrical surface model was carried out with raytracing. Thus, the radii of curvature for the front and back surfaces can be determined and a corneal thickness map is generated. Results: The mean steep/flat front surface radius was 7.46 ± 0.29 (5.07–9.29)/7.69 ± 0.24 (6.70–9.50) mm, the corresponding values for the back surface being 6.47 ± 0.32 (5.00–8.00)/6.80 ± 0.31 (5.81–8.00) mm and the mean central thickness was 610 ± 84 (379–1457) μm. Abnormalities (beyond ±2 or ± 3 SD) were found in 140 or 34 corneas (10.6% or 2.6%) for anterior surface curvature, 120 or 38 corneas (9.1% or 2.9%) for the posterior surface, and 55 or 16 corneas (4.2% or 1.2%) for thickness. Conclusions: The AS‐OCT provides an objective, sterile and semi‐automated screening method to identify corneal morphological and refractive alterations (e.g. keratoconus, status post PRK/LASIK) and further optimize corneal donor selection in the eye bank. Corneal donors with curvature or thickness abnormalities ±3 SD do not have to be discarded but can be used for posterior lamellar keratoplasty or tectonic keratoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Simulation technology is constantly improving medical education in various fields. In ophthalmology, simulation is already successfully used to teach conservative and surgical skills. In 2022, the Eyesi slit lamp simulator was introduced for the first time, allowing students to learn various examination techniques and ocular pathologies. This study describes medical students' learning experience. Methods: In this exploratory study, 50 medical students without previous experience with slit lamp examination were selected. Each student then had two training sessions, one with the classic slit lamp and one with the Eyesi slit lamp simulator. At the end of the training, students compared their learning experiences in the two sessions using a questionnaire. Results: The simulator course was considered useful for learning slit lamp examinations (p = 0.05). Slit lamp simulator was particularly beneficial for learning ocular pathologies (p = 0.03), as these were constantly available and systemically presented without the need of direct contact with patients. On the other hand, examination of a healthy eye was judged to be better learned (p < 0.001) by reciprocal examination with the real slit lamp. Conclusion: The Eyesi slit lamp simulator provides a structured and promising learning experience. Thanks to the growing library of modelled clinical cases, ocular pathologies can be learned in situations similar to everyday life without the need for patients to be present, allowing students to learn at their own pace and ask questions without being shy in front of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Purpose: To report a case involving an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma localized in the orbit. Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS) are one of the least common types within all malignant sarcomas, with their incidence reaching 5–10% of the cases. Within this group of UPS, tumours involving the head and neck have an even lower incidence (approximately 3 to 5%). We report the case of an 86 year old male with a history of cardiovascular disease, presenting with a painless lesion in his right eye. The orbit CT reported a soft tissue lesion in contact with the right ocular globe, lacrimal gland and extraconal fat. At examination the patient registered best corrected visual acuity right eye (OD) no light perception right eye and left eye (OS) 20/50. At slit lamp examination OD is not evaluable due to corneal compromise. OS anterior segment and posterior pole with no alterations. Immunohistochemistry was negative for P40, desmine, CD34, SOX‐10 and cytokeratin cocktail. S100 had weak and patchy staining. These results led to a giant cell pleomorphic sarcoma diagnosis, histological grade 3. The patient underwent urgent orbital exenteration, with an adequate postsurgical evolution and oncology follow up. Conclusions: The diagnosis of an UPS is based on exclusion, due to their heterogeneous nature, with histological characteristics that overlap with other malignant mesenchymal neoplasms, mainly with metastatic sarcomatoid carcinoma and melanoma. These tumours are characterized by their rapid growth and potential for metastasis, especially in the lungs. Treatment includes surgical resection, sometimes combined with adjuvant chemotherapy. Strict periodic checkups are essential, since local recurrence is frequent (between 19 to 31%), with most cases occurring within the first 24 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Purpose: The aim of this case series is to present eyes with topographic keratoconus configuration, but in which objectifiable no keratoconus exists and thus a so‐called pseudo‐keratoconus is present. Methods: Inclusion criteria were a topographic classification of the cornea as keratoconus by Scheimpflug imaging using the topographic keratoconus classification TKC and a typical elevation data profile with irregular astigmatism and slope (= Ansteilung) of the cornea. Clinical image by slit lamp examination, best‐corrected visual acuity and Scheimpflug tomography of the anterior segment of the eye (Pentacam®, OCULUS, Wetzlar, Germany) were analysed. Results: In our case series, 33 eyes of 23 patients were included. The mean age was 51 (±16) years and the ratio of females to males was balanced. The mean Kmax was 51.1 (±7.1) dioptres. The mean corneal thickness at the thinnest point was 517 (±80) μm. The best‐corrected decimal visual acuity was 0.47 (±0.27). The study eyes were divided into 3 groups according to the underlying cause of the topographic changes. One group included corneal diseases with inferior slope in topography (corneal scar n = 9, Map‐Dot‐Fingerprint dystrophy n = 6, Fuchs endothelial dystrophy n = 5, vortex keratopathy n = 2). The second group had a superior corneal slope that could be interpreted as a superior keratoconus configuration (Map‐Dot‐Fingerprint dystrophy n = 5, irregular astigmatism without other corneal pathology n = 2, Salzmann corneal degeneration n = 1, corneal scar n = 1). The third group included eyes with postoperative newly occurring keratoconus configuration after phototherapeutic keratectomy (n = 2). Conclusions: This case series shows that different corneal pathologies can imitate a topographic keratoconus configuration. The identification – not least at the slit lamp – and differentiation of these pathologies from keratoconus are important in daily practice with regard to counselling of the patients and further treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Purpose: Retroillumination observation of the anterior segment is a routine examination method as old as the slit lamp, but capturing good quality images is difficult because of patient glare, the presence of corneal and or lens reflections, and limited resolution. We have modified a slit lamp to overcome these limitations and present the first series of images obtained. Methods: On a Topcon SL‐D7 slit lamp, we replaced the light source with a far‐red LED (Thorlabs, M780L3, 200 mW, 800 mA at 780 nm) and added a monochrome camera with sufficient resolution (Baumer, VCXU‐123 M). Reflection suppression was achieved by modifying the optical path (patent pending). In a clinical trial validated by an ethics committee (IDRCB: 2021‐A01496‐35), we acquired images of 5 different diseases after pupillary dilation: cataract, posterior capsule opacification, hereditary stromal dystrophy, Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy (FECD), Bowman's membrane dystrophy. Results: Our innovative prototype device made it possible to obtain images of 3000 × 4096 pixels for 13.3 × 9.7 mm (×40 magnification). In 100% of the cases, one or more clear images on the area of interest were obtained without glare, and without disturbing reflections in 90% of the cases. Some pseudophakic patients showed minimal to moderate light reflection. The images were sufficiently resolved to allow precise analysis of disease areas, such as each guttae of the FECD. Conclusions: Our retroilluminator prototype provides, for the first time to our knowledge, high‐resolution images of the different structures of the anterior segment, easy to acquire and likely to facilitate the diagnosis and follow‐up of patients. Improvements to the prototype are underway to remove some persistent reflections. One of the first applications will be the classification of the severity of endothelial damage in FECD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Purpose: Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) occurs when a branch of the retinal vein becomes obstructed. The aim of this study case was to provide insights into the potential role of Lipoprotein (Lp) (a) in the pathogenesis of BRVO. Methods: Case of a 47‐year‐old woman with no significant ophthalmological or general medical history, except the use of oral contraception and smoking habits. Presented to the emergency care after 5 days of experiencing a sudden vision loss in her right eye. Results: The ophthalmological examination revealed a visual acuity of 10/10 on the left (OS) and VBLM/10 on the right eye (OD). Slit lamp and Fundus examination showed on OD a relative afferent pupillary defect and the classic features of acute retinal branch vein occlusion, including tortuous veins, capillary occlusion, papillary and macular oedema and haemorrhages. While all was normal in OS. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination was conducted, including fluorescein angiography and optical coherent tomography that showed no abnormal vessel growth at this stage. Then, the indication for a dexamethasone intravitreal implant has been made along with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in the ischaemic areas. More, discontinuing oral contraception, the serum concentrations of specific antibodies, as anticardiolipin and antiphospholipids, as well as homocysteine and Lp (a) levels. The blood tests yielded negative results except for the abnormal plasma level of lipoprotein (a), which was measured at 900 mg/L. After 2 months of follow‐up. The visual acuity in OD was measured at 9/10. Moreover, the restoration of normal macular thickness after 4 months. However, at 6 months follow‐up, the appearance of a neovascularization adjacent to the previously laser‐treated area. As a result, a series of closely spaced PRP was performed along with an intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor. After 1 month, a complete disappearance of the neovascularization was observed. Conclusions: Identification of independent and highly predictive risk factors for BRVO is still a big challenge. The main goals are the preservation of visual acuity and the prevention of relapses. This case report emphasizes the importance of incorporating a systematic Lp (a) testing into clinical practice, even in young individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Purpose: Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), which can be likened to a stroke in the eye, is considered a critical condition requiring immediate attention. The aim of this case was to assess whether anterior chamber paracentesis has a notable impact on the ultimate visual acuity in eye experiencing acute CRAO. Methods: We present the case of a 62‐year‐old man with no significant ophthalmological history, only hypertension under treatment. Presented to the emergency care within an hour after experiencing a sudden decrease in visual acuity in his left eye, whose visual prognosis improved after an urgent ocular chamber paracentesis. Results: The ophthalmological examination revealed a visual acuity of 10/10 on the right (OD) and positive light perception/10 on his left eye (OS). The intraocular pressure was normal in both eyes. Slit lamp and fundus examination showed on OS a positive reflex afferent pupillary defect and a whitish appearance of the retina, with narrowed retinal blood vessels and a cherry red spot in the macula while all was normal on OD. In this case an anterior chamber paracentesis was conducted, involving the removal of 0.3 mL of aqueous fluid from the anterior chamber using a small (30 gauge) needle. By decreasing the intraocular pressure through medical means (acetazolamide 250 mg 1cp 3 times a day for 7 days) and performing the anterior chamber paracentesis, the aim is to optimize the conditions for promoting the movement of any potential embolus away from the central retina and along the vessel. After one week, significant improvement was observed. The visual acuity in the OS was measured at 9/10, and the intraocular pressure was 10 mmHg. Ophthalmoscopic examination revealed the disappearance of the previously observed whitish retina, with a granular appearance of the macula. Despite these positive changes, impairment in the visual field has been noted and still persistent even after six months of follow‐up. Conclusions: Paracentesis, by reducing intraocular pressure, can enhance retinal arterial perfusion pressure, vasodilatation and the dislodgement of thrombi or emboli. Despite the prognosis often being poor, it is essential to take quick action and implement appropriate management strategies to prevent permanent vision loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess quantitative perfusion of intra‐ and extraocular regions of interest (ROIs) in conscious, healthy dogs utilizing contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS); to compare varying enhancement with the first and second bolus injection and in the right and left eye; and to determine the most appropriate examination time. Procedures: Gray scale ultrasonography and contrast harmonic imaging using sulfur hexafluoride were performed randomly assigned in both eyes in 10 university‐owned beagles. Perfusion parameters including slope time, time to peak (TTP), peak intensity (PI), and area under the curve (AUC) were measured at individually drawn ROIs (retrobulbar cone = ROI 1, choroid‐retina complex = ROI 2, medial = ROI 3, and lateral anterior uvea = ROI 4). Results: Time‐intensity curve parameters revealed no significant differences in eyes examined by the first or second bolus injection (P > 0.05) or in the right or left eye (P > 0.05). Pooled data from all eyes were analyzed. Peak intensity of ROI 2 was significantly higher compared to all other ROIs (P < 0.001). Area under the curve at ROI 2 was significantly higher compared to all other ROIs (P < 0.05), and AUC at ROI 1 was significantly higher than at ROI 4 (P < 0.05). No significant differences in TTP were observed between different ROIs (P > 0.05). Ratios relative to different ROI sizes showed fastest enhancement in the retrobulbar cone and most intense perfusion in the anterior uveal regions. The first minute after contrast injection provided the highest diagnostic value. Conclusion: Quantitative perfusion in nondiseased canine eyes revealed consistent parameters. Application of standardized CEUS protocols may be a promising diagnostic tool to differentiate ocular lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research on the conjunctival crypt structure in the equine third eyelid. Topics include the use of digital macrophotography and an operating microscope to obtain images of the crypt, the observation of lymphoid follicles around the crypt, and the role of a mucosal crypt in the bulbar surface of the third eyelid.

Objectives: Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), or ultra high‐frequency ultrasound, is a technique used to assess the anatomy of small research animals. In this study, UBM was used to assess differences in intimal hyperplasia thickness as a surrogate measurement of the re‐endothelialization process after carotid artery balloon injury in rats. Methods: Ultrasound biomicroscopic data from 3 different experiments and rat strains (Sprague Dawley, Wistar, and diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki) were analyzed. All animals were subjected to carotid artery balloon injury and examined with UBM (30–70 MHz) 2 and 4 weeks after injury. Re‐endothelialization on UBM was defined as the length from the carotid bifurcation to the most distal visible edge of the intimal hyperplasia. En face staining with Evans blue dye was performed at euthanasia 4 weeks after injury, followed by tissue harvesting for histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluations. Results: A significant correlation (Spearman r = 0.63; P < .0001) was identified when comparing all measurements of re‐endothelialization obtained from UBM and en face staining. The findings revealed a similar pattern for all rat strains: Sprague Dawley (Spearman r = 0.70; P < .0001), Wistar (Spearman r = 0.36; P < .081), and Goto‐Kakizaki (Spearman r = 0.70; P < .05). A Bland‐Altman test showed agreement between en face staining and UBM. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of the endothelium in the areas detected as re‐endothelialized by the UBM assessment. Conclusions: Ultrasound biomicroscopy can be used for repeated in vivo assessment of re‐endothelialization after carotid artery balloon injury in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Develop an algorithm to predict the success of laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) in primary angle closure suspect (PACS), using pretreatment anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) scans. Methods: A total of 69 eyes with PACS underwent LPI and time‐domain ASOCT scans (temporal and nasal cuts) were performed before and after LPI. After LPI, success is defined as one or more angles changed from closed to open. All the pretreatment ASOCT scans were analysed using the Anterior Segment Analysis Program to derive anterior chamber angle (ACA) measurements. The measurements for each angle were ordered along with angle‐independent measurements totalling to 42 measurements which serve as features for the prediction algorithm. Two masked glaucoma fellowship‐trained ophthalmologists graded the pre‐LPI ASOCT scans to determine whether LPI was likely to successful. Results: There were 42 (60.9%) eyes that fulfilled the criteria for success after LPI. Iris concavity, angle recess area (750 μm) and iris concavity ratio showed the highest predictive score and were selected using correlation‐based subset selection method. These features were classified into two ('successful' and 'unsuccessful') categories using a Bayes classifier. The algorithm predicted the success of LPI with 79.28% cross validation accuracy, which was superior to the predictive accuracy of the ophthalmologists (kappa 0.497 and 0.636 respectively). Conclusion: Using pretreatment ASOCT scans, our algorithm was superior to ophthalmologists in predicting the success of LPI for PACS eyes. This novel algorithm could aid decision making in offering LPI as a prophylaxis for PACS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of ocular disease and obtain normative ocular data for free‐living hummingbirds. Animals studied: Two hundred and sixty‐three free‐living, adult Hummingbirds from coastal and inland central California were studied, including Anna's (Calypte anna, n = 186) and Black‐chinned (Archilochus alexandri; n = 77) hummingbirds. Procedures: Slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy were performed on all individuals. Rebound tonometry, measurement of horizontal palpebral fissure length, and streak retinoscopy were performed on select individuals. Five conscious Anna's Hummingbirds underwent ocular imaging including fundus photography, digital slit lamp photography, and anterior segment and retinal optical coherence tomography. Results: The prevalence of ocular disease in this population was 2.28%. Ocular imaging revealed a thin cornea, shallow anterior chamber, large lens, and a single central, deep convexiclivate fovea. Mean ± SD intraocular pressure was 11.21 ± 2.23 mm Hg. Mean ± SD eyelid length was 2.59 ± 0.19 mm. All eyes were emmetropic or mildly hyperopic with a mean (range) ± SD refractive error of +0.32 (−0.25 to +1) ± 0.33 diopters. Conclusions: Consistent with previous reports, these data suggest that hummingbirds have visual characteristics found in predatory and prey species, as well as a low prevalence of spontaneous ocular disease. This work provides a set of reference values and clinical findings that can be used in the future research on hummingbird vision and ocular disease. It also provides representative diagnostic images of normal birds and demonstrates that advanced ocular imaging can be performed on manually restrained hummingbirds without pharmacologic dilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: To report ophthalmic examination findings and intraocular pressures (IOPs) in wild‐caught African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei and gambianus) from Tanzania and Ghana. Procedures: After being placed under general anesthesia for examination, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy before and after pharmacologic mydriasis and indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed. Eyes were fluorescein stained and IOPs measured by rebound tonometry using the TonoVet®. Results: Thirty‐two sexually mature pouched rats (64 eyes) were examined, including 16 males and 16 females. The mean IOP (± standard deviation) was 7.7 (±2.9) mmHg. Fluorescein staining was negative in all eyes. One or more ocular abnormalities were detected in 21 pouched rats (35 eyes). These ocular lesions included the following: lens opacities (n = 23 eyes), persistent pupillary membranes (n = 5), chorioretinal scarring (n = 3), corneal vascularization (n = 2), palpebral margin defect with focal trichiasis (n = 2), phthisis bulbi (n = 1), and posterior synechiae (n = 1). Lens opacities included incipient anterior cortical opacities (n = 7), immature cataract (n = 6), incipient nuclear opacities (n = 5), punctate pigment on anterior lens capsule (n = 2 eyes), incipient suture tip opacities (n = 2), and hypermature cataract (n = 1). Conclusions: Ocular abnormalities were common in the evaluated population of giant pouched rats; however, most of the detected lesions were mild and believed to have minimal impact on vision. Rebound tonometry with the TonoVet® was a reliable and simple technique to measure IOPs in the anesthetized pouched rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To compare central corneal thickness (CCT) values in canine eyes using Pentacam‐HR® Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam), Optovue® iVue spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT), and high‐resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and generate normative canine Pentacam CCT values. Animals studied: Twenty‐four client‐owned dogs (37 eyes) with nondiseased cornea(s) presenting to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Procedures: Corneal images were acquired via Pentacam, SD‐OCT, and UBM in the listed order. Machine‐calculated values of CCT from Pentacam and SD‐OCT were compared to operator‐measured values from UBM. Bland–Altman analysis was performed to evaluate agreement between instruments. Results: Mean CCT ± SD measured by Pentacam was 629.73 ± 64.57 μm, by SD‐OCT was 610.56 ± 57.48 μm, and by UBM was 689.77 ± 55.93 μm. On average, Pentacam CCT was 19.17 ± 32.90 μm (3%) thicker than SD‐OCT and 65.12 ± 44.52 μm (10.3%) thinner than UBM. SD‐OCT was on average 82.47 μm (13.5% ) thinner than UBM. The 95% limits of agreement were (−45.31, 83.65), (−152.38, 22.13), and (−126.674, −38.270) for Pentacam vs. SD‐OCT, Pentacam vs. UBM, and SD‐OCT vs. UBM respectively. All differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Considering there is an average of 7.5% normal diurnal variation in canine CCT, a 3.0% difference between Pentacam and SD‐OCT values is likely not clinically relevant. However, Pentacam measurements were both statistically and clinically significantly different from UBM and SD‐OCT measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A 1‐year‐old, female spayed, domestic shorthair cat presented for blepharospasm of the right eye. Slit‐lamp biomicroscopic examination showed focal corneal ulceration and presumptive keratomalacia of the right eye. Examination of the left eye was normal apart from a focal endothelial opacity. Within the first 24 h of medical management, the right eye developed marked corneal edema and globular anterior protrusion of the corneal surface consistent with feline acute corneal hydrops (FACH). Surgical management consisted of a bridge conjunctival graft, nictitating membrane flap, and temporary tarsorrhaphy. Resolution of corneal edema and pain occurred in the right eye within 24 days. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) of the anterior segment was performed in both eyes. Conjunctival tissue from the bridge graft precluded examination of deeper corneal structures in the right eye. The left eye displayed a focal separation of the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane from the overlying stroma. These SD‐OCT findings are similar to the analogous syndrome found in humans and represent a potential etiology for FACH of the right eye in the case presented here. Unfortunately, the cat was lost to follow‐up and the progression of this lesion to FACH in the left eye could not be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy among ultrasound pachymetry (UP), ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and manual measurement (MM) with digital caliper by comparing corneal thickness (COT) values obtained from frozen canine corneas ex vivo. Procedures: COT was measured using UP, UBM, and MM in eight enucleated normal canine eyes frozen at −20 °C for 4 weeks. After thawing at room temperature for 2 h, the COT values were obtained from five sites on each cornea: central corneal thickness (CCOT), thickness at the 3, 6, 9, and 12 o'clock positions (3COT, 6COT, 9COT, and 12COT, respectively). For each device, measurements were performed three times at each designated site by one operator. Intraclass correlation coefficient, repeated‐measures analysis of variance, and Bland–Altman plot were performed for statistical analyses. Results: The mean CCOT was 839.0 ± 138.2, 857.6 ± 127.9, and 849.1 ± 132.8 μm for UP, UBM, and MM, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference among the measurements by all three devices (P > 0.05). The statistical agreement among these devices was also shown to be good according to Bland–Altman plots. In addition, the values measured on the peripheral sites of the cornea (3COT, 6COT, 9COT, and 12COT) also revealed no significant differences among the three devices. The difference between CCOT and peripheral corneal thickness was also statistically insignificant. Conclusions: The UP, UBM, and MM measurements showed statistically similar COT values. The UBM and UP provided accurate and reliable measurements comparable to MM and could be used effectively for clinical COT measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of keratoconus and the potential effect of genetic and environmental factors on its prevalence in households living in rural areas of Iran in a large population‐based study. Methods: The present cross‐sectional study was performed in two Iranian rural populations. Two rural areas were randomly selected in the southwest and north of Iran. All individuals over one year of age were invited to participate in the study. The study population underwent a thorough eye examination, including visual acuity measurement, refraction, slit lamp biomicroscopy, and Scheimpflug imaging. The diagnosis of keratoconus was made based on Pentacam‐specific criteria, tomographic maps, and clinical findings. After detecting keratoconus cases, its prevalence in the study population was reported as a percentage with a 95% confidence interval (CI). For familial aggregation analysis, the odds ratios of keratoconus and its more severe types were calculated in different family relationships (siblings, parents‐offspring, spouses) using second order generalised estimating equation. Results: Of the 3851 eligible individuals, 3314 subjects participated in the study. After applying the exclusion criteria, data from 2667 subjects was used in the analysis. The prevalence of keratoconus in the present population was 4% (95% CI: 3–4). The odds of keratoconus were significantly higher in males (OR = 2.30, p = 0.032). To investigate the familial aggregation of keratoconus, we only evaluated families from which at least two members participated in the study. So, 403 families (1452 participants) were evaluated. Our results showed a higher odds ratio for the sibling pairs compare to parent–offspring pairs and as reported, the odds ratio of the spouses was less than 1.0. Conclusion: Our findings showed a relatively high prevalence and familial aggregation of keratoconus in rural areas of Iran, independent of age, sex, and place of residence. This aggregation may be due to heredity or the effect of undetermined shared environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We evaluated the long‐term biocompatibility and safety of a new modular posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) system in rabbit eyes. Methods: Seven New Zealand rabbits underwent bilateral phacoemulsification with placement of the modular IOL in OD and a control IOL (SA60AT) in OS. Slit‐lamp examinations were performed at postoperative weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 and months 3 and 6. All rabbits were then sacrificed and eyes enucleated. The eyes were examined grossly from the Miyake–Apple view. Selected IOLs were explanted and underwent surface staining for implant cytology. All globes were then sectioned and processed for histopathological examination. Results: The modular IOL remained stable in all seven rabbits through the entire follow‐up period. Biocompatibility was better than the control lens at six months postoperatively, on account of less extensive synechiae formation as assessed by slit‐lamp examination. At the six‐week examination, posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was significantly better in the test group (scored as 1.71 ± 0.8 versus 3.28 ± 0.48 in the control group, p = 0.0008). On gross examination with the Miyake–Apple view, Soemmering's ring formation was significantly better in the test group, (5.14 ± 1.57 versus 10.85 ± 1.95 in the control group, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Previous studies showed that explantation/exchange of the modular system optic was safer and easier than with a standard IOL. The new modular IOL system has demonstrated better long‐term biocompatibility compared to the control lens at six months postoperatively in the rabbit model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate and compare the anterior segment health of wild and captive common murres. Procedures Thirty wild common murres (Uria aalge) were captured and housed in freshwater pools and had an adnexal and anterior segment exam performed prior to a subsequent wildlife health study. The examination included phenol red thread tear tests, fluorescein staining, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, rebound tonometry, and conjunctival culture sampling. Six captive common murres housed in natural seawater at the Monterey Bay Aquarium were examined in a similar manner. Results The most common ophthalmic lesion in the wild birds was corneal fibrosis with 55% prevalence, and over half of these were potentially vision threatening. Lenticular opacity (cataract or sclerosis or both) was the most common lesion in captive murres seen in 67% of the eyes. Mean phenol red tear test for all eyes without ulcers was 20 ±3.6 mm. Mean intraocular pressure for all eyes without ulcers or flare was 23 ±2.6 mmHg. The wild murres had a low percentage (17%) of positive conjunctival cultures. The captive murres had no growth on any culture. Conclusions Wild murres are more likely to suffer corneal lesions, whereas captive murres are more likely to experience age-related lenticular diseases. Corneal scarring indicates that wild murres are frequently exposed to ocular trauma and the body condition scores indicate they appear to remain successful predators despite some vision compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In response to anti-VEGF treatment for wet AMD retinal anatomy and visual acuity is often remedied. In our previous study, we showed that visual evoked potentials (VEP) improve following successful anti-VEGF treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate how visual acuity and retinal thickness changes are reflected in VEP parameters. Moreover, we wanted to assess the feasibility of VEP as a novel monitoring tool for wet AMD patients. Methods: 16 patients and six control subjects were enrolled in this study. Patients received three bevacizumab intravitreal injections. At the beginning of the study and four to six weeks after the last injection, the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) test, full biomicroscope examination, OCT analysis and VEP were performed. Results: In treated eyes, logMAR visual acuity decreased on average by 0.18 ± 0.32 units, OCT retinal thickness decreased by 170 ± 200 lm and VEP amplitude increased by 1.0 ± 1.4 IV. All changes were significant at p < 0.05. There was a significant correlation between the relative changes of VEP amplitude and retinal thickness r = -0.630 (p < 0.05), and between visual acuity (logMAR) and retinal thickness r = 0.576 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We showed that both the increase in VEP amplitude and the improvement in visual acuity are associated with the decrease in retinal thickness in treated wet AMD patients. The results do not indicate additional usefulness of VEP in the diagnosis or monitoring of wet AMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has multisystemic implications and comorbidities. Hypoxia and systemic inflammation are thought to involve oculary structures. In this study, our aim is to evaluate retinal nerve fiber and choroidal thickness and retinal vessel diameter using the spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) in COPD subjects. Methods: Forty‐three subjects diagnosed with COPD according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria at the Pulmonology Department of Pamukkale University were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent respiratory function testing and a carbon monoxide diffusion test. To determine hypoxic state, arterial blood gas analysis was performed. The control group consisted of 31 subjects with comparable age and gender distribution. All participants underwent a standard ophthalmic examination including visual acuity assessment, biomicroscopy, air‐puff tonometry, indirect retinoscopy, and SD‐OCT measurements. Results: The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), foveal thickness, and retinal arteriolar caliber were found to be similar in both groups, while the mean retinal venular caliber value was markedly higher in the COPD group. The mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was 100.2±11.8 µm in the COPD group and 105.6 ± 8.1 µm in the control group (P = .03). The inferior quadrant RNFL was significantly thinner in the COPD group. Conclusions: The results of this study showed increasing diameter of the retinal veins, thinning of the RNFL, and SFCT may be associated to chronic inflammation and hypoxia in subjects with COPD. Future guidelines may include ocular findings to the present systemic manifestations of COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]