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ABSTRACT The application of big data in education sparks debates on its effects. Researchers explore its impact on learning outcomes, with divergent views on neural networks' potential and negative consequences. This study assesses big data's influence on basic literacy skills in music education for 5th graders. Using clustering and k‐density analyses, scholars monitored changes over 5 months at [Music College of Jimei University] Elementary School. Results show big data technologies helped maintain motivation and improved academic success. Musical performance and the Sounddraw app garnered the most interest and effectiveness. These results indicate that the use of big data technologies is not only effective in increasing engagement but also in enhancing the cognitive understanding of musical concepts. This adaptability is crucial in music education, where students’ individual learning paces and creative inclinations vary widely. Moreover, by leveraging data‐driven insights, educators can track progress more precisely, identifying areas where students excel and where they may need additional support. Future research should delve into the psycho‐emotional impact of regular big data use in music learning. This study underscores the practical application of modern educational programs to meet evolving needs and advocates interactive learning to mitigate traditional methods’ drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Cu‐catalyzed vinylation method for alkenyl ethers has been developed. In this strategy, both chain and cyclic alkenyl ether substrates were applicable, and the target products were obtained in up to 95% yields and with the E/Z selectivities of >98:2. Furthermore, we have successfully applied this method to directly vinylate the C‐2 position of protected glucals, offering a valuable tool for their functionalization. Moreover, through the utilization of alkenyl alcohols as substrates, we accomplished a 1,2‐alkenyloxylation of alkenyl double bond, enabling the synthesis of functionalized cyclic ether compounds with five or six‐membered rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA origami nanodevices achieve programmable structure and tunable mechanical and dynamic properties by leveraging the sequence‐specific interactions of nucleic acids. Previous advances have also established DNA origami as a useful building block to make well‐defined micron‐scale structures through hierarchical self‐assembly, but these efforts have largely leveraged the structural features of DNA origami. The tunable dynamic and mechanical properties also provide an opportunity to make assemblies with adaptive structures and properties. Here the integration of DNA origami hinge nanodevices and coiled‐coil peptides are reported into hybrid reconfigurable assemblies. With the same dynamic device and peptide interaction, it is made multiple higher‐order assemblies (i.e., polymorphic assembly) by organizing clusters of peptides into patches or arranging single peptides into patterns on the surfaces of DNA origami to control the relative orientation of devices. The coiled‐coil interactions are used to construct circular and linear assemblies whose structure and mechanical properties can be modulated with DNA‐based reconfiguration. Reconfiguration of linear assemblies leads to micron scale motions and ≈2.5‐10‐fold increase in bending stiffness. The results provide a foundation for stimulus‐responsive hybrid assemblies that can adapt their structure and properties in response to nucleic acid, peptide, protein, or other triggers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cell technology is a promising alternative to traditional internal combustion engines in various applications, especially in transportation applications. However, the high cost and limited lifetime of fuel cells have hindered their widespread commercialization. Accurately predicting fuel cell lifetime is crucial for reducing the cost of ownership, ensuring safety, and promoting the adoption of this technology. The objective of the present work is to develop a tool that is able to estimate the lifespan of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and to predict its behavior to anticipate failures. Therefore, this paper contributes to proposing a multi‐input time‐series prediction network based on an echo state network, which takes the future current into consideration. A degradation trend extraction method is proposed in this paper and the remaining useful life of the fuel cell is predicted. Results have shown that the proposed methods in both short‐term and long‐term prediction have achieved satisfying prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical field is facing a physician‐scientist shortage, threatening future medical research and development. Medical institutions can contribute to developing physician‐scientists by stimulating students' involvement in research. In this study, a medical undergraduate teaching module to develop research skills and encourage interest in research was held in Chongqing, China. Undergraduate medical students at Chongqing Medical University completed research skills training. Before and after the training, an online, anonymous, self‐reported questionnaire was administered. The self‐reported questionnaire investigated students' demographic characteristics, students' perception of attitudes toward conducting research, research skills (e.g., identifying and utilizing information, critical appraisal of literature, paper writing, and understanding of research), and feedback on scientific research training. The module was implemented with 25 students from July 2019 to October 2019, and 96.0% (N = 24) of participants responded to the questionnaire both prior to and after the training. In the evaluation of research skills, results showed that use of appropriate tools for research (Z = −3.340, p < 0.01), students' ability to undertake a focused literature search (Z = −3.40, p < 0.01), identifying and utilizing information (Z = −3.34, p < 0.01), and paper‐writing skills (Z = −3.49, p < 0.01) were significantly improved after the undergraduates participated in the scientific research training. A qualitative analysis of the feedback showed that students found that the training helped to enhance their knowledge, improve their study scores, and motivate them to conduct research in the future. Early scientific research ability training strengthened the research skills of medical undergraduates and motivated them to pursue research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disorder, with 80% of all cases usually caused by one single hyperfunctioning parathyroid adenoma. Conventional imaging modalities for the diagnostic work‐up of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) include ultrasound of the neck, 99mTc‐sestamibi scintigraphy, and four‐dimensional computed tomography (4D‐CT). However, the role of other imaging modalities, such as 11C‐methionine PET/CT, in the care pathway for PHPT is currently unclear. Here, we report our experience of the diagnostic utility of 11C‐methionine PET/CT in a single‐center patient cohort (n = 45). Design: Retrospective single‐center cohort study. Patients and Measurements: The data of eligible patients that underwent 11C‐methionine PET/CT between 2014 and 2022 at Addenbrooke's Hospital (Cambridge, UK) were collected and analyzed. The clinical utility of imaging modalities was determined by comparing the imaging result with histopathological and biochemical outcomes following surgery. Results: In patients with persistent primary hyperparathyroidism following previous surgery, 11C‐methionine PET/CT identified a candidate lesion in 6 of 10 patients (60.0%), and histologically confirmed in 5 (50.0%). 11C‐methionine PET/CT also correctly identified a parathyroid adenoma in 9 out of 12 patients (75.0%) that failed to be localized on other imaging modalities. 11C‐methionine PET/CT had a sensitivity of 70.0% (95% CI 55.8 – 84.2%) for the detection of parathyroid adenomas. Conclusions: This study highlights a diagnostic role for 11C‐methionine PET/CT in patients that have undergone unsuccessful prior surgery or have equivocal or negative prior imaging results, aiding localization and a targeted surgical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cGAS‐STING (cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase‐stimulator of interferon genes) axis is the predominant DNA sensing system in cells of the innate immune system. However, human T cells also express high levels of STING, while its role and physiological trigger remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the cGAS‐STING pathway is indeed functional in human primary T cells. In the presence of a TCR‐engaging signal, both cGAS and STING activation switches T cells into type I interferon‐producing cells. However, T cell function is severely compromised following STING activation, as evidenced by increased cell death, decreased proliferation, and impaired metabolism. Interestingly, these different phenotypes bifurcate at the level of STING. While antiviral immunity and cell death require the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), decreased proliferation is mediated by STING independently of IRF3. In summary, we demonstrate that human T cells possess a functional cGAS‐STING signaling pathway that can contribute to antiviral immunity. However, regardless of its potential antiviral role, the activation of the cGAS‐STING pathway negatively affects T cell function at multiple levels. Taken together, these results could help inform the future development of cGAS‐STING‐targeted immunotherapies. Synopsis: In primary human T cells, the activation of the innate sensor STING leads to antiviral cytokine release. However, T cell functionality is reduced upon STING activation through increased apoptosis, impaired proliferation, and compromised metabolism. Innate sensors cGAS and STING are operational in human T cells.STING activation induces antiviral cytokine production in TCR‐activated human T cells.TCR activation strongly boosts STING activation and antiviral gene expression.STING activation in human T cells induces apoptosis and impairs proliferation and metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of faecal microbiota transfer (FMT) with lactation Min sows as faecal donor on blood immunity, small intestine amino acid transport capacity, bile acid circulation, and colon microbiota of recipient piglets. From Days 1 to 10, the recipient group (R group) was orally inoculated with a faecal suspension. The control group (Con group) was orally inoculated with sterile physiological saline. On Day 21, the results showed that the immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration in plasma of the R group was increased (p < 0.05). The expression of 4F2hc in the jejunal mucosa and ileum mucosa of the R group was ameliorated (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Synergistetes in the colon of the R group was increased, Proteobacteria was diminished by FMT (p < 0.05). On Day 40, the concentrations of IgA, IgG, and interleukin‐2 detected in the plasma of the R group were increased (p < 0.05). FXR and fibroblast growth factor 19 gene expression was upregulated in ileum mucosa, CYP7A1 and Na+ taurocholate cotransporter polypeptide gene expression were downregulated in the liver and organic solute transporters α/β was downregulated in colonic mucosa (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes in the colon of the R group was decreased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, an early FMT with lactation Min sows as faecal donors can alter the small intestine amino acid transport capacity, bile acid circulation, and colonic microbiota of recipient piglets during lactation and after weaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and associated factors, among Chinese children and adolescents aged 8–18 years who attend primary or high school. Methods: A total of 23 005 primary and high school students were recruited from February to December, 2019 for this cross‐sectional study. The questionnaire included demographic information, questions assessing suicidality, resilience, depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children), and anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders). Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the independent correlates of depression and anxiety. Results: Overall, 13.06% of participants experienced depressive symptoms, 22.34% experienced anxiety symptoms, 26.34% experienced transient suicidal ideation, 2.23% had serious suicidal ideation, and 1.46% had a history of suicide attempts. Anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 4.935; 95% confidence interval [CI][4.442–5.485]), suicidality (OR, 2.671; 95% CI[2.203–3.237]), skipping breakfast (OR, 1.920; 95% CI[1.348–2.736]), sleep duration (OR, 0.470; 95% CI[0.398–0.556]) and self‐expectations (OR, 1.924; 95% CI[1.550–2.389]) were associated with depression (all p <.05). Depression (OR, 4.424; 95% CI[3.983–4.914]), female sex (OR, 1.903; 95% CI[1.759–2.060]), school‐based traumatic experience(s) (OR, 1.905; 95% CI[1.747–2.077]), relationships with teachers (OR, 1.575; 95% CI[1.103–2.249]), and suicidality (OR, 1.467; 95% CI[1.218–1.766]) were associated with anxiety symptoms (all p <.05). Discussion: Depression and anxiety are common among school‐age children and adolescents in China. Childhood school‐ and family‐based traumatic experience(s), female sex, and lifestyle factors (eating breakfast, sleep duration, exercising, and Internet use) are significantly associated with mental health among children and adolescents. Developing interventions targeting these factors to protect students from depression and anxiety are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although neuronal Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) (e.g., TLR2, TLR3, and TLR7) have been implicated in itch sensation, the roles of keratinocyte TLRs in chronic itch are elusive. Herein, we evaluated the roles of keratinocyte TLR2 and TLR7 in chronic itch under dry skin and psoriasis conditions, which was induced by either acetone‐ether‐water treatment or 5% imiquimod cream in mice, respectively. We found that TLR2 and TLR7 signaling were significantly upregulated in dry skin and psoriatic skin in mice. Chronic itch and epidermal hyperplasia induced by dry skin or psoriasis were comparably reduced in TLR2 and TLR7 knockout mice. In the dry skin model, the enhanced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of pruritic CXCL1/2, IL‐31, IL‐33, ST2, IL‐6, IL‐17A, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ were inhibited in TLR2−/− mice, while CXCL2, IL‐31, and IL‐6 were inhibited in TLR7−/− mice. In psoriasis model, the enhanced mRNA expression levels of pruritic CXCL1/2, IL‐31, IL‐33, ST2, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were inhibited in TLR2−/− mice, while CXCL1/2, IL‐31, IL‐33, ST2, IL‐6, IL‐17A, and TNF‐α were inhibited in TLR7−/− mice. Incubation with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) peptidoglycan (PGN‐SA) (a TLR2 agonist), imiquimod (a TLR7 agonist), and miR142‐3p (a putative TLR7 agonist) were sufficient to upregulate the expression of pruritic cytokines or chemokines in cultured keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Finally, pharmacological blockade of C‐X‐C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1/2 and high mobility group box protein 1 dose‐dependently attenuated acute and chronic itch in mice. Together, these results indicate that keratinocyte TLR2 and TLR7 signaling pathways are distinctly involved in the pathogenesis of chronic itch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical research is important to scientific progress and medical education. Institutions worldwide have sought to increase student involvement in research such as clinician–scientists training programs, while little is known about how medical undergraduates perceive research. A cross‐sectional study was conducted in Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, with first–fourth year undergraduates. An online, anonymous, and self‐rating 5‐point Likert questionnaire was conducted to investigate medical undergraduates' demographic characteristics and assess motivation, self‐efficacy, perception, curiosity, and barriers regarding medical research. Content validity was checked with experts and face validity was checked for clarity and understanding of the questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questions ranged from 0.813 to 0.879. A total of 3273 medical undergraduates were surveyed, and 86.62% (2835) participants (male 962, female 1873) were identified as effective. Males scored higher than females on self‐efficacy (p < 0.001), perception (p = 0.017), and curiosity (p < 0.001), and lower on barriers (p < 0.001). The second year students are at the peak of their perception (p = 0.006) and lowest barrier scores (p = 0.003). Students with scientific research experience scored higher in motivation (p = 0.002), self‐efficacy (p < 0.001), perception (p < 0.001), and curiosity (p < 0.001). Lack of proper mentoring opportunity (86.2%) and knowledge (84.5%) were the main barriers in conducting research. Even though they have a positive perspective, only a few undergraduates enrolled in research. Medical universities should encourage faculties to supervise and guide undergraduates' projects, and provide feasible solutions for students to learn scientific knowledge and skills. It is vital to build a research‐oriented environment and academic atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The adverse impact of chronic methamphetamine (MA) use on cognitive function has been described in previous studies, but limited evidence is available for abstinent users from prospective longitudinal studies. The aim of the present study was to assess cognitive function of varying abstinent duration.Methods: This prospective longitudinal study was conducted with baseline and four follow-up interviews every 6 months over 2 years in 358 MA users in Guangdong province, China. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to measure cognitive function. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis was used to examine within-subjects relationships between abstinence and cognitive consequences over time.Results: The repeated measure analysis of variance showed significant differences in the total MoCA score and all subscale scores (except Orientation) in the 24 months follow-up. The GEE model showed that abstinence from MA in the past 6 months predicted an increase of 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.29 to 1.05, p = .002) in MoCA score changes compared with the nonabstinence MA users. Abstinence in the past 12, 18, and 24 months predicted an increase in MoCA total score changes of 1.25 (95% CI = -0.23 to 2.74), 2.15 (95% CI = -0.79 to 5.09), and 5.28 (95% CI = -2.01 to 12.58), respectively, but none of these was statistically significant.Discussion and Conclusions: Cognitive function was potentially improved following 6 months of MA abstinence.Scientific Significance: This study extends prior research by long-term follow-up in big sample MA abstinence users. Findings from study support the need for a comprehensive measure to decrease MA use and promote the recovery of cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Variation in facial shape may arise from the combinatorial or overlapping actions of paralogous genes. Given its many members, and overlapping expression and functions, the EPH receptor family is a compelling candidate source of craniofacial morphological variation. We performed a detailed morphometric analysis of an allelic series of E14.5 Ephb1‐3 receptor mutants to determine the effect of each paralogous receptor gene on craniofacial morphology. Results: We found that Ephb1, Ephb2, and Ephb3 genotypes significantly influenced facial shape, but Ephb1 effects were weaker than Ephb2 and Ephb3 effects. Ephb2−/− and Ephb3−/− mutations affected similar aspects of facial morphology, but Ephb3−/− mutants had additional facial shape effects. Craniofacial differences across the allelic series were largely consistent with predicted additive genetic effects. However, we identified a potentially important nonadditive effect where Ephb1 mutants displayed different morphologies depending on the combination of other Ephb paralogs present, where Ephb1+/−, Ephb1−/−, and Ephb1−/−; Ephb3−/− mutants exhibited a consistent deviation from their predicted facial shapes. Conclusions: This study provides a detailed assessment of the effects of Ephb receptor gene paralogs on E14.5 mouse facial morphology and demonstrates how the loss of specific receptors contributes to facial dysmorphology. Key Findings: Ephb1, Ephb2, and Ephb3 genotypes significantly influenced facial shape, but Ephb1 effects were weaker than Ephb2 and Ephb3 effects. Craniofacial differences across the allelic series were largely consistent with predicted additive genetic effects. Ephb1+/‐, Ephb1‐/‐, and Ephb1‐/‐; Ephb3‐/‐ mutants exhibited a consistent deviation from their predicted facial shapes. This study provides a detailed assessment of the effects of Ephb receptor gene paralogs on E14.5 mouse facial morphology and demonstrates how the combinatorial or overlapping actions of paralogous genes may influence facial shape variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and aging‐related cardiac dysfunction serves as a major determinant of morbidity and mortality in elderly populations. Our previous study has identified fibronectin type III domain‐containing 5 (FNDC5) and its cleaved form, irisin, as the cardioprotectant against doxorubicin‐induced cardiomyopathy. Herein, aging or matched young mice were overexpressed with FNDC5 by adeno‐associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vectors, or subcutaneously infused with irisin to uncover the role of FNDC5 in aging‐related cardiac dysfunction. To verify the involvement of nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor with a pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) and AMP‐activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), Nlrp3 or Ampkα2 global knockout mice were used. Besides, young mice were injected with AAV9‐FNDC5 and maintained for 12 months to determine the preventive effect of FNDC5. Moreover, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) to examine the role of FNDC5 in vitro. We found that FNDC5 was downregulated in aging hearts. Cardiac‐specific overexpression of FNDC5 or irisin infusion significantly suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome and cardiac inflammation, thereby attenuating aging‐related cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. In addition, irisin treatment also inhibited cellular senescence in TNF‐α‐stimulated cardiomyocytes in vitro. Mechanistically, FNDC5 activated AMPKα through blocking the lysosomal degradation of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor. More importantly, FNDC5 gene transfer in early life could delay the onset of cardiac dysfunction during aging process. We prove that FNDC5 improves aging‐related cardiac dysfunction by activating AMPKα, and it might be a promising therapeutic target to support cardiovascular health in elderly populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intramolecular through‐space charge‐transfer (TSCT) excited states have been exploited for developing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, but the tuning of excited state dynamics by conformational engineering remains sparse. Designed here is a series of TSCT emitters with precisely controlled alignment of the donor and acceptor segments. With increasing intramolecular π–π interactions, the radiative decay rate of the lowest singlet excited state (S1) progressively increased together with a suppression of nonradiative decay, leading to significantly enhanced photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 0.99 in doped thin films. A high‐efficiency electroluminescence device, with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.96 %, was achieved and maintains >20 % at a brightness of 1000 cd m−2. This work sheds light on the importance of conformation control for achieving high‐efficiency intramolecular exciplex emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Intraoperative subretinal anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections have been used clinically in some case, but the pharmacokinetic characteristics have not yet been determined. In this pilot study, we investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters of anti‐VEGF agents by intraoperative subretinal or intravitreal injection in silicone oil (SiO)‐filled eyes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Methods: Randomized controlled trial including 13 patients (16 eyes) with PDR underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with SiO tamponade and randomly received a subretinal (8 eyes) or intravitreal (8 eyes) conbercept injection (0.5 mg/0.05 ml) intraoperatively. Aqueous humour (AH) was obtained on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 10th, 14th, 21st and 28th day after the injection. Drug concentrations in the AH were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The last best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was examined 6 months postoperatively. Results: The clearance rate of anti‐VEGF agents by subretinal injection was reduced in vitrectomized eyes with SiO tamponade (p < 0.05). With the same drug dose, subretinal injection (5.49 ± 6.11 μg/ml) resulted in higher drug concentrations in the AH when compared with intravitreal injection (0.42 ± 0.46 μg/ml, p = 0.001) 4 weeks after the treatment. The mean residence time last (MRT0‐t) by subretinal injection (11.57 ± 0.83 days) was significantly longer than the mean MRT0‐t by intravitreal injection (7.10 ± 1.00 days, p < 0.001). A self‐paired analysis showed that subretinal injection led to the BCVA improvement by +28.59 letters 6 months postoperatively (p = 0.028) while the BCVA did not improve significantly by intravitreal injection (p = 0.715). Conclusions: The drug maintenance phase was prolonged by intraoperative subretinal injection in SiO‐filled eyes of PDR. The results suggest that subretinal injection might be a valuable treatment option for the management of PDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple bonds between boron and transition metals are known in many borylene (:BR) complexes via metal dπ→BR back‐donation, despite the electron deficiency of boron. An electron‐precise metal–boron triple bond was first observed in BiB2O− [Bi≡B−B≡O]− in which both boron atoms can be viewed as sp‐hybridized and the [B−BO]− fragment is isoelectronic to a carbyne (CR). To search for the first electron‐precise transition‐metal‐boron triple‐bond species, we have produced IrB2O− and ReB2O− and investigated them by photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum‐chemical calculations. The results allow to elucidate the structures and bonding in the two clusters. We find IrB2O− has a closed‐shell bent structure (Cs, 1A′) with BO− coordinated to an Ir≡B unit, (−OB)Ir≡B, whereas ReB2O− is linear (C∞v, 3Σ−) with an electron‐precise Re≡B triple bond, [Re≡B−B≡O]−. The results suggest the intriguing possibility of synthesizing compounds with electron‐precise M≡B triple bonds analogous to classical carbyne systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple bonds between boron and transition metals are known in many borylene (:BR) complexes via metal dπ→BR back‐donation, despite the electron deficiency of boron. An electron‐precise metal–boron triple bond was first observed in BiB2O− [Bi≡B−B≡O]− in which both boron atoms can be viewed as sp‐hybridized and the [B−BO]− fragment is isoelectronic to a carbyne (CR). To search for the first electron‐precise transition‐metal‐boron triple‐bond species, we have produced IrB2O− and ReB2O− and investigated them by photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum‐chemical calculations. The results allow to elucidate the structures and bonding in the two clusters. We find IrB2O− has a closed‐shell bent structure (Cs, 1A′) with BO− coordinated to an Ir≡B unit, (−OB)Ir≡B, whereas ReB2O− is linear (C∞v, 3Σ−) with an electron‐precise Re≡B triple bond, [Re≡B−B≡O]−. The results suggest the intriguing possibility of synthesizing compounds with electron‐precise M≡B triple bonds analogous to classical carbyne systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple bonds between boron and transition metals are known in many borylene (:BR) complexes via metal dπ→BR back‐donation, despite the electron deficiency of boron. An electron‐precise metal–boron triple bond was first observed in BiB2O− [Bi≡B−B≡O]− in which both boron atoms can be viewed as sp‐hybridized and the [B−BO]− fragment is isoelectronic to a carbyne (CR). To search for the first electron‐precise transition‐metal‐boron triple‐bond species, we have produced IrB2O− and ReB2O− and investigated them by photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum‐chemical calculations. The results allow to elucidate the structures and bonding in the two clusters. We find IrB2O− has a closed‐shell bent structure (Cs, 1A′) with BO− coordinated to an Ir≡B unit, (−OB)Ir≡B, whereas ReB2O− is linear (C∞v, 3Σ−) with an electron‐precise Re≡B triple bond, [Re≡B−B≡O]−. The results suggest the intriguing possibility of synthesizing compounds with electron‐precise M≡B triple bonds analogous to classical carbyne systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple bonds between boron and transition metals are known in many borylene (:BR) complexes via metal dπ→BR back‐donation, despite the electron deficiency of boron. An electron‐precise metal–boron triple bond was first observed in BiB2O− [Bi≡B−B≡O]− in which both boron atoms can be viewed as sp‐hybridized and the [B−BO]− fragment is isoelectronic to a carbyne (CR). To search for the first electron‐precise transition‐metal‐boron triple‐bond species, we have produced IrB2O− and ReB2O− and investigated them by photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum‐chemical calculations. The results allow to elucidate the structures and bonding in the two clusters. We find IrB2O− has a closed‐shell bent structure (Cs, 1A′) with BO− coordinated to an Ir≡B unit, (−OB)Ir≡B, whereas ReB2O− is linear (C∞v, 3Σ−) with an electron‐precise Re≡B triple bond, [Re≡B−B≡O]−. The results suggest the intriguing possibility of synthesizing compounds with electron‐precise M≡B triple bonds analogous to classical carbyne systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three half‐sandwichruthenium(II) complexes with pyridine/phenylene bridged NHC = E (NHC = N‐heterocyclic carbene, E = S, Se) ligands [Ru(p‐cymene)L](PF6)1–2 (1a–1c, L = ligand) were synthesized and characterized. All ruthenium complexes were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectra, mass spectrometry, and single‐crystalX‐ray diffraction methods. Moreover, the half‐sandwich ruthenium complexes with NHC = E ligands showed highly catalytic activities towards to the tandem dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB) and hydrogenation of R–NO2 to R–NH2 at 353 K in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnII complexes exhibiting strong emission in the solid state remain scarce, and most of them exhibit only prompt fluorescence. Herein the synthesis, structures, and photoluminescence properties of two ZnII complexes containing new donor–acceptor ligands is reported. The new ZnII complexes have dinuclear structures in which each metal ion adopts a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry. The ZnII complexes show strong emission in the solid state with quantum yields up to 50 %. Variable‐temperature transient photoluminescence studies revealed an emission mechanism involving prompt and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). DFT calculations showed well‐separated HOMO and LUMO in the ground state and small excited singlet–triplet energy splitting, accounting for the TADF. The complexes also exhibit different emission colors in the as‐synthesized powder state and in single crystals, that is, they exhibit luminescence polymorphism. The single‐crystal emission is responsive to mechanical grinding and was characterized by powder XRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics, as a kind of candidate material for aero‐engine, its high‐temperature performance is a critical factor to determine its applicability. This investigation focuses on studying the high‐temperature properties of SiC ceramics fabricated by using additive manufacturing technology. In this paper, SiC ceramics were prepared by combining selective laser sintering (SLS) with precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) technique. The microstructure, phase evolution, and failure mechanism after high‐temperature tests were explored. SiC ceramic samples tested at room temperature (RT), 800°C, 1200°C, 1400°C, and 1600°C demonstrated bending strengths of 220.0, 226.1, 234.9, 215.5, and 203.7 MPa, respectively. The RT strength of this material can be maintained at 1400°C, but it decreased at 1600°C. The strength retention at 1400°C and 1600°C were 98% and 92%, respectively. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of SiC ceramics prepared using this method have excellent stability. As the temperature increases, the bending strength of the specimens increased slightly and reached the peak value at 1200°C, and dropped to 203.7 MPa at 1600°C. Such an evolution could be mainly due to the crack healing, and the softening of the glassy phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease due to autoimmune system attacks hepatocytes and causes inflammation and fibrosis. Intracellular signalling and miRNA may play an important role in regulation of liver injury. This study aimed to investigate the potential roles of microRNA 143 in a murine AIH model and a hepatocyte injury model. Murine AIH model was induced by hepatic antigen S100, and hepatocyte injury model was induced by LPS. Mice and AML12 cells were separated into six groups with or without the treatment of miRNA‐143. Inflammation and fibrosis as well as gene expression were examined by different cellular and molecular techniques. The model was successfully established with the elevation of ALT and AST as well as inflammatory and fibrotic markers. Infection or transfection of mir‐143 in mice or hepatocytes significantly attenuated the development of alleviation of hepatocyte injury. Moreover, the study demonstrated phosphorylation of TAK1‐mediated miRNA‐143 regulation of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis as well as hepatocyte injury. Our studies demonstrated a significant role of miRNA‐143 in attenuation of liver injury in AIH mice and hepatocytes. miRNA‐143 regulates inflammation and fibrosis through its regulation of TAK1 phosphorylation, which warrants TAK1 as a target for the development of new therapeutic strategy of autoimmune hepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Thioredoxin-interacting protein ( TXNIP) is associated with activation of oxidative stress through inhibition of thioredoxin (Trx). However, some evidences point out that TXNIP acts as a scaffolding protein in signaling complex independent of cellular redox regulation. The autophagy-lysosomal pathway plays important roles in the clearance of misfolded proteins and dysfunctional organelles. Lysosomal dysfunction has been involved in several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease ( PD). Although researchers have reported that TXNIP inhibited autophagic flux, the specific mechanism is rarely studied. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of TXNIP on autophagic flux and α-synuclein accumulation by Western blot in HEK293 cells transfected with TXNIP plasmid. Further, we explored the influence of TXNIP on DA neuron survival in substantia nigra by IHC. Results We found that TXNIP induced LC3- II expression, but failed to degrade p62, a substrate of autophagy. Also, TXNIP aggravated α-synuclein accumulation. We also found that TXNIP inhibited the expression of ATP13A2, a lysosomal membrane protein. Moreover, we found that overexpression of ATP13A2 attenuated the impairment of autophagic flux and α-synuclein accumulation induced by TXNIP. Furthermore, overexpression of TXNIP in substantia nigra resulted in loss of DA neuron. Conclusion Our data suggested that TXNIP blocked autophagic flux and induced α-synuclein accumulation through inhibition of ATP13A2, indicating TXNIP was a disease-causing protein in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its electron deficiency, boron is versatile in forming multiple bonds. Transition-metal-boron double bonding is known, but boron-metal triple bonds have been elusive. Two bismuth boron cluster anions, BiB2O− and Bi2B−, containing triple and double B−Bi bonds are presented. The BiB2O− and Bi2B− clusters are produced by laser vaporization of a mixed B/Bi target and characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Well-resolved photoelectron spectra are obtained and interpreted with the help of ab initio calculations, which show that both species are linear. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that Bi forms triple and double bonds with boron in BiB2O− ([Bi≡B−B≡O]−) and Bi2B− ([Bi=B=Bi]−), respectively. The Bi−B double and triple bond strengths are calculated to be 3.21 and 4.70 eV, respectively. This is the first experimental observation of Bi−B double and triple bonds, opening the door to design main-group metal-boron complexes with multiple bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its electron deficiency, boron is versatile in forming multiple bonds. Transition-metal–boron double bonding is known, but boron–metal triple bonds have been elusive. Two bismuth boron cluster anions, BiB2O− and Bi2B−, containing triple and double B−Bi bonds are presented. The BiB2O− and Bi2B− clusters are produced by laser vaporization of a mixed B/Bi target and characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Well-resolved photoelectron spectra are obtained and interpreted with the help of ab initio calculations, which show that both species are linear. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that Bi forms triple and double bonds with boron in BiB2O− ([Bi≡B−B≡O]−) and Bi2B− ([Bi=B=Bi]−), respectively. The Bi−B double and triple bond strengths are calculated to be 3.21 and 4.70 eV, respectively. This is the first experimental observation of Bi−B double and triple bonds, opening the door to design main-group metal–boron complexes with multiple bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By replacing the amide bond into 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety, a series of 1-phenyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole derivatives bearing 1,3,4-oxadiazole were synthesized and evaluated their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The bioassay results revealed that compounds 7a and 7b showed the strongest antibacterial activity toward pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae with the EC50 values of 15.0 and 6.4 µg/mL, respectively; compound 6a exhibited comprehensive antifungal activity toward six kinds of fungi; compound 6f could selectively inhibit the growth of Sclertinia sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani with the inhibition rates of 82.5 and 80.3% at the concentrate of 100 µg/mL, respectively; compound 7b exerted good antifungal activity toward Fusarium oxysporum, Cytospora mandshurica, and Rhizoctonia solani with the inhibition rates of 70.8, 69.5, and 71.5%, respectively. The results suggested that this kind of compounds could be further studied as promising antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and bonding of a Pr-doped boron cluster (PrB7−) are investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. The adiabatic electron detachment energy of PrB7− is found to be low [1.47(8) eV]. A large energy gap is observed between the first and second detachment features, indicating a highly stable neutral PrB7. Global minimum searches and comparison between experiment and theory show that PrB7− has a half-sandwich structure with C6v symmetry. Chemical bonding analyses show that PrB7− can be viewed as a PrII[η7-B73−] complex with three unpaired electrons, corresponding to a Pr (4f26s1) open-shell configuration. Upon detachment of the 6s electron, the neutral PrB7 cluster is a highly stable PrIII[η7-B73−] complex with Pr in its favorite +3 oxidation state. The B73− ligand is found to be highly stable and doubly aromatic with six delocalized π and six delocalized σ electrons and should exist for a series of lanthanide MIII[η7-B73−] complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Methamphetamine (MA) use is increasingly prevalent in East and Southeast Asia and commonly associated with cognitive impairment. The present study estimated the characteristics of cognitive impairment and explored the associated potential factors among chronic MA users.Methods: The data were from the baseline visit of a longitudinal study among synthetic drug users. The baseline survey was conducted in detoxification and rehabilitation centers in Guangdong province, China, from September to December in 2013. A total of 528 participants were included in our analysis. Cognitive impairment was measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Logistic regression was performed to explore the risk factors associated with cognitive impairment.Results: Approximately 69.89% of the study participants exhibited cognitive impairment according to MoCA scores. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that older age (≥30 years old), a longer duration of MA use (>24 months), and a higher frequency of MA use (everyday) were associated with cognitive impairment, with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.58 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-2.34), 1.53 (95%CI: 1.01-2.31), and 1.55 (95%CI: 1.05-2.30), respectively. Methamphetamine users that had a higher level of education had a lower risk of cognitive impairment(OR = .59; 95%CI: .38-.93).Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Cognitive impairment occurred frequently among chronic MA users. The causal relationship between cognitive impairment and MA use needs to be ascertained in longitudinal studies in future work. Our study provides evidence for the development of intervention strategies for the prevention of MA use and associated cognitive impairment. (Am J Addict 2017;26:145-151). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNA (lnc RNA) have critical roles in various pathophysiological processes, and are frequently dysregulated in many diseases, particularly in cancer. The lnc RNA glypican 3 antisense transcript 1 ( GPC3-AS1) has been reported to be a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) screening. However, the exact biological functions of GPC3- AS1 in HCC, and its roles and regulation mechanisms regarding GPC3 are still unknown. In this study, we observed a significant upregulation of GPC3- AS1 in HCC. Increased expression of GPC3- AS1 was associated with α-fetoprotein, tumor size, microvascular invasion, encapsulation, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, and worse prognosis of HCC patients. Furthermore, we found that GPC3- AS1 physically associated with P300/ CBP-associated factor and recruited it to the GPC3 gene body region, consequently inducing an increase in euchromatic histone marks and activating GPC3 transcription. GPC3- AS1 expression was strongly correlated with GPC3 in HCC tissues. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses showed that GPC3- AS1 overexpression enhanced HCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo. GPC3- AS1 knockdown inhibited HCC cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, the effects of GPC3- AS1 on HCC cell proliferation and migration were dependent on the upregulation of GPC3. Collectively, our studies indicate that GPC3- AS1 significantly promotes HCC progression via epigenetically activating GPC3, and identifies GPC3- AS1 as a potential therapeutic target for HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of new dinuclear copper complexes with a tetraphosphane bridging ligand, [{(pz4B)Cu}2(µ-tpbz)] ( 1), [{(pz2BH2)Cu}2(µ-tpbz)] ( 2), and [{(tz2BH2)Cu}2(µ-tpbz)] ( 3) [tpbz = 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(diphenylphosphanyl)benzene, pz4B = tetrakis(pyrazol-1-yl)borate, pz2BH2 = bis(pyrazol-1-yl)borohydrate, and tz2BH2 = bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)borohydrate], have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The CuI atoms in these complexes are four-coordinate and adopt a tetrahedral coordination geometry. In each complex, the copper centers are bridged by a tpbz ligand and each CuI is further terminally chelated by a borate diimine anion. The central phenylene ring and the phosphine atoms of the tpbz ligand are essentially planar. The two CuI atoms in each molecule are located above and below the (P2C6H2P2) mean plane, respectively, leading to a chair-like conformation for the [Cu](P2C6H2P2)[Cu] fragment. The distances between the CuI atoms in each complex are about 8.7 Å. In the solid state, these complexes are emissive and exhibit yellow-orange photoluminescence [emission peaks, λmax = 580 nm ( 1), 569 nm ( 2), 540 nm ( 3)] with lifetimes of 7.4-20.5 µs and quantum yields Φ = 0.07-0.45 at room temperature. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that these complexes have the lowest singlet (S1) state and the lowest triplet (T1) state with very close energy levels, and display thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) at ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolayer-boron (borophene) has been predicted with various atomic arrangements consisting of a triangular boron lattice with hexagonal vacancies. Its viability was confirmed by the observation of a planar hexagonal B36 cluster with a central six-membered ring. Here we report a planar boron cluster doped with a transition-metal atom in the boron network (CoB18−), suggesting the prospect of forming stable hetero-borophenes. The CoB18− cluster was characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations, showing that its most stable structure is planar with the Co atom as an integral part of a triangular boron lattice. Chemical bonding analyses show that the planar CoB18− is aromatic with ten π-electrons and the Co atom has strong covalent interactions with the surrounding boron atoms. The current result suggests that transition metals can be doped into the planes of borophenes to create metallo-borophenes, opening vast opportunities to design hetero-borophenes with tunable chemical, magnetic, and optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The aim of this project is to investigate the impact of diabetes mellitus and different glycemic control times on early osseointegration of dental implants by expression and significance of serum bone Gla protein ( BGP) and alkaline phosphatase ( ALP) levels in Zucker diabetic fatty ( ZDF) rats after implantation. Materials and Methods The animals were divided into three groups, each group with 11 rats and each rat with two dental implants (33 rats and 66 implants in total): group A, diabetic rats with dental implants (controls); group B, diabetic rats treated with insulin and implants placed simultaneously; and group C, diabetic rats treated with insulin until serum glucose at a constant level and then implants be placed. Levels of BGP and ALP in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in each group. The software program SPSS (version 17.0 for Windows) was used to analyze all data; p < .05 was set as the level of statistical significance. Results At the 7th day, serum levels of BGP in group B and C were lower than that in group A ( p > 0.05). At the 14th day, serum levels of BGP in group C were significantly higher ( p < 0.05). After 30 days, compared with group A, the serum levels of BGP in group B and C seems to be lower. Compared with group A, the serum levels of ALP in group B and C were significantly higher, whereas the serum levels of ALP in group C seems to be higher than B ( p < 0.05). Conclusions The present results suggest that injection of delayed release microsphere of exenatide on ZDF rats can release exenatide at a steady rate and the blood glucose can be controlled at a constant level. Implant survival rates could be enhanced in DM subjects when blood plasma glucose level is under control; the serum levels of BGP in this study seems to have no relationship with local osseointegration, whereas the serum levels of ALP might offer insights into the activity of osseointegration around the implant surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the 30 biosynthetic steps necessary for the production of cobalamin (vitamin B12), eight involve the addition of S-adenosylmethionine-derived methyl groups to the tetrapyrrole framework. These eight methyl additions are catalysed by six canonical methyltransferase domains and one noncanonical methyltransferase domain. Recombinant forms of four methyltransferases from Rhodobacter capsulatus, CobJ, CobM, CobF and CobL, and of the C-terminal noncanonical domain of CobL (CobL-C) have been crystallized, some in more than one crystal form. Most of the crystals diffracted to beyond 2.5 Å resolution and all are suitable for structure determination. Crystals of CobM and CobJ, which are involved in ring contraction, and of CobL, which is involved in two methylations and decarboxylation, are reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder as a result of mutation in genes encoding either the ACTH receptor [melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R)] or its accessory protein [melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP)]. The disorder is known as FGD type 1 and 2, respectively. Objective The aim of the study was to compare the phenotype/genotype relationships between FGD 1 and 2. Design and patients Forty patients with missense MC2R mutations and 22 patients with MRAP mutations were included. Forty-four of these patients had been referred for genetic screening and 18 were patients published by other authors. Results The median age at presentation for FGD type 1 was variable at 2·0 years; range 0·02–16 years, and this was associated with unusually tall stature, mean height SDS + 1·75 ± 1·53 (mean ± SD). In contrast, FGD type 2 presented at a much earlier median age (0·08 years; range at birth to 1·6 years) ( P < 0·01) and patients were of normal height SDS + 0·12 ± 1·35 ( P < 0·001). No differences in baseline cortisol or ACTH levels were seen between FGD types 1 and 2. Conclusion FGD type 2 appears to present earlier. This may reflect the functional significance of the underlying mutations in that all MRAP mutations are nonsense or splice site mutations that result in abolition of a functional protein, whereas most of the MC2R mutations are missense mutations and give rise to proteins with some residual function. Tall stature is associated with mutations in MC2R but not in MRAP. There were no other significant clinical distinctions between the two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Postweaning intestinal damage in piglets is a challenging issue in the livestock industry. Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolic products of the gut microbiota and are widely recognized for their role in maintaining normal colonic function and regulating the intestinal immune system. However, the effects of branched short‐chain fatty acid (BSCFA) isobutyrate on intestinal health remain largely unknown. This study aims to explore the potential of isobutyrate for alleviating postweaning intestinal damage.This study indicates that isobutyrate can alleviate diarrhea in weaned piglets, enhance their growth performance, and optimize the gut microbiota. This is mainly achieved through increasing the relative abundance of probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, and Prevotellaceae_UCG‐003, while concurrently reducing the relative abundance of potentially harmful bacteria such as Clostridium_sensu_stricto‐1 and Escherichia‐Shigella. It promotes the production of SCFAs, including acetate, isobutyrate, and butyrate. Furthermore, it activates G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPR43/109A), inhibits the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway, strengthens the intestinal barrier function, and regulates the expression of related cytokines.In summary, exogenous isobutyrate can be considered a promising feed additive for improving the intestinal microbiota and regulating intestinal health in piglets. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R4550 --> Cleft lip with or without cleft palate occurs in thousands of births every year in the United States and is a leading birth defect worldwide. Upper lip development is a multistep process that includes nasal pit invagination, outgrowth of nasal processes, and fusion of the medial nasal, lateral nasal and maxillary processes. The failure of these processes to join results in cleft lip, but the cellular mechanisms that drive this morphogenesis are largely unclear. Based on the abundance of apoptosis at the fusion junction, it has been hypothesized that cell death is crucial for epithelia removal during lip fusion. To test this, we generated mouse models disrupting the apoptotic regulators Bax and Bak. Surprisingly, we found that complete loss of apoptosis in the epithelium does not result in a discernable lip phenotype. Based on reports of cleft lip‐associated mutations in CTNND1, CDH1, and MYH9, cell‐cell adhesion and actomyosin contractility are indispensable for normal lip development. Indeed, based on recent mouse genetic studies, Ctnnd1 loss of function in the lip epithelium results in a cleft lip, yet the cellular and molecular basis of this phenotype remains unknown. We interrogated lip epithelial‐specific Ctnnd1 and Cdh1 mouse mutants and found that loss of Ctnnd1, but notably not Cdh1, resulted in a failure of the medial and lateral nasal processes to contact and fuse. Our parallel analyses of epithelial‐specific Myh9; Myh10 compound mouse mutants with disrupted actomyosin contractility revealed early nasal pit invagination defects and disorganized epithelia. To better understand the cellular functions of these regulators during fusion occurring at a later stage, we have established an ex‐utero time‐lapse imaging protocol to achieve a 4D view of the fusing medial and lateral nasal processes. In this setup, we can now track individual cells and examine the force generation components such as actomyosin contractility. Collectively, our live imaging approach along with mutant mouse models provide a new understanding of the contributions of apoptosis and cell adhesion and new insights into unexplored roles of actomyosin contractility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R4400 --> Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial anomaly with considerable morbidity in affected children. Though extensive studies have established the basic histological and genetic mechanisms of palatal development, the cellular mechanisms that regulate secondary palate development are still not completely understood. Palate fusion is the crucial final step of palate development, in which the medial edge epithelial cells (MEE) make contact to form a midline epithelial seam (MES), which is subsequently removed to allow mesenchymal continuity. Though much progress has been made on understanding the cellular mechanisms of secondary palate fusion, major questions remain in part due to limitations in imaging technologies. Here we utilized new processing and imaging methods to visualize dynamic cell behaviors underlying secondary palate fusion temporally and spatially. We apply these methods to the study of mouse mutants in which apoptosis, or actomyosin contractility have been conditionally disrupted in the secondary palate epithelium. Our results indicate that apoptosis and cell extrusion contribute to MES removal, but that cellular compensation can overcome their loss. Our studies also reveal a unique form of collective epithelial cell migration that is critical for proper completion of secondary palate fusion and suggesting that secondary palate fusion may be a valuable model for understanding how collective epithelial migration occurs in other developmental and disease contexts. Finally, our observations show that genetically ablating actomyosin contractility disrupts MES removal by disrupting collective epithelial cell migration. Overall, our studies suggest a model of compensatory cellular mechanisms in epithelium removal during palate fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, we focus on the stochastic inverse eigenvalue problem with partial eigendata of constructing a stochastic matrix from the prescribed partial eigendata. A Riemannian variant of the Fletcher–Reeves conjugate gradient method is proposed for solving a general unconstrained minimization problem on a Riemannian manifold, and the corresponding global convergence is established under some assumptions. Then, we reformulate the inverse problem as a nonlinear least squares problem over a matrix oblique manifold, and the application of the proposed geometric method to the nonlinear least squares problem is investigated. The proposed geometric method is also applied to the case of prescribed entries and the case of column stochastic matrix. Finally, some numerical tests are reported to illustrate that the proposed geometric method is effective for solving the inverse problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable aluminum‐ion batteries (AIBs) are regarded as promising candidates for post‐lithium energy storage systems (ESSs). For addressing the critical issues in the current liquid AIB systems, here a flexible solid‐state AIB is established using a gel‐polymer electrolyte for achieving robust electrode–electrolyte interfaces. Different from utilization of solid‐state systems for alleviating the safety issues and enhancing energy density in lithium‐ion batteries, employment of polymeric electrolytes mainly focuses on addressing the essential problems in the liquid AIBs, including unstable internal interfaces induced by mechanical deformation and production of gases as well as unfavorable separators. Particularly, such gel electrolyte enables the solid‐state AIBs to present an ultra‐fast charge capability within 10 s at current density of 600 mA g−1. Meanwhile, an impressive specific capacity ≈120 mA h g−1 is obtained at current density of 60 mA g−1, approaching the theoretical limit of graphite‐based AIBs. In addition to the well‐retained electrochemical performance below the ice point, the solid‐state AIBs also hold great stability and safety under various critical conditions. The results suggest that such new prototype of solid‐state AIBs with robust electrode–electrolyte interfaces promises a novel strategy for fabricating stable and safe flexible ESSs. Flexible stable solid‐state Al‐ion batteries are constructed using the gel‐polymer electrolyte, Al anode, and graphite cathode. The novel polymeric electrolyte substantially promotes the overall energy storage performance via addressing the unstable internal interfaces induced by mechanical deformation and production of gases as well as unfavorable separators in the liquid systems, suggesting new strategies for achieving advanced flexible energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its electron deficiency, boron is versatile in forming multiple bonds. Transition-metal–boron double bonding is known, but boron–metal triple bonds have been elusive. Two bismuth boron cluster anions, BiB2O− and Bi2B−, containing triple and double B−Bi bonds are presented. The BiB2O− and Bi2B− clusters are produced by laser vaporization of a mixed B/Bi target and characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Well-resolved photoelectron spectra are obtained and interpreted with the help of ab initio calculations, which show that both species are linear. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that Bi forms triple and double bonds with boron in BiB2O− ([Bi≡B−B≡O]−) and Bi2B− ([Bi=B=Bi]−), respectively. The Bi−B double and triple bond strengths are calculated to be 3.21 and 4.70 eV, respectively. This is the first experimental observation of Bi−B double and triple bonds, opening the door to design main-group metal–boron complexes with multiple bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]