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The kinetics and storage‐capacity of NiCoMg‐ternary layered double hydroxide (NiCoMg‐LDH) are successfully boosted by valence engineering. As the cathode for aqueous magnesium‐ion batteries (AMIBs), the assembled NiCoMg‐LDH//active carbon (AC) delivers a high specific discharge capacity (121.0 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 A·g−1), long‐term cycling stability (85% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 1.0 A·g−1) and an excellent performance at −30 °C. Moreover, NiCoMg‐LDH//perylenediimide (PTCDI) is assembled, achieving a high specific discharge capacity and long‐term cycling stability. X‐ray absorption spectra (XAS)/X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses and Density functional theory (DFT) calculations disclose that the electrons are redistributed due to the 3d orbital overlap of Co/Ni atoms in NiCoMg‐LDH, which obviously reduces the valence states of Co/Ni atoms, enhances Mg─O bond strength and degree of hybridization of Co/Ni 3d and O 2p orbitals. Hence, the electronic conductivity is significantly enhanced and the electrostatic repulsion between Mg2+ and host layers is greatly reduced, giving rise to the improved diffusion kinetics and storage‐capacity of Mg2+. Furthermore, in situ Raman/X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and ex situ XPS reveal corresponding energy‐storage mechanism. This paper not only demonstrates the feasibility of LDHs as cathode for AMIBs, but also offers a new modification method of valence engineering for high‐performance electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow batteries are promising for large‐scale energy storage in intermittent renewable energy technologies. While the iron–chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB) is a low‐cost flow battery, it has a lower storage capacity and a higher capacity decay rate than the all‐vanadium RFB. Herein, the effect of electrolyte composition (active species and supporting electrolyte concentrations), Fe/Cr molar ratio, and supporting electrolyte type (HCl and H2SO4) on the performance (current efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE), energy efficiency, discharge capacity, and capacity decay) of an ICRFB is investigated. The storage capacity of the optimum electrolyte (1.3 m FeCl2, 1.4 m CrCl3, 5.0 mm Bi2O3 in 1.0 m HCl) is 40% higher (from 17.5 to 24.4 Ah L−1), while the capacity decay rate is tenfold lower (from 3.0 to 0.3% h−1) than the performance of the previously used 1.0 m FeCl2, 1.0 m CrCl3 in 3.0 m HCl. At the optimum Fe and Cr concentrations and ratio in 0.5 m HCl, a near constant CE (92.3%), VE (78.7%), and EE (72.6%) are obtained over 50 cycles. The significantly higher capacity decay when using 1.0 m H2SO4 (1.6% h−1) compared to 1.0 m HCl (0.3% h−1) confirms that HCl is the more suitable supporting electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of a hybrid nanofluid (Cu‐Al layered double hydroxide (LDH)) on the CO2 hydrate formation kinetics was investigated at three different nanofluid concentrations (0.25–1.0 wt %). The Cu‐Al LDH nanofluid was prepared using a one‐step co‐precipitation technique. The addition of the LDH nanofluid reduces the induction time and enhances the hydrate formation kinetics. The maximum reduction in the induction time (by 91.08 %) was observed at the optimal nanofluid concentration of 0.5 wt %, compared to water. A chemical affinity model was implemented to predict the experimental data for CO2 hydrate formation in the presence of the different LDH nanofluid concentrations. An artificial neural network‐based Levenberg‐Marquardt model predicts the experimental data with higher accuracy than the scaled conjugate gradient model. The results indicate a strong dependency of the hydrate formation kinetics on the LDH nanofluid concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we have analyzed the suitability of two‐dimensional (2D) h‐AlC as a high‐capacity anode material for Mg‐ion batteries (MIBs) by employing first principles‐based density functional theory (DFT). The structural parameters, electronic band structure, partial density of states (PDOS), theoretical storage capacity (TSC), diffusion energy barrier (DEB), open‐circuit voltage (OCV), and room temperature stability (from ab initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations) are calculated and discussed. The band structure of h‐AlC monolayer remains metallic for all considered adsorption concentrations of Mg‐atoms which indicates its good electrical conductivity. A significant quantity of charge is transferred from Mg atom to h‐AlC during adsorption of the Mg atom due to its lower electronegativity compared with the Al and C atoms. The calculated TSC is 1221.75 mAh g−1 which is higher than many anode materials. For MIBs, calculated DEB and OCV are 1.21 and 0.73 V, respectively. However, transition from planar structure to buckled structure takes place during the adsorption of more than 9 Mg‐atoms over h‐AlC. The lattice change is negligible during adsorption of Mg atoms. The AIMD calculations revels that the 9 and 18 Mg atoms adsorbed h‐AlC is stable at T = 300 K. The aforementioned findings suggest that h‐AlC can be anode material for MIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological CO2 storage is an emerging topic in energy and environmental community, which is, as a commonly accepted sense, considered as the most promising and powerful approach to mitigate the global carbon emissions during the transition to net‐zero. Of the geological media which initially considered cover the saline aquifers, oil and gas reservoirs, coal beds, and potentially basalts, up to now only the first two choices have been proven to be the most capable storage sites and successfully implemented at pilot/commercial scales. Here, two tandem papers propose novel strategies for the first time, by synthesizing and utilizing new high‐dryness CO2 foam, to enhance geological CO2 storage capacity in saline aquifer and oil and gas reservoirs. In this paper, a new high‐dryness CO2 foam is synthesized and injected into the saline aquifers to explore the storage capacity enhancement, with the unique foam‐induced advantages of sweep area expansion and storage efficiency improvement. Such a new idea is specifically evaluated and validated through a series of static analytical and dynamic performance experiments. With the optimum surfactant concentration of 0.5 wt%, the foaming volume and quality are determined to be 521 mL and 80.81%, respectively, which also shows excellent salt tolerance with 45,000 ppm Na+, 25,000 ppm Ca2+, and 25,000 ppm Mg2+. Moreover, the water consumption for CO2 storage decreases from 464.31 g/mol at 25% foam quality to 67.38 g/mol at 85% foam quality by using the new CO2 foam. Overall, the newly synthesized CO2 foam could effectively enhance geological CO2 storage capacity and concurrently diminish water consumption, therefore realizing the win‐win environment and economic benefits. Plain Language Summary: Geological CO2 storage is an emerging topic in energy and environmental community, which is, as a commonly accepted sense, considered as the most promising and powerful approach to mitigate global carbon emissions amid the transition to net‐zero. The geological CO2 storage options initially included ocean storage, surface mineral carbonation, and geological storage, but currently only refer to the storage in geological media. Of the geological media which initially considered cover the saline aquifers, oil and gas reservoirs, coal beds, and potentially basalts, up to now only the first two choices have been proven to be the most capable storage sites and successfully implemented at pilot/commercial scales. Here, a paper proposes novel strategies for the first time, by synthesizing and utilizing new high‐dryness CO2 foam, to enhance geological CO2 storage capacity in saline aquifer and oil and gas reservoirs. Novel strategies, which effectively enhance geological CO2 storage capacity, are specifically evaluated and validated through a series of static analytical and dynamic performance experiments. Qualitative and quantitative analyses fill the knowledge gap or enhancing geological CO2 storage in saline aquifer and oil and gas reservoirs. Also, solid scientific analyses/supports are provided for future academic research and practical geological CO2 utilization and storage. Key Points: Novel strategies for the first time, by synthesizing and utilizing new high‐dryness CO2 foam, to enhance geological CO2 storage capacity in saline aquiferQualitative and quantitative analyses fill the knowledge gap of enhancing the geological CO2 storage in saline aquiferSolid scientific analyses/supports are provided for future academic research and practical geological CO2 utilization and storage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water in rivers is delivered via the critical zone (CZ)—the living skin of the Earth, extending from the top of the vegetation canopy through the soil and down to fresh bedrock and the bottom of significantly active groundwater. Consequently, the success of stream‐rearing salmonids depends on the structure and resulting water storage and release processes of this zone. Physical processes below the land surface (the subsurface component of the CZ) ultimately determine how landscapes "filter" climate to manifest ecologically significant streamflow and temperature regimes. Subsurface water storage capacity of the CZ has emerged as a key hydrologic variable that integrates many of these subsurface processes, helping to explain flow regimes and terrestrial plant community composition. Here, we investigate how subsurface storage controls flow, temperature, and energetic regimes that matter for salmonids. We illustrate the explanatory power of broadly applicable, storage‐based frameworks across a lithological gradient that spans the Eel River watershed of California. Study sites are climatically similar but differ in their geologies and consequent subsurface CZ structure that dictates water storage dynamics, leading to dramatically different hydrographs, temperature, and riparian regimes—with consequences for every aspect of salmonid life history. Lithological controls on the development of key subsurface CZ properties like storage capacity suggest a heretofore unexplored link between salmonids and geology, adding to a rich literature that highlights various fluvial and geomorphic influences on salmonid diversity and distribution. Rapidly advancing methods for estimating and observing subsurface water storage dynamics at large scales present new opportunities for more clearly identifying landscape features that constrain the distributions and abundances of organisms, including salmonids, at watershed scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canopy rainfall interception reduces the effectiveness of limited rainfall resources in arid and semiarid regions. To clarify the effects of species composition and community vertical structure on canopy storage capacity, the artificial wetting and simulated rainfall methods were used to determine the species (C) and community (Cmax) water storage, respectively, in three typical grassland communities on the semiarid Loess Plateau. Results indicated that water storage capacity of 31 grassland species ranged from 0.47 to 3.73 g g−1, with an average of 1.60 g g−1, and leaf storage capacity was significantly higher than the stem. Plant storage capacity was correlated with leaf traits (including leaf fresh weight, length and area). Canopy storage capacity of three grassland communities (Bothriochloa ischaemum, Artemisia gmelinii and Lespedeza davurica) ranged from 0.77 to 1.09 mm and were positively correlated with community leaf area index (LAI), coverage and leaf dry biomass. Leaf and stem water storage accounted for 57.6% and 42.4% of the total community, respectively. The water storage of Compositae, Gramineae, Leguminosae and other species accounted for 35.5%, 27.0%, 23.4% and 14.1%, respectively. The plants in the community with heights of >40, 20–40 and 0–20 cm contributed 5.8%, 30.3% and 63.9% of the water storage, respectively. The field observed canopy storage capacity was significantly higher than the estimated value through scaling up the individual storage data to the community, revealing complex community structure and species composition may increase actual rainfall interception. These results highlighted the species at 0–20 cm height was the key component affecting canopy water storage, and Compositae species may intercept more rainfall within the community, which imply that reducing the understory or Compositae species composition of grassland community would be helpful for increasing limited rainfall partitioning to soil in the drought area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the applicability of C20 fullerene as anode material in Mg‐ion batteries was investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT). The interaction energy of the Mg2+ ion on C20 structure was found as −147.3 kcal/mol. The HOMO‐LUMO gap value decreased during Mg interaction on C20 structure while it increased during Mg2+ interaction. The charge distributions obtained after the interactions of Mg atoms on C20 show that charge transfer has taken place. The storage capacity value of C20 structure was calculated to be 893 mAhg−1. The diffusion barrier was calculated as 1.9 kcal/mol. In addition, the diffusion coefficient for Mg and Mg2+ on C20 structure were computed as 1.5×10−25 and 4.61×10−4, respectively. Consequently, the high storage capacity, high conductivity and low diffusion barrier for discharge/charge process and the suitability of the diffusion coefficient suggest that C20 fullerene structure can be used as a potential anode material in rechargeable Mg‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop residue resources are known to provide important lignocellulosic biomass that can be used as feedstock. This study evaluates spatiotemporal variation in residue quantities of field crops across seven provinces in East China (EC) and six provinces in Central‐South China (CSC). MATLAB and Map GIS were used to analyze the data, which was collected from yearbooks and the published literature. The results show that cereals such as wheat, maize, and rice comprised the largest crop residue feedstock resource across both regions over the period between 2017 and 2019. Thus, annual total residue amounts were 206 Mt in EC and 243 Mt in CSC. This means that, when expressed as total standard coal equivalent (SCE), the amounts were estimated as 107 Mt in EC and 127 Mt in CSC. Compared with previous research, CSC exhibited the highest crop residue production and potential for biofuels, whereas EC exhibited one of the lowest potentials for biofuels among the six regions of China. This study is the first to evaluate the spatial distribution of annual field residue quantity based on counties in the two regions. The key factors influencing the availability of biofuel feedstock included storage capacity (X3), irrigation acreage (X4), and fertilizer input (X5) while the degree of mechanization also played a role in the CSC region. In contrast, the field residue quantity across the EC region was significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by these three factors. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catchment baseflow is jointly controlled by climate and landscape properties. Previous studies have recognized that spatial variability of mean annual baseflow coefficient (BFC = Qb/P, ratio of baseflow to precipitation) is primarily controlled by aridity index and storage capacity. However, an analytical solution of BFC in terms of the dominant controlling factors has not yet been established. The objective of this study was to develop an analytical BFC curve to depict spatial variability of BFC based on the "limit" concept of the Budyko framework. The BFC curve relates the baseflow coefficient to aridity index and storage capacity without resolving complex interactions between evapotranspiration and baseflow generation. The proposed BFC curve showed that, in the arid catchments, baseflow coefficient was primarily limited by available water (precipitation, P) and, in the humid catchments, was jointly controlled by both the available energy (potential evapotranspiration, Ep) and catchment retention capability (ratio of catchment storage capacity to P, i.e., Sp/P). Observed hydrological data from 950 catchments in Australia, the conterminous United States and the United Kingdom with diverse hydro‐climatic conditions (BFC = 0.001–0.650) were collected to demonstrate the capability of the developed curve. Results showed that the BFC curve captured the spatial variability of observed BFC in the 950 study catchments (R2 = 0.75, RMSE = 0.058). Mean annual baseflow estimated by the BFC curve agreed well with observed baseflow (R2 = 0.86, RMSE = 0.19 mm). The developed analytical curve provides an analytical solution for understanding how aridity index and storage capacity control mean annual catchment baseflow, and will improve predictability of baseflow at ungauged basins. Key Points: An analytical curve was established to depict the spatial variability of mean annual baseflow based on the Budyko "limit" frameworkThe curve directly relates aridity index and storage capacity (Sp) to estimate baseflow and shows dominant control of Sp in humid catchmentsThe developed curve performed well with observed data from 950 catchments located in the Australia, CONUS and UK [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For evaluating the climatic and landscape controls on long‐term baseflow, baseflow index (BFI, defined as the ratio of baseflow to streamflow) and baseflow coefficient (BFC, defined as the ratio of baseflow to precipitation) are formulated as functions of climate aridity index, storage capacity index (defined as the ratio of average soil water storage capacity to precipitation), and a shape parameter for the spatial variability of storage capacity. The derivation is based on the two‐stage partitioning framework and a cumulative distribution function for storage capacity. Storage capacity has a larger impact on BFI than on BFC. When storage capacity index is smaller than 1, BFI is less sensitive to storage capacity index in arid regions compared to that in humid regions; whereas, when storage capacity index is larger than 1, BFI is less sensitive to storage capacity index in humid regions. The impact of storage capacity index on BFC is only significant in humid regions. The shape parameter plays an important role on fast flow generation at the first‐stage partitioning in humid regions and baseflow generation at the second‐stage partitioning in arid regions. The derived formulae were applied to more than 400 catchments where storage capacity index was found to follow a logarithmic function with climate aridity index. The role of climate forcings at finer timescales on baseflow were quantified, indicating that seasonality in climate forcings has a significant control especially on BFI. Plain Language Summary: Baseflow is a portion of streamflow from delayed storage such as groundwater, and it is crucial for human water supply and ecological environments. Studies have indicated both climate and catchment landscape have impacts on baseflow generation. However, their respective roles on mean annual baseflow are not fully understood. This study derives new functions to analyze the mediation effects of soil water storage capacity on the process of precipitation partitioning, and uses numerical simulations to evaluate the role of climate forcings at finer timescales on mean annual baseflow. Two widely used baseflow metrics are focused on here: baseflow index (BFI), defined as the ratio of baseflow to total streamflow; and baseflow coefficient (BFC), defined as the ratio of baseflow to precipitation. Our results show that the spatial variability of soil water storage capacity plays an important role in baseflow generation, and the impact of soil water storage capacity on BFI spreads across regions with different climates, while its impact on BFC is only significant in humid regions. Numerical simulation shows that seasonality in climate forcings has a vital influence on BFI. Our study advances our knowledge of physical controls on baseflow generation. Key Points: Derived baseflow index (BFI) and baseflow coefficient (BFC) as functions of aridity index, storage capacity index, and a shape parameterWhen storage capacity index is small (large), BFI is less sensitive to climate aridity index in arid (humid) regionsThe control of climate variability (particularly seasonality) on BFI is strong, but not for BFC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermochemical heat storage offers the possibility to achieve high thermal energy storage capacities compared to sensible and latent heat storage. To quantify this advantage, thermochemical storage systems have to be evaluated under application conditions. The proposed 4‐temperatures approach delivers a first step toward a realistic testing of thermochemical working pairs. As an example, the approach is applied to testing the working pair zeolite/water under the conditions of the application of seasonal storage of solar thermal heat for domestic heating purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Hybrid PV‐wind distribution system planning is challenging due to the uncertainties of the system components. Therefore, this paper presents a novel optimization procedure based on scenario aggregation (SA) approach for the planning of such a distribution system. The proposed procedure uses random distributions, which are built for each time step, to model the system uncertainties. System uncertainties include solar irradiance, wind velocity, system load, and energy market price. The objective function of the optimization problem measures the annual cost of the proposed system. Results of the suggested SA optimization procedure are then compared with results of two‐stage stochastic programming (SP) to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. A case study for a grid‐connected hybrid PV‐wind distribution system in North Texas is presented to illustrate the proposed method. One‐year system components' data are collected to create the stochastic distributions needed to represent system uncertainties. The results of the SP give optimal system configuration that minimizes the system annual cost and meets reliability and load requirements of the proposed system. These results are compared with those obtained using the simpler SA approach. The case study shows that the proposed SA method gives close results compared with two‐stage SP when the uncertainty of the system is reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prudent management of Iraqi water resources under climate change conditions requires plans to be based on actual figures of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. With the absence of sediment flushing measures, the actual storage capacity of Dokan Reservoir (operated since 1959) has been affected by the amount of sediment delivered during its operational life leading to an undetermined reduction in its storage capacity. In consequence, there has not been an update on the dam's operational storage capacity curves. In this research, new operational curves were established for the reservoir based on a recent bathymetric survey undertaken in 2014. The reduction in reservoir capacity during the period between 1959 and 2014 was calculated by the mean of the difference between the designed storage capacity and the storage capacity which was concluded from the 2014 bathymetric survey. Moreover, the rate of sediment transported to the reservoir was calculated based on the overall quantities of accumulated sediment and the water discharge of the Lesser Zab River into the reservoir. The results indicate that the dam capacity is reduced by 25% due to sedimentation of an estimated volume of 367 million cubic metres at water level 480 m.a.s.l. The annual sedimentation rate was about 6.6 million cubic metres, and the sediment yield was estimated to be 701.2 t∙km−3∙year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant water stress in response to rainfall variability is mediated by subsurface water storage, yet the controls on stored plant‐available water remain poorly understood. Here we develop a probabilistic water balance model for Mediterranean climates that relates the amount of water stored over the wet season to annual rainfall statistics and subsurface storage capacity in soil and weathered bedrock. This model predicts that low storage capacity—relative to winter rainfall—results in similar year‐to‐year summer water availability, as both relatively wet and dry winters replenish storage. Observed water balances in seven catchments in the Northern California Coast Ranges exhibited this dynamic. We hypothesized that plants would be decoupled from precipitation variability at these storage‐capacity‐limited sites and observed that summer productivity and water use (inferred from the enhanced vegetation index) were independent of winter rainfall totals. These areas emerged largely unscathed from recent extreme drought, despite widespread plant mortality elsewhere. Plain Language Summary: When does a shortage of precipitation become a shortage of water supply to plants? In rain‐dominated seasonally dry climates, the answer depends on how water is stored belowground. Here we propose—perhaps counterintuitively—that low water storage capacity in Earth's critical zone (which includes soil and weathered bedrock) relative to average rainfall can decouple plant community productivity and water use from rainfall variability, and conversely that relatively large storage capacity increases plant sensitivity to annual swings in rainfall totals. A simple model and analysis of watersheds in winter wet, summer dry climates in California reveal that where it consistently rains much more than the subsurface can store, a similar amount of water is stored belowground in both relatively wet and dry years, with excess rainfall leaving as runoff. We hypothesized that this would result in similar year‐to‐year summer plant water availability, in spite of highly variable winter rainfall. We found, via satellite observations, that summer plant greenness was insensitive to swings in precipitation at these "storage‐capacity‐limited" sites. Contrary to predictions based primarily on tree density and rainfall deficits, these sites did not experience widespread mortality in the 2011‐2016 extreme drought. Key Points: Where annual rainfall reliably exceeds subsurface storage capacity, plant productivity should be insensitive to rainfall variabilityWater balances reveal sites where storage is replenished in both wet and dry winters, resulting in consistent summer plant water supplySuch storage‐capacity limited sites are inherently resilient to meteorological drought [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoirs provide water for irrigation and hydropower and protect downstream regions from flooding. Reservoir storage is affected by drought, which hampers the ability to provide water for irrigation and hydropower. Despite the need for reservoir storage prediction for planning and decision‐making, a reservoir storage forecast system at 1‐ to 3‐month lead has been lacking for major reservoirs in India. Here we evaluate the potential of observed accumulated precipitation, standardized precipitation index (SPI), standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), standardized streamflow index (SSI), and observed reservoir storage to provide reservoir storage anomaly forecast at 1‐ to 3‐month lead for the dry season (February to May) using a statistical approach. We find that accumulated precipitation for 3–11 months is strongly associated with the monthly reservoir storage anomalies in India. Moreover, accumulated precipitation and observed reservoir storage provide a reasonable (R2 = 0.7) forecast skill for reservoir storage anomalies at 1‐ to 3‐month lead. Similarly, SPI and SPEI can be used to predict reservoir storage anomalies at 1‐ to 3‐month lead in India. Since the prediction skill from SPI and SPEI is similar, reservoir storage at monthly timescale is largely affected by accumulated precipitation instead of variability in air temperature. We find that the forecast skill for the 1‐month lead from SPI, SPEI, and SSI is similar for Indira Sagar (Narmada) and Minimata (Mahanadi) reservoirs; however, prediction skill for reservoir storage anomalies improves substantially using SSI for 2‐ to 3‐month lead. Reservoir storage anomalies forecast at 1‐to 3‐month lead can be valuable for water management‐related decision‐making and planning during the dry season in India. Key Points: We developed reservoir storage index (RSI) to show reservoir storage condition in IndiaWe evaluated the potential of observed accumulated precipitation, SPI, SPEI, and SSI for reservoir storage forecast at 1‐ to 3‐month leadReservoir storage anomaly prediction has a similar skill for SPI, SPEI, and SSI for 1‐month lead where at higher lead (2‐3 months), SSI shows better forecast skill than SPI and SPEI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method to easily quantify the attenuation due to a reservoir on downstream flood peak discharges, that is, to the downstream flood frequency curve. Using a parsimonious Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph‐based model, we show that the flood peak attenuation is mainly controlled by three system characteristics: (1) the reservoir position along the river channel, (2) the spillway dimensions, quantified by the reservoir storage coefficient; and (3) the storage capacity. These three system characteristics are quantified by three dimensionless numbers, which are derived analytically for an idealized catchment. The degree of flood peak attenuation increases for increasing storage capacity and spillway dimensions, in different ways depending on the reservoir position along the river channel. An optimal position exists, which maximizes the degree of flood peak attenuation, and is in general different from the outlet of the catchment. Interestingly, for large reservoirs with relatively small spillways, a range of quasi‐optimal positions exists. With the Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph‐based model, we also investigate how the duration of extreme rainfall relevant for determining the maximum flood peaks at the catchment outlet changes depending on the three system characteristics. Some of the assumptions of the method (i.e., catchment simple morphology and linearity of reservoir response) are relaxed in a real‐world example, which demonstrates that the synthetic results approximate well what would be obtained by a more realistic model. Key Points: We propose a method to easily quantify reservoirs attenuation on downstream flood frequency curveFlood peak attenuation is mainly controlled by reservoir position within the catchment, spillway dimensions, and storage capacityOptimal positions exist that maximize flood peak attenuation and are generally different from catchment outlet [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthetic dyes as photo‐sensitizers have been extensively studied in the photogalvanic cells for solar energy conversion and storage in artificial light. To make photogalvanic cells more environmentally friendly and sustainable, the natural and renewable source like crude extract of the spinach has been studied as sensitizer material in this study. Remarkable steady state power and current generation with simultaneous power storage have been observed. The observed cell performance (charging time 18 min, Open‐circuit potential 1050 millivolt, Short‐circuit current 1750 micro ampere, power 384.0 micro watt, storage capacity as half change time 44 min, efficiency ≈ 9.22%) is very encouraging to photogalvanics. This study shows that the natural resources like crude spinach extract can also sensitize photogalvanics with efficiency as high as for synthetic dye sensitizers with additional advantage of low cost and free from pollution, which is associated with production and disposal of dyes. Natural resources like crude spinach extract‐based PG follow same principles as for synthetic dye sensitizers. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1800–1807, 2018 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) is an essential macronutrient for maintaining metabolism and growth in autotrophs. Little is known about DIP uptake kinetics and internal P‐storage capacity in seaweeds, such as Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta). Ulva lactuca is a promising candidate for biofiltration purposes and mass commercial cultivation. We exposed U. lactuca to a wide range of DIP concentrations (1–50 μmol · L−1) and a nonlimiting concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; 5,000 μmol · L−1) under fully controlled laboratory conditions in a “pulse‐and‐chase” assay over 10 d. Uptake kinetics were standardized per surface area of U. lactuca fronds. Two phases of responses to DIP‐pulses were measured: (i) a surge uptake (VS) of 0.67 ± 0.10 μmol · cm−2 · d−1 and (ii) a steady state uptake (VM) of 0.07 ± 0.03 μmol · cm−2 · d−1. Mean internal storage capacity (ISCP) of 0.73 ± 0.13 μmol · cm−2 was calculated for DIP. DIP uptake did not affect DIN uptake. Parameters of DIN uptake were also calculated: VS = 12.54 ± 1.90 μmol · cm−2 · d−1, VM = 2.26 ± 0.86 μmol · cm−2 · d−1, and ISCN = 22.90 ± 6.99 μmol · cm−2. Combining ISC and VM values of P and N, nutrient storage capacity of U. lactuca was estimated to be sufficient for ~10 d. Both P and N storage capacities were filled within 2 d when exposed to saturating nutrient concentrations, and uptake rates declined thereafter at 90% for DIP and at 80% for DIN. Our results contribute to understanding the ecological aspects of nutrient uptake kinetics in U. lactuca and quantitatively evaluating its potential for bioremediation and/or biomass production for food, feed, and energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used in military, traffic, medical and so on. The design of routing protocol for WSNs is limited by the single nature of the local topology information. Meanwhile, the power supply of sensor networks node, communication ability and storage capacity are limited, so how to improve the efficient energy of nodes and extend the networks life cycle is the focus of current research. This study proposes the improved algorithm for the LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) clustering algorithm, considering the residual energy of the nodes and the factors of the long distance node, the T (n) is readjusted and the new method is proposed. Then the data fusion rate is introduced to allow the cluster‐heads to fuse data before sending the data, and send the data to the base station. Finally, the free‐space model and the multi‐path fading model are adopted to avoid the excessive consumption of energy caused by the node d4. The authors' simulation results show that the improved algorithm can reduce the energy consumption of the networks and prolongs life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of geologic heterogeneity on capillary trapping of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) has been recognized and appraised through laboratory experimentation and modeling. However, how different injection strategies can be optimized to improve capillary trapping has not received adequate attention. We present a study based on stochastic analysis to show the impact of injection scheduling on capillary trapping of scCO2 in heterogeneous geological formations. Improvement of trapping efficiency consists of maximizing the trapped volume within a predefined secure zone of the storage formation with the goal of avoiding plume intersection with potential leakage pathways. Using knowledge acquired from physical experiments in intermediate-scale tanks with controlled heterogeneity, we conduct numerical simulations following a stochastic approach to extend the observed outcomes to a series of equally probable permeability scenarios. Our simulations involve the same combination of surrogate fluids that are used in the experiments to mimic viscosity and density contrasts between scCO2 and brine. To account for uncertainty of formation heterogeneity, several permeability fields with three different variances and two horizontal correlation lengths are generated. The same volume of scCO2 is emplaced using four different modes of injection scheduling. Results suggest that injection strategies aimed at enhancing capillary trapping of scCO2 and increasing the probability of constraining the plume within a secure zone are strictly related to the specific heterogeneity of the reservoir. This preliminary theoretical finding suggests the potential for maximizing secure capillary trapping through the proper selection of injection schedule to fit the formation heterogeneity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of dams causes reduced flow velocities, inducing gradual deposition of sediments carried by the inflowing stream, and resulting in sedimentation and ultimately diminishing reservoir storage capacity. This study focuses on sedimentation of Hirakud Reservoir in Odisha, India, using available reservoir capacity and numerical simulation data. Reduced trap efficiency, observed and projected capacity curves, rising reservoir bed level and the capacities of the different storage zones for various projected years are analysed. The area-reduction method indicates the loss in the live, gross and dead storage will be 58%, 63% and 100%, respectively, of their original capacities by 2057, which represents 100 years of impounding of water in the reservoir. If the present sediment inflow rate continues without regular flushing of the deposited sediment, it is predicted the reservoir bed level will rise to the full reservoir level of 192.02 m by the year 2110. Brune's trap efficiency and step method indicate the gross storage zone of Hirakud Reservoir will be completely depleted by the end of 2110, with the trap efficiency reduced to zero. The empirical area-reduction method is found to be more suitable for determining the storage capacities of Hirakud Reservoir in the absence of sedimentation survey data. An attempt was also made to solve the combined hydrodynamic and sediment transport equations numerically to predict morphological changes in Hirakud Reservoir. The finite-element code TELEMAC-2D and finite-volume code for SISYPHE, respectively, were applied to solve the above set of equations in order to predict the bed profiles at different reservoir cross sections for the period of 1958-2008. Analysis of the simulated results demonstrates that, considering the model inputs, the model performs well in simulating the morphology and dynamic characteristics of a reservoir. Projection of the numerical results indicates a complete loss of reservoir operational life due to sedimentation by around 2150. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated modeling approach/workflow, in which a series of mathematical models of different levels of complexity are applied to evaluate the geological storage capacity of the Scania Site, southwest Sweden, is presented. The storage formation at the site is a layered formation limited by bounding fault zones, and injection is assumed to take place from one existing deep borehole into all layers. A semi-analytical model for two-phase flow is first used to evaluate the pressure response and related parameter sensitivity, as well as the first estimates of acceptable injection rates. These results are then used to guide the more detailed numerical simulations that address both pressure response and plume migration. The vertical equilibrium (VE) model is used to obtain a preliminary understanding of the plume migration with a larger number of simulations. Finally the full TOUGH2/ECO2N simulations are performed for the most detailed analyses of pressure responses and plume migration. Throughout, the results of the different modeling approaches are compared to each other. It is concluded that the key limiting factor for the storage capacity at the site in the injection scenario considered is the fast CO2 migration within the high permeability layer. Future studies can address alternative injection scenarios, including using horizontal injection wells and injection to other layers than the high permeability layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A surface barrier is a commonly used technology for isolation of subsurface contaminants. Surface barriers for isolating radioactive waste are expected to perform for centuries to millennia, yet there are very few data for field-scale surface barriers for periods approaching a decade or longer. The Prototype Hanford Barrier (PHB) with a design life of 1000 years was constructed over an existing radioactive waste site in 1994 to demonstrate its long-term performance. The primary element of the PHB is an evapotranspiration-capillary (ETC) barrier in which precipitation water is stored in a fine-textured soil layer and later released to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration. To address the barrier performance under extreme conditions, this study included an enhanced precipitation stress test from 1995 to 1997 to determine barrier response to extreme precipitation events. During this period a 1000 year 24 h return rainstorm was simulated in March every year. The loss of vegetation on barrier hydrology was tested with a controlled fire test in 2008. The 19 year monitoring record shows that the store-and-release mechanism worked as well as or better than the design criterion. Average drainage from the ETC barrier amounted to an average of 0.005 mm yr−1, which is well below the design criterion of 0.5 mm yr−1. After a simulated wildfire, the naturally reestablished vegetation and increased evaporation combined to release the stored water and summer precipitation to the atmosphere such that drainage did not occur in the 5 years subsequent to the fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root zone storage capacity ( Sr) is an important variable for hydrology and climate studies, as it strongly influences the hydrological functioning of a catchment and, via evaporation, the local climate. Despite its importance, it remains difficult to obtain a well-founded catchment representative estimate. This study tests the hypothesis that vegetation adapts its Sr to create a buffer large enough to sustain the plant during drought conditions of a certain critical strength (with a certain probability of exceedance). Following this method, Sr can be estimated from precipitation and evaporative demand data. The results of this 'climate-based method' are compared with traditional estimates from soil data for 32 catchments in New Zealand. The results show that the differences between catchments in climate-derived catchment representative Sr values are larger than for soil-derived Sr values. Using a model experiment, we show that the climate-derived Sr can better reproduce hydrological regime signatures for humid catchments; for more arid catchments, the soil and climate methods perform similarly. This makes the climate-based Sr a valuable addition for increasing hydrological understanding and reducing hydrological model uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epikarst exerts a strong control on run-off generation in karst regions, but it is still unclear in karst regions. Our study aimed to demonstrate the effect of epikarst on near-surface hydrological processes in a subtropical cockpit karst region of southwest China, using plot-scale rainfall simulation experiments with different rainfall intensities (low and high) and antecedent moisture conditions (dry and wet). A trench excavated to the epikarst lower boundary allowed identification of flow pathways in the entire soil-epikarst architecture system, thus facilitating the water balance calculations using a conceptual model with the assumption of a two-stage hydrological evolution. More than 70% of the total rainfall water moved vertically through the shallow soil layer and then was redistributed by the epikarst as subsurface flow occurring on the soil-epikarst interface, depression filling on epikarst surface, water held by epikarst and deep percolation. Epikarst water regulation capacity, defined as the sum of depression filling on epikarst surface, water held by epikarst, epikarst seepage flow and deep percolation, was 58 mm (wet antecedent condition) and 223 mm (dry antecedent condition). Total run-off from the soil-epikarst system was dominated by saturated subsurface flow showing a threshold process controlled by epikarst storage capacity (storing as much as 181 mm of rainfall water under dry antecedent condition). Our study proved that despite the epikarst being relatively poorly developed and covered by a soil mantle, it still exerted a strong influence on near-surface hydrological processes and thus should be adequately considered in future modelling of water recharge and depletion dynamics in this integrated soil-epikarst system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the dependency of CO2 storage efficiency coefficient ( E) and injectivity index ( Iinj) on the geostatistical parameters of the permeability field. CO2 injection simulations are conducted for multiple realizations of log-normally distributed permeability fields parameterized by log permeability standard deviation ( σ) and dimensionless horizontal correlation length ( λ). Results show that the injectivity index increases with increasing λ, the magnitude of the effect depending on σ. Increasing σ leads to poorer injectivity for cases with small λ, but improves injectivity when λ is large. Further analysis indicates that the enhancing effect of σ on injectivity can be attributed to cases with channelized flow, while the decrease effect of σ is seen in more dispersive flow regime. The dependence of injectivity on both λ and σ is captured with a linear correlation between Iinj and a parameter group , where ξ is a dimensionless scaling parameter. The storage efficiency coefficient, on the other hand, decreases with both increasing σ and λ, and a simple linear fit is found between E and the parameter group λσ2, a well-established heterogeneity parameter group describing e.g. macro-dispersivity in solute transport studies. These relationships provide potentially useful tools for the preliminary evaluation of a site. Future studies should address the validity of the relationships in alternative injection scenarios and domain geometries. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of catchment-scale soil properties, such as water storage capacity and hydraulic conductivity, is of primary interest for the implementation of distributed hydrological models at the regional scale. This estimation is generally performed on the basis of information provided by soil databases. However, such databases are often established for agronomic uses and generally do not document deep-weathered rock horizons (i.e. pedologic horizons of type C and deeper), which can play a major role in water transfer and storages. Here, we define the Drainable Storage Capacity Index (DSCI), an indicator that relies on the comparison between cumulated streamflow and precipitation to assess catchment-scale storage capacities. DSCI is found to be reliable to detect underestimation of soil storage capacities in soil databases. We also use the streamflow recession analysis methodology defined by Brutsaert and Nieber in 1977 to estimate water storage capacities and lateral saturated hydraulic conductivities of the nondocumented deep horizons. The analysis is applied to a sample of 23 catchments (0.2-291 km2) located in the Cévennes-Vivarais region (south of France). For regionalization purposes, the obtained results are compared with the dominant catchment geology and present a clear hierarchy between the different geologies of the area. Hard crystalline rocks are found to be associated with the thickest and less conductive deep soil horizons. Schist rocks present intermediate values of thickness and of saturated hydraulic conductivity, whereas sedimentary rocks and alluvium are found to be less thick and most conductive. These results are of primary interest in view of the future set-up of distributed hydrological models over the Cévennes-Vivarais region. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, surveillance cameras are widely installed in public places for security and law enforcement, but the video quality may be low because of the limited transmission bandwidth and storage capacity. In this study, the authors proposed a gait recognition method for extremely low‐quality videos, which have a frame‐rate at one frame per second (1 fps) and resolution of 32 × 22 pixels. Different from popular temporal reconstruction‐based methods, the proposed method uses the average gait image (AGI) over the whole sequence as the appearance‐based feature description. Based on the AGI description, the authors employed a large number of weak classifiers to reduce the generalisation errors. The performance can be further improved by incorporating the model‐based information into the classifier ensemble. The authors found that the performance improvement is directly proportional to the average disagreement level of weak classifiers (i.e. diversity), which can be increased by using the model‐based information. The authors evaluated the proposed method on both indoor and outdoor databases (i.e. the low‐quality versions of OU‐ISIR‐D and USF databases), and the results suggest that our method is more general and effective than other state‐of‐the‐art algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injectivity of CO2 in the Bécancour deep saline aquifers, St. Lawrence Platform (Québec), was investigated using 2D radial numerical simulations with TOUGH2/ECO2N. In order to have an appropriate choice for the CO2 injection rate and the duration of injection, sensitivity analyses were carried out, considering different values of hydrodynamic, chemical-petrophysical, and geometric parameters affecting CO2 injection in a brine reservoir. The parameterization analysis for capillary pressure and relative permeability models indicated large uncertainty for this case study. Simulations took into account Bécancour reservoir conditions in which the maximum pressure was limited to the fracturing pressure. The sensitivity analysis provides guidance on potential injection scenarios. To remain below fracturing pressure, intermittent 5-year injection periods can be used, with a mass injection rate up to ∼ 20 kg/s, alternating with half-year periods without injection. This scenario could give maximum CO2 storage in the aquifer. CO2 storage capacities in different phases were calculated versus time. This study shows that the northeastern reservoir block of the Bécancour area could host about 10 Mt CO2, which represents 15% to 50% of regional yearly CO2 emissions during about 60 and 20 years for the case of the injection formation permeability of 0.89 × 10−15 m2 and 4.17 × 10−15 m2, respectively. Finally, this modeling study will also be the basis for the design of a pilot CO2 injection test at the study site. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrating solar power technology (CSP) will probably become increasingly present in power systems and will have to be included in generation adequacy studies. CSP has two special features which makes it different from other technologies: its daily and seasonal cycle and its possibility of storage. This study proposes a sequential Monte Carlo method, which includes series of possible trajectories of CSP production to find the capacity value of this technology. From the generated CSP production trajectories, values of loss of load probability, equivalent load carrying capacity and equivalent conventional power plant are calculated. Different hypotheses are considered, in order to study the effect of location of CSP plants, their storage capacity and demand profile on capacity credit. The study has a two fold objective: it intends to propose a way of including CSP in generation adequacy studies, and gives representative values of the contribution of this technology to overall power system reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY The efforts have been made to convert solar energy into electrical energy by eosin as photosensitizer with different sugars fructose, arabinose, D-xylose, and mannose systems in photogalvanic cell along with providing them commercial viability using lower concentrations of the solutions. The generated photopotential and photocurrent are 848.0, 679.0, 825.0, and 758.0 mV and 240.0, 240.0, 250.0, and 170.0 μA, respectively. The maximum powers are 203.52, 162.96, 206.25, and 128.86 μW, respectively. The observed conversion efficiency is 0.8415, 0.6461 0.7026, and 0.6812% and the determined fill factors are 0.34, 0.37, 0.28, and 0.27 against the absolute value 1. The developed photogalvanic cell can work for 55.0, 75.0, 85.0, and 90.0 minutes in the dark. The photogeneration electricity is proved by a proposed mechanism. Conclusively, the photogalvanic cell so developed has shown appreciable conversion and storage of solar energy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a wetland network is designed to mitigate saltwater intrusion based on the relationship between river discharge and salinity in Modaomen waterway (MDMW), the Pearl River estuary (PRE) of southern China. The designed network consists of existing and expanded wetlands, river channels and their tributaries. The freshwater stored in wetlands can be diverted into river channels to adjust salinity gradients when saltwater intrusion reaches the predefined locations. In the MDMW, two exponential regression models are established between the freshwater discharge and the saltwater intrusion length at both high water slack (HWS) and low water slack (LWS), respectively. The wetland network can effectively mitigate the saltwater intrusion when the freshwater is diverted from wetlands into river channels according to the regressive models. The method of wetland network can save over 50% more freshwater (varying from 46.1 to 56.4% at HWS and from 53.4 to 61.8% at LWS) than the emergent water allocation schedule (EWAS) implemented in 2005 to protect against saltwater intrusion in the same area. Wetland network design facilitates water resource management in the PRE and can also be easily generalized to other estuaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers a dynamic lot-sizing problem with storage capacity limitation in which backlogging is allowed. For general concave procurement and inventory costs, we present an O( T2) dynamic programming algorithm where T is the length of the planning horizon. Furthermore, in case of a fixed-charge cost structure without speculative motives, we show that the problem can be solved in O( T) time. By carefully choosing decompositions of the problems, we can use classical results like an efficient matrix searching algorithm and geometric techniques to achieve the results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a regional study on the hydrodynamic characteristics of karstic aquifers with the use of time series and stochastic analyses. The study took daily flow rates of 20 springs in 11 aquifer units in Basque Country, Spain. It shows that classification of hydrodynamic and hydraulic from stochastic analysis provides a balance approach to describe hydraulic behaviour of aquifers. It indicates the hydrologic time series did not show a classification of hydrodynamic characteristics.

This article presents a study regarding the influence of species and rain event characteristics on stemflow volume in a temperate mixed oak and beech stand. The study aims to analyze the effects of meteorological and biological factors on stemflow generation in a temperate mixed oak and beech stand. Moreover, a statistical model was designed to predict single-event individual stemflow volume from trunk circumstances and rainfall depth allowing mechanistic stemflow parameters to be gained from the model.

The article presents a study which investigates the precipitation water storage capacity of a temperate mixed oak-beech canopy. It shows the comparison of three independent approaches such as spraying laboratory experiment, a mechanistic model, and linear regression analyses in order to estimate, describe, and evaluate the forest canopy. It states that the storage capacity for mixed oak-beech zones ranges from 0·24 millimeter to 1·12 millimeter. It also notes that the storage capacity of mixed canopy is high for high density zones with increasing local basal area.

To increase storage capacity and I/O bandwidth, modern solid‐state drives embed multiple NAND packages that consist of one or multiple dies in a parallel architecture. Each die can process NAND read/write/erase operations independently. A dynamic die binding method for write requests that is intended to exploit this parallel processing capability is proposed. This scheme stripes data to idle dies first, and unlike existing dynamic binding schemes, when idle dies are lacking it selects dies with the lowest accumulated write loads, thereby achieving wear levelling by ensuring long‐term write load balancing. Thus, it can prevent situations in which some dies are worn out more quickly than others. A performance evaluation demonstrates that our approach offers slightly better performance compared with an existing dynamic binding scheme and completely resolves the problem of imbalanced write loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new model in which an iterative detection is supported by extrinsic information from equalisers is proposed. Furthermore, the system performance involving extrinsic information from an opposite direction one‐dimensional soft output Viterbi algorithm is examined. The work is applied to holographic data storage (HDS) systems. The HDS systems are well known as a future storage system because of their extremely large storage capacity and high data transfer rates. However, the system faces two‐dimensional interference challenges. The results show that the proposed model vastly improves the performance of the HDS system under severe interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the storage capacity of the associative memory network (HASP). HASP is an associative memory network, which is composed of the heteroassociative memory network using the correlation matrix, and the mutually inhibitory network. The feature of the network is that the one-to-many association can be realized, which has been difficult in the networks hitherto proposed. Because a mutually inhibitory network can effectively eliminate the crosstalk noise produced in the heteroassociative memory network, it is expected that the storage capacity will be greater compared to the previously proposed networks. Willshaw et al. analyzed the storage capacity in the heteroassociative memory [4]. In the present study, a similar method is used to analyze and evaluate theoretically the storage capacity of HASP. As a result, it is shown that HASP can realize twice or larger storage capacity compared to the heteroassociative memory networks, when the keys and the associative vectors are sparsely encoded. It is verified that the result of the analysis agrees well with the result of the computer simulations. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 28 (1): 24–33, 1997 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, structure H (sH) of methane hydrate in the presence of several promoters was studied using thermodynamic modeling. The approach uses the van der Waals‐Platteeuw hydrate model as well as Kihara potential function to account for water‐guest molecule interaction in hydrate phase. In the modeling of phase equilibria, Valderrama–Patel–Teja equation of state (VPT‐EoS) along with non‐density dependent (NDD) mixing rule was used to predict the fugacity of water in aqueous and gas phases. Also, the model was used to evaluate the occupancy of the cavities and storage capacity of methane. This capacity was found to vary between 48 and 58 vol.% of cavities at the conditions of formation of the sH hydrates, i.e. 270‐291 K and 1‐10 MPa. Good agreement between experimental and calculated equilibrium conditions with the average absolute deviation (AAD) of 0.07 was obtained. The results revealed that the large cavities are occupied by the promoter molecules, while methane molecules are encaged in medium and small cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidirectional Associative Memory (MAM) is an associative memory model that can deal with multiple associations. It can be considered as a generalized Bidirectional Associative Memory (BAM). Multidirectional Associative Memory with a Hidden Layer (MAMH) improves the storage capacity of MAM. However, the improvement is limited. In this paper, we propose Multidirectional Associative Memory with Two Hidden Layers (MAMTH). It can provide, theoretically unlimited, much larger storage capacity. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the validity of CADISSE, a regional storage capacity model developed to assess the sensitivity of catchment hydrology to climate variability, is examined. In CADISSE, catchment discharge sensitivity is expressed as the ratio of present maximum reservoir storageto catchment storage capacity. Present maximum storage should be interpreted as the maximum amount of water stored in a catchment at present. Catchment storage capacity is defined as the absolute amount of water that can be stored, given the catchment's dimensions and lithological characteristics. With CADISSE, catchment sensitivity can be quantified regionally using limited discharge data and topographic information. Furthermore, storage capacities can be assessed. CADISSE wassuccessfully applied to 15 catchments in the Upper Loire Basin. However, successful application does not necessarily mean that the variables (present maximum storage and storage capacity) represent real world values. Therefore, a two-step evaluation procedure is presented inthis paper. To evaluate CADISSE, (1) the accurate assessment of regionally determined storage capacity, and (2) the importance of presentmaximum storage for catchment discharge sensitivity is examined witha daily discharge model by comparing observed and simulated catchment storage behaviour for dry and wet periods. The evaluation was carried out using the probability distributed daily discharge model, PDM, and a weather generator for three catchments with different storage capacities and storage behaviour. Results indicate that catchment storage capacity can be correctly quantified with CADISSE and that differences in storage behaviour are indeed important for analyses of catchment sensitivity. Hence, CADISSE has great potential as it can be used to identify flood- and drought-prone catchments under present and future conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]