Search

The article presents an abstract of the medical research paper "Entorhinal Cortex Lesion Studied With a Novel Dye." This research evaluated lesion induced synaptic plasticity and sprouting in the hippocampus using entorhinal cortex lesion. Techniques, including suppressed silver staining to infer degeneration and acetyicholin esterase histochemistry have been used in order to control the completeness of the entorhinal differentation and the onset and progress of fiber degeneration.

Lesion-induced neuronal plasticity in the adult central nervous system of higher vertebrates appears to be controlled by region- and layer-specific molecules. In this study we demonstrate that membrane-bound hippocampal outgrowth-promoting molecules, as present during the development of the entorhino-hippocampal system and absent or masked in the adult hippocampus, appear 10 days after transection of the perforant pathway. We used an outgrowth preference assay to analyse the outgrowth preference of axons from postnatal entorhinal explants on alternating membrane lanes obtained from hippocampus deafferented from its entorhinal input taken 4, 10, 20, 30 and 80 days post-lesion and from adult control hippocampus. Neurites from the entorhinal cortex preferred to extend axons on hippocampal membranes disconnected from their entorhinal input for 10 days in comparison with membranes obtained from unlesioned adult animals. Membranes obtained from hippocampi disconnected from their entorhinal input for 10 days were equally as attractive for growing entorhinal cortex (EC) axons as membranes from early postnatal hippocampi. Further analysis of membrane properties in an outgrowth length assay showed that entorhinal axons extended significantly longer on stripes of lesioned hippocampal membranes in comparison with unlesioned hippocampal membranes. This effect was most prominent 10 days after lesion, a time point at which axonal sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis are at their peak. Phospholipase treatment of membranes obtained from unlesioned hippocampi of adult animals strongly promoted the outgrowth length of entorhinal axons on these membranes but did not affect their outgrowth preference for deafferented hippocampal membranes. Our results indicate that membrane-bound outgrowth-promoting molecules are reactivated in the adult hippocampus following transection of the perforant pathway, and that neonatal entorhinal axons are able to respond to these molecules. These findings support the hypothesis of a temporal accessibility of membrane-bound factors governing the layer-specific sprouting of remaining axons following perforant path lesion in vivo.

We analysed the effects of semaphorin D on axons from the developing rat entorhinal-hippocampal formation. Explants from superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex and of the hippocampus anlage were obtained from various developmental stages and co-cultured with cell aggregates expressing semaphorin D. Neurites extending from entorhinal explants that had been isolated from early embryonic stages (E16 and E17) were not affected by semaphorin D, but were repelled at later stages (E20 and E21). Axons from hippocampal neurons explanted at E21 were also repelled by semaphorin D. In situ hybridization studies revealed expression of the semaphorin D receptor neuropilin-1 in the entorhinal cortex from stage E17 to stage P7, and in the dentate gyrus and CA1-3 regions between E17 and adulthood. These data suggest that semaphorin D is involved in the formation of the perforant pathway and acts, via the neuropilin-1 receptor, as a repulsive signal that prevents entorhinal fibres from growing into the granular layer of the dentate gyrus. These data also suggest a role for semaphorin D in the development of intrahippocampal connections.

Myelin is crucial for the stabilization of the entorhinohippocampal projection during late development and is a non-permissive substrate for regrowing axons after lesion in the adult brain. We used two in vitro assays to analyse the impact of myelin on rat entorhinohippocampal projection neurons. A stripe assay was used to study the impact of myelin on the choice behaviour of axons from the entorhinal cortex (EC). Given a choice between alternating hippocampal membrane lanes from developmental stages ranging from early postnatal to adult, EC axons preferred to extend on early postnatal hippocampal membranes. Neither the neutralization of myelin-associated factors by a specific antibody (IN-1) nor the separation of myelin from membranes interfered with the axons' choice behaviour. The entorhinal axons showed no preference in the membrane combination of adult and myelin-free adult hippocampal membranes. These stripe assay experiments demonstrate that support for EC axon choice in the developing hippocampus is maturation-dependent and is not influenced by myelin. The application of IN-1 in the outgrowth assay and the separation of myelin from membranes, enhanced elongation of outgrowing entorhinal axons on adult hippocampal membranes, whereas a control antibody did not. This shows that myelin-associated factors have a strong inhibitory effect on the outgrowth length of entorhinal axons. In conclusion, we suggest that axonal elongation in the entorhinohippocampal system during development is strongly influenced by myelin-associated growth inhibition factors and that specific target finding of entorhinal axons is regulated by a different mechanism.