Search

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment against bacteria‐caused infections. By producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), PDT can effectively eliminate pathogenic bacteria, without causing drug resistance. However, excessive ROS may also impose an oxidative stress on surrounding tissues, resulting in local inflammation. To avoid this major drawback and limit pro‐inflammation during PDT, this work prepared a supramolecular photosensitizer (TPP‐CN/CP5) based on host‐guest interactions between a cysteine‐responsive cyano‐tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP‐CN) and a water‐soluble carboxylatopillar[5]arene (CP5). TPP‐CN/CP5 not only possesses excellent photodynamic antibacterial properties, but also shows good anti‐inflammatory and cell protection capabilities. Under 660 nm light irradiation, TPP‐CN/CP5 could rapidly produce abundant ROS for sterilization. After the PDT process, the addition of cysteine (Cys) triggers the release of H2S from TPP‐CN. H2S then stops the induced inflammation by inhibiting the production of related inflammatory factors. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments show the excellent antibacterial effects and anti‐inflammatory abilities of TPP‐CN/CP5. These results will certainly promote the clinical application of PDT in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise recognition and sensing of steroids, a type of vital biomolecules, hold immense practical value across various domains. In this study, we introduced corral[4]BINOLs (C[4]BINOLs), a pair of enantiomeric conjugated deep‐cavity hosts, as novel synthetic receptors for binding steroids. Due to the strong hydrophobic effect of their deep nonpolar, chiral cavities, the two enantiomers of C[4]BINOLs demonstrated exceptionally high recognition affinities (up to 1012 M−1) for 16 important steroidal compounds as well as good enantioselectiviy (up to 15.5) in aqueous solutions, establishing them as the most potent known steroid receptors. Harnessing their ultrahigh affinity, remarkable enantioselectivity, and fluorescence emission properties, the two C[4]BINOL enantiomers were employed to compose a fluorescent sensor array which achieved discrimination and sensing of 16 structurally similar steroids at low concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise recognition and sensing of steroids, a type of vital biomolecules, hold immense practical value across various domains. In this study, we introduced corral[4]BINOLs (C[4]BINOLs), a pair of enantiomeric conjugated deep‐cavity hosts, as novel synthetic receptors for binding steroids. Due to the strong hydrophobic effect of their deep nonpolar, chiral cavities, the two enantiomers of C[4]BINOLs demonstrated exceptionally high recognition affinities (up to 1012 M−1) for 16 important steroidal compounds as well as good enantioselectiviy (up to 15.5) in aqueous solutions, establishing them as the most potent known steroid receptors. Harnessing their ultrahigh affinity, remarkable enantioselectivity, and fluorescence emission properties, the two C[4]BINOL enantiomers were employed to compose a fluorescent sensor array which achieved discrimination and sensing of 16 structurally similar steroids at low concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed and conducted to evaluate the plant‐based diet status and its association with erectile function (EF) in Chinese young healthy men. From July 2018 to May 2020, 116 objectively proved physically and psychologically healthy men were selected. Clinical questionnaires, detailed physical examinations and blood tests were all assessed. An overall plant‐based diet index (PDI) and a healthful plant‐based diet index (hPDI) were developed from each participant to measure plant‐based diet quantitatively. The EF was measured by both the International Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF‐5) and the surrogated measures of endothelial function, peripheral levels of nitric oxide (NO) and E‐selectin. In subjects, the mean PDI and hPDI were 53.8 ± 8.2 and 54.7 ± 8.9 respectively. Results of multivariate analysis showed that both PDI and hPDI were negatively associated with BMI (all p <.05), but had no relationships with NO, E‐selectin, TT levels and IIEF‐5 scores (all p >.05). In a subgroup of male population, Chinese young healthy men, the plant‐based diet, measured by PDI and hPDI, was not related to erectile function. The population can adhere to plant‐based diet to keep healthy without concerns of negative influence on erectile function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a universally used solvent in various synthetic reactions, and trace amounts of DMSO residual are often seen on the surface of chemical product. It is difficult to quickly determine whether the residual DMSO is washed completely. This work reports a CdII metal–organic framework (MOF) SXU‐4 which can detect trace amounts of DMSO in various solvents. Fluorescence experiments reveal its turn‐on fluorescence effect toward DMSO with high selectivity and sensitivity, indicating that it can be used as an effective luminescent probe for rapid chemical product purity detection by testing the washing solution. Crystallographically characterized DMSO loaded SXU‐4 (DMSO@SXU‐4), in combination with computational results uncover that the enhanced DMSO–MOF conjugation through multiple DMSO–MOF supramolecule interactions and charge rearrangement are the main causes of fluorescence intensification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular design to improve catalyst performance is significant but challenging. In enzymes, residue groups that are close to reaction centers play critical roles in regulating activities. Using this bioinspired strategy, three water‐soluble polymers were designed with appending Co porphyrins and different side‐chain groups to mimic enzyme reaction centers and activity‐controlling residue groups, respectively. With these polymers, high hydrogen evolution efficiency was achieved in neutral aqueous media for electro‐ (turnover frequency >2.3×104 s−1) and photocatalysis (turnover number >2.7×104). Porphyrin units are surrounded and protected by polymer chains, and more importantly, the activity can be tuned with different side‐chain groups. Therefore, instead of revising molecular structures that is difficult from both design and synthesis points of view, polymers can be used to improve molecular solubility and stability and simultaneously regulate activity by using side‐chain groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular design to improve catalyst performance is significant but challenging. In enzymes, residue groups that are close to reaction centers play critical roles in regulating activities. Using this bioinspired strategy, three water‐soluble polymers were designed with appending Co porphyrins and different side‐chain groups to mimic enzyme reaction centers and activity‐controlling residue groups, respectively. With these polymers, high hydrogen evolution efficiency was achieved in neutral aqueous media for electro‐ (turnover frequency >2.3×104 s−1) and photocatalysis (turnover number >2.7×104). Porphyrin units are surrounded and protected by polymer chains, and more importantly, the activity can be tuned with different side‐chain groups. Therefore, instead of revising molecular structures that is difficult from both design and synthesis points of view, polymers can be used to improve molecular solubility and stability and simultaneously regulate activity by using side‐chain groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are rich in various microorganisms, which play diverse roles in affecting host biology. Although most Drosophila species prefer rotten fruits, the agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii attacks ripening fruits before they are harvested. We have reported that the microbiota has positive and negative impacts on the agricultural pest D. suzukii on nutrient‐poor and ‐rich diets, respectively. On nutrient‐poor diets, microbes provide protein to facilitate larval development. But how they impede D. suzukii development on nutrient‐rich diets is unknown. Here we report that Acetobacter pomorum (Apo), a commensal bacterium in many Drosophila species and rotting fruit, has several detrimental effects in D. suzukii. Feeding D. suzukii larvae nutrient‐rich diets containing live Apo significantly delayed larval development and reduced the body weight of emerged adults. Apo induced larval immune responses and downregulated genes of digestion and juvenile hormone metabolism. Knockdown of these genes in germ‐free larvae reproduced Apo‐like weakened phenotypes. Apo was confirmed to secrete substantial amounts of gluconic acid. Adding gluconic acid to the D. suzukii larval diet hindered larval growth and decreased adult body weight. Moreover, the dose of gluconic acid that adversely affected D. suzukii did not negatively affect Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that D. suzukii is less tolerant to acid than D. melanogaster. Taken together, these findings indicate that D. suzukii is negatively affected by gluconic acid, which may explain why it prefers ripening fruit over Apo‐rich rotting fruit. These results show an insect's tolerance to microbes can influence its ecological niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The relationship between cup inclination angle and liner wear is controversial. Most authors in the published literature agree that the ideal cup inclination is associated with lower inner wear; however, some disagree. All previous studies did not control for femoral head diameter and inclination, so it is difficult to assess the relative or synergistic effects of cup angle on outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 154 patients (171 hips) with primary total hip arthroplasties performed from 2001 to 2004. All surgeries had been performed by the same physician team. A posterior approach was applied in all patients. All prostheses were non-cemented cups with a 28-mm metal head. Inclusion criteria included that the radiographic material was not completed or lost for primary or last follow up. Patients were divided into four groups according to different cup inclination angle. There were 108 hips with inclination angles below 50°; 35 hips with angles between 50° and 55°; 17 hips with angles between 55° and 60°; and 11 hips with angles greater than 60°. An immediate postoperative radiograph was compared with a follow-up radiograph. Clinical and radiographic data were collected on standardized hip evaluation forms preoperatively, 6 months after surgery and at yearly follow-up visits. Radiographs were digitized and enlarged 100%. After the radiographs were digitized, polyethylene wear rates and acetabular cup abduction were measured on all patients with Cavas 15.0 software. The results were analyzed using Student's twotailed paired t-test with SPSS 11.5. Results: The preoperative mean Harris hip score improved from 45.36 to 93.5 points 10 years after surgery. No acetabular component was revised for aseptic loosening. Three patients (three hips) had to undergo bone grafting and a lined arthroplasty for severe osteolysis around the acetabular component. The rate of implant survival at 10 years with respect to loosening was 100%. The mean liner wear rate was 0.135 mm/year in cups with inclination angles below 50°, 0.144 mm/year between 50° and 55°, 0.260 mm/year between 55° and 60°, and 0.403 mm/year when the angle was greater than 60°. Liner wear increased when the cup angle was larger than 55° (P < 0.05). Conclusions: For metal-on-polyethylene prostheses, liner wear correlates with cup inclination angle larger than 55°. The ideal abduction angle for metal-on-polyethylene prostheses is less than 55°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two isostructural CoII-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with the opposite framework charges have been constructed, which can be simply controlled by changing the tetrazolyl or triazolyl terminal in two bifunctional ligands. Notably, the cationic MOF 2 can adsorb much more C2H2 than the anionic MOF 1 with an increase of 88 % for C2H2 uptake at 298 K in spite of more active nitrogen sites in 1. Theoretical calculations indicate that both nitrate and triazolyl play vital roles in C2H2 binding and the C2H2 adsorption isotherm confirms that the enhanced C2H2 uptake for 2 (225 and 163 cm3g−1 at 273 and 298 K) is exceptionally high for MOF materials without open metal sites or uncoordinated polar atom groups on the frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of secukinumab treatment for psoriasis on different functional cytokines and inflammatory mediators in patients' serum Methods: Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐1RA associated with intrinsic immunity; IL‐6, IL‐18, and growth regulated oncogene alpha (GROα) associated with neutrophils; IL‐12, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and interferon (IFN)‐γ associated with Th1; IL‐23, IL‐17A, and IL‐22 associated with Th17; Thymus activation regulated chemokine (TARC), IL‐13, and defensin beta 2 (DEFB2) associated with Th2; Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A and IL‐10 associated with angiogenesis; and IFN‐γ associated with sepsis in the peripheral blood of 12 patients with common psoriasis treated with secukinumab and 15 healthy controls. IL‐23, IL‐17A, IL‐22 associated with Th17; TARC, IL‐13, DEFB2 associated with Th2; VEGF‐A, IL‐10 associated with angiogenesis and procalcitonin (PCT) associated with sepsis. The differences in expression of the above cytokines before and after treatment and the correlation with psoriasis disease severity［Psoriasis Area Severity Index(PASI) score］, age, and disease duration were analyzed. Results: The mean PASI score of the enrolled patients with moderate to severe psoriasis was 21.6 ± 11.0 before treatment and decreased to below 1 after treatment. Serum IL‐6; IL‐18, GROα, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, VEGF‐A, and IL‐17A were significantly higher than normal. And IL‐17A and IFN‐γ were positively correlated with disease duration and age, and IL‐18 was positively correlated with PASI score. The expression levels of IL‐6, GROα, VEGF‐A, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐17A and IL‐23 were significantly lower after secukinumab treatment compared with those before treatment, but the expression levels of IFN‐γ, VEGF‐A, TARC, IL‐13, and DEFB2 were still significantly higher than those of normal subjects after treatment Conclusions: secukinumab clears skin lesions by antagonizing IL‐17A and simultaneously decreasing the expression levels of IL‐6, GRO α, VEGF‐A, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐17A, and IL‐23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A (6, 14)-connected metal-organic framework (MOF), namely [Co9(μ3-OH)2(CPT)10(HCOO)6] n ( 1) [HCPT = 4-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1, 2,4-triazole], was synthesized using custom-designed bifunctional triazolate-carboxylate organic linkers and CoII salts. The framework exhibits two types of highly connected Co3 and Co6 cluster moieties with distinct arrangement, which were generated in situ. The combination of these building units results in an unusual (6, 14)-connected structure, which has been rarely observed in MOF chemistry. This MOF was characterized by single X-ray diffraction, PXRD, and TGA. Furthermore, its magnetic properties were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polystyrene-core-silica-shell hybrid particles were synthesized by combining the self-assembly of nanoparticles and the polymer with a silica coating strategy. The core-shell hybrid particles are composed of gold-nanoparticle-decorated polystyrene (PS-AuNP) colloids as the core and silica particles as the shell. PS-AuNP colloids were generated by the self-assembly of the PS-grafted AuNPs. The silica coating improved the thermal stability and dispersibility of the AuNPs. By removing the 'free' PS of the core, hollow particles with a hydrophobic cage having a AuNP corona and an inert silica shell were obtained. Also, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were encapsulated in the core, which resulted in magnetic core-shell hybrid particles by the same strategy. These particles have potential applications in biomolecular separation and high-temperature catalysis and as nanoreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic stacking has played a significant role in the design of discrete supramolecular systems. However, for many years, the stacking of conjugated radical cations has been considered only as a novelty due to its weakness. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that the stacking of conjugated radical cations, particularly those formed by bipyridinium or tetrathiafulvalene, can be enhanced remarkably when they are incorporated into rationally designed, preorganized frameworks or entrapped into a confined space. This Focus Review highlights the recent advance in its application as an emerging non-covalent force for the construction of various supramolecular structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials with Janus structures are attractive for wide applications in materials science. Although extensive efforts in the synthesis of Janus particles have been reported, the synthesis of sub-10 nm Janus nanoparticles is still challenging. Herein, the synthesis of Janus gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) based on interface-directed self-assembly is reported. Polystyrene (PS) colloidal particles with AuNPs on the surface were prepared by interface-directed self-assembly, and the colloidal particles were used as templates for the synthesis of Janus AuNPs. To prepare colloidal particles, thiol-terminated polystyrene (PS-SH) was dissolved in toluene and citrate-stabilized AuNPs were dispersed in aqueous solution. Upon mixing the two solutions, PS-SH chains were grafted to the surface of AuNPs and amphiphilic AuNPs were formed at the liquid-liquid interface. PS colloidal particles decorated with AuNPs on the surfaces were prepared by adding the emulsion to excess methanol. On the surface, AuNPs were partially embedded in the colloidal particles. The outer regions of the AuNPs were exposed to the solution and were functionalized through the grafting of atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator. Poly[2-(dimethamino) ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) on AuNPs were prepared by surface-initiated ATRP. After centrifugation and dissolving the colloidal particles in tetrahydrofuran (THF), Janus AuNPs with PS and PDMAEMA on two hemispheres were obtained. In acidic pH, Janus AuNPs are amphiphilic and are able to emulsify oil droplets in water; in basic pH, the Janus AuNPs are hydrophobic. In mixtures of THF/methanol at a volume ratio of 1:5, the Janus AuNPs self-assemble into bilayer structures with collapsed PS in the interiors and solvated PDMAEMA at the exteriors of the structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self-assembly of a new type of three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular polymers from tetrahedral monomers in both organic and aqueous media is described. We have designed and synthesized two tetraphenylmethane derivatives T1 and T2, both of which bear four tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units. When the TTF units were oxidized to the radical cation TTF.+, their pre-organized tetrahedral arrangement remarkably enhanced their intermolecular dimerization, leading to the formation of new 3D spherical supramolecular polymers. The structure of the supramolecular polymers has been inferred on the basis of UV/Vis absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance, cyclic voltammetry, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, as well as by comparing these properties with those of the self-assembled structures of mono-, di-, and tritopic control compounds. DLS experiments revealed that the spherical supramolecular polymers had hydrodynamic diameters of 68 nm for T1 (75 μ M) in acetonitrile and 105 nm for T2 (75 μ M) in water/acetonitrile (1:1). The 3D spherical structures of the supramolecular polymers formed in different solvents were also supported by SEM and AFM experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flower induction in adult citrus is mainly regulated by drought and low temperatures. However, the mechanism of FLOWERING LOCUS T regulation of citrus flowering (CiFT) under two flower‐inductive stimuli remains largely unclear. In this study, a citrus transcription factor, nuclear factor YA (CiNF‐YA1), was found to specifically bind to the CiFT promoter by forming a complex with CiNF‐YB2 and CiNF‐YC2 to activate CiFT expression. CiNF‐YA1 was induced in juvenile citrus by low temperature and drought treatments. Overexpression of CiNF‐YA1 increased drought susceptibility in transgenic citrus, whereas suppression of CiNF‐YA1 enhanced drought tolerance in silenced citrus plants. Furthermore, a GOLDEN2−LIKE protein (CiFE) that interacts with CiFT protein was also isolated. Further experimental evidence showed that CiFE binds to the citrus LEAFY (CiLFY) promoter and activates its expression. In addition, the expressions of CiNF‐YA1 and CiFE showed a seasonal increase during the floral induction period and were induced by artificial drought and low‐temperature treatments at which floral induction occurred. These results indicate that CiNF‐YA1 may activate CiFT expression in response to drought and low temperatures by binding to the CiFT promoter. CiFT then forms a complex with CiFE to activate CiLFY, thereby promoting the flowering of adult citrus. Summary statement: FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) plays a central role in citrus flowering. This study demonstrated that citrus NF‐YA1 may activate FT expression in response to drought and low temperature by interacting with FE, and that the FT‐FE complex activates LEAFY, thereby promoting the flowering of adult citrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to calculate stress redistribution after a fiber breaking for unidirectional fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) with practically poor fiber distribution uniformity, a new and efficient FE model is developed with high computation efficiency. Based on the proposed FE model, the stress concentration factor (SCF) of intact fibers around a broken fiber is investigated for unidirectional FRP. It is observed that the SCF depends heavily on the local fiber volume ratio (FVR), and a modified analytical SCF model is proposed which takes into account the variation of local FVR. It is proved that the modified analytical SCF model can provide SCF values with much better accuracy for FRP with poor fiber distribution uniformity. The modified analytical SCF model would be very useful for accurate prediction of progressive fiber breaking in FRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common deleterious genetic defects in Holstein cattle include haplotypes 1–6 (HH1–HH6), haplotypes for cholesterol deficiency (HCD), bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD), complex vertebral malformation (CVM) and brachyspina syndrome (BS). Recessive inheritance patterns of these genetic defects permit the carriers to function normally, but homozygous recessive genotypes cause embryo loss or neonatal death. Therefore, rapid detection of the carriers is essential to manage these genetic defects. This study was conducted to develop a single‐tube multiplex fluorescent amplification–refractory mutation system (mf‐ARMS) PCR method for efficient genotyping of these 10 genetic defects and to compare its efficiency with the kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) genotyping assay. The mf‐ARMS PCR method introduced 10 sets of tri‐primers optimized with additional mismatches in the 3′ end of wild and mutant‐specific primers, size differentiation between wild and mutant‐specific primers, fluorescent labeling of universal primers, adjustment of annealing temperatures and optimization of primer concentrations. The genotyping of 484 Holstein cows resulted in 16.12% carriers with at least one genetic defect, while no homozygous recessive genotype was detected. This study found carrier frequencies ranging from 0.0% (HH6) to 3.72% (HH3) for individual defects. The mf‐ARMS PCR method demonstrated improved detection, time and cost efficiency compared with the KASP method for these defects. Therefore, the application of mf‐ARMS PCR for genotyping Holstein cattle is anticipated to decrease the frequency of lethal alleles and limit the transmission of these genetic defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study of the diagnostic results of the ultrasologists with/without using a novel enhancement algorithm for breast ultrasonic images based on fuzzy entropy principle and textural information. Totally, 350 ultrasound images of 115 cases were analyzed including 59 benign and 56 malignant lesions. The original breast images were fuzzified, the edge and textural information were extracted, and the images were enhanced. The original and enhanced images were assessed and evaluated by ultrasologists using double blind method before and after enhancement. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were calculated by the areas (Az) under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. And the two diagnostic results before and after enhancement were compared by Chi-square test in a 2×2 table. The results demonstrated that the discrimination rate of breast masses had been highly improved after employing the novel enhancement algorithm. The result indicates the sensitivity could be raised from 74.3% to 89.3% with the false-positive rate 14.3%, and the area (Az) under the ROC curve of diagnosis also increased from 0.84 to 0.93. The novel enhancement algorithm can increase the classification accuracy and decrease the rate of missing and misdiagnosis, and it is useful for breast cancer control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective preparation of two‐dimensional polymers (2DPs) and supramolecular polymers (2DSPs) with defined thickness is crucially important for controlling and maximizing their functions, yet it has remained as a synthetic challenge. In the past decade, several approaches have been developed to allow selective preparation of discrete monolayer 2DPs and 2DSPs. Recently, crystal exfoliation and self‐assembly strategies have been employed to successfully prepare bilayer 2DP and 2DSP, which represent the first step towards the controlled "growth" of 2D polymers from the thinnest monolayers to thicker few‐layers along the third dimension. This Concept review discusses the concept of accurate synthesis of 2D polymers with defined layers. Advances in this research area will pave the way to rational synthetic strategies for 2D polymers with controlled thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary In wireless charging systems for electric vehicles, fluctuations in coil mutual inductance can affect both system output power and efficiency. This paper introduces a coil mutual inductance model that accounts for metal shielding material. The formula for coil mutual inductance is derived using Maxwell's equations and boundary conditions. Additionally, the paper presents a tactic for adapting the mutual inductance with the aid of an intelligent optimization algorithm, which is utilized for steadying the mutual inductance of the transmission coil. Lastly, a model of the transmission coil is developed to authenticate the practicality of the mutual inductance equation and the adaptation scheme. Measurement and calculation results indicate that the difference between the calculated value of the mutual inductance formula and the actual mutual inductance value of the coil, following deflection and offset, is below 5%. Moreover, the algorithm, along with the employed adaptation strategy, consistently demonstrates effectiveness in maintaining the mutual inductance value within a predefined range. The temporal efficiency of the algorithm, as measured by the time taken to determine this coordinate position, is consistently under 1 s. This ensures that the algorithm exhibits a rapid response time, a crucial attribute in ensuring its practical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypeptides, as natural polyelectrolytes, are assembled into tailored proteins to integrate chromophores and catalytic sites for photosynthesis. Mimicking nature to create the water‐soluble nanoassemblies from synthetic polyelectrolytes and photocatalytic molecular species for artificial photosynthesis is still rare. Here, we report the enhancement of the full‐spectrum solar‐light‐driven H2 production within a supramolecular system built by the co‐assembly of anionic metalloporphyrins with cationic polyelectrolytes in water. This supramolecular photocatalytic system achieves a H2 production rate of 793 and 685 μmol h−1 g−1 over 24 h with a combination of Mg or Zn porphyrin as photosensitizers and Cu porphyrin as a catalyst, which is more than 23 times higher than that of free molecular controls. With a photosensitizer to catalyst ratio of 10000 : 1, the highest H2 production rate of >51,700 μmol h−1 g−1 with a turnover number (TON) of >1,290 per molecular catalyst was achieved over 24 h irradiation. The hierarchical self‐assembly not only enhances photostability through forming ordered stackings of the metalloporphyrins but also facilitates both energy and electron transfer from antenna molecules to catalysts, and therefore promotes the photocatalysis. This study provides structural and mechanistic insights into the self‐assembly enhanced photostability and catalytic performance of supramolecular photocatalytic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypeptides, as natural polyelectrolytes, are assembled into tailored proteins to integrate chromophores and catalytic sites for photosynthesis. Mimicking nature to create the water‐soluble nanoassemblies from synthetic polyelectrolytes and photocatalytic molecular species for artificial photosynthesis is still rare. Here, we report the enhancement of the full‐spectrum solar‐light‐driven H2 production within a supramolecular system built by the co‐assembly of anionic metalloporphyrins with cationic polyelectrolytes in water. This supramolecular photocatalytic system achieves a H2 production rate of 793 and 685 μmol h−1 g−1 over 24 h with a combination of Mg or Zn porphyrin as photosensitizers and Cu porphyrin as a catalyst, which is more than 23 times higher than that of free molecular controls. With a photosensitizer to catalyst ratio of 10000 : 1, the highest H2 production rate of >51,700 μmol h−1 g−1 with a turnover number (TON) of >1,290 per molecular catalyst was achieved over 24 h irradiation. The hierarchical self‐assembly not only enhances photostability through forming ordered stackings of the metalloporphyrins but also facilitates both energy and electron transfer from antenna molecules to catalysts, and therefore promotes the photocatalysis. This study provides structural and mechanistic insights into the self‐assembly enhanced photostability and catalytic performance of supramolecular photocatalytic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P53 gene mutation is one of the important causes in tumors. p53‐MDM2 (murine double minute 2) inhibitors can interrupt p53‐dependent gene transcription activity, and inhibit p53‐mediated apoptosis, block p53‐MDM2/MDMx interaction, and significantly reduce DNA formation. In this article, we focused on the synthesis methods about nutlins and other p53 small molecule inhibitors, in order to find potential new structure for novel p53 small molecule inhibitor synthesizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted the study to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and acquired premature ejaculation (APE). From January 2017 to December 2019, 1,000 subjects, 500 men with APE (APE group) and 500 men without APE (control group), were selected. Self‐estimated intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) were recorded from each participant to evaluate APE. Detailed physical examinations, body composition analysis and blood tests were all assessed. The neck circumference, waist circumference, visceral fat rating, fat mass, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) in the APE group were significantly higher than the control group (p <.05 for all). Furthermore, the APE population had a higher prevalence of MetS than the control group (49.4% versus 35.6%, p =.000). Consistent results could also be observed in terms of the number of MetS components and each component of the MetS (both p <.05). Moreover, both the prevalence of APE and the severity of PE increased significantly as the number of MetS components increased. Finally, in the multivariate analysis, we found that both MetS and hs‐CRP were independent risk factors for APE (both p <.01). The results indicated that APE was related to MetS but not its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: 95 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charge control of isostructural metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be achieved by ligand modulation with similar bifunctional linkers with carboxylate and azole groups, giving a pair of comparable anionic and cationic porous frameworks with the inclusion of HN(CH3)2+ and NO3− as the counterions. Interestingly, the cationic CoII–MOF showed an 88% increase in C2H2 uptake at 298 K compared with the anionic analogue, demonstrating the critical role of framework charge and/or guest anion on their gas‐capture behaviors. More information can be found in the Full Paper by C.‐S. Liu, M. Du et al. on page 15035 ff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe‐based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys are widely used in transformers, electronic information, and aerospace applications due to their high saturation flux density (Bs), high permeability, low iron loss, and low coercivity (Hc). This article briefly introduces soft magnetic materials, gives an overview of the classification, preparation methods, soft magnetic properties, and applications of Fe‐based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, and reviews the effects of elements such as Fe, Co, Ni, Si, B, P, and Nb in the alloys on the properties of Fe‐based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys such as amorphous forming ability, Bs and Hc. The challenges and development directions of Fe‐based amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys in research are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Comb‐like cellulose stearoyl ester (CSE3) and poly(vinyl stearate) (PVS) with distinct skeletons are successfully synthesized. Their self‐assembled superstructures are described and discussed comparatively herein. Differential scanning calorimetry investigation indicates that both comb‐like polymers with various molecular weights show the feasibility to form self‐assembled crystalline structures. The self‐assembled superstructures are obtained from both the evaporation‐induced and temperature‐induced phase separation processes. Due to the interference of different skeletons, self‐assembled superstructures of both comb‐like polymers demonstrate totally different morphologies. CSE3 with semi‐flexible skeleton forms robust petals, which further grows into well‐organized flower‐like particles. In contrast, PVS with more flexible skeleton only form non‐ordered porous structures through stacking of the wrinkled and folded nanofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: [56 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A defect-rich 2D p-n heterojunction, CoxNi3-x(HITP)2/BNSs-P (HITP: 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene), is constructed using a semiconductive metal-organic framework (MOF) and boron nanosheets (BNSs) by in situ solution plasma modification. The heterojunction is an effective catalyst for the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) under ambient conditions. Interface engineering and plasma-assisted defects on the p-n CoxNi3-x(HITP)2/BNSs-P heterojunction led to the formation of both Co-N3 and B…O dual-active sites. As a result, CoxNi3-x(HITP)2/BNSs-P has a high NH3 yield of 128.26 ± 2.27 μg h-1 mgcat.-1 and a Faradaic efficiency of52.92 ± 1.83% in 0.1 m HCl solution. The catalytic mechanism for the eNRR is also studied by in situ FTIR spectra and DFT calculations. A CoxNi3-x(HITP)2/BNSs-P-based Zn-N2 battery achieved an unprecedented power output with a peak power density of 5.40 mW cm-2 and an energy density of240 mA h gzn-1 in 0.1 m HCl. This study establishes an efficient strategy for the rational design, using defect and interfacial engineering, of advanced eNRR catalysts for ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a promising class of porous materials. However, MOFs show poor processability that impedes their full potential in applications. This work develops a composite strategy to skillfully load MOFs on a polymer plate to afford processability for these powder materials. A predesigned mesoporous MOF with active −NH2 groups around the pore walls was prepared and its copolymerization with the −NCO groups of macromonomers (polyurethane acrylate) could be facilely induced by an initiator under mild conditions. Notably, the target MOF-polymer composite is transparent, elastic, and shows enhanced Fe3+ detection compared with that of the individual MOF functional component. This result can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the composite with newly formed chemical bonds between the MOF particle and polymer matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, 2C14H13N·C4H4O2, the asymmetric unit consists of two crystallographically independent ( E)-4-(4-methylstyryl)pyridine and one ( E)-but-2-enedioic acid molecules, which are linked through O—H...N hydrogen bonds to form a linear arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, [NaBr(C2H6OS)2] n, each NaI cation is coordinated by four O atoms from four dimethyl sulfoxide ligands and by one Br− anion in a distorted pyramidal geometry. Each O atom coordinates two NaI cations, leading to the formation of polymeric coordination chains parallel to the a axis with protruding Br− anions and methyl groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus erectile dysfunction (DMED) is a frequent complication of diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy was demonstrated to improve erectile function in DMED. However, the pathogenesis of DMED and the mechanism by which MSCs function are still unclear. We established a rat model of DMED and gave MSC therapy through intracavernous injection. After transcriptome sequencing of rats' penile tissue, we identified a total of 1,097 overlapped differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the normal control group, DMED group, and MSC‐treated group, containing 189 upregulated genes and 908 downregulated genes. The enriched functions of upregulated DEGs included extracellular matrix organisation (GO:0030198), extracellular structure organisation (GO:0043062), and wound healing (GO:0042060), PPAR signalling pathway (rno03320), arachidonic acid metabolism (rno00590) and retinol metabolism (rno00830). The enriched functions of downregulated DEGs included peptidase activity (GO:0052547), hair follicle development (GO:0001942), intermediate filament‐based process (GO:0045103), nitrogen metabolism (rno00910), aldosterone‐regulated sodium reabsorption (rno04960) and retinol metabolism (rno00830). We constructed a PPI network with 547 nodes and 2,365 edges and identified 15 hub genes with high connectivity degree. In summary, 15 hub genes with potential roles in the development of ED were identified. Further functional research would be required to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying misregulated genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between hypogonadism symptoms and the levels of serum hormones are still in debate. To investigate the relationship between hypogonadism symptoms and serum hormones in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese men, this community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted based on a total of 965 ageing men. The ageing males' symptom (AMS) scale, International Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF‐5), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaires and related variables were assessed. Blood tests for total testosterone (TT), sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) and luteinising hormone (LH) were performed. Serum level of free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (Bio‐T) was calculated. The mean age was 56.34 ± 8.85 years. Total AMS score was significantly associated with all five serum hormones (LH: p < 0.001; SHBG: p < 0.001; TT: p =.043; FT: p = 0.007; Bio‐T: p < 0.001). We identified sexual and somatic symptoms were obviously related to five serum hormones, while psychological symptoms seemed to have no association with serum hormones. After adjusting for age and BMI, multiple linear regression analysis indicated that LH had positive correlations with total AMS score, somatic and sexual symptom score (p < 0.05). In conclusion, LH and SHBG had the strongest correlation hypogonadism and might be used as early predictors for symptomatic hypogonadism in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of a thin‐wire contact electrode structure, a nonuniform electric field is designed to realize diffuse discharge in atmospheric air. A new method of high‐efficiency treatment of carbon fiber fabrics by glow discharge plasmas at low discharge voltage is proposed. Through this method, carbon fiber fabrics are directly used as electrodes, the plasmas are directly formed on the surface, and a strong electric field region can be formed on the surface of carbon fiber fabrics. The high‐active plasmas generated in this study can not only introduce nitrogen functional groups that are difficult to be introduced by traditional air plasma treatment methods and a large number of oxygen functional groups on the surface of carbon fiber fabrics but also improve the surface roughness and wettability of the material. In addition, the important effects of surface electric field intensity and plasma treatment time on the modification effect were investigated. It lays a good technical foundation for the industrial application of carbon fiber surface modification with high efficiency and continuity in atmospheric air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Integrating the properties of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and high‐density polymer brushes in one structure requires sophisticated synthetic designs and effective chemical approaches. A simple and versatile strategy for the fabrication of hydrophilic‐polymer‐capped magnetite‐core‐silica‐shell nanohybrids with well‐defined structure employing reverse microemulsion technique and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is presented. The high‐density polymer brush allows precise patterning of the magnetic nanohybrids with a tunable interparticle distance ranging from 20 nm to 80 nm by controlling the polymer size. The high structural precision provides a near stand‐alone state of the MNPs in the nanohybrids with effectively inhibited magnetic interaction, as shown by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While dose dependencies in pharmacokinetics and clearance are often observed in clinically used small molecules, very few studies have been dedicated to the understandings of potential dose-dependent in vivo transport of nanomedicines. Here we report that the pharmacokinetics and clearance of renal clearable gold nanoparticles (GS-AuNPs) are strongly dose-dependent once injection doses are above 15 mg kg−1: high dose expedited the renal excretion and shortened the blood retention. As a result, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of GS-AuNPs was >1000 mg kg−1 in CD-1 mice. The efficient renal clearance and high compatibility can be translated to the non-human primates: no adverse effects were observed within 90 days after intravenous injection of 250 mg kg−1 GS-AuNPs. These fundamental understandings of dose effect on the in vivo transport of ultrasmall AuNPs open up a pathway to maximize their biomedical potentials and minimize their toxicity in the future clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While dose dependencies in pharmacokinetics and clearance are often observed in clinically used small molecules, very few studies have been dedicated to the understandings of potential dose-dependent in vivo transport of nanomedicines. Here we report that the pharmacokinetics and clearance of renal clearable gold nanoparticles (GS-AuNPs) are strongly dose-dependent once injection doses are above 15 mg kg−1: high dose expedited the renal excretion and shortened the blood retention. As a result, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of GS-AuNPs was >1000 mg kg−1 in CD-1 mice. The efficient renal clearance and high compatibility can be translated to the non-human primates: no adverse effects were observed within 90 days after intravenous injection of 250 mg kg−1 GS-AuNPs. These fundamental understandings of dose effect on the in vivo transport of ultrasmall AuNPs open up a pathway to maximize their biomedical potentials and minimize their toxicity in the future clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Severe motion sickness is a huge obstacle for people conducting precise aviation, marine or emergency service tasks. The combination of scopolamine and D-amphetamine is most effective in preventing severe motion sickness. However, this combination is not included in any present pharmacopoeia due to the abuse liability of D-amphetamine. We wanted to find a combination to replace it for the treatment of severe motion sickness. Methods and results: We compared the efficacy of scopolamine, diphenhydramine, and granisetron (representing three classes of drugs) with different doses, and found that scopolamine was the most effective one. We also found scopolamine inhibited central nervous system at therapeutic doses and caused anxiety. Then, we combined it with different doses of psychostimulants (D-amphetamine, modafinil, caffeine) to find the best combination for motion sickness. The efficacy of scopolamine with modafinil (1 + 10 mg/kg) was equivalent to that of scopolamine with D-amphetamine (1 + 1 mg/kg); This combination also excited central nervous system and abolished the anxiety caused by scopolamine. Conclusions: The optimal dose ratio of scopolamine and modafinil is 1:10. This combination is beneficial for motion sickness and can abolish the side effects of scopolamine. So, it might be a good replacement of scopolamine and D-amphetamine for severe motion sickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Acute cerebral ischemia may lead to ischemic stroke, which is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) functions importantly in mammalian systems. The present work was designed to study the effect of sodium sulfide, a donor of H2S, on acute cerebral ischemia. Methods Acute cerebral focal ischemia was produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO) in Sprague-Dawley ( SD) rats. Bilateral vertebral arteries and common carotid arteries were blocked to establish cerebral global ischemia in SD rats. Acute cerebral anoxia was produced by hypobaric anoxia in C57BL/6 mice and hypoxic anoxia in SD rats. Nimodipine and aspirin were set as positive control separately. Results Infarct size after MCAO was decreased by sodium sulfide. Sodium sulfide improved cerebral energy metabolism after cerebral global ischemia and prolonged survival time of animals with acute cerebral anoxia. In addition, increased cerebral blood flow and decreased cerebrovascular resistance, blood viscosity, and thrombogenesis were observed in animals treated with sodium sulfide. In cultured neurons, sodium sulfide increased cell viability and decreased cell apoptosis induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation. Conclusion Sodium sulfide, a H2S donor, presents protective effect on acute cerebral ischemia, and might be a promising therapeutic drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To further explore the coordination possibilities of the flexible tripodal ligand, 4,4′,4′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(oxy))tribenzoic acid (H3BTTB), two solvent-controlled three-dimensional (3D) manganese(II) coordination polymers, [Mn3(BTTB)2(H2O)4](H2O)2 ( 1) and [Mn3(BTTB)2(DMF)2](DMF)2 ( 2), were synthesized and characterized. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that in the MnII complexes the BTTB ligands exhibit two coordination modes, which have not been reported previously. Complexes 1 and 2 involve different one-dimensional (1D) rod-shaped metal-carboxylate secondary building units (SBUs). The 1D SBUs are further extended to afford two different three-dimensional (3D) frameworks with similar flu topology via linkage of the BTTB ligands. The results demonstrate that the reaction solvent as well as conformation and coordination mode of BTTB ligands play key roles on the formation of the final framework structures. Additionally, their luminescent properties were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A promising alternative strategy for designing mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been proposed, by modifying the symmetry rather than expanding the length of organic linkers. By means of this approach, a unique MOF material based on the target [Zn8(ad)4] (ad=adeninate) clusters and C3-symmetric organic linkers can be obtained, with trigonal microporous (ca., 0.8 nm) and hexagonal mesoporous (ca., 3.0 nm) 1D channels. Moreover, the resulting 446-MOF shows distinct reactivity to transition and lanthanide metal ions. Significantly, the transmetalation of CoII or NiII on the ZnII centers in 446-MOF can enhance the sorption capacities of CO2 and CH4 (16-21 %), whereas the impregnation of EuIII and TbIII in the channels of 446-MOF will result in adjustable light-emitting behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To observe the geometric changes in aortic-mitral valve coupling ( AMC) on three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and the factors leading to decreased mitral regurgitation (MR) after coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG). Methods and Results This study included 23 patients undergoing CABG for coronary artery disease. Fifteen patients with moderate to severe MR were separately analyzed to determine whether the severity of MR influences the geometric change in AMC. Echocardiographic examinations were performed pre- and post- CABG, and the studied parameters were obtained using Siemens Auto Valve Analysis software. The effective mitral regurgitant orifice area, left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF), end-diastolic volume ( EDV), and end-systolic volume ( ESV) were measured pre- and post- CABG using Philips QLAB software. Ischemic MR, EDV, and ESV significantly decreased (all P < 0.05) and LVEF significantly improved (P < 0.05) after CABG. There were no significant differences between the pre- and post- CABG mitral valve (MV) parameters, aortic valve parameters, aortic-mitral annular angle, or centroid distance (all P > 0.05). Patients with moderate to severe MR exhibited the same results. Conclusion The results of this study show that CABG does not cause an acute change in the geometry of AMC. Improved left ventricular function might increase the closing force of the MV, leading to decreased MR after CABG alone. MR significantly improved after CABG alone without MV treatment in the present study. This result may help to guide surgeons in choosing the optimal surgical methods for individual patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To summarize the ultrasonic features of isolated fallopian tube torsion ( IFTT) by retrospectively analyzing cases presenting at our hospital. Methods This analysis was approved by the ethical committee of our hospital. Medical records of surgically proven IFTT patients admitted to our hospital since 2002 were collected. Clinical features and preoperative diagnoses of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. Ultrasonic images were reviewed and characteristics, including location, size, shape, echo and vascularity of the fallopian tube, were summarized. Results Eleven patients with IFTT were studied. No obvious association was found between the torsion and menstruation cycle. Only four accurate diagnoses were made before the operation. Degrees of torsion ranged 360-2160°. Most of them (9/11, 81.8%) were greater than 720°. Sonograms of the 11 patients could be classified into four types: cystic masses, tube-like structures, heterogeneous masses and whirlpool signs. Cystic masses were the most commonly seen type (4/11, 36.4%), followed by tubular structures (3/11, 27.3%). Whirlpool sign was believed to be the most specific sign in diagnosing IFTT. Conclusion Through review of the authors' experiences, it is possible to diagnose IFTT preoperatively by ultrasound. Sonograms of the IFTT could be divided into four types while clinical significance of this classification requires further confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R3315 --> Till now, only two drugs were approved by FDA in treating cholestatic liver diseases. Exploring potential novel targets or candidates is crucial in the development of therapeutic drug for the treatment of cholestasis. It has been shown that mitochondrial dynamics (fission‐fusion) plays a vital role in various conditions‐induced hepatocyte injury. Our previous study demonstrated that Schisandrol B (SolB) exerts significant hepato‐protection effect against lithocholic acid (LCA)‐induced acute liver injury. In this study, anti‐cholestasis effect of SolB and the possible molecular mechanism were investigated. We found that SolB pretreatment (200 mg/kg/d) alleviated LCA‐induced liver injury as evidenced by histological and biochemical analyses. Transmission electron microscope analysis showed that LCA elicited small, fragmented morphology in mitochondria, and SolB pretreatment had no effects on the mitochontrial morphology. However, western blot analysis showed that proteins associated with mitochondrial dynamics such as dynamin‐related protein1 (DRP1), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), mitofusin 1 (MFN1) and MFN2 were significantly downregulated after LCA treatment. However, pretreatment with SolB significantly increased DRP1 and mitochondrial fission factor (MFF), which are crucial to regulate mitochondrial fission. Additionally, the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Parkin), a protein that promotes the proteasome dependent degradation of Drp1, was decreased after SolB pretreatment. In summary, this study demonstrate that hepato‐protection effect of SolB against LCA‐induced cholestastic liver injury is related to Parkin‐Drp1 mediated mitochondrial fission, and provide a new insight to understand hepato‐protective mechanism of SolB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: [32 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]