Search

Flexible glass with high bending strength is a remarkable component of flexible electronic displays. However, as a brittle material, its bending properties often do not meet requirements of application. To address this challenge, the application of chemical strengthening stands out as a viable approach to significantly bolster scratch resistance and bending strength in flexible glass. This study focuses on a conventional one‐step chemical strengthening method, employing molten potassium nitrate, to reinforce ultrathin aluminosilicate glass produced through the secondary down‐drawing thermoforming process. Effects of ion‐exchange temperature and time on mechanical properties of strengthened 110 µm flexible glass were investigated, and moreover, properties of strengthened ultrathin flexible glass with various thicknesses were compared. The results indicate that, after chemical strengthening at 380°C for 1 h, the compressive stress (CS) of 110 µm glass reaches 864.60 MPa, and the depth of layer is 15.86 µm, at which time the glass has the best bending performance and scratch resistance, and half of the faceplate spacing during glass breakage can be enhanced from 38.02 ± 2.7 to 8.40 ± 0.62 mm. For ultrathin flexible glass from 40 to 110 µm, after treatment at 380°C for 1 h, the CS of thick glass is higher than that of thin glass, and the enhancement of bending performance is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass is a material with a rich history and a bright future. Due to its outstanding properties and its versatility, it is a key material in many applications. In this paper, we present a variety of these applications in which glass is playing, and will continue to play, a significant role, including communication technologies, the semiconductor industry, advanced displays, mobile consumer electronics, healthcare, and automotive. Other critical considerations enabling continuous progress in glass science and engineering, such as improved modeling tools and characterization techniques, increased sustainability of the glass‐making process, and talent development, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For an existing building from 19th century an architectural concept for revivalism and reorganization into a modern office building was made. For this purpose, a daylight system was implemented that roofs the inner courtyard and at the same time makes it the central place of representation and communication. In addition to the spatial function, the inner courtyard serves as a thermal buffer room and additional value can be achieved by using thin glass and its material properties. The free‐form geometry benefits from the increased stiffness due to the curved shape, which is regulated by the radii of curvature depending on the material thickness. The curvature has a direct influence on the reflection behaviour, which influences the light transport of natural light into the interior of the room and thus enables a reduction in electrical lighting for the office space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All‐glass systems such as mobile glass partition walls and all‐glass doors set high requirements for transparency, lightness and durability. The interconnection between the panels is conventionally performed by eye‐catching fittings and clamping details. Hence, innovative glass‐plastic‐composite panels, consisting of a systematic combination of a polymer Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) interlayer core and cover layers of thin glass, are currently under development. The units show high‐performance load‐bearing behaviour and exhibit full transparency at low panel self‐weight. Additionally, the novel composite allows for the implementation of a direct connection with the supporting structure into the PMMA interlayer core. These novel construction types will allow for small as well as unobtrusive connection details, which lead to the desired maximum transparency of all‐glass systems. Different connection joints such as fastened and bonded types were developed and tested with a focus on applications in all‐glass systems for the building industry. In this paper, the development process, and experimental results for different connection joints with glass and stainless‐steel substrates, tested under tensile and shear loading, are presented and evaluated in detail. For bonded joints, three transparent structural adhesives are included in the experimental program: UV acrylate, 2‐C epoxy resin and 2‐C polyurethane. Furthermore, the investigations consider detachable fastened connections. The results from form the basis for further investigations and an advanced design of connection details for the edge of glass‐plastic‐composites. A short outlook on the upcoming design of an ultra‐lightweight segmented glass arch adopting novel glass‐plastic‐composite panels and associated connections for the demonstration of the development in all‐glass applications completes the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Im Rahmen der Masterarbeit, die in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Josef Ressel Zentrum für Dünnglastechnologie für Anwendungen im Bauwesen entstand, wurde ein Bestandsobjekt aus dem 19. Jahrhundert revitalisiert und zu einem modernen Bürogebäude umfunktioniert. Dazu wurde ein Tageslichtleitsystem implementiert, das den Innenhof überdacht und gleichzeitig diesen zum zentralen Repräsentations‐ und Kommunikationsort macht. Neben der räumlichen Funktion dient der Innenhof als thermischer Pufferraum und darüber hinaus kann durch die Verwendung von Dünnglas und dessen Materialeigenschaften ein zusätzlicher Mehrwert erzielt werden. Die frei geformte Geometrie profitiert von der erhöhten Steifigkeit durch die gekrümmte Form, die abhängig von der Materialdicke durch die Krümmungsradien reglementiert ist. Die Krümmung übt einen direkten Einfluss auf das Reflexionsverhalten aus, das den Lichttransport von natürlichem Licht ins Rauminnere beeinflusst und somit eine Verminderung der elektrischen Beleuchtung für die Büroräume ermöglicht. N46 – daylight control made of thin glass. As part of the master's thesis, which was created in cooperation with the Josef Ressel Center for Thin Glass Technology for Structural Glass, an existing building from the 19th century was revitalized and converted into a modern office building. For this purpose, a daylight system was implemented that roofs the inner courtyard and at the same time makes it the central place of representation and communication. In addition to the spatial function, the inner courtyard serves as a thermal buffer room and additional value can be achieved by using thin glass and its material properties. The free‐form geometry benefits from the increased stiffness due to the curved shape, which is regulated by the radii of curvature depending on the material thickness. The curvature has a direct influence on the reflection behavior, which influences the light transport of natural light into the interior of the room and thus enables a reduction in electrical lighting for the office space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative security glazing made of thin glass and polycarbonate In current architecture, the building material glass also enables large‐sized glazing for the building envelope, which results due to the high transparency in an undisturbed optical exchange between inside and outside. However, by increasing demands, in particular with regard to security and thermal insulation, the nominal thickness and dead load of the glazing also increase by using laminated safety glass and triple glazing. Meanwhile, the continuous development in the manufacturing process also enables the practical construction application of thin glass with nominal thicknesses below 2 mm as an alternative. Thin glass possesses a low dead load, however, combined with a low cross‐sectional stiffness. In order to avoid unacceptable deformations under load, thin glass is laminated, for example with polycarbonate, to a composite panel. The thin glass‐polycarbonate composite panels developed in two research projects at the Institute of Structural Design at Universität Siegen are used as vertical glazing made from single composite panels and multi insulated composite panels. The laminate of two outer thin glass panes with at least one inner polycarbonate sheet fulfils the requirements for laminated safety glass and achieves the highest resistance class P8B against manual attack with a cross‐section, which is slighter than common glass laminates. As part of the further development towards triple glazing, for the first time, all layers are considered to prevent the manual attack. This reduces the nominal thickness and dead load of the security glazing with resistance against manual attack compared to conventional solutions while considering a low thermal transmittance for the current requirements for thermal insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin glass composite elements with additively manufactured polymer core This paper describes the concept of a composite element consisting of outer thin glass facings and an inner additively manufactured polymer core structure. The focus of the research work is on the design of a sandwich element which, due to the materials and manufacturing processes used, allows completely new flexibility in the design process of a glass facade. Three possible structures for the stiffening core are being developed and examined for their suitability for use in the composite element. The production of the first prototypes shows both the architectural potential and the production‐related specialties. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of the structure is investigated based on the sandwich theory using a 4‐point bending test. Based on the results obtained, the mechanical potential of the composite element can be underlined. However, the challenges to be overcome for safe use in facades are also specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der architektonische Wunsch nach optischer Transparenz in der Gebäudehülle führt zu einem hohen Anteil an Verglasungselementen. Dabei müssen auch im Bauwesen steigende Sicherheitsanforderungen in einer unsichereren Welt zusätzlich berücksichtigt werden und sind insbesondere bei großformatigen Verglasungen nicht zu vernachlässigen. Ein neuartiges Verbundsicherheitsglas aus Dünnglas und Polycarbonat bietet die Möglichkeit zur Reduzierung der Eigenlast bei gleichzeitigem Erreichen der höchsten Widerstandsklasse P8B gegen manuellen Angriff. Zwei äußere Dünnglastafeln und eine oder mehrere innenliegende Polycarbonattafeln, laminiert mit einer thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht, definieren eine Dünnglas‐Polycarbonat‐Verbundtafel. Analytische Berechnungsmethoden betrachten dabei das Tragverhalten für statische Lasten. Die Studie beschreibt den Einsatz von chemisch vorgespanntem sowie nicht vorgespanntem Dünnglas in Kombination mit Polycarbonat. Die mit dem Vierpunkt‐Biegeversuch ermittelten Verformungen der Verbundtafeln werden mit berechneten Ergebnissen aus der Sandwichtheorie verglichen. Research on thin glass‐polycarbonate composite panels as sandwich element. The architectural desire for optical transparency in the building envelope leads to a high percentage of glazing. However, increasing safety demands in an uncertain world have also to be taken into account in the building sector. Therefore, also large‐sized glazing cannot neglect actual security requirements. An innovative laminate made of thin glass and polycarbonate offers the possibility of reducing the dead load while simultaneously achieving the highest resistance class P8B against manual attack. Two outer thin glass panes and one or more inner polycarbonate sheet laminated by a thermoplastic interlayer define the thin glass‐polycarbonate composite panel. Analytical methods analyse the structural behaviour for static loads. This study focuses on the application of chemically pre‐stressed thin glass and annealed thin glass in combination with polycarbonate. The tested deformation of the composite panel with the four‐point bending test are compared with the analytical calculated results of the sandwich theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, sulfide glass electrolyte powder with a nominal composition of (Li2S)60(SiS2)28(P2S5)12 is hot pressed at a 330°C and 12 MPa into separator films using non‐woven fiberglass reinforcement. The reinforced separator films are 93% dense, bendable, and have an ionic conductivity of 0.7 mS/cm at room temperature. When integrated into hybrid Li‐S coin cells with liquid electrolyte, these reinforced glass separators blocked the parasitic polysulfide shuttle sufficiently to enable reversible cycling without LiNO3 co‐salt. Furthermore, the scalability of the reinforced glass separator technology is demonstrated by assembling and testing a hybrid single‐layer pouch cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material testings of 3‐D printed cores for thin glass panels This paper describes the use of thin glass in a new concept for glass and facade construction. First of all, the basic properties of thin glass are presented and consequences for its use in building construction are identified. Then, the concept of using thin glass facade panels with 3‐D printed, adhesively bonded and stiffening polymer cores is presented. Small‐scale prototypes and design studies were performed in a series of master theses at the TU Delft. The insights gained from these studies confirmed the potential of thin glass in building construction. Current investigations at the Institute of Building Construction at TU Dresden include the continued and further development of this work. First results for 3‐D printed polymer cores with regard to their material and printing properties as well as the requirements are presented. Findings on reproducible printing quality and form finding supplement the designs in a clear manner. From the here presented studies, it is concluded that thin glass panels with adhesively bonded 3‐D printed cores are a feasible and promising concept for the construction of lightweight façade panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fracture mechanics are utilized to successfully predict the allowable bend radii achieved through experimentation for ion‐exchanged glass having thicknesses of 25 to 125 microns. The origin of the non‐monotonic relationship between puncture resistance and glass thickness is also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin glass in façades: adhesive joints for thin glass composite panels with 3‐D printed polymer cores Thin glass is typically applied for displays on devices. Also, it enables new applications in architecture for example in glass façades. Due to its high strength and small thickness (0.1–2 mm) thin glass is very flexible, lightweight and easily bendable. However, thin glass cannot simply replace conventional façade glazing. To avoid too high deformations of the glazing as a result of the high flexibility, it has to be stiffened. An appropriate solution is the use of sandwich panels consisting of two thin glass panes with an inner polymer core. To achieve lightweight façade elements, 3‐D printed polymer structures are used instead of a solid core. The present study is dedicated to find a suitable adhesive to bond the polymer core to the thin glass. The mechanical and thermomechanical performances of different combinations of typical 3‐D printed polymers and transparent adhesives are evaluated. In addition, the influences of temperature and UV aging that occur in the area of the façades are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CE/Papers is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CE/Papers is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spatial load bearing structures in the building sector are usually built with the help of aligned steel‐glass elements in the form of a net. The installed glass elements are flat and have a large glass thickness, in order to achieve sufficient plate stiffness. This implied a less economical use of materials. Nowadays, due to new manufacturing techniques it is possible to use resource saving materials, e.g. thin‐walled laminated safety glass (ttotal ≤ 5.38 mm). For this purpose, the thin‐walled laminated safety glass consists of thin glasses (t < 3 mm) and interlayer materials. The thin‐walled laminated safety glass is cold bent onto shaping frame girder elements (uniaxial or double curved) at the installation site with subsequent continuous supports. In general, this leads to a spatial load bearing capacity of the single element under pressure and suction loads. The process of cold bending is easily feasible due to the lower resetting effect of the thin‐walled laminate. For this case, a state of cold bending is activated in the glazing. With additional loading perpendicular to their shell level a state of loading is generated. To this, the load‐bearing capacity depends on many parameters (time‐ and temperature‐dependent material behaviour, geometry and supporting conditions). The aim of curved single elements is to achieve maximum geometric stiffness more specifically maximum static resistance ERd. For this reason, the influencing parameters were mathematically, numerically and experimentally investigated and discussed plus transferred to a design method for two exemplary cold bent structures (uniaxial or double curved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of thin glass in the field of electrical engineering for screens of mobile phones or laptops is well known and the necessary material requirements such the scratch resistance has been sufficiently researched. For applications in the building sector, however, the determination of the bending tensile strength of such thin glass necessary for structural design represents a new research topic. The test scenarios described in the standard series EN 1288 relevant for the determination of the bending tensile strength, such as the ring‐on‐ring test or the four‐point‐bending test, are not applicable for glass with a thickness of less than 3 mm. One reason is e.g. the high flexibility of the glass in case of four‐point‐bending tests. As a consequence, these test scenarios have to be adapted or new test scenarios have to be developed. The double‐ring bending tensile test was adapted in that the loading ring, e.g. was replaced by a pressure pad of soft elastomer. Thus, a constant stress distribution in the area under the pressure pad necessary for the determination of the probability of failure could be achieved. The four‐point‐bending test was replaced by test set‐ups in which the force is introduced in‐plane – parallel to the glass surface – as a membrane force in the glass and the glass is thereby deformed or bent until breakage analogous to a stability test. Another variant is bending with a constant bending radius. In this test set‐up, a circular arc is created by precise adjustment of the distance of the supported smaller straight edges and their rotation. Thus, the length of the edge, at which sets a constant bending moment can be increased. These alternative test scenarios were theoretically developed and analysed or partially experimentally investigated by means of test series. These experimental series serve to validate the theoretical development of suitable experimental scenarios and are intended to provide a first approach for a necessary adaptation of EN 1288. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass, particularly in architectural design, expresses lightness and modernity. By rising glass surfaces of facades in buildings with high safety requirements, glass works as security glazing. Requirements of security glazing increase constantly. However, single glass panes do not fulfil the demands on these high technology products. Thereby, laminated glass is used to solve problems of these specifications. The combination of different materials in a laminate permits the optimisation in consideration of desired structural or mechanical properties. In this case, the lamination of brittle glass with ductile polycarbonate enables innovative composite panels, which extend the range of glazing with security relevant applications. Glass‐polycarbonate composite panels are generally defined with two outer glass panes and one or more inner polycarbonate sheets, laminated with polymeric interlayers. The combination of these two materials demonstrates a more efficient alternative to common security glazing. Continuous developments in the field of thin glass result in more and more applications beyond the usage in smartphones or tablets. Large‐sized thin glasses with a nominal thickness of 2 mm or less are for some time available and already used in science or technology. Applications of thin glass in the building sector demand to analyse the required material properties and to combine thin glass panes with additional layers due to its low geometrical stiffness. An option for applications of large‐sized thin glass panes presents the lamination with polycarbonate. Thin glass panes substitute the two outer glass panes in glass‐polycarbonate composite panels. Therefore, thin glass‐polycarbonate composite panels are slighter than common laminated safety glass. Several options for using annealed thin glass and chemically strengthened thin glass in architecture and the lamination with polycarbonate are described as well as the required tests for using as laminated safety glazing and security glass with a resistance against manual attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Optical losses are a major source for current and power reduction in solar modules. Hence, various improvements aiming at reducing these losses have been suggested. In this work, we have evaluated the effects of anti-reflective coating, front glass thickness, polyvinyl butyral ultraviolet+ encapsulant, and light harvesting strings on the module performance individually and in combination. The individual and combined contributions were quantified by spectrally resolved optical measurements on the module components and simulations as well as electrical measurements on 1-cell and 54-cell modules. Optical gains and their impact on short circuit current are discussed in relation to a maximum current obtained from the solar cells internal quantum efficiency. The results of the electrical characterization are in good agreement with the optical analysis substantiating our approach. They show that a combined, relative current enhancement of 5% can be obtained for an optimized module, which compares to an increase of 1% absolute efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) with touch‐screen capabilities are becoming increasingly popular. When a user pushes a screen too hard, the cell gap changes and causes a blur (known as touch mura) around the push location. This paper uses finite element analysis to predict the change in cell gap when an LCD panel is subjected to a touch force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides general guidelines and watch outs while conducting strength testing on LCD glass. Importance of failure modes, large deflections, membrane stresses, failure locations, device design, fatigue, fractography and strain gauging are discussed in this paper. It also gives an example on why panels cannot be treated as monolithic glass when calculating the strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ball drop test is amongst the tests used to assess the response of an LCD device under impact conditions. Two different glass thicknesses − 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm - were submitted to this test in consideration for this paper. The result of the testing demonstrated that when a ball is dropped onto the outside surface of color-filter glass, the peak stress occurs on the bottom of color-filter glass, and not on the bottom of the TFT glass. In addition to this, we studied an extreme case where the back plate is rigid, since most LCD displays have a diffuser plate or back plate behind the panel. The rigid plate restricts the panel deflection when impacted by a ball. The findings from this study can be used as guidelines to go for thinner panels by balancing panel thickness, diffuser / back plate stiffness and the distance between the panel and the back plate. When appropriately implemented, panels made with 0.5 mm glass substrates may experience lower stress when compared to those made with 0.7 mm glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As glass samples get thinner they tend to buckle during vertical four-point bend testing resulting in erroneous strength measurements. This paper suggests design modifications to the existing setup to overcome this issue. The standard four-point bending formula can still be used for calculating the applied stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]