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To assess the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on young people's functioning, relationships, and well‐being, four systematic reviews were put together to shed light on school experiences, family and peer relationships, and civic engagement during the pandemic. The reviews presented research findings on the protective role of several personal and contextual resources including intrinsic motivation, self‐efficacy, family, school, peer, and community support, as well as the harming effect of risk factors, such as poor mental health, COVID‐19‐related stressors, and technological challenges, thus highlighting the significant role of both personal and contextual factors in adolescent development and well‐being. Equally important, the research findings collectively suggested an ecological perspective of the determining factors, although the focus was largely on factors in immediate contexts (family, school, peers, and local community). Adopting a more holistic approach that also considers factors in other ecological contexts (e.g., partnership between immediate contexts, the influence of cultural values and norms along with educational and developmental transitions) can be crucial in addressing the specific needs of young people across diverse contexts and cultures during a pandemic and in general. In addressing their needs, the ever‐growing digital space of young people can be utilized to connect them to services and supportive networks in their contexts including distal ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Design Measurements and Sample Results Conclusion To investigate the prevalence of sexual and gender‐based violence (SGBV) among female college students, identify factors influencing intention to seek professional help among SGBV survivors, and compare help‐seeking determinants among survivors based on their prior utilization of healthcare services.A cross‐sectional online survey was employed among female students aged 18–24 years from two universities in Eswatini.A total of 271 female college students were recruited to assess SGBV experience, attitudes, social norms, perceived control, help‐seeking intention, and other factors not originally included in the theory of planned behavior. Data analyses utilized descriptive statistics, comparative analyses, and multiple regression methods.Among the participants, 73.1% reported experiencing one or more forms of SGBV, while only 43.4% sought professional help through health services. Help‐seeking intentions of survivors were significantly associated with positive attitudes, subjective norms, and marital status, collectively explaining 66% of the variance. In subgroup analyses, the subjective norm and attitude emerged as the most robust predictors of help‐seeking intentions.The results revealed a high prevalence of SGBV and a concerning trend of low help‐seeking behavior, with attitudes and subjective norms emerging as the most influential factors shaping intention. These results provide valuable insights for designing theory‐driven and culturally sensitive public health nursing interventions and educational programs aimed at effectively supporting SGBV survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) testing attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, and vaccination attitudes. Design: This study was a cross‐sectional design. Sample: This study was conducted between March 15, 2024, and June 2, 2024, through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Telegram, by sharing on forum pages, and involved 674 women who volunteered to participate. Measurements: The research data were collected using the "health belief model scale regarding HPV infection and vaccination (HBMS‐HPVV)" and the "HPV Testing Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (HTABS)," which were developed by the researchers through a literature review. Results: The average age of the women participating in the study was 46.59 ± 11.15 years; 81.5% were married, 57.6% had no knowledge about cervical cancer, and 62.2% had no knowledge about the HPV vaccine, a protective vaccine against cervical cancer. The average scores for the subdimensions of severity, barriers, benefits, and susceptibility of the HBMS‐HPVV were 3.19 ± 0.60, 2.96 ± 1.22, 2.29 ± 1.40, and 3.92 ± 0.49, respectively. The average scores for the subdimensions of personal barriers, social norms, confidence, and worries of the HTABS were 31.14 ± 19.27, 7.57 ± 4.47, 30.03 ± 7.18, and 11.91 ± 2.52, respectively. A statistically significant positive relationship was found between all HBMS‐HPVV subdimensions and the HTABS subdimensions (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study found that as the perceived severity increases, the perceived benefits, susceptibility, and confidence increase, while the perceived barriers, personal barriers, social norms, and worries decrease. Based on these results, it is recommended that women's health nurses provide education and seminars to raise awareness about cervical cancer, early screening and diagnosis programs, and the HPV vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frailty is strongly correlated with mortality in intensive care unit patients, yet routine screening among intensive care patients is rarely performed. The aim of this study is to assess frailty and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients before intensive care admission and to compare this with outcomes after 3 and 12‐months. The Clinical Frailty Scale and EQ‐5D‐5L will be used to assess frailty and HRQoL, respectively. Methods: This is an ongoing, prospective observational study including patients from five Norwegian ICU's. Inclusion criteria are patients aged ≥65 years requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for ≥24 h. The Clinical Frailty Scale and EQ‐5D‐5L are administered at baseline (before critical illness) and at 3‐ and 12‐months post‐inclusion. Additional data collected includes patient characteristics, ICU treatment details, illness severity and mortality. The EQ‐5D‐5L will be compared to Norwegian population norms and assessed for measurement properties. Results: Inclusion started July 2022 and will be stopped at 350 patients. The study will be completed in 2025. Conclusion: The study will assess the feasibility and measurement properties of the Clinical Frailty Scale and EQ‐5D‐5L in ICU survivors by telephone at long‐term follow‐up study and will give additional information on the frailty and HRQoL of intensive care survivors. Clinical trial registration: The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06012942. Protocol version 2.7.1, 19.05.2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the establishment of a sense of community within a girls‐only sports‐based intervention targeting social inclusion in a socially disadvantaged area of Sweden. Employing an ethnographic approach involving participant observations and interviews, the study shows how moral socialization, through practices of discipline, teaching and care, fosters a sense of community. Through detailed observations, the study illustrates that community formation is an active, relational construct rather than a pre‐existing entity, shaped significantly by both leaders and participants. Our findings reveal that the girls, through reflective engagement with norms and moral values, co‐create a community that promotes social inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence among children has been considered one of the fundamental issues inhibiting optimal child well‐being and learning. Violence is widespread in Albania. Understanding the factors that affect it and the complex nature of violence itself requires looking at root social, cultural and economic factors and the normative influences on these factors. This study aimed to explore social and gender norms impacting school‐related gender‐based violence, and children's potential role in challenging these social norms. This article focuses on findings from research in two schools in Albania, particularly on what children and adult‐supporters shared about their understanding of social and gender norms that perpetuate violence, and their recommendations for policy and practice to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an intersectional analysis of gender, class, and migration, this article reveals how a hegemonic culture of workplace masculinity, embodied by a group of 'gurus,' is constructed in China's tech companies. The guru masculinity is characterized by proactivity and aggressiveness at work, 'putting work first' and overwork, and the ability to navigate boundaryless careers and settle down in first‐tier cities. It translates hegemonic masculine norms of material success, enjoying urban life, and men's breadwinner position in contemporary China on the one hand, and responds to a labor regime of precarious employment relations and prevalent overwork norm on the other hand. The article contributes to the literature on hegemonic masculinity in work organizations by showcasing how a hegemonic masculinity in China's tech workplace is constructed at the conjuncture of hegemonic gender norms at a societal level and the distinct labor regime in the tech sector. It also reveals that many male workers fail to conform to this cultural ideal, experiencing masculine frustration rooted in the nature of the 'workplace masculinity contest,' uneven urban development, and the demanding labor regime. It thus opens further discussions on how men resist hegemonic gender norms and construct alternative masculinities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international literature on women and work calls on scholars to consider geographical, sociocultural, and institutional contexts governing women's employment dynamics over their life course. In Indonesia (and other lower middle‐income regions in Southeast Asia), female labor force participation is lower in urban areas than rural areas. The largest drop‐off occurs after marriage and childbearing. In this article, we argue that class and spatial context matters in examining the relationship between gender norms, gendered mobilities, and employment outcomes in mega‐urban settings. Using qualitative research, we probe beyond conventional demographic studies to explore the dynamics of married women's (decisions to stay, leave, change, or return to) employment in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia's largest urban core. Our participants were discouraged from employment participation by norms that prioritize married women's role as primary caregivers, and spatial and workplace/regulatory constraints. Our analysis underscores how the participants' employment‐related decisions consistently revolve around the concept of opportunity costs, defined as conflicts and tensions arise from mother's time away from children due to gender norms, lack of childcare and flexible formal employment options, and the long working and commuting hours in Greater Jakarta. Economic pressures for women to participate in the labor market are not matched by work–family policies, which are still rooted in entrenched ideals of women as wives and mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well documented that motherhood influences gendered outcomes in work institutions. However, how paid work influences women's private sphere and sense of self remains unclear and could vary across societies. This article focuses on identity construction among 28 college‐educated stay‐at‐home mothers in Shanghai. The findings from semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews reveal tension negotiation and reconciliation within these mothers' multiple self‐identities. Despite choosing to voluntarily leave their paid jobs and become stay‐at‐home mothers, participants differentiated between their maternal identity and their stay‐at‐home mother identity; in particular, they perceived motherhood as more valuable and socially acceptable than the choice to be a stay‐at‐home mother (i.e., participants readily identified as mothers but hesitated to describe themselves as stay‐at‐home mothers). To avoid this tension and protect their self‐image, participants incorporated aspects of their previous working identity into their stay‐at‐home mother identity, such as taking part‐time jobs and framing their childrearing experience as a future career asset. The results help explain how the notion of work shapes women's self‐image, even when they leave the labor market. Overall, the findings reinforce mothering imperatives and identities and the need to understand them from a cross‐cultural perspective in relation to societal prevailing gender norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the longitudinal association between Theory of Mind (ToM) and reading comprehension (RC) in middle childhood, focusing on three advanced ToM (AToM) components: social reasoning, reasoning about ambiguity and recognition of social norm transgressions. Over the course of a year, 112 nine‐year‐olds (61 girls, 51 boys; Mage = 9; 0 years, ±4 months at wave 1) were followed from Grade 3 to Grade 4 and assessed for AToM predictors of Grade‐4 RC. Findings show that only social reasoning predicts RC, independent of general intelligence and prior RC performance. In turn, RC did not predict any AToM component. These findings contribute to understanding cognitive development in educational contexts, emphasizing the significance of AToM, particularly social reasoning, in RC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many studied determinants of voting, we predict that i) increased social capital will be positively associated with turnout, while increased heterogeneity will be negatively associated; ii) both factors will work through their influence on the costs of information gathering and on the social norms of voting; and iii) that heterogeneity will interact with social capital in its association with turnout. We test these predictions at the extremely fine "meshblock" level by regressing New Zealand voter turnout in its 2017 national election on its 2013 census characteristics. We use roughly 40,000 meshblock volunteering rates to measure social capital, and heterogeneity based primarily on ethnic fragmentation. We find social capital is positively associated with voter turnout, while heterogeneity is negatively associated. We find robust evidence consistent with ethnic heterogeneity working through information costs and social norms, but less so social capital. We also find a robust interaction between social capital and heterogeneity in their association with turnout, consistent with ethnic heterogeneity raising bridging social capital that has a stronger association with turnout than in‐group bonding social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Our attention is constantly drawn by messages that propose to us what should (not) be done in a specific place. According to the Evaluative Model of Normative Appeals (EMNA), we perceive them through a process (normative appraisal) that is structured in three dimensions, and assesses the degree to which the proposal (a) comes from an institution that ensures compliance, (b) avoids physical or psychological damage, and (c) affords the performance of the main intended action. We review the theoretical underpinnings related to these three dimensions, create a scale to measure them (Normative Appraisal Scale, NAS), and validate it in two studies. Specifically, 2376 citizens in eight countries completed the NAS regarding the norms of paying taxes and not drinking on the street (Study 1), and 1544 subway users completed it regarding two transport norms (Study 2). The analyses supported the three‐dimensional structure of the NAS. Furthermore, the NAS increased the prediction when included along with other predictors: sociological variables; social axioms and values (Study 1); and descriptive norm, injunctive norm, personal control, and formal sanction (Study 2). We suggest that the NAS is useful to assess the actual perception of specific normative appeals and anticipate their effectiveness in influencing peoples’ decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family networks are key to understanding the well‐being of older adults because kin provide instrumental and financial support, help manage health and disability, and encourage social integration. Two momentous societal changes have shaped the families of contemporary older adults: the first and second demographic transitions and global educational expansion. The intersection of these two processes raises questions about how older adults are faring in terms of their kin availability. This paper examines the socioeconomic bifurcation of adults in midlife and beyond in terms of the existence of descendants and other kin. Disparities in kin availability may vary across socioeconomic status and contexts, and so we examine this phenomenon worldwide, analyzing data on two thirds of the world's population of adults aged 50 and above. Our results highlight different kin structures by socioeconomic status. High socioeconomic status adults have fewer descendants but a higher likelihood of having at least one child with tertiary education, a partner, and living parents. Low socioeconomic status older adults have larger families with more younger kin. Our results shed new light on potential mismatches between the contemporary family networks of older adults and longstanding social norms and assumptions about caregiving, family, and health policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The chick‐a‐dee call of chickadees, tits, and titmice is a vocal system used in a wide range of social contexts by both sexes throughout the year and is one of the more structurally complicated vocal systems outside of human language. Relatively little is known about the chick‐a‐dee calls of mountain chickadees, Poecile gambeli, however. This is an important species for increasing our comparative understanding of variation in chick‐a‐dee calls as they are one of the chickadee species with the largest naturally occurring flock sizes. Flock size relates to the social complexity of flocks, and the social complexity hypothesis for communication predicts that individuals in more complex social groups should communicate with greater complexity than individuals in simpler social groups. Correlational and experimental evidence in support of the hypothesis has been found in the calls of a wide range of species, including Carolina chickadees, P. carolinensis. Here, we provide the first description of the variation in note composition and note‐ordering rules in calls from mountain chickadee flocks in California and Colorado. California flocks were found to be significantly larger than Colorado flocks. Analysis of note‐type usage and transition probabilities between note types found that calls of California birds were more complex than calls of Colorado birds, supporting a key prediction of the social complexity hypothesis for communication. We also found relatively high rates of reversals of note‐ordering rules in mountain chickadee calls, which might help explain the complexity of the chick‐a‐dee calls of this species. Additionally, birds in flight produced calls with different note compositions when compared to perched birds. Generally, the note‐type ordering and transition probabilities of calls of mountain chickadees seem comparable to other better‐studied chickadee species, although their frequent note‐type order rule reversals suggest potential syntax‐like properties in this call system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we addressed the relationship between parental leave policies and social norms. Using a pre‐registered, cross‐national approach, we examined the relationship between parental leave policies and the perception of social norms for the gender division of childcare. In this study, 19,259 students (11,924 women) from 48 countries indicated the degree to which they believe childcare is (descriptive norm) and should be (prescriptive norm) equally divided among mothers and fathers. Policies were primarily operationalized as the existence of parental leave options in the respective country. The descriptive and prescriptive norms of equal division of childcare were stronger when parental leave was available in a country – also when controlling for potential confounding variables. Moreover, analyses of time since policy change suggested that policy change may initially affect prescriptive norms and then descriptive norms at a later point. However, due to the cross‐sectional nature of the data, drawing causal inferences is difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Attrition in surgical residencies remains a significant issue, with traditional research focusing mainly on individual and programme factors. This study explores the role of clinical teachers (CTs) in influencing attrition rates. CTs are essential in moulding residents' training, serving both as enablers of workplace learning and guardians of their medical fields.We employed a hermeneutic phenomenology framework to understand the sociocultural impacts on attrition. Data were collected through semi‐structured interviews involving 19 CTs, 3 residents who left the programme and 2 who underwent remediation, following a six‐step hermeneutic phenomenological analysis process.The entrenched ‘good surgeon’ narrative within the department demanded selflessness and total dedication, which CTs reinforced, thereby normalising a rigorous and challenging environment. This has led to attrition when residents fail to meet these challenges or choose to disengage from the system. We illustrated that CTs were pivotal in perpetuating these expectations, contributing significantly to resident attrition.CTs played a crucial role in resident attrition by enforcing a stringent cultural norm within surgical training programmes. Addressing this issue requires a visible change in CTs' role to foster a more supportive educational environment. Emphasising the beneficial aspects of the ‘good surgeon’ narrative and mitigating its adverse impacts is essential for reducing attrition rates and assisting all residents, including those facing challenges, in successfully completing their training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary Policy Implications Firearm violence continues to be a leading cause of death in the United States. As alternatives to law enforcement intervention, community‐based violence prevention programs, such as Cure Violence, have become increasingly popular across U.S. cities. This article documents the results of a multiyear, mixed‐methods, quasi‐experimental study of the implementation and impact of Cure Violence in St. Louis, Missouri, from 2020 to 2023. We analyzed data from semistructured interviews, a two‐wave community survey, and police records of neighborhood violence, finding limited evidence of program effectiveness. Although some interview participants stated that the program had a positive impact, we observed no change in community norms/perceptions of violence, and our analysis of police data suggests that program implementation was associated with declining violence in only one of the three intervention sites.This article highlights challenges of implementing and evaluating community‐based violence prevention. More work is needed to unpack the mechanisms responsible for turning program activities into measurable impacts in both the short and long term. Implications for planning and evaluating community‐based violence prevention programs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative conservation interventions based on engagement with local communities are increasingly common, especially for large carnivores that negatively impact people's livelihoods and well‐being. However, evaluating the effectiveness of large‐scale community‐based conservation interventions is rarely done, making it problematic to assess or justify their impact. In our study focused on snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in five countries, we show that bespoke and well‐implemented community‐based and conflict management intervention efforts can lead to more sustainable conservation outcomes. Collaborative interventions, spread over about 88,000 km2 of snow leopard habitat, reduced livestock depredation and disease and associated economic costs. Additionally, they generated conservation‐linked livelihoods and enhanced community decision‐making, leading to more positive behavioral intent toward snow leopards and improved communities’ cooperation, economic security, and confidence. Our results provide lessons learned and recommendations for practitioners and governments to alleviate conflicts and foster coexistence with snow leopards and large carnivores more broadly. These include prioritizing locally led tailored solutions based on the PARTNERS principles, recognizing local community rights in conservation decision‐making, and recognizing the role of social norms in ensuring accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the film "Mary Poppins" and its portrayal of personal growth, intergenerational connections, and community bonds. It critiques societal norms and emphasizes the importance of empathy, creativity, and mutual support. The film highlights the benefits of intergenerational interactions in combating social isolation and promoting well-being. The article suggests that the film's messages are still relevant today as societies address issues such as aging and the need for greater intergenerational understanding and support. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Aims Methods Results Conclusions Tobacco use spreads through social networks influencing social norms around tobacco use. However, the social norms scholarship is extremely diverse and occasionally conflicting, complicating efforts to understand how best to leverage social norms to reduce tobacco use. This study systematically reviewed and meta‐analyzed this vast terrain by focusing on social norms measurement and mechanism, and intervention effectiveness and modality aimed at changing social norms around tobacco use and actual tobacco use.We searched Scopus, PubMed, PsycInfo, Clinicaltrials.gov, ProQuest Dissertations, the Cochrane Trial Registry, as well as the websites of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, the Open Science Framework, medrXiv and the Truth Initiative for experimental and quasi‐experimental evaluation studies of interventions designed to shift tobacco use. We included studies written in English from inception to 30 May 2024. We only included studies which noted social norms or social influence as part of the intervention design or set of measured variables. We excluded studies with only one time point, without an intervention being evaluated and those not published in English. Study screening followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and was conducted by at least two independent reviewers who resolved discrepancies through discussion and consensus. All included studies were analyzed in a narrative synthesis, and those providing sufficient statistics for tobacco and social norms outcomes were included in meta‐analyses, which were performed separately for tobacco outcomes and social norms outcomes. Study outcomes were transformed into a standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) and several meta‐regressions were fit to explore sources of heterogeneity using a robust variance estimation specification to handle effect size dependency.A total of 95 studies met inclusion criteria for the narrative synthesis, 200 effect sizes from 86 studies were included in the tobacco outcomes meta‐analysis, and 66 effect sizes from 29 studies were included in the social norms outcomes meta‐analysis. Nearly 90% of included studies were conducted in high‐income settings, with the remainder conducted in middle‐income settings. No studies were conducted in Latin America or on the African continent. Social norms change interventions had a statistically significant effect on reducing tobacco use and pro‐tobacco social normative perceptions [g = 0.233, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.166, 0.301, P < 0.001 and g = 0.292, 95% CI = 0.090, 0.494, P = 0.007, respectively]. Interventions were commonly conducted among schoolchildren in classrooms through multicomponent education sessions, often coupled with regular ‘booster' sessions over time. Among adult populations, motivational interviewing and other counselling approaches were used in some cases, and few interventions leveraged digital technologies to change social norms.Social norms change interventions appear to be effective for reducing tobacco use and pro‐tobacco social normative perceptions. In particular, leveraging role models appears to be the most effective social norms change mechanisms for tobacco control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While social psychology has contributed much to our understanding of collective action, other forms of resistance are understudied. However, in contexts of long‐standing oppression—such as ongoing colonialism—and past repression of liberation struggles, other resistance strategies are important considering the constraints on overt, collective action in such contexts. This paper reports findings from an interview study in Puerto Rico (N = 22) exploring anti‐colonial resistance. We analysed participants' own resistance, future preferred strategies, and descriptive norms of other ingroup members' resistance. Through thematic analysis, we identified six distinct forms of anti‐colonial resistance. Notably, none of the participants reported participating in collective action. Instead, participants engaged in different forms of symbolic everyday resistance to preserve a positive, distinct cultural identity, and raise critical consciousness of the group's oppression. Additionally, more tangible resistance strategies included staying on the land and building independent economies. Overall, this study illustrates the importance of considering a more comprehensive set of resistance strategies in contexts of long‐standing colonial oppression to recognize oppressed groups' agency and provide a better understanding of how people undermine destructive power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jewish Ultraorthodox community in Israel strongly opposes enlisting in the Israeli military. Young men who violate this norm must cope with negative social consequences such as stigma. In the current study we investigated risk and protective factors (self‐esteem, sense of community, positive and negative societal conditional regard, and "tightness of the community") for public stigma against Ultraorthodox former soldiers, both among these young men and among community members. Among soldiers we also examined the determination of self‐stigma. The first study comprised 153 participants between the ages of 20 and 55 (M = 29.64, SD = 6.89); the second study comprised 433 participants between the ages of 21 and 75 (M = 36, SD = 10.82). Path analysis models indicated the protective role played by self‐esteem and societal conditional positive regard in participants' perception of public and self‐stigma, and the risk factor posed by societal conditional negative regard and "tightness of the community." Sense of community was found to be a protective factor only for soldiers; for community members it was found to be a risk factor that increased public stigma. The findings reveal that stigma exacts a price not only from soldiers but also from the community, leading to losses for all involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Youth have been uniquely affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Despite high rates of COVID‐19 infection, youth had one of the lowest vaccine uptake rates. Certain characteristics can affect vaccine uptake, such as mental health and substance use, but it is important to understand uptake for an effective response to pandemics. Objective: This study examined the perspectives of youth with mental health or substance use concerns on COVID‐19 vaccine confidence, hesitancy and overall COVID‐19 vaccine perspectives. Methods: Using photovoice, a community‐based participatory research method, a sample of 27 youth aged 14−24 years participated in a series of photography workshops and focus groups. Participants submitted final photographs for discussion. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Results: Four themes were generated: (1) Youth deciphered the vaccine discourse in a changing information landscape; (2) mixed perspectives of families, friends and loved ones influenced the vaccine journey; (3) complex societal influences affected views and decisions around the COVID‐19 vaccine; and (4) youth navigated their vaccine journeys through first‐ and second‐hand experiences. The four themes and subthemes highlight the evolution of youth's journeys with the COVID‐19 vaccine over the course of the pandemic and into the late‐pandemic period. Conclusions: Youth with mental health or substance use challenges navigated a complex environment during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The wide variety of factors influencing vaccine perspectives should be taken into account in public health messaging and future research on youth vaccine uptake. Youth‐led and youth‐engaged research can help solicit rich and meaningful perspectives of young people on important public health issues. Patient or Public Contribution: This was a youth‐led study. A youth research analyst conducted the study activities together with the support of a youth advisory group, an adult photographer with lived experience, and a scientific team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed: Engagement with health supports benefits the whole family, yet few health services report successful engagement of fathers. Our aim was to describe available evidence on barriers and opportunities relevant to health system access for fathers. Methods: Scoping reviews were conducted seeking empirical evidence from (1) Australian studies and (2) international literature reviews. Results: A total of 52 Australian studies and 44 international reviews were included. The most commonly reported barriers were at the health service level, related to an exclusionary health service focus on mothers. These included both 'surface' factors (e.g., appointment times limited to traditional employment hours) and 'deep' factors, in which health service policies perpetuate traditional gender norms of mothers as 'caregivers' and fathers as 'supporters' or 'providers'. Such barriers were reported consistently, including but not limited to fathers from First Nations or culturally diverse backgrounds, those at risk of poor mental health, experiencing perinatal loss or other adverse pregnancy and birth events, and caring for children with illness, neurodevelopmental or behavioural problems. Opportunities for father engagement include offering father‐specific resources and support, facilitating health professionals' confidence and training in working with fathers, and 'gateway consultations', including engaging fathers via appointments for mothers or infants. Ideally, top‐down policies should support fathers as infant caregivers in a family‐based approach. Conclusions: Although barriers and opportunities exist at individual and cultural levels, health services hold the key to improved engagement of fathers. So What?: Evidence‐based, innovative strategies, informed by fathers' needs and healthy masculinities, are needed to engage fathers in health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, we explore the connections between Florence Nightingale's Cassandra and Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own while taking the authors' personal and social contexts into account. We conduct a detailed textual analysis from a feminist perspective. Cassandra and A Room of One's Own exhibit singular textual commonalities, such as evidence of trauma, the integration of myth and fiction as literary devices aimed at facilitating the author's access to various social spheres, the use of interpellations to impact the audience, and an argument for education as a path by which privileged women can enter the public realm. Both authors' personal wounds and intellectual frustrations influenced their work, thus making their writing very powerful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Undergraduate engineering students experiencing distress are less likely than peers to ask for professional help. A population‐specific instrument to facilitate the identification of factors that influence mental healthcare utilization could guide development and testing of interventions to increase help seeking. Purpose: We used mixed methods guided by the Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) to develop and evaluate the Undergraduate Engineering Mental Health Help‐Seeking Instrument (UE‐MH‐HSI). Method: First, we adapted existing measures of mental health help‐seeking intention and mechanisms (i.e., attitudes, perceived norm: injunctive, perceived norm: descriptive, personal agency: autonomy, personal agency: capacity). Second, we coded qualitative interviews (N = 33) to create population‐specific mental health help‐seeking belief measures (i.e., outcome beliefs, experiential beliefs, beliefs about others' expectations, beliefs about others' behavior, beliefs about barriers and facilitators). Third, we tested the psychometric properties using data from 596 undergraduate engineering students at a historically White, research‐focused institution in southern United States. Results: Psychometric analyses indicated that (1) help‐seeking mechanism and intention measures demonstrated unidimensionality, internal consistency, construct replicability, and sufficient variability; (2) mechanism measures demonstrated criterion evidence of validity; and (3) most items within the belief measures demonstrated sufficient variability and convergent evidence of validity. Conclusions: The UE‐MH‐HSI is an evidence‐based tool for investigating mental health help‐seeking factors and their relationship to help‐seeking behavior, well‐being, academic success, and engineering identity formation. Guidelines for use are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiculturalism and tolerance, as two sets of normative beliefs about how to deal with intergroup diversity, have been recognized as effective at reducing outgroup negativity among majority group members. However, whether majority group members' normative beliefs regarding them might motivate their solidarity‐based collective actions and how their political ideology might qualify this influence remained unclear. To answer these questions, we conducted two pre‐registered experimental studies (N = 626), both zooming in on the multiculturalism issues in the context of the relationships between native Dutch citizens and citizens with a Moroccan background within Dutch university campuses (Study 1) and broader Dutch society (Study 2). In both studies, we found an ingroup norm of tolerance (vs. control) undermined majority group members' engagement in collective actions in support of ethnic minorities. Additionally, ideological leftists were more sensitive to norms than rightists: Study 1 showed a facilitative effect of the multiculturalism norm (vs. control) on solidarity‐based collective action intentions particularly among leftists, whilst Study 2 revealed a dampening effect of the tolerance norm (vs. control) on these intentions particularly among leftists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared social identity and social norms are often un(der)recognized within mass gatherings health literature, yet they can increase infectious disease transmission by motivating people to engage in risk‐taking behaviours. Across three experiments (Ntotal = 1551), we investigated how shared social identities, perceived norms of resource‐sharing, and perceived riskiness of sharing interact to shape decisions that can lead to disease transmission. In Experiment 1 (N = 528), we examined how shared social identity and perceived descriptive norms affect the likelihood of crowd members sharing resources that may contribute to disease spread. We then replicated this in Experiment 2 (N = 511) using perceived injunctive norms. In Experiment 3 (N = 512), we explored how high shared social identity, perceived norms, and perceived health risks of resource‐sharing impact the likelihood of sharing that may, in turn, increase infectious disease transmission at mass gatherings. We found that high shared social identity interacts with perceived descriptive and injunctive norms, and low health risk perceptions, to increase the likelihood of accepting resources and giving resources at mass gatherings. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to build effective strategies to mitigate infectious disease transmission at mass gatherings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School readiness has a profound educational value for children's positive adjustment to primary school and holistic development. However, little research sufficiently addresses how young children view multifaceted components of learning, such as cognitive, affective and behavioural experiences on school readiness. A timely understanding of children's perceptions and experiences is crucial to shed light on how to promote transition and improve children's school readiness. This study investigated the perceptions and experiences of 41 children in China (5–6 years of age, 23 girls) regarding their school readiness based on Mosaic approach methods. The results indicated that young children have their own unique perceptions, emotional and behavioural experiences of school readiness. The perceptions of school readiness include four aspects of material supplies, subjects knowledge, interests and specialties and behavioural habits, which has similarities to that of adults in aspects of academic knowledge and social rules. Nevertheless, findings revealed young children view interests and strengths as important part of school readiness, reflecting their personal preferences and abilities. The emotional experiences could be considered positive or negative, with positive emotional experiences expressing children's curiosity and expectation, fulfilment and pleasure, and negative emotional experiences expressing academic burden, rules pressure and social worries, which need to be addressed. Young children's behavioural experiences with school readiness present two patterns of passive acceptance and active participation, they are eager to participate in activities and have a strong desire to explore and learn. Our findings extend beyond existing conception of school readiness, and give greater weight to children's interests and strengths, positive experiences and active participation. It is important to focus on children's intrinsic interests and strengths, accept children's ideas and choices, care for their emotional state and provide positive support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Party political conflict plays an essential role in shaping welfare policies, while they are simultaneously also shaped by these policies. As political parties grapple with the wicked challenges of our times, new forms of solidarity and solidarity conflicts arise across welfare regimes. Despite their significance, these dynamics have not received much recent attention. Our article aims to fill this gap. Through content analysis of party manifestos, we compare the solidarity frames of political parties within and between three distinct welfare regimes—Flanders (Belgium), Sweden, and the United States. Our results confirm our expectations drawn from political feedback literature: while party ideology influences parties' solidarity frame preferences and solidarity conflicts between parties, these preferences and conflicts are also influenced by a welfare regime's societal solidarity norms. Our article highlights the value of analyzing solidarity frames and political solidarity conflicts within welfare‐state regimes to better understand welfare politics and policies. Related Articles: König, Pascal D. 2015. "Moral Societal Renewal or Getting the Country Back to Work: Welfare State Culture as a Resource and a Constraint for Policy Discourse." Politics & Policy 43(5): 647–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12130. Mioni, Michele, 2021. "The 'Good Citizen' as a 'Respectable Worker:' State, Unemployment, and Social Policy in the United Kingdom and Italy, 1930 to 1950." Politics & Policy 49(4): 913–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12425. Wagle, Udaya R. 2014. "The Heterogeneity Politics of the Welfare State: Changing Population Heterogeneity and Welfare State Policies in High‐Income OECD Countries, 1980‐2005." Politics & Policy 41(6): 947–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12053. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International aid charities face a dilemma by virtue of the White Saviour: Appeal photos of Caucasian helpers in Global South settings can build a bridge to donors or cause donor resentment with changing social norms. We examine four resulting empirical questions using a series of online studies: What is the White Saviour? How do White Saviour perceptions arise from charitable appeals? And what is their effect on both donation intentions and behaviour? We empirically identify two factors that constitute White Saviour perceptions: entitlement and ineffectiveness, along with the photo characteristics that raise them. Findings suggest that images with high White Saviour perceptions do not raise donations but can actually lower the propensity to donate. There is therefore no case for international NGOs to use such imagery, particularly given that it risks offending the people and communities they serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the widespread use of face masks to combat COVID‐19, little is known about their immediate and delayed social consequences. To understand short‐ and long‐term effects of face masks on interpersonal perception, we measured the evaluation of faces with and without masks at four time points—June 2020, January 2021, September 2021 and June 2022—from the early months of the pandemic in North America to the more recent, and from the implementation of mask mandates to the end of these requirements. Surprisingly, we found that, in general, faces with masks were perceived as more competent, warm, trustworthy, considerate and attractive, but less dominant and anxious than faces without masks. Moreover, differences in attributions of dominance, trustworthiness and warmth between faces with and without masks increased in a linear trend from June 2020 to June 2022. Notably, the impact of masks on perceptions of competence, considerateness, attractiveness and anxiousness did not change over time. We discuss how mask mandates can alter people's social perceptions of others who wear masks compared to those who do not wear masks and how these mandates may influence attributions of some traits more than others through mere exposure and/or social norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aimed to explore mothers' perceptions for timely introduction of complementary feeding through interviews with 2–12‐month‐old infants' mothers in Ghana. Methods: Qualitative descriptive research with 16 semi‐structured interviews with mothers attending the Child Welfare Clinic at Ejisu Hospital was conducted from June 2022 to May 2023. The study was guided by the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participants were instructed about informed consent for the study. Interviews and analysis were guided by Theory of Planned Behavior. NVivo 1.5 was used throughout the coding procedure. This study was conducted after the approval from St. Luke's International University. Results: Four themes were revealed: (1) attitude toward the behavior based on the mothers' experience raising children, (2) attitude toward the behavior influenced by subjective norm (grandmothers' recommendation), (3) attitude toward the behavior influenced by perceived behavioral control (difficulty in continuing breastfeeding), and (4) mothers who are worried about underweight despite timely introduction of complementary feeding. Attitudes toward the behavior were influenced by mothers' experiences raising children and grandmothers' recommendations. Surroundings disruptive of breastfeeding also influenced attitudes toward intentions and behavior. Moreover, some mothers suffered from underweight even if they introduce complementary feeding at an optimal time. Conclusion: Supporting to continue breastfeeding and conducting re‐education for grandmothers is a key recommendation for midwives and pediatric nurses. Moreover, pediatric nurses are required to further enhance not only health education regarding the timing of initiating complementary feeding but also support after the introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that separate spheres gender norms discourage girls from maths. We therefore examine a policy that counteracts such norms among parents, and investigate whether it increases girls' participation in maths‐intensive studies. Specifically, we examine a parental leave reform that reserved one month of leave for fathers, and estimate its effect on children's study choices. We find that the reform increases the probability of doing a maths‐intensive programme in upper secondary education among girls whose father was otherwise reluctant to take leave. There is no effect on boys. We also conduct heterogeneity analyses to investigate whether the results can be explained by human capital transmission or the gender norms mechanism. The results of our analyses suggest that the gender norms mechanism is at play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, studies on the effects of grandparenting on grandparents' health and well‐being do not reach the same conclusion and most of them have been conducted in developed countries. We add to this literature by examining the causal relationship between grandparenting and grandparents' health and well‐being in Vietnam, where the social norm and reciprocal relationships between adult children and their older parents are strong. We used instrumental variable estimations to address the endogeneity issue of the decision to provide care. Using the national survey on older persons in Vietnam, we found that grandparenting care had positive effects on psychological well‐being, life satisfaction, and self‐rated health of grandparents. We also found that the effects were heterogenous by caregiver's gender, in which grandmothers were more beneficial from caregiving tasks than grandfathers. Further exploring the mechanisms underlying the effects revealed that improvements in memory and stronger social networks were potential channels through which grandparenting might improve the health and well‐being of grandparents. Our findings support the theory of role enhancement, suggesting that grandparents can have health and well‐being benefits from grandparenting. Policies aiming at strengthening old age protection and family relationships should be advocated to sustain the subjective well‐being of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although attention has been paid to return migration internationally, research studies on why Chinese overseas doctoral graduates return to China are few. A study that considers gendered motivations has yet to be found. Using a qualitative study with 31 Chinese overseas doctoral graduate returnees, this study examines factors influencing graduates' reasons for returning to China and how these relate to Chinese gender and gender role‐related cultural norms. Using the push‐pull theory and the concepts of gender (as an individual characteristic) and gender norms, the study shows that the reasons for return were gendered, with females motivated by family and emotional factors and males by economic and career benefits. The study identifies inequalities derived from traditional gender roles and cultural norms that persist in China. This has implications for state policy, higher education institutions and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article calls on family scholars to take seriously how families are invested and divested in maintaining and reproducing cisnormativity. Background: Families can be a prime institution for the reproduction of cisnormativity. For transgender and nonbinary family members, families' investment in cisnormativity can generate ambiguous and toxic familial relations. Yet, family studies have not developed an adequate framework to examine how and why cisnormativity operates within families. Method: The authors engage with empirical and theoretical work on gender, intersectionality, and families to examine how cisnormativity operates within family dynamics and processes. This article also focuses on work about trans people and families to capture how cisnormative processes within families affect trans people's familial relations. Results: The authors advance a trans family systems framework to show how families' cisgender investments and divestments shape familial processes. The concept of cisnormative compliance is introduced to capture the beliefs and practices of obedience established by family members for the purpose of reproducing cisnormativity. Family studies can move forward in studying these cisnormative processes through documenting how gender accountability shapes family dynamics, implementing new methods, furthering an intersectional analysis, and exploring complexities of space and place. Conclusion: To reimagine gender and families, family scholars need to study and foreground how cisnormativity shapes family dynamics and processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motherhood in academia remains vastly underrepresented in both developed and developing countries. Key career opportunities for women often coincide with childbearing and child‐rearing years, limiting their consideration for these positions. This underrepresentation diminishes academic mothers' ability to contribute meaningfully to public administration (PA) and development issues that deeply impact them. Using comparative administrative law, we develop a typology of environments academic mothers navigate, reflecting national and cultural differences. We investigate the historical, cultural, and structural factors perpetuating this inequity, highlighting biases and discrimination faced by academic mothers. Entrenched institutional structures and complacent cultural norms exacerbate their systemic oppression. Normalizing motherhood in academia, from graduate students to university presidents, requires new laws, policies, programs, and expectations that create strong legal protections and favorable institutional policies. We conclude with universal recommendations to transform academia into a more inclusive space for mothers, focusing on PA to address this pervasive issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender equality and women empowerment are central to academic and policy debates on development. In the spirit of celebrating and reflecting on 75 years of research published by Public Administration and Development (PAD), this article aims to take stock of the journal's contribution to the knowledge base and practice of promoting gender equality. This article reviews research output published in PAD and identifies key themes and perspectives on gender equality and their reflection on the practical implementation of equalising policies. We use thematic analysis to review 43 relevant articles and evaluate the intellectual landscape, shedding light on the journal's contribution to gender equality research. Four broad themes are discussed along with their implications for practice and future research. We highlight the importance of not only expanding the horizons of gender equality research but also developing keen awareness reflected in the scholarship of the changing landscape of gender and the need to balance constructions of gender and the high variability of gender norms and practices in the Global South that should be taken into account when designing policies. This article concludes with recommendations and several questions that invite public administration researchers and policymakers to take this conversation and develop it further through research, education, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the pending challenges facing Education for Sustainable Development is to change students' behavior in favor of sustainability so that these are lasting and even transferable to other people. This study analyzes how various psychological factors, including motivation, attitudes, beliefs and emotions, can be channeled to enhance social and ecological awareness through education. This paper presents an innovative approach to Sustainable Development (SD) in education, focusing on Physical Education. It highlights the intersection of Psychology, education and sustainability, showing how the first two can contribute significantly to lasting changes in students' behavior. Based on this, the Intervention Model for Sustainable Development in Physical Education (PESDIM), which combines psychological theories with specific educational strategies, is presented. In this model, which can be replicated in other educational disciplines, psychological theories are based on social interaction and norms, identity construction, motivation, beliefs and individual efficacy to improve awareness of sustainable development. The paper highlights the need for a holistic and practical approach to sustainability education in general and Physical Education in particular, stresses the importance of psychology and advocates for an educational transformation that holistically integrates sustainability into teaching methods and objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the multifaceted nature of Social Capital (SC) in community development projects by using Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) interventions in three urban Bangladeshi slums as a case study. Despite its recognized importance, the ambiguity surrounding SC has led to mixed outcomes, necessitating a more theorized approach to quantitatively assess SC. To address this, a comprehensive methodology was developed, specifically crafted for a community development context and incorporating standard SC questions, social network analysis indices, and an adherence to social norms through behavioral game theory. The analysis revealed varied SC profiles, with one slum achieving successful community toilet management through strong reciprocal ties. The other slums faced challenges due to community division and weakened SC among key individuals. These findings underscore the necessity of tailoring interventions to community‐specific SC characteristics. The streamlined approach derived from the study provides guidance for both enhancing the effectiveness of community interventions and advancing sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the causal effects of grandmothers' geographical proximity on labour supply decisions of married women with young children by leveraging a novel data set from Turkey. We deal with the reverse causality and endogeneity problems arising from mothers' and grandmothers' joint location and labour supply decisions by implementing a two‐stage least squares estimation method using the number of alive grandmothers as an instrument. We argue that grandmothers' proximity can increase mothers' labour supply through their free and flexible childcare services. On the other hand, geographically close grandmothers can reduce mothers' labour supply by imposing the traditional gender norms prevalent in Turkey or requiring them to take on elderly caregiving duties. The overall effect depends on the relative size of these opposing factors. Our findings suggest that living in the same neighbourhood as grandmothers increases the probability of labour force participation and the employment rates of women with young children by 18.2 ppt and 16.4 ppt, respectively. These results are mostly driven by the non‐village sample. The 'traditional gender norm' channel explains the insignificant impact of grandmothers' proximity on the labour market outcomes of mothers who have been raised in villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We quantify the impact of county‐level vaccination rates on vaccine uptake. While the marginal effect at current vaccination rates is modest, the overall impact is large. Moving from a 0% to 15% vaccination rate in a county is associated with an increase in the daily uptake of over 10 fold. Our results shed light on the rise and decline of vaccine hesitancy and imply an externality of vaccination programs. For Ohio's Vax‐A‐Million lottery, a back‐of‐the‐envelope calculation finds that there were an additional 30,000 vaccinations immediately following the lottery as a result of the increased vaccinations from the lottery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Design Methods Results Conclusions Behaviour change theories have extensively been used in health behaviour change interventions and their programme theories. However, they are rarely evaluated in randomized field studies. The Let's Move It intervention targeted various psychosocial constructs to increase adolescents' physical activity. A theory‐based process evaluation aiming to illuminate the trial findings as well as to test the programme theory used is conducted. Specifically, we investigate whether the intervention influenced the theorized determinants of change immediately post‐intervention and after 1 year, and whether these determinants were associated with changes in physical activity.A cluster‐randomized controlled trial (n = 1166).We measured theorized determinants with self‐report, and physical activity (PA) with accelerometry and self‐report. The effects are evaluated with repeated measures ANOVA and regression models.No changes were detected in most theorized determinants but intervention arm reported higher enactment of behaviour change techniques used during intervention immediately post‐intervention and lower descriptive norms for PA throughout. Autonomous motivation was associated with PA immediately post‐intervention.The lack of intervention effects may be due to many factors, for example insensitive measures, ceiling effects. However, reporting these null effects advances understanding of behaviour change processes. We introduce methodologic possibilities for future intervention programme theory evaluation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life in society revolves around social norms. These norms play a crucial role in regulating and influencing individuals’ behavior, both at the societal and individual levels. They offer a psychological framework that reduces uncertainty, guides behavior, and aids people in adapting to their social surroundings. Moreover, by observing prevailing social norms, individuals gain insights into societal trends that preserve cherished values and traditions across generations, thus mapping the dynamics of social stability and change. Social change is closely tied to shifts in these norms, which can occur at varying speeds, influenced by factors at multiple levels of analysis, including societal, group, and individual levels. In this article, I analyze the various concepts of social norms found in the literature, with a particular focus on their role in psychology. I describe the main sources of normative influence and illustrate, with multiple examples, how they operate in different social contexts. In this way, I address how these norms guide and facilitate participation in collective actions, their intergenerational transmission, and their role in the emergence of radicalization in social protest contexts. Furthermore, I delve into how group norms are linked to intergroup contact experiences involving both advantaged and disadvantaged group members, as well as the expression of prejudice and affective polarization. I conclude by emphasizing the necessity of adopting a multilevel approach to comprehend the connection between norms and social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusion The present study qualitatively explores co‐worker “phubbing” (from “phone” and “snubbing”) during communal work breaks. Phubbing, or ignoring others by paying attention to one's phone, has been linked to a range of negative interpersonal and intrapersonal outcomes. Although most research has targeted private relationships, there are indications that lateral work relationships may be similarly affected, with potential consequences at the individual, group, and organizational levels.Interviews were conducted with 25 Swedish employees in the electrical trade (n = 13) and health care (n = 12), groups that typically work alongside colleagues and regularly take communal breaks. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.Five main themes were identified: (1) phubbing as a social barrier, (2) the socially integrated smartphone, (3) intentional and unintentional phubbing, (4) navigating phubbing norms, and (5) generational differences in phubbing behavior and attitudes.The findings indicate that work break phubbing could potentially undermine interpersonal aspects of the psychosocial work environment. However, this was also seen as contingent on social norms and individual needs and preferences. Discussing phubbing in the workplace may be a way of mitigating negative effects by bridging disparate expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Online forums provide an environment for peer discussions to anonymously share experiences about sensitive topics. In this article we explore discussions about alcohol use during pregnancy, including representations of ‘appropriate’ behaviour and risks, in relation to alcohol use.We sampled Mumsnet posts from 2016 to 2021 and analysed these using a two‐staged approach: describing the content of original posts and employing discourse analysis on the entire thread which focused on unpacking the significance, activity and identity within the discourse.Seventy‐three threads with 1554 replies analysed. Users engaged with different sources of evidence and mentioned guidelines and scientific sources, though most commonly provided, requested and appreciated anecdotal information. Risk was discussed in several ways but all users engaged with ‘othering’ drinking they perceived as risky. Only a few prescribed risks to any and all levels of drinking. There was a lack of knowledge around drinking while trying to conceive and early pregnancy. Expectations and norms of behaviour during pregnancy engaged in a ‘good motherhood’ discourse. Users positioned their drinking according to perceived norms through language choices; when not pregnant (or unknowingly pregnant) being ‘plastered’ was justified but when pregnant drinking only ‘sips’ or ‘tiny’ quantities of alcohol was considered appropriate.Forum users demonstrated a desire to adhere to ‘responsible motherhood’, which did not equate to abstinence if consumption was perceived as acceptable and justified. Future research should explore information needs and effective approaches to health communication for pregnant women or those planning pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although education is framed as a future‐oriented enterprise, we often fail to serve the diverse futurities of youth, particularly in formal learning environments. The cultural norms of formal learning environments are rooted in dominant ways of being and knowing and this shapes how learning environments and learning technologies can be designed. As a result, the futures youth can envision for themselves in these spaces are often static and limited by the dominant culture. As a move toward supporting youths' diverse cultural backgrounds and experiences, we ask how youth develop relationship with culture through creating culturally centred multimedia projects. Guided by a case study approach, we collected thirty‐six remixing multimedia projects from twelve sixth graders, who created these projects for three culturally centred learning activities over a school year. Findings share one case from each learning activity to demonstrate how students represent their relationships with culture through three forms of symbolising. Implications from this work reject the settled expectations of dominant culture in formal learning environments and, instead, invite youths' knowledges and experiences through remixing with multimedia. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic Formal learning environments are shaped by norms rooted in the dominant culture but are often assumed to be acultural spaces. Multimedia technologies have been leveraged to engage youth with culture in the classroom. Remixing is a sociocultural learning process that allows youth to reimagine their lived experiences. What this paper adds Sixth graders' relationships with culture were mediated by remixing with multimedia resources in a series of culturally centred multimedia projects. Forms of symbolising in students' remixing works reveal diverse relationships with their own culture and other cultures. Culturally centred multimedia projects afford the development of intertwined and reciprocal relationships with one's own culture and other cultures. Implications for practice Formal learning environments and embedded learning activities often operate on static or limited relationships between youth and their diverse range of cultural experiences. Engaging with multimedia projects can develop students' relationships with their own culture and other cultures in a reciprocal way. Supporting the development of diverse relationships with culture is crucial to designing a culturally centred learning environment. What is already known about this topic Formal learning environments are shaped by norms rooted in the dominant culture but are often assumed to be acultural spaces. Multimedia technologies have been leveraged to engage youth with culture in the classroom. Remixing is a sociocultural learning process that allows youth to reimagine their lived experiences. What this paper adds Sixth graders' relationships with culture were mediated by remixing with multimedia resources in a series of culturally centred multimedia projects. Forms of symbolising in students' remixing works reveal diverse relationships with their own culture and other cultures. Culturally centred multimedia projects afford the development of intertwined and reciprocal relationships with one's own culture and other cultures. Implications for practice Formal learning environments and embedded learning activities often operate on static or limited relationships between youth and their diverse range of cultural experiences. Engaging with multimedia projects can develop students' relationships with their own culture and other cultures in a reciprocal way. Supporting the development of diverse relationships with culture is crucial to designing a culturally centred learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the survival strategies of small family farms in a western Anatolian village in the context of ongoing debates in the current literature concerning the future of small or peasant family farms under the conditions of the neoliberal era. The main argument of the paper is that even though the neoliberal agrarian policies in Turkey put into effect since the early 1980s have divested farmers of much of the protective policies in force in earlier periods—thereby putting them under much severe market pressures—other pressure mechanisms in this case under investigation have a more central impact on their survival. These pressures are the patterns of social and cultural change that occur due to modernization, alongside regulations concerning access to land which the farmers seem to be able to counter by organizing and mobilizing their internal, material, and social resources, within cultural norms. The arguments presented are based on the analysis of empirical data collected through field work carried out in a village of farmers specializing and engaged in the production of dried figs. The study emphasizes the multi‐causal, multi‐layered, contingent, and hybrid nature of the question of survival for these villagers and argues that it should be evaluated as a process, rather than an outcome, with the villagers themselves as agents in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]