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An overview of how macroeconomic shocks affect beef quality‐grade premiums and discounts in the U.S. fed cattle market is discussed. We review the shock transmission linkages along the beef industry supply chain and determine the economic implications for the finished cattle market. The analysis provides insight into how the fed cattle market responds to macroeconomic shocks. The economic implications of financial risk associated with the behavior of beef carcass quality‐grade premiums and discounts associated with the Great Recession and the COVID pandemic are contrasted and assessed. Data analysis indicates that macroeconomic shocks affect the quality‐grade premium pricing mechanism for finished cattle. The origins of the shock (aggregate demand versus aggregate supply) and government fiscal policy intervention determines how premium levels and premium volatility responds to a macroeconomic shock. Thus, beef carcass quality‐grade premiums are not only subject to industry idiosyncratic risk, such as swings in the seasonal demand for beef, but are also subject to systematic risk associated with business cycle fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debris flows and floods generated by rainfall runoff occur in rocky mountainous landscapes and burned steeplands. Flow type is commonly identified post‐event through interpretation of depositional structures, but these may be poorly preserved or misinterpreted. Prior research indicates that discharge magnitude is commonly amplified in debris flows relative to floods due to volumetric bulking and increased frictional resistance. Here, we use this flow amplification to develop a metric (Q*) to separate debris flows from floods based on the ratio of observed peak discharge to the theoretical maximum water discharge from rainfall runoff. We compile 642 observations of floods and debris flows and demonstrate that Q* distinguishes flow type to ∼92% accuracy. Q* allows for accurate identification of debris flows through simple channel cross‐section surveys rather than through qualitative interpretation of deposits, and therefore should increase the performance of models and engineered structures that require accurate flow‐type observations. Plain Language Summary: Steep channels in rocky landscapes and recently burned areas carry a wide range of flow types, ranging from water floods to highly destructive debris flows composed of rock, sediment, other incidental debris, and water. Typically, the flow type that recently occurred in a channel is identified by interpreting the structure of deposits left behind by the flow. However, these deposits can be challenging to interpret, provided they are preserved at all. Prior research has shown that the shift in flow physics occurring in debris flows has the effect of amplifying the magnitude of the flow beyond that which is possible in floods. In this study, we take advantage of this flow amplification to develop a quantitative metric that allows for flow type to be identified without interpreting depositional structures. We demonstrate the metric to be highly accurate. This methodology should increase the accuracy of predictive models trained on such observations, which can help to better understand where these hazards exist and protect communities and infrastructure at risk. Key Points: To distinguish debris flows from floods, a metric Q* equal to the ratio of peak discharge to rainfall‐runoff discharge is developedQ* separates floods (Q* ≤ 1) from debris flows (Q* > 1) to ∼92% accuracy and is robust to uncertainties in the key parametersThe Q* metric should reduce misidentification of flow type and increase the performance of empirical‐hazard models and hazard mitigation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational podcasts have become an increasingly prevalent media used to disseminate profession‐specific information through easily accessible means. Despite the potential of educational podcasts as convenient and effective medium, there is a dearth of literature dedicated to the topic. Thus, using the Uses and Gratification framework, the psychometric properties of the Educational Podcasts Motivation Scale were examined, as well as the motivational factors that influence intention to listen to educational podcasts and recommend podcasts to others were explored. A sample of individuals in the field of education (n = 606), such as in‐service K‐12 teachers and higher education professors, were recruited for this study. This sample were randomly divided, and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with the first set (n = 312) to identify underlying constructs, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) were employed with the second set (n = 294). The scale demonstrated strong psychometric properties and five distinct motivational factors were identified: Information Gathering, Flexibility in Use, Social Interaction, Entertainment, and Professional Encouragement. Several motivational factors had significant associations with the constructs of "intention" and "word‐of‐mouth". This paper demonstrates both the unique motivational factors related to listening to educational podcasts and the motivational factors that overlap with other forms of media. Further examination of the underlying motivations to listen to educational podcasts is warranted. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Educational podcasts have become an increasingly prevalent media used to disseminate information to specific professions and fields that provide current practices and research information through easily accessible means.Educational podcasts have been found to be an effective tool to improve self‐efficacy and knowledge around topics with educators and college students, as well as a means to develop communities of practice where educators share knowledge and experiences.Results of studies using the uses and gratifications framework to examine the gratifications for listening to podcasts have found an array of overlapping, and sometimes conflicting, gratifications from the use of podcasts. Those most often identified include entertainment, multitasking and convenience, social interaction, escapism and educational purposes.What this paper adds This paper outlined the development of the Educational Podcasts Motivation Scale and used an exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling to demonstrate its strong psychometric properties.Five distinct motivational factors for why educators engage with educational podcasts were identified: (a) Information Gathering, (b) Flexibility in Use, (c) Social Interaction, (d) Entertainment and (e) Professional Encouragement.This paper identifies that educators are often most motivated to listen to educational podcasts due to constructs such as social interaction, flexibility in use and information gathering.Implications for practice and/or policy The findings in this paper demonstrate the perceived benefits and uses of educational podcasts as a learning tool, further establishing educational podcasts as a useful tool that should be incorporated into learning environments.The findings in this paper indicate that those embedding educational podcasts within learning activities and professional development should consider how to emphasise the flexibility, social interactions and learning aspects of these tools to promote the attractive features of this tool.Although this study sheds light on the reasons those in the field of education use this medium, additional research is needed to explore how and why these individuals engage with educational podcasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile survival is critical to population persistence and evolutionary change. However, the survival of juvenile plants from emergence to reproductive maturity is rarely quantified. This is especially true for long‐lived perennials with extended pre‐reproductive periods. Furthermore, studies rarely have the replication necessary to account for variation among populations and cohorts. We estimated juvenile survival and its relationship to population size, density of conspecifics, distance to the maternal plant, age, year, and cohort for Echinacea angustifolia, a long‐lived herbaceous perennial. In 14 remnant prairie populations over seven sampling years, 2007–2013, we identified 886 seedlings. We then monitored these individuals annually until 2021 (8–15 years). Overall, juvenile mortality was very high; for almost all cohorts fewer than 10% of seedlings survived to age 8 or to year 2021. Only two of the seedlings reached reproductive maturity within the study period. Juvenile survival increased with distance from the maternal plant and varied more among the study years than it did by age or cohort. Juvenile survival did not vary with population size or local density of conspecific neighbors. Our results suggest that low juvenile survival could contribute to projected population declines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aims: Severe alcohol‐associated hepatitis (SAH) represents a lethal subset of alcohol‐associated liver disease. Although corticosteroids are recommended by guidelines, their efficacy and safety remain questionable and so liver transplantation (LT) has been increasingly utilized. The timing and indication of corticosteroid use, specifically in patients being considered for LT requires further clarification. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 256 patients with SAH between 2018 and 2022 at a single US center. Results: Twenty of these patients underwent LT. Of the 256 patients, 38% had what we termed "catastrophic" SAH, defined as a MELD‐Na ≥35 and/or discriminant function (DF) ≥100, which carried a mortality of 90% without LT. Compared with 100 matched controls, patients undergoing LT exhibited a one‐year survival rate of 100% versus 35% (p <.0005). LT provided an absolute risk reduction of 65%, with a number needed to treat of 1.5. Steroid utilization in the entire cohort was 19% with 60% developing severe complications. Patients administered steroids were younger with lower MELD and DF scores. Only 10% of those prescribed steroids derived a favorable response. Sustained alcohol use post‐LT was 20%. Conclusions: We propose ELFSAH: Expedited LT as First Line Therapy for SAH; challenging the current paradigm with recommendations to defer steroids in patients with "catastrophic" SAH (defined as: MELD‐Na ≥35 and/or DF ≥100). Patients should be seen urgently by hepatology, transplant surgery, psychiatry and social work. Patients without an absolute contraindication should be referred for LT as first‐line therapy during their index admission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plain Language Summary: In the past, research indicated that a parent's mental health symptoms may impact their child's migraine status; however, these studies do not usually hold constant whether the parents themselves have migraine. This study provided new data suggesting that when parents have migraine, the connection between parents' mental health symptoms and their child's migraine status may be less pronounced. Future studies investigating the heritability of migraine and its related mental health conditions may consider this approach when recruiting study participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual‐level differences in animal spatial behavior can lead to differential exposure to risk. We assessed the risk‐exposure of a reintroduced population of kākā (Nestor meridionalis) in a fenced reserve in New Zealand by GPS tracking 10 individuals and comparing the proportion of each individual's home range beyond the reserve's fence in relation to age, sex, and fledging origin. To estimate dynamic space use, we used a sweeping window framework to estimate occurrence distributions (ODs) from temporally overlapping snapshots. For each OD, we calculated the proportion outside the reserve's fence to assess temporal risk exposure, and the area, centroid, and overlap to represent the behavioral pattern of space use. Home range area declined significantly and consistently with age, and the space use of juvenile kākā was more dynamic, particularly in relation to locational changes of space use. The wider‐ranging and more dynamic behavior of younger kākā resulted in more time spent outside the reserve, which aligned with a higher number of incidental mortality observations. Quantifying both home range and dynamic space use is an effective approach to assess risk exposure, which can provide guidance for management interventions. We also emphasize the dynamic space use approach, which is flexible and can provide insights into a species' spatial ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in temperature play a substantial role in influencing the electrochemical performance of electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs). Lower temperatures limit the charge carriers′ transport properties, diminishing overall cell performance, while higher temperatures enhance transport properties and performance at the expense of material decomposition. Thus, investigating the temperature‐dependent behavior of supercapacitors requires numerous time‐consuming experiments while maintaining specific and consistent testing conditions. Therefore, we present a fast screening technique, named operando temperature dynamic measurements, to investigate EDLC performance under varying temperatures and voltages. The swift nature of this technique minimizes cell aging, allowing the evaluation even at harsh conditions. Utilizing temperature dynamic measurements, EDLCs containing six different organic electrolytes have been compared. Incrementally increasing temperature and cell voltage while performing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy or galvanostatic charge‐discharge measurements, metrics such as capacitance, energy, power, entropy, and enthalpy were determined. Interestingly, different performance evolutions over the temperature range are observed, allowing the identification of optimal operational conditions for each device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of aquatic ecosystems in the Sierra Nevada (California, USA) to late Quaternary hydroclimate changes remains mostly unknown. Mono Lake, a large endorheic lake just east of the Sierra Nevada, contains an expanded archive of laminated sediments that can be used to examine the response of benthos to environmental changes. Fossil ostracodes from a radiocarbon‐dated core were used to examine paleoecologic changes from ~16.6 to 4.3k cal a bp. Seven species were identified, with the co‐occurrence of Limnocythere ceriotuberosa and Limnocythere staplini indicating a large SO42−‐rich lake in the Pleistocene. The Younger Dryas was complex, with Fabaeformiscandona caudata reflecting a cold and deep lake ~13.0–12.2k cal a bp, followed by an interval of extensive littoral habitat from ~12.2–11.6k cal a bp. Ostracode diversity, valves g–1 and the ratio of adult:juvenile valves declined after ~10.7k cal a bp due to regression, altered hydrochemistry and seasonal anoxia. Strong seasonality during the Early Holocene is suggested by the presence of reworked ostracodes and macrocharcoal, delivered to Mono Lake by erosion of ancient lake beds in the basin. A depauperate ostracode fauna in the Middle Holocene suggests a strong sensitivity to drought in this ecosystem, which has implications for biodiversity in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two most used semi‐structured psychometric instruments that define criteria for being at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis are the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States (CAARMS) and the Structured Interview for Psychosis‐Risk Syndromes (SIPS). Although very similar there are important differences between these two measures. Developing harmonized psychometric criteria for defining CHR and associated outcomes would be beneficial for future research. This article describes the first step in this process by reporting on a NIMH workshop held in Washington DC, in February 2019 that was attended by experts in the field. The aim of this workshop was to examine the similarities and differences between the two measures and consider how the harmonization process could proceed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To harmonize two ascertainment and severity rating instruments commonly used for the clinical high risk syndrome for psychosis (CHR‐P): the Structured Interview for Psychosis‐risk Syndromes (SIPS) and the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States (CAARMS). Methods: The initial workshop is described in the companion report from Addington et al. After the workshop, lead experts for each instrument continued harmonizing attenuated positive symptoms and criteria for psychosis and CHR‐P through an intensive series of joint videoconferences. Results: Full harmonization was achieved for attenuated positive symptom ratings and psychosis criteria, and modest harmonization for CHR‐P criteria. The semi‐structured interview, named Positive SYmptoms and Diagnostic Criteria for the CAARMS Harmonized with the SIPS (PSYCHS), generates CHR‐P criteria and severity scores for both CAARMS and SIPS. Conclusions: Using the PSYCHS for CHR‐P ascertainment, conversion determination, and attenuated positive symptom severity rating will help in comparing findings across studies and in meta‐analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the comparative effectiveness and safety of parenteral agents for pain reduction in patients with acute migraine. Background: Parenteral agents have been shown to be effective in treating acute migraine pain; however, the comparative effectiveness of different approaches is unclear. Methods: Nine electronic databases and gray literature sources were searched to identify randomized clinical trials assessing parenteral agents to treat acute migraine pain in emergency settings. Two independent reviewers completed study screening, data extraction, and Cochrane risk‐of‐bias assessment, with differences being resolved by adjudication. The protocol of the review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42018100096). Results: A total of 97 unique studies were included, with most studies reporting a high or unclear risk of bias. Monotherapy, as well as combination therapy, successfully reduced pain scores prior to discharge. They also increased the proportion of patients reporting pain relief and being pain free. Across the pain outcomes assessed, combination therapy was one of the higher ranked approaches and provided robust improvements in pain outcomes, including lowering pain scores (mean difference −3.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] −4.64 to −2.08) and increasing the proportion of patients reporting pain relief (risk ratio [RR] 2.83, 95% CI 1.74–4.61). Neuroleptics and metoclopramide also ranked high in terms of the proportion of patients reporting pain relief (neuroleptics RR 2.76, 95% CI 2.12–3.60; metoclopramide RR 2.58, 95% CI 1.90–3.49) and being pain free before emergency department discharge (neuroleptics RR 4.8, 95% CI 3.61–6.49; metoclopramide RR 4.1, 95% CI 3.02–5.44). Most parenteral agents were associated with increased adverse events, particularly combination therapy and neuroleptics. Conclusions: Various parenteral agents were found to provide effective pain relief. Considering the consistent improvements across various outcomes, combination therapy, as well as monotherapy of either metoclopramide or neuroleptics are recommended as first‐line options for managing acute migraine pain. There are risks of adverse events, especially akathisia, following treatment with these agents. We recommend that a shared decision‐making model be considered to effectively identify the best treatment option based on the patient's needs. Plain Language Summary: Migraine symptoms can be severe enough to cause patients to present to emergency departments for relief. In this systematic review, we attempted to identify which injectable (i.e., intravenous/subcutaneous/intramuscular) medications provide the best headache relief. We found that while most injectable medications provide adequate pain relief, patients who were given neuroleptics, metoclopramide, or a combination of two different medications reported marked and consistent improvements in migraine pain outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to aid the reopening of workplaces and curb the spread of COVID-19 in the workplace, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States of America issued a set of guidelines for COVID-19. While the importance of these measures has been touted, studies focusing on antecedents of compliance with workplace safety guidelines, including those of COVID-19, are at a nascent stage. The current research draws on social cognitive theory to investigate the effect of psychological entitlement on adherence to COVID-19 workplace safety protocols. Specifically, the present study proposes that psychological entitlement increases one's tendency for moral disengagement, which subsequently reduces compliance with COVID-19 workplace safety protocols. Consistent with social cognitive theory, the study further proposes moral identity as a conditional moderator in mitigating the proposed relationships. The current study finds general support for the hypothesized moderated mediation model by employing multi-wave data collected from various organizations in the United States (N = 351). Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future research directions, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide a position statement update from The American Headache Society specifically regarding therapies targeting calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) for the prevention of migraine. Background: All migraine preventive therapies previously considered to be first‐line treatments were developed for other indications and adopted later for migraine. Adherence to these therapies is often poor due to issues with efficacy and tolerability. Multiple new migraine‐specific therapies have been developed based on a broad foundation of pre‐clinical and clinical evidence showing that CGRP plays a key role in the pathogenesis of migraine. These CGRP‐targeting therapies have had a transformational impact on the management of migraine but are still not widely considered to be first‐line approaches. Methods: Evidence regarding migraine preventive therapies including primary and secondary endpoints from randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trials, post hoc analyses and open‐label extensions of these trials, and prospective and retrospective observational studies were collected from a variety of sources including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The results and conclusions based upon these results were reviewed and discussed by the Board of Directors of The American Headache Society to confirm consistency with clinical experience and to achieve consensus. Results: The evidence for the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of CGRP‐targeting migraine preventive therapies (the monoclonal antibodies: erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, and eptinezumab, and the gepants: rimegepant and atogepant) is substantial, and vastly exceeds that for any other preventive treatment approach. The evidence remains consistent across different individual CGRP‐targeting treatments and is corroborated by extensive "real‐world" clinical experience. The data indicates that the efficacy and tolerability of CGRP‐targeting therapies are equal to or greater than those of previous first‐line therapies and that serious adverse events associated with CGRP‐targeting therapies are rare. Conclusion: The CGRP‐targeting therapies should be considered as a first‐line approach for migraine prevention along with previous first‐line treatments without a requirement for prior failure of other classes of migraine preventive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Astrogliosis and white matter lesions (WML) are key characteristics of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying VCID remain poorly understood. Stimulation of Na‐K‐Cl cotransport 1 (NKCC1) and its upstream kinases WNK (with no lysine) and SPAK (the STE20/SPS1‐related proline/alanine‐rich kinase) play a role in astrocytic intracellular Na+ overload, hypertrophy, and swelling. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the effect of SPAK inhibitor ZT‐1a on pathogenesis and cognitive function in a mouse model of VCID induced by bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). Methods: Following sham or BCAS surgery, mice were randomly assigned to receive either vehicle (DMSO) or SPAK inhibitor ZT‐1a treatment regimen (days 14–35 post‐surgery). Mice were then evaluated for cognitive functions by Morris water maze, WML by ex vivo MRI‐DTI analysis, and astrogliosis/demyelination by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Results: Compared to sham control mice, BCAS‐Veh mice exhibited chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and memory impairments, accompanied by significant MRI DTI‐detected WML and oligodendrocyte (OL) death. Increased activation of WNK‐SPAK‐NKCC1‐signaling proteins was detected in white matter tissues and in C3d+GFAP+ cytotoxic astrocytes but not in S100A10+GFAP+ homeostatic astrocytes in BCAS‐Veh mice. In contrast, ZT‐1a‐treated BCAS mice displayed reduced expression and phosphorylation of NKCC1, decreased astrogliosis, OL death, and WML, along with improved memory functions. Conclusion: BCAS‐induced upregulation of WNK‐SPAK‐NKCC1 signaling contributes to white matter‐reactive astrogliosis, OL death, and memory impairment. Pharmacological inhibition of the SPAK activity has therapeutic potential for alleviating pathogenesis and memory impairment in VCID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on investigating clinical outcomes among youth with continuous headache, revealing improvements in headache status within 3–4 months after receiving multidisciplinary treatment, despite moderate average headache severity. It is discussed that treatment utilization shifted towards increased use of pill-based preventive treatments and decreased engagement in nonpharmacologic strategies, highlighting potential treatment preferences and priorities among this population.

The article focuses on the declining fertility rates in Australia and similar high-income countries, highlighting the socioeconomic challenges posed by an aging population and the diminishing working-age cohort. Topics include the impact of higher female education and employment on fertility rates, the need for strategic public policy to address these declines, and various studies within obstetrics and gynecology.

Trade‐offs between current and future reproduction manifest as a set of co‐varying life history and metabolic traits, collectively referred to as 'pace of life' (POL). Seasonal migration modulates environmental dynamics and putatively affects POL, however, the mechanisms by which migratory behaviour shapes POL remain unclear. We explored how migratory behaviour interacts with environmental and metabolic dynamics to shape POL. Using an individual‐based model of movement and metabolism, we compared fitness‐optimized trade‐offs among migration strategies. We found annual experienced seasonality modulated by migratory movements and distance between end‐points primarily drove POL differentiation through developmental and migration phenology trade‐offs. Similarly, our analysis of empirically estimated metabolic data from 265 bird species suggested seasonal niche tracking and migration distance interact to drive POL. We show multiple viable life‐history strategies are conducive to a migratory lifestyle. Overall, our findings suggest metabolism mediates complex interactions between behaviour, environment and life history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancies with a complete hydatidiform mole and co‐existing fetus (CMCF) are rare, but increasingly common due to the rising prevalence of assisted reproductive technology. They are frequently associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, providing women with the challenge of pregnancy termination or continuing the pregnancy at the risk of maternal‐fetal morbidity and fetal mortality. This report demonstrates two cases of CMCF pregnancy with excellent maternal‐fetal outcomes, including spontaneous resolution of the molar tissue antenatally. It is helpful in counselling women who are diagnosed with this rare and frequently morbid condition in considering how to proceed with their pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH, a model for sleep apnoea) is a major risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases. Autonomic imbalance (sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal) has emerged as a causal contributor of CIH‐induced cardiovascular disease. Previously, we showed that CIH remodels the parasympathetic pathway. However, whether CIH induces remodelling of the cardiac sympathetic innervation remains unknown. Mice (male, C57BL/6J, 2–3 months) were exposed to either room air (RA, 21% O2) or CIH (alternating 21% and 5.7% O2, every 6 min, 10 h day–1) for 8–10 weeks. Flat‐mounts of their left and right atria were immunohistochemically labelled for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, a sympathetic marker). Using a confocal microscope (or fluorescence microscope) and Neurlocudia 360 digitization and tracing system, we scanned both the left and right atria and quantitatively analysed the sympathetic axon density in both groups. The segmentation data was mapped onto a 3D mouse heart scaffold. Our findings indicated that CIH significantly remodelled the TH immunoreactive (‐IR) innervation of the atria by increasing its density at the sinoatrial node, the auricles and the major veins attached to the atria (P < 0.05, n = 7). Additionally, CIH increased the branching points of TH‐IR axons and decreased the distance between varicosities. Abnormal patterns of TH‐IR axons around intrinsic cardiac ganglia were also found following CIH. We postulate that the increased sympathetic innervation may further amplify the effects of enhanced CIH‐induced central sympathetic drive to the heart. Our work provides an anatomical foundation for the understanding of CIH‐induced autonomic imbalance. Key points: Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH, a model for sleep apnoea) causes sympathetic overactivity, cardiovascular remodelling and hypertension.We determined the effect of CIH on sympathetic innervation of the mouse atria.In vivo CIH for 8–10 weeks resulted in an aberrant axonal pattern around the principal neurons within intrinsic cardiac ganglia and an increase in the density, branching point, tortuosity of catecholaminergic axons and atrial wall thickness.Utilizing mapping tool available from NIH (SPARC) Program, the topographical distribution of the catecholaminergic innervation of the atria were integrated into a novel 3D heart scaffold for precise anatomical distribution and holistic quantitative comparison between normal and CIH mice.This work provides a unique neuroanatomical understanding of the pathophysiology of CIH‐induced autonomic remodelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 may interact with response to amyloid‐targeting therapies. METHODS: Aggregate data from trials enrolling participants with amyloid‐positive, early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD) were analyzed for disease progression. RESULTS: Pooled analysis of potentially efficacious antibodies lecanemab, aducanumab, solanezumab, and donanemab shows slightly better efficacy in APOE ε4 carriers than in non‐carriers. Carrier and non‐carrier mean (95% confidence interval) differences from placebo using Clinical Dementia Rating Scale–Sum of Boxes (CDR‐SB) were –0.30 (–0.478, –0.106) and –0.20 (–0.435, 0.042) and AD Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale (ADAS‐Cog) values were –1.01 (–1.577, –0.456) and –0.80 (–1.627, 0.018), respectively. Decline in the APOE ε4 non‐carrier placebo group was equal to or greater than that in carriers across multiple scales. Probability of study success increases as the representation of the carrier population increases. DISCUSSION: We hypothesize that APOE ε4 carriers have same or better response than non‐carriers to amyloid‐targeting therapies and similar or less disease progression with placebo in amyloid‐positive trials. HIGHLIGHTS: Amyloid‐targeting therapies had slightly greater efficacy in apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers.Clinical decline is the same/slightly faster in amyloid‐positive APOE ε4 non‐carriers.Prevalence of non‐carriers in trial populations could impact outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard methods for fire resistance testing require large-scale assemblies and are typically conducted on specialized furnaces at considerable cost. This research focused on developing a scaling methodology for a reduced-scale fire resistance test that reduces the size of the test article while maintaining the same thermal and structural response exhibited in the large-scale test. The developed scaling methodology incorporates uniform geometric scaling, Fourier number time scaling, and furnace boundary condition matching. The scaling laws were experimentally validated with fire exposure tests on gypsum wallboard samples at three scales (full-scale, 1/2-scale, and 1/6-scale). In the tests, samples were exposed to a full-scale equivalent of 60-min of ASTM E119 fire curve exposure on a reduced-scale horizontal furnace, and the temperature rise through the thickness profile was measured. Models were created to calculate the modified fire curves for the smaller-scale tests. Experimental results show that on the exposed surface, the 1/2-scale absolute temperature was within 1.7% of full-scale, while the 1/6-scale temperature was within 2.5%. While the time-dependent properties of burning and cracking caused visual differences in these gypsum tests, modeling and temperature measurements demonstrated that the test results were thermally similar. The good similarity of temperatures is achievable in fire exposure tests of non-combustible gypsum wallboard down to 1/6-scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant advances in computational ethology have allowed the quantification of behaviour in unprecedented detail. Tracking animals in social groups, however, remains challenging as most existing methods can either capture pose or robustly retain individual identity over time but not both.To capture finely resolved behaviours while maintaining individual identity, we built NAPS (NAPS is ArUco Plus SLEAP), a hybrid tracking framework that combines state‐of‐the‐art, deep learning‐based methods for pose estimation (SLEAP) with unique markers for identity persistence (ArUco). We show that this framework allows the exploration of the social dynamics of the common eastern bumblebee (Bombus impatiens).We provide a stand‐alone Python package for implementing this framework along with detailed documentation to allow for easy utilization and expansion. We show that NAPS can scale to long timescale experiments at a high frame rate and that it enables the investigation of detailed behavioural variation within individuals in a group.Expanding the toolkit for capturing the constituent behaviours of social groups is essential for understanding the structure and dynamics of social networks. NAPS provides a key tool for capturing these behaviours and can provide critical data for understanding how individual variation influences collective dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Understand health resource, medication use, and cost of adults with chronic migraine who received guideline‐recommended onabotulinumtoxinA (botulinum toxin) treatment frequency and then continued or reduced/stopped. Background: Botulinum toxin may be a beneficial treatment for chronic migraine; the trajectory of health resources utilization among those with continued or reduced/stopped use is unclear. Methods: A retrospective population‐based cohort study utilizing administrative data from Alberta, Canada (2012–2020), was performed. A cohort of adults who received ≥5 botulinum toxin treatment cycles for chronic migraine over 18 months (6‐month run‐in; 1‐year pre‐index period) were grouped into those who (1) continued use (≥3 treatments/year), or (2) stopped or reduced use (stopped for 6 months then received 0 or 1–2 treatments/year, respectively) over a 1‐year post‐index period. Health resources and medication use were described, and pre–post costs were assessed. A second cohort that received ≥3 treatments/year immediately followed by 1 year of stopped or reduced use was considered in sensitivity analysis. Results: Pre–post health resource, medication use, and costs were similar among those with continued use (n = 3336). Among those who stopped or reduced use (n = 1099; 756 stopped, 343 reduced), health resource, medication use, and costs were lower in the post‐ (total median per‐person cost [IQR]: all‐cause $4851 [$8090]; migraine‐related $835 [$1915]) versus pre‐ (all‐cause $6096 [$7207]; migraine‐related $2995 [$1950]) index period (estimated cost ratios [95% CI]: total all‐cause 0.86 [0.79, 0.95]; total migraine‐related 0.44 [0.40, 0.48]). In the second cohort (n = 3763), return to continued use (≥3 treatments/year) occurred in up to 70.4% in those with reduced use. Conclusions: Of adults treated with botulinum toxin for chronic migraine, 75.2% had continued use, stable health resource and medication use, and costs over a 2 year period. In those that stopped/reduced use, the observed lower health resource and migraine medication use may indicate improved symptom control, but the resumption of guideline‐recommended treatment intervals after reduced use was common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Melatonin is effective for migraine prevention in adults. We hypothesized that melatonin would also be effective for migraine prevention in children and adolescents. Methods: This was a randomized, double‐blind trial of melatonin (3 mg or 6 mg) versus placebo for migraine prevention in 10–17 year‐olds with 4–28/28 headache days at baseline. Participants were recruited from the UCSF Child & Adolescent Headache Program, UCSF child neurology clinic, and social media advertisements. Migraine diagnosis was confirmed by a headache specialist. Participants completed an 8‐week single‐blind placebo run‐in. Those meeting randomization criteria (≥4 headache days and ≥23/28 electronic diary entries during weeks 5–8) were randomized 1:1:1 to placebo:melatonin 3 mg:melatonin 6 mg nightly for 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure was migraine days in weeks 5–8 of randomized treatment between melatonin (combined 6 mg + 3 mg) versus placebo. We aimed to enroll n = 210. Results: The study closed early due to slow enrollment (n = 72). Two participants were in the single‐blind phase when the study closed, therefore the meaningful n = 70. Sixteen percent (11/70) were lost to follow‐up during the single‐blind phase. An additional 21% (15/70) did not meet randomization criteria (<4 headache days: n = 5, <23/28 diary days: n = 7, both: n = 3). Sixty‐three percent (44/70) were eligible to randomize, of whom 42 randomized (n = 14 per arm). Taking another preventive at enrollment (OR 8.3, 95% CI 1.01 to 68.9) was the only variable associated with meeting randomization criteria. Of those randomized, 91% (38/42) provided diary data in the final 4‐weeks. However, given the amount of missing data, only those with ≥21/28 diary days were analyzed—7/14 (50%) in the placebo group, and 20/28 (71%) in the melatonin groups combined. Median (IQR) migraine/migrainous days in weeks 5–8 of double‐blind treatment was 2 (1–7) in the placebo group versus 2 (1–12) in the melatonin groups combined; the difference in medians (95% CI for the difference) was 0 days (−9 to 3). There were no differences in adverse events between groups. Conclusions: When compared to recall at enrollment, headache days decreased across the single‐blind placebo phase and the double‐blind phase. There was no suggestion of superiority of melatonin; however, given the substantial portion of missing data, numerically higher in the placebo arm, and underpowering, this should not be interpreted as proof of inefficacy. Melatonin was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events. Future migraine preventive trials in this age group may find this trial helpful for anticipating enrollment needs if using a single‐blind placebo run‐in. Enriching for those already on a migraine preventive may improve randomization rates in future trials, though would change the generalizability of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting thresholds of sediment motion is critical for a range of applications involving sediment transport. However, thresholds for sediment motion can vary over an order of magnitude for a single characteristic flow and bed configuration. Lacking simple ways to incorporate this variability, many assume thresholds are constant for rough, turbulent flow. Here, we quantify variability of incipient‐motion thresholds based on a commonly used grain‐scale force‐balance model, with model parameter distributions determined from published experiments. We show that variability in the threshold of motion within the 2D force‐balance model occurs predominantly due to variability in the lift coefficient and grain protrusion, and secondarily due to drag coefficient variability. For a known grain size, the mean threshold of motion, and variability about the mean, can be predicted from a family of power laws. These power laws can be altered with site‐specific parameter distributions, allowing for site‐specific application to well‐studied reaches and other planets. Using compiled flume and field data we show that constraining force‐balance parameter distributions with independent data results in narrower distributions of the predicted threshold of motion, consistent with constrained flume experiments. This analysis highlights that while the threshold of sediment motion is variable, the magnitude of variability is predictable within the force‐balance model based on site‐specific physical constraints of local flow and bed conditions. Plain Language Summary: Understanding what flow velocities are needed for rivers to move gravel and boulders is critical for river management, reducing flood hazards, understanding river ecosystems, and the long‐term evolution of landforms such as deltas and mountain ranges. However, accurate predictions of sediment transport are made challenging by large variability in flow conditions observed when a particular size of sediment is moved by a river. In this work we use an existing theory to explore the expected flow conditions and flow variability needed to move sediment. These results allow for more accurate river restoration and engineering designs and more sustainable river management. Key Points: Using a grain force‐balance model and observed parameter distributions, we quantify expected variability in incipient‐motion thresholdsPredicted distributions of incipient‐motion thresholds match those observed in laboratory experiments and natural riversA power law can describe mean threshold of motion and its variability for the relationship between grain size and threshold velocity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycling exercise in older individuals is beneficial for the cardiovascular system and quadriceps muscles, including partially reversing the age‐related loss of quadriceps muscle mass. However, the effect of cycling exercise on the numerous other lower limb muscles is unknown. Six older men (74 ± 8 years) underwent MRI before and after 12‐weeks of progressive aerobic cycle exercise training (3–4 days/week, 60–180 min/week, 60%–80% heart rate reserve, VO2max: +13%) for upper (rectus femoris, vastii, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, sartorius, biceps femoris long head, biceps femoris short head, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) and lower (anterior tibial, posterior tibialis, peroneals, flexor digitorum longus, lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, soleus) leg muscle volumes. In the upper leg, cycle exercise training induced hypertrophy (p ≤ 0.05) in the vastii (+7%) and sartorius (+6%), with a trend to increase biceps femoris short head (+5%, p = 0.1). Additionally, there was a trend to decrease muscle volume in the adductor longus (−6%, p = 0.1) and biceps femoris long head (−5%, p = 0.09). In the lower leg, all 7 muscle volumes assessed were unaltered pre‐ to post‐training (−2% to −3%, p > 0.05). This new evidence related to cycle exercise training in older individuals clarifies the specific upper leg muscles that are highly impacted, while revealing all the lower leg muscles do not appear responsive, in the context of muscle mass and sarcopenia. This study provides information for exercise program development in older individuals, suggesting other specific exercises are needed for the rectus femoris and adductors, certain hamstrings, and the anterior and posterior lower leg muscles to augment the beneficial effects of cycling exercise for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Although violent behaviour has been studied in schizophrenia, violence risk has received little attention in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). This manuscript aims to report and discuss the overall results of the Structured Assessment for Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) from the NAPLS‐3 project to explore the risk of violence in CHR youth and to determine the relationship between SAVRY violence risk scores, psychosis risk symptoms, and global functioning. We hypothesized that CHR young people are at higher risk of violence as compared to healthy comparison participants due to a similarity between risk factors for psychosis and risk factors for violence, and that this risk is associated with greater severity of symptoms, poor functioning, and risk for conversion to psychosis. Methods: Participants from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study consortium phase 3 (NAPLS‐3) included 684 CHR and 96 HC. Assessments included the Structural Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), clinical and functional measures. Results: The majority of participants across groups were deemed to be at low risk for violence. There were significantly more CHR participants (29.8%) who had moderate or high scores on the SAVRY Summary Risk Rating compared to HC participants (3.1%). Low versus moderate‐high SAVRY scores were associated with better social (p <.005) and role (p <.002) functioning and fewer positive (p <.002), negative (p <.002), disorganized (p <.01) and general symptoms (p <.002). CHR participants with higher SAVRY scores were more likely to be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, ADHD and substance misuse. Among CHR, overall violence risk was not associated with conversion to psychosis. However, those who converted to psychosis scored lower on the protective factors index, primarily driven by less prosocial involvement and fewer resilient personality traits. Conclusions: This is the first study to assess violence risk in CHR adolescents. Violence risk factors overlap with risk factors for psychosis in general, perhaps accounting for the association. These findings have implications for intervention efforts to reduce violence risk and bolster resiliency in CHR youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: delivery of health care; dermatologists; melanoma; survival EN delivery of health care dermatologists melanoma survival 425 429 5 08/14/23 20230801 NES 230801 Most Australian dermatologists (92%) work in major cities,[1] limiting dermatology access to people residing in urban areas and placing a burden on rural patients to travel to major centres for such care. The density (per 100,000 population) was mapped to regions from the Australian Statistical Geography standard, Statistical Area Level 4 (ASGC-SAL4) from 2011, and categorised.[5] Patients who had multiple primary melanomas had their thickest melanoma included, and those with in situ melanoma or with metastatic melanoma when diagnosed were excluded. 25% of melanomas were diagnosed by dermatologists, 36% by generalist general practitioners (GPs) and 16% by skin-cancer specialised GPs (Table 2). [Extracted from the article]

Background: Youth with continuous (always present) headache are vastly understudied; much remains to be understood regarding treatment response in this population. Objective: To describe and explore biopsychosocial factors related to initial clinical outcomes among treatment‐seeking youth with continuous headache. Methods: This retrospective cohort study extracted data of 782 pediatric patients (i.e., aged <18 years) with continuous headache from a large clinical repository. Youth in this study had experienced continuous headache for ≥1 month before presenting to a multidisciplinary headache specialty clinic appointment. Extracted data from this appointment included patients' headache history, clinical diagnoses, and headache‐related disability, as well as information about biopsychosocial factors implicated in headache management and/or maintenance (e.g., healthy lifestyle habits, history of feeling anxious or depressed). Additional data regarding patient headache characteristics, disability, and lifestyle habits were extracted from a subset of 529 youth who returned to clinic 4–16 weeks after their initial follow‐up visit. After characterizing initial treatment response, exploratory analyses compared youth with the best and worst treatment outcomes on several potentially influential factors. Results: Approximately half of youth (280/526; 53.2%) continued to have continuous headache at follow‐up, ~20% of youth (51/526) reported a significant (≥50%) reduction in headache frequency. Improvements in average headache severity (e.g., percentage with severe headaches at initial visit: 45.3% [354/771]; percentage with severe headaches at follow‐up visit: 29.8% [156/524]) and headache‐related disability were also observed (e.g., percentage severe disability at initial visit: 62.9% [490/779]; percentage severe disability at initial follow‐up visit: 34.2% [181/529]). Individuals with the worst headache frequency and disability had a longer history of continuous headache (mean difference estimate = 5.76, p = 0.013) and worse initial disability than the best responders (χ2[3, 264] = 23.49, p < 0.001). They were also more likely to have new daily persistent headache (χ2[2, 264] = 12.61, p = 0.002), and were more likely to endorse feeling depressed (χ2[1, 260] = 11.46, p < 0.001). Conclusion: A notable percentage of youth with continuous headache show initial improvements in headache status. Prospective, longitudinal research is needed to rigorously examine factors associated with continuous headache treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence victimization may cause child behavior problems and neurostructural differences associated with them. Healthy family environments may buffer these effects, but neural pathways explaining these associations remain inadequately understood. We used data from 3154 children (x̅age = 10.1) to test whether healthy family functioning moderated possible associations between violence victimization, behavior problems, and amygdala volume (a threat‐responsive brain region). Researchers collected data on childhood violence victimization, family functioning (McMaster Family Assessment Device, range 0–3, higher scores indicate healthier functioning), and behavior problems (Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL] total problem score, range 0–117), and they scanned children with magnetic resonance imaging. We standardized amygdala volumes and fit confounder‐adjusted models with "victimization × family functioning" interaction terms. Family functioning moderated associations between victimization, behavior problems, and amygdala volume. Among lower functioning families (functioning score = 1.0), victimization was associated with a 26.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.9, 42.4) unit higher CBCL behavior problem score, yet victimized children from higher functioning families (score = 3.0) exhibited no such association. Unexpectedly, victimization was associated with higher standardized amygdala volume among lower functioning families (ŷ = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.1, 1.0) but lower volume among higher functioning families (ŷ = −0.4; 95% CI: −0.7, −0.2). Thus, healthy family environments may mitigate some neurobehavioral effects of childhood victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steep landscapes evolve largely by debris flows, in addition to fluvial and hillslope processes. Abundant field observations document that debris flows incise valley bottoms and transport substantial sediment volumes, yet their contributions to steepland morphology remain uncertain. This has, in turn, limited the development of debris‐flow incision rate formulations that produce morphology consistent with natural landscapes. In many landscapes, including the San Gabriel Mountains (SGM), California, steady‐state fluvial channel longitudinal profiles are concave‐up and exhibit a power‐law relationship between channel slope and drainage area. At low drainage areas, however, valley slopes become nearly constant. These topographic forms result in a characteristically curved slope‐area signature in log‐log space. Here, we use a one‐dimensional landform evolution model that incorporates debris‐flow erosion to reproduce the relationship between this curved slope‐area signature and erosion rate in the SGM. Topographic analysis indicates that the drainage area at which steepland valleys transition to fluvial channels correlates with measured erosion rates in the SGM, and our model results reproduce these relationships. Further, the model only produces realistic valley profiles when parameters that dictate the relationship between debris‐flow erosion, valley‐bottom slope, and debris‐flow depth are within a narrow range. This result helps place constraints on the mathematical form of a debris‐flow incision law. Finally, modeled fluvial incision outpaces debris‐flow erosion at drainage areas less than those at which valleys morphologically transition from near‐invariant slopes to concave profiles. This result emphasizes the critical role of debris‐flow incision for setting steepland form, even as fluvial incision becomes the dominant incisional process. Plain Language Summary: Steep landscapes evolve due to erosion by debris flows—sediment‐rich slurries that transport abundant wood and other debris—in addition to erosion by rivers and sediment transport on hillslopes. Although debris flows have long been recognized for their ability to erode channels and transport sediment, quantifying how they set the form of steeplands has remained a challenge. We use a landform evolution model that includes debris‐flow bedrock erosion to produce synthetic landscapes that exhibit similar patterns in valley‐bottom slope as those observed in the San Gabriel Mountains, California. Notably, we observe that the drainage area where simulated erosion by rivers begins to exceed that by debris flows does not correspond with the drainage area where the form of valley bottoms exhibits a transition. Rather, river incision outpaces incision by debris flows at drainage areas smaller than the morphologic transition point, implying that even as debris‐flow incision decreases in magnitude relative to river erosion, debris flows still have an outsized ability to dictate the morphology of steep landscapes. Key Points: Steepland morphology in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, corresponds with catchment‐averaged erosion ratesA landform evolution model with an incorporated debris‐flow process law reproduces relationships between morphology and erosion rateModeled fluvial erosion outpaces debris‐flow incision upstream from the transition between colluvial valleys and concave channels [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River profiles are shaped by climatic and tectonic history, lithology, and internal feedbacks between flow hydraulics, sediment transport and erosion. In steep channels, waterfalls may self‐form without changes in external forcing (i.e., autogenic formation) and erode at rates faster or slower than an equivalent channel without waterfalls. We use a 1‐D numerical model to investigate how self‐formed waterfalls alter the morphology of bedrock river longitudinal profiles. We modify the standard stream power model to include a slope threshold above which waterfalls spontaneously form and a rate constant allowing waterfalls to erode faster or slower than other fluvial processes. Using this model, we explore how waterfall formation alters both steady state and transient longitudinal profile forms. Our model predicts that fast waterfalls create km‐scale reaches in a dynamic equilibrium with channel slope held approximately constant at the threshold slope for waterfall formation, while slow waterfalls can create local channel slope maxima at the location of slow waterfall development. Furthermore, slow waterfall profiles integrate past base level histories, leading to multiple possible profile forms, even at steady‐state. Consistency between our model predictions and field observations of waterfall‐rich rivers in the Kings and Kaweah drainages in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, supports the hypothesis that waterfall formation can modulate river profiles in nature. Our findings may help identify how bedrock channels are influenced by waterfall erosion and aid in distinguishing between signatures of external and internal perturbations, thereby strengthening our ability to interpret past climate and tectonic changes from river longitudinal profiles. Plain Language Summary: Mountain rivers are shaped by tectonic and climatic forces; thus, the longitudinal profile of a river (a plot of river elevation vs. distance along the stream) can be used to investigate geologic history. Abrupt changes in river slope are often interpreted as signals of an external tectonic or climatic disruption. However, other factors may disrupt longitudinal profiles, including changes in rock type and differences in river erosion processes. Here, we investigate one such process: waterfalls formed by feedbacks between water flow, sediment transport and river‐bed erosion, and whether these waterfalls can alter longitudinal profiles without climatic or tectonic changes. We make a model to investigate what river profiles might look like if waterfalls naturally develop and alter erosion rates in all channels exceeding a specific slope threshold. Our model predicts that waterfalls generate distinct river profile features including a constant channel slope maintained over several kilometers where waterfalls occur and sharp increases in slope due to waterfall occurrence, both of which we have found in waterfall‐rich rivers in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. This research identifies similarities and differences between the impact of changes in tectonics and climate versus internal feedbacks such as self‐formed waterfalls on river profiles. Key Points: We investigate how erosion via self‐formed waterfalls alters river long profile form using a stream power model with a slope thresholdSelf‐formed waterfalls alter fluvial relief and concavity, create dynamic equilibriums, and, in cases, path‐dependent profile formsProfiles of rivers in the Sierra Nevada, California, with abundant waterfalls have similar features to our model [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvements in timber harvest practices and reductions in harvest volumes over the past half century are commonly presumed to have reduced sediment loads in many western US rivers. However, direct assessments in larger watersheds are relatively sparse. Here, we compare 2019–21 sediment concentrations against those of the late 1970s in the Bogachiel and Calawah River watersheds, adjacent and similarly sized (~300 km2) basins in the western Olympic Mountains of Washington State. The Calawah River watershed has experienced significant land‐cover disturbance, including a large 1951 fire, extensive post‐fire salvage logging, and relatively high rates of timber harvest through the 1990s. In contrast, the Bogachiel River watershed did not burn, and experienced only modest timber harvest that largely post‐dated 1970s sediment monitoring. Channel‐width trends suggest the Calawah River was still recovering from 1950s disturbances in the late 1970s. We found that 2019–21 suspended‐sediment loads in the Calawah River were 2.3–2.6 times lower than would have been expected based on 1970s sediment rating curves, while recent loads in the Bogachiel River were a factor of 1.4 ± 1.0 lower. We consider the plausibility and possible explanations of declining concentrations in the less‐disturbed Bogachiel River. Suspended‐sediment yields in the Bogachiel River were two times higher than yields in the Calawah River, which is attributed to a combination of modestly higher precipitation, more efficient runoff generation, and more extensive and erodible Quaternary valley fills in the Bogachiel River. Regional shifts in flood hydrology have also influenced suspended‐sediment loads in both watersheds. Our results then document a significant decline in suspended‐sediment concentrations in the Calawah River over the past half century. Reduced land‐cover disturbance provides the simplest and most likely explanation for this decline, though the wide range of possible concentration changes in the Bogachiel River leaves open possibilities that other processes (human, natural, or methodologic) could be a factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Paranoia is a common and impairing psychosis symptom, which exists along a severity continuum that extends into the general population. Individuals at clinical high‐risk for psychosis (CHR) frequently experience paranoia and this may elevate their risk for developing full psychosis. Nonetheless, limited work has examined the efficient measurement of paranoia in CHR individuals. The present study aimed to validate an often‐used self‐report measure, the revised green paranoid thoughts scale (RGPTS), in this critical population. Method: Participants were CHR individuals (n = 103), mixed clinical controls (n = 80), and healthy controls (n = 71) who completed self‐report and interview measures. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), psychometric indices, group differences, and relations to external measures were used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the RGPTS. Results: CFA replicated a two‐factor structure for the RGPTS and the associated reference and persecution scales were reliable. CHR individuals scored significantly higher on both reference and persecution, relative to both healthy (ds = 1.03, 0.86) and clinical controls (ds = 0.64, 0.73). In CHR participants, correlations between reference and persecution and external measures were smaller than expected, though showed evidence of discriminant validity (e.g., interviewer‐rated paranoia, r = 0.24). When examined in the full sample, correlation magnitude was larger and follow‐up analyses indicated that reference related most specifically to paranoia (β = 0.32), whereas persecution uniquely related to poor social functioning (β = −0.29). Conclusion: These results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the RGPTS, though its scales related more weakly to severity in CHR individuals. The RGPTS may be useful in future work aiming to develop symptom‐specific models of emerging paranoia in CHR individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine group differences in self‐reported migraine days among youth who completed the Childhood and Adolescent Migraine Prevention (CHAMP) trial prior to its closure and explore the relationship between self‐reported and "nosology‐derived" (i.e., International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition [ICHD‐3]) migraine days. Background: The CHAMP trial compared amitriptyline and topiramate to placebo for migraine prevention in youth and proposed to analyze change in migraine days as a secondary outcome. There is considerable variability in the field regarding what constitutes a "migraine day," how this is determined and reported in trials, and how consistent these measures are with diagnostic nosology. Methods: CHAMP trial completers (N = 175) were randomized to receive amitriptyline (n = 77), topiramate (n = 63), or placebo (n = 35). Participants maintained daily headache diaries where they reported each day with headache and if they considered that headache to be a migraine. For each headache day, participants completed a symptom record and reported about symptoms such as pain location(s) and presence of nausea/vomiting or photophobia and phonophobia. We examined group differences in self‐reported migraine days at trial completion (summed from trial weeks 20–24) compared to baseline. We also used an algorithm to determine whether participants' symptom reports met ICHD‐3 criteria for migraine without aura, and examined the association between self‐reported and "nosology‐derived" migraine days. Results: Results showed no significant differences between groups in self‐reported migraine days over the course of the trial. Self‐reported and "nosology‐derived" migraine days during the baseline and treatment phases were strongly associated (r's = 0.73 and 0.83, respectively; p's < 0.001). Conclusion: Regardless of treatment, CHAMP trial completers showed clinically important reductions in self‐reported migraine days over the course of the trial (about 3.8 days less). The strong association between self‐reported and "nosology‐derived" migraine days suggests youth with migraine can recognize a day with migraine and reliably report their headache features and symptoms. Greater rigor and transparency in the calculation and reporting of migraine days in trials is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased wildfire activity in the western United States has exposed regional gaps in our understanding of postfire debris‐flow generation. To address this problem, we characterized flows in an unstudied area to test the rainfall intensity‐duration control of the hazard. Our rainfall measurements and field observations from the northern Sierra Nevada (California, USA) show that debris flows resulted from a short burst rainfall during a low‐accumulation storm. In contrast, a much higher accumulation storm (∼10 times more rainfall) with lower short‐duration rainfall rates only produced low‐hazard flooding. We conclude that total storm rainfall is not an ideal metric for identifying the rainfall conditions that initiate runoff‐generated debris flows in the first year after wildfire. Rather, a focus on short‐duration (<1 hr), high‐intensity rainfall that can occur during localized thunderstorms, or bands of intense rainfall during prolonged rainstorms, is more beneficial for the purposes of hazard assessment and warning. Plain Language Summary: The rainfall conditions that trigger fast‐moving slurries of water and debris (or "debris flows") after wildfire have been studied extensively in southern California. However, the transferability of these concepts to areas further north along the western margin of the United States in regions that are being affected by increased fire activity is unclear. We present rainfall measurements from contrasting storm types that affected an area burned by the 2021 Dixie Fire in northern California and describe the resultant postfire flows, which ranged from nuisance water‐rich flows to large and dangerous debris flows. Short bursts of rainfall, as opposed to prolonged (multiday) periods of rainfall, initiated the most hazardous flows. We conclude that rainfall intensity measured over short durations, not storm rainfall total, is the most useful measure of rainfall for identifying runoff‐induced debris‐flow hazard potential in the first year after fire. Key Points: Postfire debris flows described in region where they were previously undocumentedFlow type and sediment yield controlled by differences in short‐duration rainfall ratesDebris‐flow initiation not sensitive to storm rainfall totals in first year after fire [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and land-use change are leading drivers of biodiversity decline, affecting demographic parameters that are important for population persistence. For example, scientists have speculated for decades that climate change may skew adult sex ratios in taxa that express temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), but limited evidence exists that this phenomenon is occurring in natural settings. For species that are vulnerable to anthropogenic land-use practices, differential mortality among sexes may also skew sex ratios. We sampled the spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), a freshwater species with TSD, across a large portion of its geographic range (Florida to Maine), to assess the environmental factors influencing adult sex ratios. We present evidence that suggests recent climate change has potentially skewed the adult sex ratio of spotted turtles, with samples following a pattern of increased proportions of females concomitant with warming trends, but only within the warmer areas sampled. At intermediate temperatures, there was no relationship with climate, while in the cooler areas we found the opposite pattern, with samples becoming more male biased with increasing temperatures. These patterns might be explained in part by variation in relative adaptive capacity via phenotypic plasticity in nest site selection. Our findings also suggest that spotted turtles have a context-dependent and multi-scale relationship with land use. We observed a negative relationship between male proportion and the amount of crop cover (within 300 m) when wetlands were less spatially aggregated. However, when wetlands were aggregated, sex ratios remained consistent. This pattern may reflect sex-specific patterns in movement that render males more vulnerable to mortality from agricultural machinery and other threats. Our findings highlight the complexity of species' responses to both climate change and land use, and emphasize the role that landscape structure can play in shaping wildlife population demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Donation after circulatory death (DCD) heart transplantation has been shown to have comparable outcomes to transplantation using brain death donors (DBDs). This study evaluates the impact of this alternative source of allografts on waitlist mortality and transplant volume. Methods: We compared waitlist mortality and transplant rates in patients who were registered before (2019 period) and after we adopted DCD heart transplantation (2021 period). Results: We identified 111 patients who were on the waiting list in 2019 and 77 patients who were registered during 2021. Total number of donor organ offers received in 2019 was 385 (178 unique donors) versus 3450 (1145 unique donors) in 2021. More than 40% of all donors in 2021 were DCDs. Waitlist mortality was comparable for patients in 2019 and 2021 (18/100 person‐years in 2019 vs. 26/100 person‐years in 2021, p =.49). The transplant rate was 67/100 person‐years in 2019 versus 207/100 person‐years in 2021 (p <.001). After adjusting for acuity status, gender, blood type, and weight, patients listed in 2021 had 2.08 times greater chance of transplantation compared to patients listed in 2019 (HR 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–3.45, p =.004). Conclusions: Use of DCD donor hearts significantly increased heart transplant rate in our institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspirin is one of the most commonly consumed cyclooxygenase (COX)‐inhibitors and anti‐inflammatory drugs and has been shown to block COX‐produced regulators of inflammation and aging skeletal muscle size. We used propensity score matching to compare skeletal muscle characteristics of individuals from the Health ABC study that did not consume aspirin or any other COX‐inhibiting drugs (non‐consumers, n = 497, 74 ± 3 year, 168 ± 9 cm, 75.1 ± 13.8 kg, 33.1 ± 7.4% body fat, 37% women, 34% black) to those that consumed aspirin daily (and not any other COX‐inhibiting drugs) and for at least 1 year (aspirin consumers, n = 515, 74 ± 3 year, 168 ± 9 cm, 76.2 ± 13.6 kg, 33.8 ± 7.1% body fat, 39% women, 30% black, average aspirin consumption: 6 year). Subjects were matched (p > 0.05) based on age, height, weight, % body fat, sex, and race (propensity scores: 0.33 ± 0.09 vs. 0.33 ± 0.09, p > 0.05). There was no difference between non‐consumers and aspirin consumers for computed tomography‐determined muscle size of the quadriceps (103.5 ± 0.9 vs. 104.9 ± 0.8 cm2, p > 0.05) or hamstrings (54.6 ± 0.5 vs. 54.9 ± 0.5 cm2, p > 0.05), or quadriceps muscle strength (111.1 ± 2.0 vs. 111.7 ± 2.0 Nm, p > 0.05). However, muscle attenuation (i.e., density) was higher in the aspirin consumers in the quadriceps (40.9 ± 0.3 vs. 44.4 ± 0.3 Hounsfield unit [HU], p < 0.05) and hamstrings (27.7 ± 0.4 vs. 33.2 ± 0.4 HU, p < 0.05). These cross sectional data suggest that chronic aspirin consumption does not influence age‐related skeletal muscle atrophy, but does influence skeletal muscle composition in septuagenarians. Prospective longitudinal investigations remain necessary to better understand the influence of chronic COX regulation on aging skeletal muscle health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Walking cadence (steps/min) has emerged as a valid proxy of physical activity intensity, with consensus across numerous laboratory‐based treadmill studies that ≥100 steps/min approximates absolutely defined moderate intensity (≥3 metabolic equivalents; METs). We recently reported that this cadence threshold had a classification accuracy of 73.3% for identifying moderate intensity during preferred pace overground walking in young adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the performance of a cadence threshold of ≥100 steps/min for correctly classifying moderate intensity during overground walking in middle‐ and older‐aged adults. Methods: Participants (N = 174, 48.3% female, 41–85 years of age) completed laboratory‐based cross‐sectional study involving an indoor 5‐min overground walking trial at their preferred pace. Steps were manually counted and converted to cadence (total steps/5 min). Intensity was measured using indirect calorimetry and expressed as METs. Classification accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy) of a cadence threshold of ≥100 steps/min to identify individuals walking at ≥3 METs was calculated. Results: The ≥100 steps/min threshold demonstrated accuracy of 74.7% for classifying moderate intensity. When comparing middle‐ vs. older‐aged adults, similar accuracy (73.4% vs. 75.8%, respectively) and specificity (33.3% vs. 34.5%) were observed. Sensitivity was high, but was lower for middle‐ vs. older‐aged adults (85.2% vs. 93.9%, respectively). Conclusion: A cadence threshold of ≥100 steps/min accurately identified moderate‐intensity overground walking. Furthermore, accuracy was similar when comparing middle‐ and older‐aged adults. These findings extend our previous analysis in younger adults and confirm the appropriateness of applying this cadence threshold across the adult lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sympathetic efferent axons regulate cardiac functions. However, the topographical distribution and morphology of cardiac sympathetic efferent axons remain insufficiently characterized due to the technical challenges involved in immunohistochemical labeling of the thick walls of the whole heart. In this study, flat‐mounts of the left and right atria and ventricles of FVB mice were immunolabeled for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a marker of sympathetic nerves. Atrial and ventricular flat‐mounts were scanned using a confocal microscope to construct montages. We found (1) In the atria: A few large TH‐immunoreactive (IR) axon bundles entered both atria, branched into small bundles and then single axons that eventually formed very dense terminal networks in the epicardium, myocardium and inlet regions of great vessels to the atria. Varicose TH‐IR axons formed close contact with cardiomyocytes, vessels, and adipocytes. Multiple intrinsic cardiac ganglia (ICG) were identified in the epicardium of both atria, and a subpopulation of the neurons in the ICG were TH‐IR. Most TH‐IR axons in bundles traveled through ICG before forming dense varicose terminal networks in cardiomyocytes. We did not observe varicose TH‐IR terminals encircling ICG neurons. (2) In the left and right ventricles and interventricular septum: TH‐IR axons formed dense terminal networks in the epicardium, myocardium, and vasculature. Collectively, TH labeling is achievable in flat‐mounts of thick cardiac walls, enabling detailed mapping of catecholaminergic axons and terminal structures in the whole heart at single‐cell/axon/varicosity scale. This approach provides a foundation for future quantification of the topographical organization of the cardiac sympathetic innervation in different pathological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vaginal progesterone therapy significantly reduces preterm birth (PTB) rates in those high‐risk pregnancies with a sonographic short cervix (≤25 mm) and/or a history of spontaneous PTB. Cervical length (CL) is routinely measured at the midtrimester morphology scan; however, CL surveillance thereafter is not currently recommended. Progesterone's precise mechanism of action remains unknown, though if it indeed influences CL, shortening after treatment initiation could indicate therapeutic failure and risk of PTB. Aims: The aim was to explore the utility of serial transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) measurement of CL at 16, 19 and 22 weeks for predicting PTB in high‐risk pregnancies prescribed progesterone therapy. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving women who attended the King Edward Memorial Hospital PTB Prevention Clinic from 2015 to 2019 and were prescribed progesterone therapy. CL was measured at 16, 19 and 22 weeks by TVU. CL change across three time points was assessed using linear mixed models; then relationships between CL change between 16–19 and 19–22 weeks and PTB were analysed using logistic regression models. Results: Term birth was most likely when CL did not decrease across both time periods. The addition of 16–19 week decrease in CL to a model, including CL at 19 weeks alone, for predicting PTB increased sensitivity from 43.2 to 56.3%, specificity from 73.2 to 77.4%, and overall accuracy from 61.7 to 70.2%. Conclusion: For high‐risk women prescribed vaginal progesterone therapy, serial measurement of the cervix at 16 and 19 weeks improves clinical ability to predict PTB from current recommendations of 19‐week measurement alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extravasation is the leakage of intravenous solutions into surrounding tissues, which can be influenced by drug properties, infusion techniques, and patient‐related risk factors. Although peripheral administration of vesicants may increase the risk of extravasation injuries, the time and resources required for central venous catheter placement may delay administration of time‐sensitive therapies. Recent literature gathered from the growing use of peripheral vasopressors and hypertonic sodium suggests low risk of harm for initiating these emergent therapies peripherally, which may prevent delays and improve patient outcomes. Physiochemical causes of tissue injury include vasoconstriction, pH‐mediated, osmolar‐mediated, and cytotoxic mechanisms of extravasation injuries. Acidic agents, such as promethazine, amiodarone, and vancomycin, may cause edema, sloughing, and necrosis secondary to cellular desiccation. Alternatively, basic agents, such as phenytoin and acyclovir, may be more caustic due to deeper tissue penetration of the dissociated hydroxide ions. Osmotically active agents cause cellular damage as a result of osmotic shifts across cellular membranes in addition to agent‐specific toxicities, such as calcium‐induced vasoconstriction and calcifications or arginine‐induced leakage of potassium causing apoptosis. A new category has been proposed to identify absorption‐refractory mechanisms of injury in which agents such as propofol and lipids may persist in the extravasated space and cause necrosis or compartment syndrome. Pharmacological antidotes may be useful in select extravasations but requires prompt recognition and frequently complex administration strategies. Historically, intradermal phentolamine has been the preferred agent for vasopressor extravasations, but frequent supply shortages have led to the emergence of terbutaline, a β2‐agonist, as an acceptable alternative treatment option. For hyperosmolar and pH‐related mechanisms of injuries, hyaluronidase is most commonly used to facilitate absorption and dispersion of injected agents. However, extravasation management is largely supportive and requires a protocolized multidisciplinary approach for early detection, treatment, and timely surgical referral when required to minimize adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to investigate the complementarity of three types of additionalities: input (growth of R&D investments), behavioral (changes in the internal processes of the entity), and output (leveraging social or private returns), occurring as the result of the 7th Framework Programme and Horizon 2020 European Union funds part INFRA. The empirical contribution is based on results of self‐created questionnaires conducted in 2016 with the use of CATI/CAWI on the unique sample of N = 401 users of European Union research infrastructures from 32 countries. We create a Behavioral Additionality Index (BAI), which is a measurement tool that combines eight types (scale, scope, cognitive capacity, challenge, network, follow‐up, management, and acceleration) of behavioral additionalities. Based on the results of a logistic regression, we find that there is a positive relationship between input and behavioral additionality, as well as between behavioral additionality and output additionality. This last link, however, is not shown to be strengthened by input additionality. No significant differences in the level of the BAI were found between EU countries based on their level of innovativeness as measured by the Summary Innovation Index (SII), although we can observe that less developed EU countries, as well as on non‐EU countries, have higher BAI scores compared to developed ones. The overall results lead to the conclusion that the evaluation of public financial support has to be conducted not only for input, behavioral, and output additionalities separately, but must also take into account their complementarity—with its major focus on the behavioral aspects of this effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on introducing the RANZCOG Academy of Clinician Educators (ACE), highlighting its mission to enhance medical education through collaboration among experienced clinicians and educators. Topics include the ACE's goals to foster excellence in teaching, develop educator competencies, and provide professional development opportunities through workshops and networking.