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Background: Despite having a similar prevalence to Western populations, literature on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in the Asian population is sparse. There is limited data on the epidemiology and aetiology of CRS in Asia. Objectives: To review the current literature on the epidemiology and aetiology of CRS in Asia. Methods: This is a narrative review of published data on the epidemiology and aetiology of CRS. Studies on CRS in Asian countries, published in English and indexed on PubMed or Google Scholar were reviewed. Where available, data extracted included epidemiology, endotype and cytokine profiles and genetic profiles. Results and Conclusion: The prevalence of CRS in Asia ranges widely from 2.1% to 28.4%. Type 2 inflammation has been reported in 5%–55% of Asian patients, with lower levels of Type 2 cytokines reported in head to head comparisons of Western versus Asian patients. Notably, there exists marked heterogeneity in criterion of the tissue eosinophilic infiltration for diagnosis of type 2 CRS. Our review suggests that differences in prevalence of CRS and proportion of eosinophilic CRS between Asia and Europe and the Americas requires further study. Large‐scale Asian studies utilising standardised definitions are needed to bridge this gap. Head to head genetic and microbiomal analysis may also be useful in understanding differences in CRS between the Asian and Western populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine if the volume of buccal fat, ascertained by computed tomography (CT) scanning, would correspond to surface area and reach (length and width) of the flap intraoperatively to aid in the reconstruction of selected skull base defects.Methods: Cadaveric study of five specimens, 10 sides. Methods CT imaging and evaluation using the Osirix 9 software (Pixmeo; Bernex, Switzerland). of cadaveric heads to calculate the volume of the buccal fat bilaterally. The flap was then harvested endoscopically. Measurements were taken. Two heads were also dissected via a transfacial approach.Results: The volume of the buccal fat pad (BFP) as well as the maximum length and width of the endoscopically harvested flap were documented. There was a positive correlation shown between the calculated volume of the BFP based on CT imaging and the dissected length and width of the flap (Pearson correlation, r = 0.83 and r = 0.80, respectively). The transfacial dissection demonstrated the lobes of the BFP well, showing that most of the endoscopic mobilization of the BFP was limited to the posterior lobe, in particular to the temporalis and pterygoid components, with minimal displacement of the superficial components. This minimized the risk of visibly hollowing the buccal fullness.Conclusion: Preoperative calculation of the CT-based volume of the BFP correlates positively with the intraoperative maximum reach of the flap for both length and width. Whereas the volume may be lower in some instances, the BFP would still have adequate reach to provide coverage for the lower and mid-clival region in most patients.Level Of Evidence: NA. Laryngoscope, 130:1670-1673, 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the endoscopic surgery for fronto-ethmoidal mucoceles and highlights factors influencing the outcomes of endoscopic surgery. Patients treated surgically for mucoceles of the paranasal sinus were used to identify those who have had endoscopic surgery for fronto-ethmoidal mucoceles. Endoscopic marsupialization is said to be safe and viable technique for treating fronto-ethmoidal mucoceles and are associated with low recurrence rates and low rates of complications.

Objective: 1) Understand the factors affecting outcomes in surgery for fronto‐ethmoidal mucocoeles (FEM). 2) Add to the senior author's experience to the existing literature regarding the management of FEM. Method: A retrospective study of patients treated by the senior author from 1995 to 2010 was undertaken. A patient database was used to identify those who had endoscopic surgery for FEM. Patient notes and operative records were reviewed and assessed for variables that may affect outcome after surgery. Results: A total of 40 patients underwent 44 endoscopic procedures for treatment of FEM. The mean age was 46.3 years, and mean follow‐up time was 74.9 months. Two patients (5%) had head trauma as an etiological factor. A total of 28 Draf IIa procedures, 13 Draf IIb, and 3 Draf III procedures were performed. Three patients had surgery combined with open approaches. Two patients had bilateral surgery, and 2 patients required revision surgery: one for restenosis after a Draf IIa procedure (1/28) and one for disease recurrence. Stenosis was found in a further 3 patients who had Draf IIb surgery (3/13). Conclusion: The current series represents one of the largest for the endoscopic management of FEM. Endoscopic approaches are suitable for all but the most lateral of mucocoeles. The most common complication, restenosis of the frontal recess, was more likely following Draf IIb procedures (23%) than Draf IIa (3.6%) procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]