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Summary: Zuclopenthixol decanoate is a dopamine antagonist licensed for human use to manage schizophrenia and paranoid psychosis. It is in the same drug class (thioxanthene) as fluphenazine decanoate, a drug whose use in horses is reported anecdotally for providing long‐acting sedation. This case study describes severe extrapyramidal signs seen in a Thoroughbred colt after zuclopenthixol decanoate administration. The colt was presented to a referral hospital for an unusual manifestation of colic signs. On admission, the colt began to show clear extrapyramidal neurological signs. The initial suspicion was of fluphenazine decanoate toxicity, which in the limited published literature is treated with intravenous formulations of diphenhydramine hydrochloride and benztropine mesylate. At the time of writing both were unavailable in the United Kingdom without an import license. The closest alternative option, oral diphenhydramine was administered alongside intravenous atropine and pergolide. Improvements in the colt's demeanour and neurological status was noted within 24 h. The colt was hospitalised for a total of 26 days and at time of discharge was clinically normal. Follow‐up communication 3 months after discharge confirmed that the colt had remained neurologically normal. Crucially, toxicology testing submitted to Cornell University was negative for common toxins, including fluphenazine decanoate. Specific secondary testing was performed after suspicion the administration of zuclopenthixol decanoate was raised, which was positive for this compound. Routine drug testing would, therefore, not identify the use of this behaviour modifying drug. Clinical data regarding the use of zuclopenthixol in animals is limited to its use in the translocation of wildlife to relieve stress and aid acclimatisation. To our knowledge, there is no available literature describing the administration of zuclopenthixol decanoate in equine patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: By employing a readily available CuCl/DDQ catalyst system, we herein report a direct C(sp3)–H sulfonylation of xanthene derivates with odorless sodium sulfinates. Various 9H‐xanthenes, thioxanthenes, and 9,10‐dihydroacridines are efficiently transformed into the desired benzylic sulfonyl products via a radical/radical cross‐coupling process, proceeding with the merits of broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, good functional group compatibility, and mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Readily accessible 2‐aryloxybenzaldehydes and 2‐(arylthio)benzaldehydes undergo a sequence of reactions leading to a wide variety of unsubstituted 9H‐xanthenes and thioxanthenes in high yields when heated with a Lewis acid in diisopropyl ether. This reductive cyclization method is compatible with several important functional groups. The method is also applicable for the selective reductive cyclization of the more electron‐rich aryl ring of a 2,6‐bis(aryloxy)benzaldehyde. The key feature of this transformation is the chemoselective reduction of a transient xanthylium ion in the presence of aldehydic group via intermolecular hydride transfer from diisopropyl ether (solvent). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for the one‐step C−H amination of xanthene and thioxanthene with sulfonamides is reported, without the need for any metal catalyst. A benzoquinone was employed as a hydride (or two‐electron and one‐proton) acceptor. Moreover, a previously unknown and uncatalyzed reaction between iminoiodanes and xanthene, thioxanthene and dihydroacridines (9,10‐dihydro‐9‐heteroanthracenes or dihydroheteroanthracenes) is disclosed. The reactions proceed through hydride transfer from the heteroarene substrate to the iminoiodane or benzoquinone, followed by conjugate addition of the sulfonamide to the oxidized heteroaromatic compounds. These findings may have important mechanistic implications for metal‐catalyzed C−H amination processes involving nitrene transfer from iminoiodanes to dihydroheteroanthracenes. Due to the weak C−H bond, xanthene is an often‐employed substrate in mechanistic studies of C−H amination reactions, which are generally proposed to proceed via metal‐catalyzed nitrene insertion, especially for reactions involving nitrene or imido complexes that are less reactive (i.e., less strongly oxidizing). However, these substrates clearly undergo non‐catalyzed (proton‐coupled) redox coupling with amines, thus providing alternative pathways to the widely assumed metal‐catalyzed pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2‐[Bis(4‐amino(nitro)phenyl)aminomethyl]‐9H‐thioxanthene‐9‐ones and their S‐oxide derivatives have been synthesized, and their electrochemical reduction (ECR) in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and MeCN has been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The thioxanthene‐9‐one group [Th(O)S] and thioxanthene‐9‐one S‐dioxide group [Th(O)SO2] determine the first one‐electron peak potentials of 2‐[bis(4‐aminophenyl)aminomethyl]‐9H‐Th(O)S/Th(O)SO2. The first peak potentials of the corresponding dinitro compounds are determined by the ratio of reduction potentials of bis(4‐nitrophenyl)amino and 9H‐thioxanthene‐9‐ones moieties. Radical anions (RA) of the synthesized compounds have been obtained by ECR in DMF and MeCN and characterized by EPR spectroscopy together with DFT calculations at the (U)B3LYP/6‐31 + G/PCM level of theory. Th(O)S and Th(O)SO2 groups are thermally stable up to 270 °C. The synthesized 2‐[bis(4‐aminophenyl)aminomethyl]‐9H‐Th(O)S/Th(O)SO2 are electrochemically active monomers for subsequent synthesis of the corresponding electroactive polyimides with thioxanthene‐9‐one based pendant groups for their applications in the design of nonvolatile memory storage devices. The pendant groups are characterized by low redox potentials and reversibility towards electron transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Novel thioxanthone (TX) derivatives are used as versatile photoinitiators upon visible light-emitting diode (LED; e.g., 405, 425, and 450 nm) exposure. The mechanisms for the photochemical generation of reactive species (i.e., cations and free radicals) produced from photoinitiating systems based on the photoinitiator and an iodonium salt, tris(trimethylsilyl)silane, or an amine, were studied by UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, steady-state photolysis, and electron spin resonance spin-trapping techniques. The reactive species are particularly efficient for cationic, free radical, hybrid, and thiol-ene photopolymerizations upon LED exposure. The optimized photoinitiating systems exhibit higher efficiency than those of reference systems (i.e., isopropyl TX-based photoinitiating systems), especially in the visible range. According to their beneficial features, these photoinitiating systems have considerable potential in photocuring applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 4037-4045 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a promising technique for low-cost, light weight, and highly efficient photovoltaics. However, they still largely rely on 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis( N, N-di- p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) to serve as hole-transporting materials (HTMs). Here, a series of HTMs with small molecular weight is designed, which are constructed on a spiro core involving phenylpyrazole and a second heteroaromatics, i.e., xanthene (O atom), thioxanthene (S atom), and acridine (N atom). Through varying from phenylpyrazole substituted xanthene ( PPyra-XA), thioxanthene ( PPyra-TXA), to acridine ( PPyra-ACD), their optical and electrochemical properties, hole mobilities, and the photovoltaic performance are optimized. As a consequence, PPyra-TXA based device exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.06%, outperforming that of Spiro-OMeTAD (16.15%), which could be attributed to the enhancement of hole mobility exerted by the thioxanthene. In addition, the dopant-free device shows PCE of 11.7%. These results open a new direction for designing spiro-HTMs by simple modification of chemical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Blue light-emitting polyfluorenes, PPF-FSOs and PPF-SOFs were synthesized via introducing spiro[fluorene-9,9′-thioxanthene- S,S-dioxide] isomers (2,7-diyl and 2′,7′-diyl) (FSO/SOF) into the poly[9,9-bis(4-(2-ethylhexyloxy) phenyl)fluorene-2,7-diyl] (PPF) backbone, respectively. With the increasing contents of FSO and SOF moieties, the absorption and PL spectra of PPF-FSOs show slight red shift, while that of PPF-SOFs exhibit blue shift, respectively. The HOMO and LUMO levels reduce gradually with increasing SOF unit in PPF-SOFs. The polymers emit blue light peaked around 430-445 nm and show an excellent spectral stability with the variation in current densities. The distinctly narrowing EL spectra were observed with the incorporation of isomers in the polymers. The full width at half maximum reduced by 15 nm for PPF-SOFs, resulting in a blue shift with the CIE coordinates from (0.16, 0.11) to (0.16, 0.08). With a device configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/EML/CsF/Al, a maximum luminance efficiency (LEmax) of 2.00 cd A−1, a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 3.76% with the CIE coordinates of (0.16, 0.08) for PPF-SOF15 and a LEmax of 1.68 cd A−1, a EQEmax of 2.38% with CIE (0.16, 0.12) for PPF-FSO10 were obtained, respectively. The result reveals that spiro[fluorene-9,9′-thioxanthene- S,S-dioxide] isomers are promising blocks for deep-blue light-emitting polymers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2332-2341 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an easily prepared triethylammonium N-benzyldithiocarbamate salt as a sulfur source, a dual C−S functionalization of cyclic diaryliodoniums to form tricyclic thioheterocycles is realized. Our method uses the readily available copper sulfate to accelerate the chemical transformation under mild conditions. A broad range of cyclic diaryliodoniums with a ring size from 5- to 7-membered can be employed to gain a quick access to tricyclic thioheterocycles including dibenzothiophenes, thioxanthenes, and phenoxathiines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports a detailed structure-property relationship study of a series of efficient host materials based on the donor-spiro-acceptor (D-spiro-A) design for green and sky-blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). The electronic and physical effects of the indoloacridine (IA) fragment connected through a spiro bridge to different acceptor units, namely, fluorene, dioxothioxanthene or diazafluorene moiety, have been investigated in depth. The resulting host materials have been easily synthesised through short, efficient, low-cost, and highly adaptable synthetic routes by using common intermediates. The dyes possess a very high triplet energy (ET) and tuneable HOMO/ LUMO levels, depending on the strength of the donor/acceptor combination. The peculiar electrochemical and optical properties of the IA moiety have been investigated though a fine comparison with their phenylacridine counterparts to study the influence of planarisation. Finally, these molecules have been incorporated as hosts in green and sky-blue PhOLEDs. For the derivative SIA-TXO2 as a host, external quantum efficiencies as high as 23 and 14% have been obtained for green and sky-blue PhOLEDs, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational analysis on the dicationic species generated upon two-electron oxidation of the corresponding allenic compounds bearing two thioxanthene ( 7a) or two acridene ( 7b) moieties indicated that the ground-state multiplicity would be of the triplet state (Δ EST = ECS − ET = 12.6 and 14 kcal/mol, respectively). Under this premise, oxidation reactions of 7a and 7b were carried out. In the case of 7b, oxidation with ( p-BrC6H4)3N•+SbCl6− gave a dimer ( 13), which could be presumed to have formed by dimerization of the corresponding carbene. Oxidation of 7b in the presence of tetramethylpiperidine N-oxide afforded the corresponding ketone derivative ( 14), thus implying the likelihood of a triplet carbene being the reactive intermediate. These results suggest that double oxidation of heterocyclic allene compounds is viable as a new approach for generating triplet carbenes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examined the degradation of poly(alkyl methacrylate) films photosensitzed by thioxanthone. The rate of oxidation and the formation of hydroxy, peroxy, and ketyl groups was found to be faster for polymers with larger ester groups. The side-chain size effect was reportedly due to the larger amount of secondary hydrogens available for abstraction by the triplet state of thioxanthone in the larger ester groups.

9H-Thioxanthen-9-ones are an important class of compound and are a common heterocyclic scaffold in biologically active and medicinally significant compounds. In this paper the synthesis of 1-fluoro-4-methyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one and some amine derivatives labeled with carboxyl-14 is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. The title complexes of type M(RL 2 )(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)(S 2 CSEt) (2a: M = Ru; 2b: M = Os) have been synthesized in excellent yields by reacting M(RL 1 )(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)X (1a: M = Ru, X = Cl; 1b: M = Os, X = Br) with potassium ethyl thioxanthate and have been characterized with the help of spectral and electrochemical data. The RL 2 ligand in 2 is the imine-phenol tautomer of N-C 6 H 4 R(p)-4-methylsalicylaldimine (R = Me, MeO, Cl) coordinated at the carbanionic-C2 atom only while RL 1 in 1 is the iminium-phenolato tautomer chelated via carbanionic-C2 and phenolato-O atoms. The synthetic reaction is thus attended with tautomerization of the Schiff base ligand. It is also associated with a rotation of the ligand by ~180º around the M-C bond in order to exclude steric repulsion. These features have been revealed by structure determination of 2a (R = Me). The metallated aldimine ring is found to be highly noncoplanar (dihedral angle ~40 o ) with the thioxanthate chelate ring due to steric repulsion originating from the relatively large size of the sulfur atom. This phenomenon, which is absent in both the precursor 1 (R = Me) and in the carboxylate analogue Ru(MeL 2 )(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)(O 2 CMe), 7, has distinctive effects on bond parameters of 2a (R = Me). Thus the two Ru-P bonds in 2a (R = Me) differ in length by as much as 0.06 Å. The thioxanthate 2 is thermodynamically more stable than the precursor 1 as well as the carboxylate 7. Accordingly, both of these are irreversibly transformed to 2a (R = Me) upon treatment with thioxanthate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present two cases in which the occurrence of acquired haemophilia is associated with the use of depot preparations of the thioxanthenes zuclopenthixol and flupenthixol. These drugs have not previously been implicated in the aetiology of acquired haemophilia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An important consideration in treating acute mania is the promptness with which a chosen therapy can bring symptom amelioration. This article reviews the available published data from controlled, blinded studies regarding the latency of responses to antipsychotics in patients with acute mania. Methods: Articles for this review were obtained from a search of the Medline database (1966–1999), using the following keywords and phrases: antipsychotic, atypical, bipolar disorder, mania, neuroleptic, typical. The bibliographic sections of articles gleaned from this search were used to direct further inquiries. Results: Although information regarding the onset of action of antipsychotics is limited, we discovered data for four typical and three atypical antipsychotics. Drugs with the fastest onsets include haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine, with onsets appearing in 2–6 days. Chlorpromazine and thiothixene were at the slowest end of the continuum, with onsets of 2 weeks or longer. Data regarding pimozide are mixed, with some studies showing an onset equivalent to that of the ‘fast’ compounds and others showing one similar to that of the ‘slow’ compounds. Conclusions: Choice of therapy should consider not only efficacy and safety, but also onset speed. Atypical antipsychotics appear to offer safer, faster, and more effective therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical reactions related to the article "A Convenient Synthesis of 9H-Thioxanthen-9-ones and their Aza-Analogues" published in the periodical "Heterocycles" in 2013 are presented.

Review: 38 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]