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The multiscale structural engineering strategy presents a powerful method for tailoring the structural attributes of materials at various levels, enabling the flexible control and manipulation of their electromagnetic properties. Nonetheless, orchestrating the multiscale architecture of polymer‐derived carbon aerogels specifically for microwave absorption poses significant challenges. Herein, aramid‐derived hard carbon nanofiber aerogel microspheres (CNFAMs) featuring a hierarchical skin‐core structure are fabricated through a wet‐spinning technique, combined with reprotonation‐mediated self‐assembly and carbonization processes. The presence of large‐scale voids between neighboring microspheres and the microscale porosity within the microspheres themselves improves impedance matching and promotes microwave reflection and scattering. The distinct graphitic domains and defects serve as pivotal elements for conduction and polarization losses, significantly impacting microwave attenuation. By meticulously tailoring the macroscale dimensions, microscale porous architecture, and nanoscale domains, the optimized CNFAMs demonstrate a remarkable absorption bandwidth of 9.62 GHz at an ultralow filling of 0.97 wt%. Additionally, the implementation of application‐oriented microwave absorption through the innovative integration of polysilsesquioxane‐CNFAMs in a host–guest aerogel is explored. This composite system brings together broadband absorption, superhydrophobicity, thermal insulation, resistance to freezing, and robust tolerance to harsh environments. Such a multifaceted approach is designed to tackle the growing challenges associated with complex electromagnetic environments effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase engineering is considered an effective strategy to regulate the electrocatalytic activity of catalysts for Li–S batteries (LSBs). However, the underlying origin of phase‐dependent catalytic ability remains to be determined, which significantly impedes the design principles of high‐performance catalytic materials for LSBs. Herein, heteroatom‐doped engineering can trigger phase transformation from mixed‐phased cubic and orthorhombic cobalt diselenide into pure orthorhombic structure with a tensile strain and enhanced charge localization. The upshift of the d‐band center and enhanced Bader charge at Se sites synergistically strengthen the interaction with Li and S sites in polysulfide species, thus endowing the transformed P‐MoSe2/MXene with high catalytic activity and uniform lithium deposition for LSBs. Consequently, the P‐CoSe2/MXene Li–S batteries demonstrate a high‐rate capability of 603 mAh g−1 at 4C, and an excellent cyclability of 652 mAh g−1 at 1C over 500 cycles with a degradation rate of 0.076% per cycle. The work provides an in‐depth insight into the fundamental design principles of effective catalysts for LSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard carbon (HC) has attracted considerable research interest as the most promising anode for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) due to its tunable interlayer spacing and abundant voids to accommodate K+. However, the practical application of hard carbon is severely hampered by low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and high plateau potential. Herein, a manganese ion‐catalyzed pyrolysis strategy is explored to regulate the graphitic microcrystalline structure and localized electron distribution in hard carbon that greatly improve K+ plateau storage and ICE. Systematic experimental measurements, in situ/ex situ observations, dynamic analysis, and density functional theory calculations elucidate that the introduction of Mn2+ ions could catalyze the formation of short‐ordered graphitic nanodomains in hard carbon to provide abundant insertions of K+, and meanwhile induce localized electron distribution through the Mn─N3─C coordination structure to enable dynamic K+ diffusion and electron transfer kinetics. Consequently, the modulated hard carbon exhibits a high low‐potential–plateau capacity, excellent rate capability, and high initial Coulombic efficiency in potassium half‐cell configurations. More importantly, the charge storage mechanism of "adsorption–intercalation" is proposed based on the correlation between carbon structures and discharge/charge plateau. This work provides an in‐depth insight into the fundamentals of microstructure regulation of hard carbon anode for high‐performance PIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoporous composites have been extensively applied in aerospace applications for their outstanding thermal insulation and ablation resistance. A ceramizable polysilazane (PSZ)‐modified phenolic resin (PSZ‐PR)/carbon fiber fabric (PSZ‐PR/CF) aerogel composite was synthesized through ambient pressure drying (APD). The homogeneous nanopore structure and improved thermal stability of the PSZ‐PR aerogel matrix provided the composites with good performance (thermal conductivity as low as 0.126 W/(m·K)). The PSZ‐PR/CF composites achieved high compressive strength (up to 43.75 MPa), tensile strength (59.22–124.75 MPa), and bending strength (23.35–97.94 MPa). Furthermore, the generation of ceramization products during the oxyacetylene flame ablation process, specifically SiC and Si3N4, enhanced the ablation resistance of PSZ‐PR/CF composites: the linear ablation rates are as low as 0.112 and 0.018 mm/s at 4.18 MW/m2 (20 s) and 1.20 MW/m2 (120 s) of oxyacetylene heat flow, respectively. The corresponding maximum back temperatures are only 51.0°C and 60.3°C. Notably, the carbon/ceramic network is still present in the ablation layer to protect the carbon fibers from oxidation. This ceramizable PSZ‐PR/CF composite has good potential for application in the field of thermal protection. Highlights: PSZ improves thermal stability and ablation properties of PSZ‐PR/CF.The PSZ‐PR/CF composites exhibit excellent mechanical and ablation properties.The ceramic products improve the scouring resistance of aerogel matrixes.The ceramizable PSZ‐PR/CF was prepared by low‐cost ambient pressure drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long afterglow luminescent materials have captured intense attention for their unique applications in biological imaging, photodynamic therapy, and optical anti‐counterfeiting. However, achieving highly efficient and tunable ultralong afterglow emission in all‐inorganic metal halides is an open challenge. Herein, Sb3+‐doped hexagonal CsCdCl3 metal halide is reported via hydrothermal reaction. Upon photoabsorption, the as‐synthesized compounds exhibit dual‐emission bands with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 59.6%, which can be attributed to the self‐trapped exciton emission out of the strong electron‐phonon coupling. After ceasing excitation of 365 nm, bright afterglow emission with the longest duration lasting up to 5000 s is witnessed in Sb3+‐doped CsCdCl3. More importantly, the color‐tunable and time‐dependent ultralong afterglow emission is realized via regulating the doping concentration of Sb3+, which should be due to the trap electrons increase gradually under high doping concentration. Given this unusual afterglow emission characteristics, the optical anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption are constructed based on as‐synthesized compounds. These findings not only help further understand the tunable afterglow emission mechanism in all‐inorganic metal halides, but also provide a new strategy for designing novel ultralong afterglow luminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Block copolymer‐based organic solar cells (OSCs) possess better stability than their binary all‐polymer counterparts; thus, promoting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of them to a higher level would be meaningful to achieving a higher level of efficiency–stability balance. Herein, two‐step annealing combining solvent vapor and thermal annealing (TA) upon cast films is deployed and 15% efficiency for block copolymer PM6‐b‐PY‐IT‐based OSCs is realized, which appeals to the level of traditional binary all‐polymer solar cells. The morphology optimization of the properly enhanced crystallite size, global crystallinity, and reduced pure phase length scale and maintained phase purity are supposed to be the driving force of increase device performance. This work offers a high PCE for the typical type of solar cell, brightening the prospect of realizing OSCs' application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave‐assisted Fenton process over a high microwave‐responsive catalyst (Fe3O4−BiOCl) was developed. The morphology, composition and magnetic recovery of the prepared catalyst were analyzed. Correspondingly, the optimal reaction conditions were obtained and the catalyst had a good recovery performance. A good degradation result (COD removal efficiency=82.57 %, TOC removal efficiency=85.15 %, TN removal efficiency=80.86 %) was obtained with low energy consumption and chemical inputs, which proved that the system has a certain industrialization prospect. Furthermore, take p‐nitrophenol (PNP) as an example, The reaction mechanism of this process had been investigated. The reaction was divided into three stages: 1. Activation 2. Oxidation 3. Mineralization. In the Oxidation phase, the reaction followed zero‐order reaction kinetics model and the rate constant was 0.0642 mM s−1. To investigate the kinetics, a heterogeneous Fenton‐photocatalysis synergistic degradation mechanism based on experimental data was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable batteries are considered one of the most effective energy storage technologies to bridge the production and consumption of renewable energy. The further development of rechargeable batteries with characteristics such as high energy density, low cost, safety, and a long cycle life is required to meet the ever‐increasing energy‐storage demands. This Review highlights the progress achieved with halide‐based materials in rechargeable batteries, including the use of halide electrodes, bulk and/or surface halogen‐doping of electrodes, electrolyte design, and additives that enable fast ion shuttling and stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, as well as realization of new battery chemistry. Battery chemistry based on monovalent cation, multivalent cation, anion, and dual‐ion transfer is covered. This Review aims to promote the understanding of halide‐based materials to stimulate further research and development in the area of high‐performance rechargeable batteries. It also offers a perspective on the exploration of new materials and systems for electrochemical energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are privileged motifs in natural products, materials, small‐molecule pharmaceuticals and serve as versatile intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we report an efficient Cu(I)/6‐hydroxy picolinohydrazide‐catalyzed hydroxylation reaction of (hetero)aryl halides (Br, Cl) in water. By establishing machine learning (ML) models, the design of ligands and optimization of reaction conditions were effectively accelerated. The N‐(1,3‐dimethyl‐9H‐ carbazol‐9‐yl)‐6‐hydroxypicolinamide (L32, 6‐HPA‐DMCA) demonstrated high efficiency for (hetero)aryl bromides, promoting hydroxylation reactions with a minimal catalyst loading of 0.01 mol % (100 ppm) at 80 °C to reach 10000 TON; for substrates containing sensitive functional groups, the catalyst loading needs to be increased to 3.0 mol % under near‐room temperature conditions. N‐(2,7‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐6‐hydroxypicolinamide (L42, 6‐HPA‐DTBCA) displayed superior reaction activity for chloride substrates, enabling hydroxylation reactions at 100 °C with 2–3 mol % catalyst loading. These represent the state of art for both lowest catalyst loading and temperature in the copper‐catalyzed hydroxylation reactions. Furthermore, this method features a sustainable and environmentally friendly solvent system, accommodates a wide range of substrates, and shows potential for developing robust and scalable synthesis processes for key pharmaceutical intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron oxychloride is regarded as a promising cathode material for chloride‐ion batteries, owing to its high theoretical capacity and abundant elemental resources. Its cycling stability, however, is limited by the intrinsic low conductivity and large volume change during cycling. Herein, the polyaniline‐intercalated iron oxychloride, in which the interlayer spacing along the b‐axis direction is greatly expanded from 0.79 to 1.4 nm, is developed as a cathode material for chloride‐ion batteries. Benefiting from the uniform expanded laminated structure and high structural integrity, the fully polyaniline‐intercalated iron oxychloride cathode delivers a short activation process, significantly improved charge transfer, and superior cycling stability. For example, a high reversible capacity of 120 mAh g−1, owing to the redox reaction based on chloride ion transfer, is achieved after 50 cycles, showing good capacity retention of 82 %. In contrast, the pure iron oxychloride cathode suffers from severe capacity decay and only 61 mAh g−1 (42 % capacity retention) is kept. This work demonstrates a new strategy for designing high‐performance layered electrodes of chloride ion batteries. Read between the layers: Polyaniline‐intercalated FeOCl (FeOCl/PANI), in which the interlayer spacing along the b‐axis direction is greatly expanded from 0.79 to 1.4 nm, is developed as a cathode material for chloride‐ion batteries. Benefiting from a uniform expanded laminated structure and high structural integrity, fully PANI‐intercalated iron oxychloride cathode delivers a short activation process, significantly improved charge transfer, and superior cycling stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the application of National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE)-based reform in medical microbiology teaching in a sophomore class in China as of 2023. Topics covered include students' cultivation of professional competence, and participation in structured social and medical activities, and the resulting integration of medical microbiology with other clinical disciplines. Also noted are students' recognition of the approach's motivation and enthusiasm improvement.

To search for an association between sepsis and mitochondrial genetic basis, we began our study. In this study, a proband harbouring mitochondrial T6459C mutation with sepsis and his Chinese Han pedigree including 7 members of 3 generations were enrolled. General information, blood parameters and mitochondrial full sequence scanning of all members were performed, and cellular functions, including cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), degrees of cell apoptosis and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, were measured in members with and without the T6459C mutation. Through mitochondrial full sequence scanning and analysis of all members we found, the maternal members (I‐1, II‐1, II‐2 and II‐4) in this Chinese Han pedigree all had the mitochondrial T6459C mutation and were used as the mutation group. The non‐maternal members (II‐3, III‐1 and III‐2) did not have this mutation and were used as the non‐mutation group. The differences in all indicators, including the blood routine, blood biochemistry and coagulation function tests, between members in these two groups were not significant. Under the non‐stimulation condition, the mutation group had higher ROS levels (4210.42 ± 1043.35 vs 3387.78 ± 489.66, P = .028) and apoptosis ratios (P = .004) and lower ATP concentrations (P = .049) and MMP levels (P = .047) than the non‐mutation group. After 6 hours of simulated LPS stimulation, the mutation group had significantly increased ROS levels (5759.25 ± 2297.90 vs 3862.00 ± 1519.77, P = .045) compared with the non‐mutation group, whereas the mutation group continued to demonstrate higher ROS levels (P = .045) and apoptosis ratios (P = .003) and lower MMP levels (P = .005) and ATP concentrations (P = .010). We speculated that the mtDNA T6459C mutation might be the basis for the genetic susceptibility to sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homologous recombination, a central concept in biology, is defined as the exchange of DNA strands between two similar or identical nucleotide sequences. Unfortunately, undergraduate students majoring in biotechnology often experience difficulties in understanding the molecular basis of homologous recombination. In this study, we developed and implemented a 12-week laboratory course for biotechnology undergraduates in which gene targeting in Streptococcus suis was used to facilitate their understanding of the basic concept and process of homologous recombination. Students worked in teams of two to select a gene of interest to create a knockout mutant using methods that relied on homologous recombination. By integrating abstract knowledge and practice in the process of scientific research, students gained hands-on experience in molecular biology techniques while learning about the principle and process of homologous recombination. The learning outcomes and survey-based assessment demonstrated that students substantially enhanced their understanding of how homologous recombination could be used to study gene function. Overall, the course was very effective for helping biotechnology undergraduates learn the theory and application of homologous recombination, while also yielding positive effects in developing confidence and scientific skills for future work in research. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(4):329-335, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bis-cyclometalated rhodium(III) complex catalyzes a visible-light-activated enantioselective α-amination of 2-acyl imidazoles with up to 99 % yield and 98 % ee. The rhodium catalyst is ascribed a dual function as a chiral Lewis acid and, simultaneously, as a light-activated smart initiator of a radical-chain process through intermediate aminyl radicals. Notably, related iridium-based photoredox catalysts reported before were unsuccessful in this enantioselective radical C−N bond formation. The surprising preference for rhodium over iridium is attributed to much faster ligand-exchange kinetics of the rhodium complexes involved in the catalytic cycle, which is crucial to keep pace with the highly reactive and thus short-lived nitrogen-centered radical intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining single electron transfer between a donor substrate and a catalyst-activated acceptor substrate with a stereocontrolled radical-radical recombination enables the visible-light-driven catalytic enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of 1,2-amino alcohols from trifluoromethyl ketones and tertiary amines. With a chiral iridium complex acting as both a Lewis acid and a photoredox catalyst, enantioselectivities of up to 99% ee were achieved. A quantum yield of <1 supports the proposed catalytic cycle in which at least one photon is needed for each asymmetric C-C bond formation mediated by single electron transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

S treptococcus suis has emerged as a causative agent of human meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome over the last years. The high pathogenicity of S . suis may be due in part to a laterally acquired pathogenicity island (renamed SsPI-1), which can spontaneously excise and transfer to recipients. Cells harboring excised SsPI-1 can potentially lose this island if cell division occurs prior to its reintegration; however, attempts to cure SsPI-1 from the host cells have been unsuccessful. Here, we report that an SsPI-1-borne Epsilon/ Zeta toxin-antitoxin system (designated SezAT) promotes SsPI-1 stability in bacterial populations. The sez AT locus consists of two closely linked sez T and sez A genes encoding a toxin and its cognate antitoxin, respectively. Overproduction of SezT induces a bactericidal effect that can be neutralized by co-expression of SezA, but not by its later action. When devoid of a functional SezAT system, large-scale deletion of SsPI-1 is straightforward. Thus, SezAT serves to ensure inheritance of SsPI-1 during cell division, which may explain the persistence of epidemic S . suis. This report presents the first functional characterization of TA loci in S . suis, and the first biochemical evidence for the adaptive significance of the Epsilon/ Zeta system in the evolution of pathogen virulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octahedral iridium(III) complexes containing two bidentate cyclometalating 5- tert-butyl-2-phenylbenzoxazole ( IrO) or 5- tert-butyl-2-phenylbenzothiazole ( IrS) ligands in addition to two labile acetonitrile ligands are demonstrated to constitute a highly versatile class of asymmetric Lewis acid catalysts. These complexes feature the metal center as the exclusive source of chirality and serve as effective asymmetric catalysts (0.5-5.0 mol % catalyst loading) for a variety of reactions with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, namely Friedel-Crafts alkylations (94-99 % ee), Michael additions with CH-acidic compounds (81-97 % ee), and a variety of cycloadditions (92-99 % ee with high d.r.). Mechanistic investigations and crystal structures of an iridium-coordinated substrates and iridium-coordinated products are consistent with a mechanistic picture in which the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds are activated by two-point binding (bidentate coordination) to the chiral Lewis acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling of the kinetics of the synthesis process for calcium sulfate α-hemihydrate from gypsum formed by flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is important to produce high-performance products with minimal costs and production cycles under hydrothermal conditions. In this study, a model was established by horizontally translating the obtained crystal size distribution (CSD) to the CSD of the stable phase during the transformation process. A simple method was used to obtain the nucleation and growth rates. A nonlinear optimization algorithm method was employed to determine the kinetic parameters. The model can be successfully used to analyze the transformation kinetics of FGD gypsum to α-hemihydrate in an isothermal batch crystallizer. The results showed that the transformation temperature and stirring speed exhibit a significant influence on the crystal growth and nucleation rates of α-hemihydrate, thus altering the transformation time and CSD of the final products. The characteristics obtained by the proposed model can potentially be used in the production of α-hemihydrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The effect of water-soluble polymers (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide (PAM)) and chemical additives (silicone defoamer (SD), polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PC)), on the development of the strength of mortar was investigated using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Quadratic equations were obtained for the correlation between dosages of chemicals and the strength of the mortar, and the order of the effectiveness of the chemicals was validated in Pareto charts with contour plots to illustrate the chemicals and their interactions on the strength enhancement of mortar. The results showed that the interaction effects of SD and PAM enhanced the strength of cement mortar for all curing times, and the rates of contribution were 16.5%, 20.1%, and 19.4%, respectively. On the basis of the performance analysis of the four additives, optimized formulations were highlighted via overlapped contour plots. Heat of hydration and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were introduced to confirm the interaction between SD and PAM. The improvement of compressive strength attributes to the synergistic interactions between SD and PAM, including the physical interaction resulted from the doping of SD, which promoting the damage of air bubble, decreasing the porosity and increasing the compressive strength, and the chemical interaction resulted from the doping of PAM, which producing ionic compounds and forming dense structure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41071. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polymorph of bis(2-aminopyridinium) fumarate-fumaric acid (1/1), 2C5H7N2+·C4H2O42−·C4H4O4, was obtained and its crystal structure determined by powder X-ray diffraction. The new polymorph (form II) crystallizes in the triclinic system (space group P), while the previous reported polymorph [form I; Ballabh, Trivedi, Dastidar & Suresh (2002). CrystEngComm, 4, 135-142; Büyükgüngör, Odabaşoğlu, Albayrak & Lönnecke (2004). Acta Cryst. C 60, o470-o472] is monoclinic (space group P21/ c). In both forms I and II, the asymmetric unit consists of one 2-aminopyridinium cation, half a fumaric acid molecule and half a fumarate dianion. The fumarate dianion is involved in hydrogen bonding with two neighbouring 2-aminopyridinium cations to form a hydrogen-bonded trimer in both forms. In form II, the hydrogen-bonded trimers are interlinked across centres of inversion via pairs of N-H...O hydrogen bonds, whereas such trimers are joined via single N-H...O hydrogen bonds in form I, leading to different packing modes for forms I and II. The results demonstrate the relevance and application of the powder diffraction method in the study of polymorphism of organic molecular materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the biocompatibility and biodegradability of various hydrogels and choose suitable hydrogels for the coronary arteries angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium, we synthesized six kinds of hyaluronan hydrogels, fibrin hydrogel, poly(vinyl alcohol)-chitosan hydrogel, and obtained elastin hydrogels. We examined their degradation rates and cytotoxicity in vitro. Then, hydrogels were implanted into rat adductor muscles for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Hydrogels and surrounding tissues were resected, followed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical staining for measurements of degradation, immune response, and angiogenesis. 2-Iminothiolane grafted hyaluronan hydrogel and periodate oxidated hyaluronan hydrogel presented rapid degradation rates, low quantity of inflammation-mediating cells (12 ± 3 and 12 ± 4 per 2.5 × 10−3 mm2, respectively, at week 2), thin fibrous capsules (scores were 3.8 ± 0.1 and 4.0 ± 0.3 per 0.33 mm2, respectively, at week 2) with dense blood vessels in the areas surrounding the implanted hydrogels. 2-Iminothiolane grafted hyaluronan and periodate oxidated hyaluronan hydrogels with appropriate degradation rates and low immune responses were suitable for coronary arteries angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chloride ion battery has been developed as one of the alternative battery chemistries beyond lithium ion, toward abundant material resources and high energy density. Its application, however, is limited by the dissolution of electrode materials and side reactions in the liquid electrolyte. Herein, a solid polymer electrolyte allowing chloride ion transfer and consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) as the polymer matrix, tributylmethylammonium chloride as the chloride salt, and succinonitrile as the solid plasticizer is reported. The as‐prepared polymer electrolyte shows conductivities of 10−5–10−4 S cm−1 in the temperature range of 298–343 K. When it is assembled with the iron oxychloride/lithium electrode system, reversible electrochemical redox reactions of FeOCl/FeO at the cathode side and Li/LiCl at the anode side are realized, demonstrating the first all‐solid‐state rechargeable chloride ion battery. An all‐solid‐state rechargeable chloride ion battery is developed by employing a ternary solid polymer electrolyte, which is composed of a polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer matrix, a quaternary ammonium chloride salt, and a solid succinonitrile plasticizer. The electrochemical redox reaction mechanisms and the chloride ion transport in the as‐assembled battery are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Gene expression programming (GEP) algorithm is one of the most effective function mining algorithms in enabling the mathematical equation fitting for the input dataset. However, GEP algorithm encounters low efficiency issue in big data processing due to large overhead in its evolution when it handles the large‐scale data. In order to solve the issue, this paper presents two parallelized GEP algorithms using MapReduce. Based on data separation, the first algorithm aims at speeding up the large‐scale classification. However, it is lack of ability to output the mined equation explicitly. Therefore, based on the further improvements of the first algorithm, the second parallelized GEP algorithm aims at mining the equation efficiently and also outputs the equation explicitly and directly. The experimental results show that both algorithms are effective for processing large volume of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur batteries are regarded as very promising energy storage devices due to their high energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness; however, their insulating properties and the instability of sulfur‐based electrodes impede the practical applications of Li–S batteries. Here, a versatile strategy to synthesize double‐shelled nitrogen and phosphorus codoped carbon spheres (NPDSCS) as an efficient sulfur host for Li–S batteries is reported. With strong trapping, good affinity, high adsorption for polysulfides, and the bifunctional catalyzing for sulfur redox processes, the developed NPDSCS cathodes with a high S loading of 72.4% exhibit large specific discharge capacity of 1326 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, high Coulombic efficiency, good rate capability, and excellent cycling performance with a reversible capacity of 814 mAh g−1 at 1C after 500 cycles. A versatile strategy is used to synthesize double‐shelled nitrogen and phosphorus co‐doped carbon spheres as efficient sulfur hosts for Li‐S batteries. With strong trapping, high adsorption for polysulfides, and bifunctional catalyzing for sulfur redox processes, the cathode with a high S loading of 72.4% exhibits outstanding performance with a reversible capacity of 814 mAh g−1 at 1C after 500 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chiral Rh complex is highly efficient in the title reaction (detailed mechanism). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral iridium(III) complexes are applied as versatile catalysts in numerous asymmetric transformations of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, namely Friedel-Crafts alkylations, Michael additions with CH-acidic compounds and cycloadditions with nitrones and alkenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]