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The goal of this research was to replicate findings related to followers' negative evaluations of leaders expressing counter‐stereotypical emotions (e.g., females displaying anger, males displaying sadness). Drawing on predictions of the Challenge versus Threat model, this research also extended those findings by examining whether follower positive and negative affects mediated the relationship between leaders' counter‐stereotypical emotional displays and followers' leadership evaluations. In an online experiment, participants completed a reasoning task and received personalized performance feedback from a virtual manager represented by an avatar (male or female) displaying an emotion (neutral, angry, or sad). Participants reported task‐related positive and negative affects and rated their manager (trust, perceived effectiveness, and leader‐member exchange). We replicated previous studies showing that displaying counter‐stereotypical emotions has a negative influence on leadership evaluations. We did not find support for the mediating role of followers' affects in the relationship between counter‐stereotypical emotional displays and leadership evaluations; although these affects influenced followers' ratings of their manager. We discuss these findings using Backlash and Role Congruity Theory perspectives and present their theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of providing an explanation and voice on fairness perceptions and reactions of test takers under favorable and unfavorable selection decisions. Participants took either a cognitive ability test or an overt integrity test in a simulated selection situation. Then, the voice manipulation was introduced. Participants were informed of the hiring decision with or without an explanation. Results showed that type of test had effects on procedural fairness perceptions such that these reactions were more positive when a cognitive ability test was used. The results of voice and explanation manipulations on fairness perceptions indicated that providing an explanation had a positive effect on perceptions but, surprisingly, face-validity perceptions were less favorable when participants had voice opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the fairness reactions to 10 personnel selection methods in a sample of Italian students. University students ( N=137) were asked to rate the favorability of these selection procedures and then to evaluate them on eight procedural justice dimensions. Work-sample tests were the most favorably rated of the selection methods, followed by résumés, written ability tests, interviews and personal references. Graphology was perceived negatively. Opportunity to perform and the perceived face validity of selection procedures were the strongest procedural justice dimensions for predicting the process favorability ratings. The results of this study are compared with those from similar studies conducted in other countries. Similar results have been found in the various countries where such research has been conducted to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of the organizational justice approach to applicant reactions. We begin with an overview of the research relating the fairness of selection procedures (“selection fairness”) to individual and organizational outcomes. Next we propose boundary conditions defining when fairness should matter, the appropriate outcomes to examine in applicant reactions research, and methodological issues limiting the contribution of much of the current literature. We then consider a range of questions that remain to be addressed and new issues such as high-tech testing. Finally, we propose a series of applied questions and recommendations based on both theory and empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the relationships between culture and reactions to personnel selection procedures. The limited international research that has examined perceptions of procedural justice of different selection techniques is reviewed. The consistency in reactions and underlying procedural dimensions associated with those reactions is noteworthy across the countries that have been studied. We also propose a model of cross-cultural influences on procedural justice in personnel selection by identifying those cultural dimensions that are most likely to influence the salience of different distributive and procedural justice rules. The discussion addresses whether cultural dimensions can adequately capture the international dimensions that most centrally influence reactions to selection procedures and how knowledge of cultural influences on reactions can aid the implementation of selection procedures that are unfamiliar to a particular country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to test the disaggregation hypothesis of the relationship between life satisfaction and job satisfaction (Rice, Near & Hunt, 1980) which proposes that the relationship is stronger for individuals who value work in their lives. To date, tests of the hypothesis have been inadequate due to insufficient measures of work value and life satisfaction. This study found support for the hypothesis using improved measures and a more appropriate analytic technique. Principal component regression was the appropriate technique to detect a moderating effect in data with linear dependencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships among engineers' career aspirations, technical obsolescence, personal variables, work characteristics, and perceptions of the organization's reward system were examined in this study. A discriminant function analysis indicated that (a) perceptions of the organization's reward system for management careers and (b) administrative performance were two dimensions that could correctly classify 59.8 per cent of the engineers into one of three career-orientation groups. Career orientation was unrelated to the amount of technical updating an engineer was currently engaged in; however, individuals aspiring to management careers were engaged in more coursework of a general, broadening nature. Also, the better technical performers most desired future management careers. Career orientations are discussed in terms of age, career stages, and organizational reward system. Changes in organizational reward systems and in work characteristics are suggested because of their consequences for technical personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study, as an extension of Mitchell and Woods (1980), examined the relationships between supervisor and subordinate variables and disciplinary action severity in a field setting. Hypotheses were tested using questionnaire data from nursing supervisors. Analyses confirmed that supervisor attributions, severity of the incident of poor performance, supervisor intent, and subordinate work history were related to disciplinary action severity. Moreover, regression analysis indicated that severity of the incident of poor performance was the largest contributor to the choices of a disciplinary action. Implications of the study for organizations and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the discrepancies, or conflict, between the attributions of leaders and members as a function of LMX quality and explored the relation between attributional conflict and subordinate job satisfaction, perceptions of equity, and turnover intentions. Data for the study were provided by 141 supervisor-subordinate dyads from the managerial ranks of a large manufacturing organization. Both parties of the dyad made attributions for subordinate loyalty, affect, and contributions, member behaviors identified as critical in previous LMX research. Limited support emerged for the hypothesis that attributional conflict would be greater in dyads where subordinates reported lower rather than higher LMX quality. Findings suggested that attributional discrepencies are due, in part, to the tendency of leaders to make more favorable attributions for subordinates reporting higher LMX quality than for subordinates reporting lower LMX quality. Results also revealed that, while attributional conflict was negatively related to subordinate satisfaction and perceptions of equity and positively related to turnover intentions, attributional conflict did not predict subordinate work outcomes when the effects of LMX quality were controlled. Implications of these findings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Training research is often criticized for being atheoretical. Further, the research has typically ignored the role of the trainer. We present a model that applies attribution theory to the training process with a focus on the attributions that trainers make for trainee behavior and their implications for training effectiveness. The impact of trainees' own attributions is also discussed. The model indicates how characteristics of both trainers and trainees can influence the attributional processes. Researchable propositions are presented in conjunction with the major points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers who have criticized the artificiality of laboratory methods appear not to fully appreciate the purpose of laboratory research. A well conducted and meaningful laboratory study allows an investigator to make stronger statements concerning cause and effect relationships between theoretical constructs than usually can be made in field research. It is this increased understanding, if anything, which generalizes across settings, behaviors and subjects. Good laboratory research can provide us with an essential element in external validity, an understanding of processes which underlie behavior in work settings. To some extent, the attack on the external validity of laboratory research represents a misunderstanding of the purpose of laboratory experimentation. The control and a necessary by-product of control, artificiality, allow us to test and refine theories and thus predict behavior in other settings. While generalization to other situations should always be done cautiously since any number of boundary conditions may influence the phenomena, experimental research can isolate the most plausible boundary conditions and investigate their effects in a controlled setting. Following such an extensive research program, generalization becomes much less hazardous. Our position is that laboratory research should not be evaluated by determining the extent to which it mimics organizational settings. Instead, it should be evaluated according to the extent that it increases our understanding of processes in work behavior. When this criterion is applied, it seems clear that the results of many laboratory studies are very useful for our field.

Steiner & Truxillo (1989) recently presented a study on the disaggregation hypothesis of the relationship between job and life satisfactions. The disaggregation hypothesis proposes that the relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction will be moderated by the importance of work to an individual's life. Previous research on the hypothesis (see Steiner & Truxillo, 1989) suffered from weaknesses in three areas which Steiner & Truxillo sought to correct: (1) a weak measure of life satisfaction, (2) an inadequate measure of the work value, and (3) a potentially weak statistical technique. The Steiner & Truxillo study remains an improvement on the first two areas; however, more recent evidence suggests that the statistical technique did not in fact require improving. In recent years: investigators of moderating effects have relied on ordinary least squares (OLS) regression approaches to test for the significance of such effects (see Cohen & Cohen, 1983; Zedeck, 1971). Disappointment both with the infrequency of detecting such effects and with the small size of effects detected (Cohen. 1969; Morris et al., 1986) prompted Morris et al., (1986) to propose an alternative strategy for conducting the analysis. The new procedure, referred to as principal components regression (PCR) is used to overcome multicollinearity problems encountered in regression analyses. Morris et al., proposed using the PCR procedure when multicollinearity was problematic in moderated regression analyses. In an effort to stay current with the latest developments in moderator regression analysis, it was the PCR approach that Steiner & Truxillo used as the statistical improvement in their study. Articles appearing subsequent to the Morris et al., piece and the preparation of the Steiner & Truxillo study have, however, convincingly argued that PCR provides an inaccurate analysis of moderator effects (Cronbach, 1987; Dunlap & Kemery, 1987). Therefore, Steiner & Truxillo's (1989) improved test was based on an incorrect analysis. The correct analysis, based on OLS moderated multiple regression analysis, was included in the article; however, those results indicated that the importance of work does not moderate the relationship between job and life satisfactions. This conclusion is contrary to the results based on the PCR procedure. Due to the strength of the correlation between job and life satisfaction in the Steiner & Truxillo data, the more straightforward spillover hypothesis, wherein job satisfaction and life satisfaction are positively related, appears to be better supported. This finding is consistent with a recent meta-analysis on this topic (Tait, Padgett & Baldwin, 1989). Other moderators, particularly coping, as proposed by Steiner & Truxillo (1989), might prove more successful in future research than the work value was. The OLS procedure (see Cohen & Cohen, 1983, for a complete discussion) remains the technique of choice to analyse for moderator effects. But, as Cronbach (1987) pointed our, power to detect moderator effects appears limited. He encouraged further investigation into research methods that would be more sensitive to detecting moderator effects. Without more powerful approaches, significant moderators are likely to go undetected, thus discouraging researchers from studying them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the criticism by researchers L. Allen Slade and Michael E. Gordon of the authors' review of Slade and Gordon's research paper regarding advisability of relying upon student subjects in applied behavioural research, as of October 1988. This article briefly outline the issues that differentiate between Slade and Gordon and the authors' research work. The authors agree that when the purpose of research is to estimate population parameters, it should be conducted using procedures and subjects that match those to which the investigator wishes to generalize. However, unlike Gordon and colleagues, the authors explicitly recognize that most student-based research is not conducted to generalize findings per se to nonstudent populations, but to increase one's understanding of the process that underlie behavior in work-related contexts. The authors say that Gordon and colleagues did not examine the broader and more important question regarding the understanding of principles and processes acquired with students generalize to nonstudent populations. A methodology to answer this question would compare the conclusions of studies conducted with students to the conclusions of studies conducted with nonstudents.