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ABSTRACT Multilingualism refers to a phenomenon where individuals routinely use three or more languages. Spatial processes, such as mobility, may shape the outcome of multilingual linguistic behaviors but are considerably under‐explored. We evaluate the effect of mobility on language use in the framework of dual spatialization in a small‐scale multilingual society. We use a footpath network to characterize mobility in absolute space, and a language network to characterize language use in relational space; we then assess the correspondence between the two networks. Redundancy analysis and the k‐means method are used to support the research goal. We found a high correspondence between mobility and language use. The results identify the absence of regional “centers of gravity” as a distinctive feature in language use, as mobility has fostered local clusters of language use. Conceptually, this study showcases the power of dual spatialization in understanding the mechanisms underlying the space–language connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently classified as a unique species by the IUCN, African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) are critically endangered due to severe poaching. With limited knowledge about their ecological role due to the dense tropical forests they inhabit in central Africa, it is unclear how the Afrotropics are influenced by elephants. Although their role as seed dispersers is well known, they may also drive large‐scale processes that determine forest structure through the creation of elephant trails and browsing the understory, allowing larger, carbon‐dense trees to succeed. Multiple scales of lidar were collected by NASA in Lopé National Park, Gabon from 2015 to 2022. Utilizing two airborne lidar datasets in an African forest elephant stronghold, detailed canopy structural information was used in conjunction with elephant trail data to determine how forest structure varies on and off trails. Forest along elephant trails displayed different structural characteristics than forested areas off trails, with lower canopy height, canopy cover, and different vertical distribution of plant density. Less plant area density was found on trails at 1 m in height, while more vegetation was found at 12 m, compared to off trail locations. Trails in forest areas with previous logging history had lower plant area in the top of the canopy. Forest elephants can be considered as "logging light" ecosystem engineers, affecting canopy structure through browsing and movement. Both airborne lidar scales were able to capture elephant impact along trails, with the high‐resolution discrete return lidar performing higher than waveform lidar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Radiation‐induced peripheral neuropathy is a rare, but serious complication often resulting in profound morbidity, life‐long disability, and chronic debilitating pain. Unfortunately, this type of peripheral neuropathy is usually progressive, and almost always irreversible. To date, a standardized rat model of radiation‐induced peripheral neuropathy has not been established. The purpose of the present study was to examine neuropathic pain, sensorimotor impairment, and muscle force parameters following the administration of a clinically relevant radiation dose in a rat model.Ten rats were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: (1) radiation and (2) sham‐radiated controls. Radiated animals were given a clinically relevant dose of 35 Gray (Gy) divided into five daily doses of 7 Gy/day. This regimen represents a human equivalent dose of 70 Gy, approximating the same dosage utilized for radiotherapy in oncologic patients. Sham‐radiated controls were anesthetized and placed in the radiation apparatus but were not given radiation. All animals were tested for baseline values in both sensorimotor and pain behavioral tests. Sensorimotor testing consisted of the evaluation of walking tracks with the calculation of the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI). Pain‐related behavioral measures consisted of mechanical allodynia (von Frey test), cold allodynia (Acetone test), and thermal allodynia (Hargreaves test). Animals were tested serially over an 8‐week period. At the study endpoint, electrophysiological and muscle force assessments were completed, and histomorphometric analysis was performed on all sciatic nerves.Animals that underwent radiation treatment displayed significantly greater pain hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation as compared to sham radiated controls from weeks 4 to 8 of testing. SFI values indicated sensorimotor impairments in the overground gait of radiated animals as compared to non‐radiated animals. Furthermore, radiated animals displayed reduced twitch and tetanic muscle force when compared to sham radiated controls.A clinically relevant human equivalent dose of fractionated 35 Gy in rats established significant pain hypersensitivity, impairments in sensorimotor locomotion, and decreased muscle force capacity. This novel rodent model of radiation‐induced peripheral neuropathy can be utilized to assess the potential efficacy of therapeutic treatments to either prevent or remediate this clinically debilitating condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvester ants are one of the most extensively studied groups of ants, especially the group foraging ants, Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767), which construct long‐lasting trunk trails. Limited laboratory investigations have delved into head‐on encounters along foraging trails involving workers moving in opposing directions, with fewer corresponding studies conducted in the natural environment. To address this gap, we devised an in‐field experimental design to induce lane segregation on the foraging trunk trail of M. barbarus. Using an image‐based tracking method, we analyzed the foraging behavior of this species to assess the costs associated with head‐on encounters and to figure out the natural coexistence of outgoing and returning workers on a bidirectional route. Our results consistently reveal heightened straightness and speed in unidirectional test lanes, accompanied by an elevated foraging rate compared to bidirectional lanes. This suggests a potential impact of head‐on collisions on foraging behavior, especially on foraging efficiency. Additionally, Kinematic analysis revealed distinct movement patterns between outbound and inbound flows, particularly low speed and sinuous trajectories of inbounding unladen workers. The study of encounter rates in two traffic systems hints at the plausible utilization of individual memory by workers within trails, underscoring the pivotal role of encounters in information exchange and load transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover Legend The 28th Congress of the APSR (https://apsr2024.hk/) will be held in Hong Kong, 7–10 November 2024, hosted by the Hong Kong Thoracic Society (HKTS). Photo credit: Sok Kwu Wan bay scenery from the Family Walk trail on Lamma Island, Hong Kong by Wilding on stock.adobe.com [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife tourism often focuses on marine mammals, and the growing frequency of human interactions raises concerns about the sustainability of these activities and their impact on aquatic species. Tourists have the opportunity to view the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in various locations; however, the level of tourist activity in some areas and their effects on manatees are unknown. Preliminary studies are essential to assess whether these areas warrant additional regulatory and mitigation strategies based on tourism impact.Here, we investigated tourism activity on a site often visited by small aggregations of Florida manatees. From 2022 to 2023, interviews, citizen science, and trail cameras were used to assess watercraft activity, tourist knowledge, and the educational practices offered by watercraft rental businesses at Portosueno Park, Florida, USA.Both trail cameras and citizen science revealed that boats were the most common visitors to the park, averaging 23 watercraft visits per week. Interviews indicated that the majority of the public did not observe the posted signs addressing manatee harassment and were unaware of the prohibition against chasing manatees, the most frequently observed form of harassment at the park.The methods used complemented each other to elucidate tourism activity and has the potential to inform outreach efforts and mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods in ideal landscapes follow a coherent pattern where single water‐covered areas expand and afterward recede following the inverse sequence, but deviate in real landscapes due to natural or human factors resulting in water coverage shifts. Using remote sensing, we introduced two indices to describe the discrepancies between spatially integrated versus pixel‐level frequency distributions under maximum inundated conditions (dext) and throughout all flooding conditions (dtot), expressed as the relative weight of shifts on each landscape's maximum registered coverage, theoretically ranging between no displacement (<20%) to maximum displacement (≪inf). Globally, over 36 years inundations exhibited redistributions representing, on average, 25% and 45% of their peak extents revealing previously unnoticed extra engaged areas and rotational movements within events, rising up to 500% in meandering rivers (South America) and irrigated croplands (Central Asia). We also assessed the influence of natural and human variables and discussed the indices' potential for advancing flood research. Plain Language Summary: While in ideal landscapes surface water should display the same spatial distribution across the expansion and recession stages of any flooding event, real dynamics may drift away from this expected pattern. We developed two indices based on remote sensing data to locate where these shifts are important and understand how they are influenced by nature and humans. By analyzing data from around the world, we discovered that thanks to the displacement from the ideal distributions, surface water covered globally an extra quarter of the area. Natural factors like low terrain ruggedness and high aridity foster much larger inundation displacement. In regions hosting rivers that carry large quantities of sediment and often change their course (e.g., India and Perú), displacement engages five times more area in floods than expected. We also found that water infrastructure like reservoirs and irrigation also influenced inundation displacement. For instance, displacement was very relevant in intensely irrigated regions like Central Asia and Australia, reflecting surface water deviation as needed for crop production. Because these variations scope water's spatiotemporal dynamics with important implications for the provision of many ecosystem services, their quantification and assessment allow us to monitor and understand our ongoing imprint on regional inundation dynamics. Key Points: We developed two complementary indices to describe water cover shifts between and within flooding eventsOver the last 36 years, shifts expanded the global flooded‐affected area by 25% with another 20% redistributing at intermediate stagesFlat topographies, arid climates, and irrigation favor this phenomenon while river dams and channels inhibit it over time [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among numerous approaches for treating cancer, clinically approved photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered a promising non‐invasive therapeutic strategy for solid tumors. While PDT has distinct advantages over conventional cancer treatments, systemic exposure to the photosensitizer and its stability are some of the limitations of clinical PDT. Herein, a therapeutic strategy for highly localized focal PDT is introduced based on direct biolistic delivery of photosensitizer‐loaded carriers to cancerous tumors. Degradable porous silicon microparticles (PSiMPs) are used as efficient carriers for the photosensitizer, meso‐tetrahydroxy‐phenylchlorin (mTHPC), and its conjugates with gold nanoparticles (AuNP‐mTHPC conjugates). The loaded PSiMP carriers are successfully bombarded using a pneumatic gene gun to breast cancer cells in vitro and into tumor xenografts in vivo, and subsequent uptake of the released photosensitizer payload is demonstrated. PDT irradiation is commenced after 24 h based on the release profile, resulting in complete cell death in vitro and substantial inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Notably, using empty PSiMP carriers also leads to some tumor growth inhibition, ascribing to its intrinsic photosensitizing activity. Treatment with AuNP‐mTHPC‐loaded PSiMPs exhibits a superior therapeutic effect in comparison to bombarded mTHPC‐loaded carriers and administration of free mTHPC. This biolistic delivery scheme may be advantageous for precision photodynamic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management objectives of many protected areas must meet the dual mandates of protecting biodiversity while providing recreational opportunities. It is difficult to balance these mandates because it takes considerable effort to monitor both the status of biodiversity and impacts of recreation. Using detections from 45 camera traps deployed between July 2019 and September 2021, we assessed the potential impacts of recreation on spatial and temporal activity for 8 medium‐ and large‐bodied terrestrial mammals in an isolated alpine protected area: Cathedral Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada. We hypothesised that some wildlife perceive a level of threat from people, such that they avoid 'risky times' or 'risky places' associated with human activity. Other species may benefit from associating with people, be it through access to anthropogenic resource subsidies or filtering of competitors/predators that are more human‐averse (i.e., human shield hypothesis). Specifically, we predicted that large carnivores would show the greatest segregation from people while mesocarnivores and ungulates would associate spatially with people. We found spatial co‐occurrence between ungulates and recreation, consistent with the human shield hypothesis, but did not see the predicted negative relationship between larger carnivores and humans, except for coyotes (Canis latrans). Temporally, all species other than cougars (Puma concolor) had diel activity patterns significantly different from that of recreationists, suggesting potential displacement in the temporal niche. Wolves (Canis lupus) and mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) showed shifts in temporal activity away from people on recreation trails relative to off‐trail areas, providing further evidence of potential displacement. Our results highlight the importance of monitoring spatial and temporal interactions between recreation activities and wildlife communities, in order to ensure the effectiveness of protected areas in an era of increasing human impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past 20 years have seen an expansion of walking trails across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, including the Abraham Path, Palestine Heritage Trail, Jordan Trail, Israel National Trail, Lebanon Mountain Trail, and Sinai Trail. Many of those who walk these trails do so primarily for leisure, yet to relegate these trails to being merely cultural or leisure sites is to miss the less visible but equally important entanglements of space, mobility, and colonialism. The growth of these trails coincides with a context of (post)colonial and settler‐colonial mobility restrictions and the associated material and imagined infrastructures that control that movement. By attending to the im/material and state/embodied tensions of walking trails, this paper demonstrates how an innocuous‐looking site can enrich understanding of infrastructures and work exploring the mobilities and temporalities of colonialism. To understand the relationships between infrastructure and colonialism through walking trails, I employ a mixed‐method approach combining participant observation, interviews, and discourse analysis of official material pertaining to trails. Such an approach enables the productive tension between official narratives and experiences to emerge. In doing so, this paper makes three arguments surrounding the geographies of colonial infrastructures. First, how nationalism is embedded in the mobilities of trails. Second, how exploring the intimacies of infrastructure can highlight ongoing connections of capitalism and colonialism. Third, how infrastructure might be refused and imagined otherwise. In these mobilities, intimacies, and refusals an expanded geography of colonial infrastructure emerges that makes two broader contributions to geographical scholarship. First, the need to centre attention on the MENA region beyond dominant foci that orientate more readily around state or geo/political practices. Second, how a focus on walking trails centres a site in which the discursive and representative is in constant relationship and tension with the experiential and embodied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Citizen science is a cost‐effective potential source of invasive species occurrence data. However, data quality issues due to unstructured sampling approaches may discourage the use of these observations by science and conservation professionals. This study explored the utility of low‐structure iNaturalist citizen science data in invasive plant monitoring. We first examined the prevalence of invasive taxa in iNaturalist plant observations and sampling biases associated with these data. Using four invasive species as examples, we then compared iNaturalist and professional agency observations and used the two datasets to model suitable habitat for each species. Location: Hawai'i, USA. Methods: To estimate the prevalence of invasive plant data, we compared the number of species and observations recorded in iNaturalist to botanical checklists for Hawai'i. Sampling bias was quantified along gradients of site accessibility, protective status and vegetation disturbance using a bias index. Habitat suitability for four invasive species was modelled in Maxent, using observations from iNaturalist, professional agencies and stratified subsets of iNaturalist data. Results: iNaturalist plant observations were biased towards invasive species, which were frequently recorded in areas with higher road/trail density and vegetation disturbance. Professional observations of four example invasive species tended to occur in less accessible, native‐dominated sites. Habitat suitability models based on iNaturalist versus professional data showed moderate overlap and different distributions of suitable habitat across vegetation disturbance classes. Stratifying iNaturalist observations had little effect on how suitable habitat was distributed for the species modelled in this study. Main Conclusions: Opportunistic iNaturalist observations have the potential to complement and expand professional invasive plant monitoring, which we found was often affected by inverse sampling biases. Invasive species represented a high proportion of iNaturalist plant observations, and were recorded in environments that were not captured by professional surveys. Combining the datasets thus led to more comprehensive estimates of suitable habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anaphylaxis is a serious systemic hypersensitivity reaction that requires immediate recognition and prompt administration of epinephrine/adrenaline. The present study aimed to assess the appropriateness of epinephrine/adrenaline use in children identified as allergic by physicians in the emergency department (ED) at the time of the reaction, and to identify factors that are possibly associated with epinephrine/adrenaline administration, auto‐injector prescription, and further referral to an allergist. Methods: We performed a retrospective cross‐sectional study at the pediatric ED of the University Hospital of Montpellier, France. We included all consecutive children who attended the ED between 2016 and 2020 with an allergy‐related diagnosis at discharge. Results: We included 1056 allergy‐related visits, including 224 (21.2%) with a diagnosis of anaphylaxis at discharge; only 17.0% of them received an epinephrine/adrenaline injection, and 57.1% consulted an allergist after the acute episode. An auto‐injector was prescribed to 63 (28.1%) patients at discharge from the ED. Besides the severity of the clinical presentation, factors associated with a guidelines‐based management of the anaphylactic reaction and with an increased administration rate of epinephrine/adrenaline included presence of asthma symptoms and presence of extended skin reactions. Conclusions: Our study underlines persistent gaps in the management of pediatric anaphylaxis in ED, focusing on hereby identified levers. By disseminating current knowledge and guidelines on anaphylaxis and allergies, specialists could work together with emergency physicians to establish effective management algorithms and improve anaphylaxis management and care pathways for children experiencing allergic reactions, especially anaphylaxis. Trail Registration: Clinical Trials, number NCT05112367. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their unmistakable significance in regional histories and unique roles in cultural transmission and traditions, Indigenous trail systems are frequently ignored in non‐Indigenous heritage resource management regimes. These regulatory regimes often require that heritage have discrete spatial and temporal boundaries and predefined material attributes and functions. However, as landscape‐scale connectors of peoples, places, and times that blend spiritual, economic, and educational functions, trails challenge these proscriptions. Trails eschew cost‐effective identification, documentation, and conservation. Accordingly, and because trails cannot be adequately documented without the expertise of people whose lands and communities they serve, archaeologists tasked with identifying heritage in advance of resource extraction and land alteration projects often omit trails from assessments. Shortcomings in heritage conservation regimes in British Columbia and elsewhere are resulting in the obliteration of Indigenous trails at precisely the time they are needed to support the revitalization of Territory‐Community relationships at the core of Indigeneity. We address this tragedy by integrating archaeology, ethnography, remote sensing, and collaborative fieldwork to document trails in Wet'suwet'en and Gitxsan Territories. This enables protection in heritage management contexts and renewed and expanded trail use in intergenerational and intercultural contexts in support of Indigenous community futurity, survivance, and shared senses of community, geography, and stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new generation of greenways has emerged in recent years, the most ambitious of which are nationwide, interconnected networks of multi‐use, multi‐purpose greenways and trails, clustered under a single national vision. However, because these initiatives have been the focus of so few research studies, opportunities to glean lessons from their planning and implementation have been limited. This paper contributes to addressing this knowledge gap by presenting a comparative account of two networks, the Trans Canada Trail in Canada and Sendero de Chile in Chile. Using document analysis and interviews with officials closely involved in their development, the evolution of both networks is documented over time, emphasizing similarities and differences related to their planning and implementation. Both initiatives have faced significant challenges in reaching their connection goals and have availed themselves of a diverse range of opportunities and strategies to advance their agendas. A simple model of a virtuous cycle is proposed to highlight the positive feedback—between political and public support, sustained funding, partnership development, accessibility for urban residents, and connectivity of the network—generated by sustained network expansion over time. It is hoped that the insights offered from this analysis may offer guidance to inform the development of similar scale projects elsewhere. Key Messages: The scale and ambition of nationwide interconnected greenways and trails merits their recognition as a distinctive stage of third generation (G3) greenways, referred to here as G3+.Lessons learned from the experience of developing nationwide greenways, such as the Trans Canada Trail and the Sendero de Chile, have received limited scholarly attention to date.A model of a virtuous cycle brings attention to the reliance of large‐scale greenways development on the positive feedback between political and public support for the network connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self‐assembly of porous molecular nanocapsules offer unique opportunities to investigate a range of interesting phenomena and applications. However, to design nanocapsules with pre‐defined properties, thorough understanding of their structure‐property relation is required. Here, we report the self‐assembly of two elusive members of the Keplerate family, [Mo132Se60O312(H2O)72(AcO)30]42− {Mo132Se60} 1 and [W72Mo60Se60O312(H2O)72(AcO)30]42− {W72Mo60Se60} 2, that have been synthesised using pentagonal and dimeric ([Mo2O2Se2]2+) building blocks and their structures have been confirmed via single crystal X‐ray diffractions. Our comparative study involving the uptake of organic ions and the related ligand exchange of various ligand sizes by the {Mo132Se60} and previously reported Keplerates {Mo132O60}, {Mo132S60} based on the ligand exchange rates, revealed the emergence of increased "breathability" that dominates over the pore size as we transition from the {Mo132S60} to the "softer" {Mo132Se60} molecular nano‐container. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convective cloud bands known as "cloud trails" (CTs) are commonly found downwind of small islands (

Colourful patterns on flowers are thought to benefit both pollinators and the plants they visit, by increasing the plants' pollination success via an increased foraging efficiency of the pollinators. This increased efficiency is assumed to result from a guidance effect of the flower patterns, correspondingly termed 'nectar guides', which indicate the position of the nectary to visiting pollinators, thus reducing their flower handling time.Although it is well established that flower patterns play an important role in flower choice, the mechanisms by which they improve the foraging efficiency of flower‐visiting insects remain poorly understood.In this study, we quantified the contributions of patterns to all phases of flower interaction in the buff‐tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris. We analysed the bees' flight paths, as well as landing positions and walking tracks on artificial flowers with different pattern types.We reveal that flower patterns reduced the overall flower handling time of the bees by up to 30%, by guiding their approach flight, landing positions and departure decisions. Surprisingly, we observed no improvement in nectary discovery time after the bees landed on the flower.Since we tested experienced foragers, which represent the majority of insect pollinators active in nature, the newly described nectary‐independent guidance effects of flower patterns are of high ecological relevance. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seals can detect prey up to 180 m away using only their flow‐sensing whiskers. The unique undulating morphology of Phocid seal whiskers reduces vortex‐induced vibrations (VIVs), rendering seals highly sensitive to biologically relevant flow stimuli. In this work, digital models of harbor and grey seal whiskers are extracted using 3D scanning and a mathematical framework that accurately recreates their undulating geometry is proposed. Through fluid–structure interaction studies and experimental investigations involving a whisker array mounted on 3D‐printed microelectromechanical systems sensors, the vibration characteristics of the whisker array and the interaction between neighboring whiskers in steady flows and fish‐wake‐like vortices are explained for the first time. Results reveal that the downstream vortices intensity and resulting VIVs are consistently lower for grey than harbor seal whiskers and a smooth cylinder, suggesting that the grey seal whisker geometry can be an ideal template for the biomimetic design of VIV‐resistant underwater structures. In addition, neighboring whiskers in an array influence one another by resulting in greater flow vorticity fluctuation and distribution area, thus causing increased vibrations than an isolated whisker, which indicates the possibility of a signal‐strengthening effect in whisker arrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon ethnography among footpath dwellers in Mumbai this paper argues that hegemonic ideas and practices of urban inhabitation constrain subaltern visions of home as well as public space. In doing so, it warrants an ontology of urban inhabitation that transcends occupancy politics. It is not just the neoliberal state and property‐entrenching capital but also the politics of inclusion that fragments subaltern subjectivities of belonging and dispossession. By highlighting everyday practices, particularly the use of footwear, food preparation and consumption, performance of modesty, and rearing of pets, I articulate two ways in which home is experienced and homelessness is resisted through claims where interlocutors have no spatial legitimacy: by (re)producing spatial and moral boundaries and practising multiple mobilities that enable transient domesticities. This paper thus provides an expanded sense of home that moves beyond the materialities of home making, and binaries of the "private" interior and "public" exterior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old Indian cities are often less accessible due to temporal restrictions and ever‐rising pedestrian volume. In this research, the accessibility of the footpath‐level walkability condition of old core cities has been assessed through Architectural Planning Research, considering 32 footpath stretches in Central Kolkata, India, as a case. The research has considered 3 data sets, (a) 257 experts' opinions about universal mobility, (b) 18 variables for assessing accessibility conditions, and (c) peak hour pedestrian volume. IBM® SPSS® Statistics 26.0 version has been used to validate the findings of the research. It was found that mixed‐use buildings demarcate the edge of the footpaths in old cities. 50.6% of Indian experts have prioritized the "dimension of the footpath" while assessing universal mobility for pedestrians in the old cities of India. The average accessibility percentage for the entire surveyed stretch is negative which highlights the poor accessibility of the stretch. Pearson's correlation between footpath width and infrastructure score of 0.535 signifies the width of a footpath plays a significant role in determining the level of footpath infrastructure. Thus, the findings of this research can be used while preparing accessibility development plans for the study area and other areas of a similar genre. In this research, the accessibility of the footpath‐level walkability condition of old core cities has been assessed through Architectural Planning Research, considering Central Kolkata, India, as a case. The findings of this research prove the relationship between footpath width and the footpath infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain oedema is a common pathological phenomenon following many diseases and may lead to severe secondary damage. Astrocytes are the most numerous cells in the brain. Five aquaporins (AQPs) have been found in mature astrocytes, which play crucial roles in water transportation. However, most studies have focused on AQP4 or AQP9 and whether another aquaporin such as AQP5 involved in brain oedema is unclear. Here, we addressed the issue that the expression pattern of AQP5 in rat astrocytes in vitro was altered in the hypotonic condition through some mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways. Primary astrocytes were randomly divided into the control group and the hypotonic group. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT test. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting and real‐time PCR were used to detect the expression of AQP5. Western blotting was used to detect the variation of MAPK pathway. The present study demonstrated that incubation of astrocytes in the hypotonic medium produced an increase inAQP5 expression, and AQP5 peaked at 6–12 h after hypotension solution exposure. In addition, MAPK pathways were set in motion under hypotension, but not all branches. Only the p38 inhibitor can inhibit AQP5 expression in cultured astrocytes. AQP5 is directly related to the extracellular hypotonic stimuli in astrocytes, which could be regulated through the p38 MAPK pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For decades, knowledge about the endangered proboscis monkey was gleaned from limited information about their behavior from boat surveys conducted along riverbanks, where the monkeys rest during the early morning and late afternoon. This was due to the dense and swampy habitats they live in, which made them nearly impossible to track once they moved into inland forests. By conducting full‐day continuous observations on foot in riverine forests in Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia, alongside my colleagues, we produced pioneering research about this species. Conducted over a period of more than 15 years since 2005, our studies have resulted in the comprehensive collection of information about the proboscis monkey with regards to its feeding and ranging behaviors as well as novel findings about its fascinating digestive strategy of rumination and the unique functionality of its "odd‐nose." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of accumulation and erosion processes is the dominant geomorphic agent forming the surface of bare sand accumulations. These unique biotopes are gradually vanishing; thus, knowledge of their past dynamics is of crucial interest. This study focused on a selected locality with bare sand in the Borská Lowland (Slovakia). In total, nine buried individuals of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were used for the reconstruction of the accumulation rate of sand, and 13 exposed roots of the same tree species served as the data source for the erosion rate calculation. Detailed analysis of growth responses in trees and roots provided evidence about macroscopic and microscopic growth responses that are usable even in other studies and suggested P. sylvestris as a sensitive species for the reconstruction of accumulation and erosion processes. Reconstructed values of mean accumulation rate were higher than the mean erosion values. Finally, the obtained results were put into an anthropogenic context because the studied locality is surrounded by zones with seasonally inhabited holiday cottages. The effect of anthropogenic activities (particularly by stepping) can be associated with the wide spectrum of collected evidence: Bare sand areas were not located around other water reservoirs with the absence of recreational activities in the region. The erosion zone in the studied locality follows the zone with an increased number of forest pathways. It is possible that the increased nutrition content in transported sand due to gardening affected the occurrence of growth releases in the studied trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing levels of outdoor recreation activities, consequences for wildlife through interactions with recreationists are highly variable. Behavioural changes in wildlife are one potential consequence of interactions with outdoor recreationists. In ungulate populations, vigilance and flight responses are well‐known antipredator behaviours, and an increase in their level indicates a more intense stress level which, ultimately, can have consequences for animal fitness. In Scotland, the geographical distribution of red deer (Cervus elaphus) overlaps greatly with areas used for popular outdoor activities such as hill walking. In this piece of research, we studied red deer time allocation, vigilance, and flight behaviours near a popular hiking path using camera traps. We positioned the cameras in transects at different distances (25, 75, and 150 m) from the path and recorded hiking activity using an automated people counter. Red deer behaviour was categorized from photo analysis as (1) no response (e.g. feeding and resting), (2) vigilant (i.e. upright head position), and (3) flight response. We also investigated demographic variables (group size and sex) and the direction of red deer movement relative to the trail. We used generalised linear mixed models to analyse behaviour in relation to the distance from the hiking track, hiking activity, time of the day, demographic, and environmental variables. We did not find an increase in vigilance or flight behaviour in relation to the distance from the hiking path or the hiking activity. These results suggest that red deer, in our study area, are habituated to the presence of hikers and may spatially avoid areas close to the hiking path instead of displaying cost‐intensive behaviour (i.e. flight or vigilance behaviour). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Plant species' distribution ranges are expected to shift towards previously uncolonized locations in response to climate warming. Mountain trails, which often access to areas of special ecological value as well as remote and climatically extreme locations, could influence such shifts through changes in dispersal and disturbance. Trails may facilitate the dispersal of propagules to new locations, influence the seed bank by changing propagule input and persistence and change establishment success through the creation of gaps and disruption of biotic interactions. However, knowledge regarding the influence of mountain trails on seed rain, seed bank abundance and seedling emergence in alpine ecosystems is lacking. In this study, we examine the influence of hiking trails on dispersal patterns in mountain ecosystems. Location: Dovrefjell, Scandes mountains, Norway. Methods: We surveyed seed rain, seed bank abundance and seedling emergence along four hiking trails spanning climate gradients with a mean 2.5°C difference between warmest and coldest location at four elevations per trail and at 0.5, 7 and 17 m from the trail (48 plots, in 16 transects). Results: Seed rain was 3.4 times higher in trailside plots than in those 17 m away and declined with colder climate at all distances from trails. Seed bank abundance on trailsides at the warmest location was eight times higher than in plots at 17 m distance, while there was no significant difference at colder locations. Seedling establishment was disturbance‐driven along the whole climate gradient, with 3.5 times more seedlings on trailsides than at 17 m distance. Conclusion: Mountain trails have the potential to facilitate vegetation shifts by capturing more seed rain and creating opportunities for seedling establishment. Our findings highlight the importance of including trail effects in studies of vegetation shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The presence and use of trails may change plant species' realized climatic niches via modified abiotic and biotic conditions including propagule transport, allowing competition‐pressed alpine species to expand their rear edges towards warmer locations and lowland species to extend their leading edges towards cooler locations. We investigated whether mountain trails indeed act as corridors for colonization and shift species' realized climatic niches, resulting in higher species richness in trailsides. Location: Dovrefjell and Abisko area in the Scandes mountains of Norway and Sweden. Methods: We surveyed plant community composition and disturbances along 16 hiking trails in summer 2018 (Dovrefjell) and 2019 (Abisko). We linked changes in species' realized climatic niches to their climatic optimum and variation in species richness to climate, trail effects and resident plant community characteristics. Results: Plant species richness was on average 24% greater in trailside than in interior vegetation plots. Proximity to trails accounted for 9% and climatic harshness for 55% of variation in species richness explained in our model. Trailsides increased in richness, especially in relatively species‐poor sites and close to introduction points (each accounting for 24% of variation in our model of species gains). Shifts in rear edges and optima of realized climatic niches along trails related to species' undisturbed climatic optimum, with alpine species being more likely to move into warmer locations. While some disturbance‐associated species shifted their leading edges towards colder locations, contrary to expectations this was not the case for lowland species. Overall, shifts in climatic niches resulted in more species' niches overlapping in trailsides than in the interior vegetation. Main conclusion: Trails can locally increase species richness by creating opportunities for colonizing species and weaker competitors. Because of prevailing disturbance, they may even provide opportunities for persistence and downward expansion of alpine species, aiding conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rights that guarantee public passage across private land are known as rights of way. In this paper, we argue that rights of way are a literal manifestation of a politics of space. The paper's purpose is to suggest rights of way are central to issues surrounding social and spatial inequality, specifically with regards to public access to urban and rural space. They are a neglected topic in geographical research, despite their relevance to many sub‐branches, including landscape studies, urban natures, GIS, and open‐source geospatial research. Rights of way in England and Wales are currently facing their biggest legal threat to date. On 1 January 2026, unregistered rights of way are set to be extinguished. Path extinguishment threatens thousands of kilometres of footpaths, bridleways, restricted byways, and byways open to all traffic. The paper concludes by examining how geographical approaches help reveal the cultural and historical value of two at‐risk footpaths in Coventry, England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We classify extremal traces on the seven direct limit algebras of noncrossing partitions arising from the classification of free partition quantum groups of Banica–Speicher [5] and Weber [42]. For the infinite‐dimensional Temperley–Lieb algebra (corresponding to the quantum group ON+$O^+_N$) and the Motzkin algebra (BN+$B^+_N$), the classification of extremal traces implies a classification result for well‐known types of central random lattice paths. For the 2‐Fuss–Catalan algebra (HN+$H_N^+$), we solve the classification problem by computing the minimal or exit boundary (also known as the absolute) for central random walks on the Fibonacci tree, thereby solving a probabilistic problem of independent interest, and to our knowledge the first such result for a nonhomogeneous tree. In the course of this article, we also discuss the branching graphs for all seven examples of free partition quantum groups, compute those that were not already known, and provide new formulae for the dimensions of their irreducible representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family with sequence similarity 60A (FAM60A) has been reported as a new cancer‐related protein that affects the malignant progression of some cancers. However, whether FAM60A plays a part in pancreatic carcinoma is undetermined. This work was designed to examine the impact of FAM60A in pancreatic carcinoma. Abundant expression of FAM60A was observed in the primary tumor tissue of pancreatic carcinoma. Moreover, a high FAM60A level was related to a poor overall survival in pancreatic carcinoma patients. Malignant behaviors of pancreatic carcinoma cells, such as proliferation and invasiveness, were markedly affected by FAM60A depletion. In addition, FAM60A depletion enhanced the drug sensitivity of pancreatic carcinoma cells to gemcitabine. Further study revealed that FAM60A depletion impaired the activities of Akt and β‐catenin. Inhibiting the activity of Akt abolished FAM60A‐mediated β‐catenin activation. Re‐expression of β‐catenin partially diminished the FAM60A‐depletion‐mediated cancer suppressive effect in pancreatic carcinoma cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that FAM60A depletion prohibited the xenograft formation of pancreatic carcinoma cells, with concurrent reductions of Akt and β‐catenin activities. Collectively, our findings indicate that FAM60A exerts a cancer‐promoting role in pancreatic carcinoma through affection of the Akt/β‐catenin pathway. This work indicates that FAM60A acts as a tumor promoter in pancreatic carcinoma and can be utilized as a potential target for anti‐pancreatic carcinoma therapy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediated by Watson‐Crick base‐pairing principle, DNA can be used to construct multi‐functional molecular machines, such as DNA walkers, tweezers, logic gates and motors. It is noteworthy that DNA walkers with the advantages of programmability and diverse structures within the micro‐nano scale have attracted intense attention in the field of biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, and genetic diagnosis. DNA walkers are comprised of driving power, walking strands and the tracks. The driving power acts as an external stimulus and the tracks as a platform for the walking strands to move autonomously. Under the specific external stimulus as driving power, such as strand displacement strategies, enzymatic reactions and environmental condition stimulus, DNA walkers could realize the generation and amplification of signals. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors, combining ECL technology and bio‐identification strategies, exhibit the virtue of high sensitivity, wide linear response range and low background interference. Recently, the construction of DNA walker‐based ECL biosensors can amplify the targets and signals via multiple identification and recycles, achieving ultrasensitive detection for diverse targets. Herein, this review systematically summarizes the construction of different types of DNA walkers and their applications in ECL biosensors. Ultimately, this review summarizes and discusses the prospects for DNA walkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is increasing in tundra ecosystems across the world, yet its influence on bird communities and its interaction with other drivers of change is poorly known. To help fill this gap, we paired an interview‐based survey of 11 people with local knowledge of Denali National Park and Preserve, with an occupancy study of 15 bird species in relation to road proximity, traffic volume and hiking. Interviewees noted declines in American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica, Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea, Long‐tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus and Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe over the past five decades. Our occupancy study confirmed these reports as we detected no Arctic Terns, few Northern Wheatears, and found both plovers and jaegers to be sensitive to hiking. Occupancy of tundra and shrub habitats by American Golden Plover, American Tree Sparrow Spizelloides arborea, Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus, Long‐tailed Jaeger and Willow Ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus declined with increasing hiking intensity. We found that occupancy probability of tundra by Horned Lark Eremophia alpestris increased, while that of the shrub‐tolerant Wilson's Warbler Cardellina pusilla decreased, with distance from the park road. Detection of species varied based on survey length, noise, start time, presence of a trail and date. The knowledge gained from this study reveals a loss in avian diversity over the past few decades that has the potential to cause a shifted baseline syndrome, and ongoing threats of hiking to sensitive tundra‐breeding birds. Park managers should seek to balance human recreation with the needs of sensitive tundra‐breeding birds to further protect species of conservation concern. This may be done by not building new trails in tundra, limiting access to tundra hiking areas during the early breeding season, reducing the spatial extent of hiking by improving maintained trails and designating a single, maintained path in areas with multiple unofficial hiking tracks, educating tourists about tundra‐nesting birds and closing especially important nesting areas to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Ribbon – the Rosenau cycle path bridge in Fulda The new construction of a cycle path bridge in the Auenpark in Fulda is the centrepiece of a new walking and cycle path concept. The bridge creates a direct connection between the surrounding districts and the city centre of Fulda and bundles the Hessian long‐distance cycle routes R1, R2 and R3. A wooden bridge built 25 years ago in the immediate vicinity can now be converted into a footpath‐only bridge. This allows for a better separation of traffic flows and increases road safety. The design envisaged a wide‐span, elegantly recessed ribbon that blends into the floodplain landscape with slight arches. The double‐symmetrical lines of the new bridge, the curved arches of the approach and the slightly twisted alignment relative to a neighbouring road bridge create a harmonious pathway that blends fluidly into the surrounding floodplain landscape. The design goals were a short and direct connection to the existing cycle path network, low land consumption with minimal impact on nature, and the construction of an ecologically and economically sustainable structure to strengthen environmentally friendly mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that every two‐colouring of the edges of the complete graph Kn ${K}_{n}$ contains a monochromatic trail or circuit of length at least 2n2∕9+o(n2) $2{n}^{2}\unicode{x02215}9+o({n}^{2})$, which is asymptotically best possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological restoration is a promising way to improve ecological function, habitat connectivity, and esthetic values for recreation. However, effective restoration practices for arid environments remain elusive. To help fill this knowledge gap, we tested ripping soils, seed mixtures, including adding native seed bank topsoils, and seeding timing on permanently closed trails at sites in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona, U.S.A. Ripping had the desired effect of decreasing soil bulk density and increasing infiltration and water‐holding capacity of closed trails. However, ripping increased non‐native plant cover by 14.1% and decreased native plant cover by 2.2% by the fourth year of the study. Seed mixtures performed best when planted before the winter rains compared to before the summer monsoon, but only 3 of the 10 seeded species persisted across years. The seed bank topsoil application was most effective at increasing native species richness in the first year and yielded an average of two more plant species than unseeded plots over the 4‐year experiment, but only in unripped plots. By the fourth year of the study, plots on the ripped and unripped closed trails had similar levels of plant cover and richness as the nearby native plant community, even in unseeded plots, suggesting that in small disturbed areas, the plant community has the potential to regenerate without inputs if disturbance is removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are increasingly acknowledged as apex predators that shape landscapes of fear to which herbivores adapt their behaviour. Here, we investigate how humans modify deer space‐use and their effects on vegetation at two spatial scales; zones with different types of human use (largescale risk factor) and, nested within that, trails (fine‐scale risk factor). In zones with three contrasting types of human activities: 1) no recreation, no hunting, 2) with recreation, no hunting and 3) with recreation and hunting, we linked deer space‐use (dropping counts) to browsing intensity, relative growth and survival of planted saplings. Plots were located at two distances to trails (20 versus 100 m) to test how trails affect deer space‐use and sapling performance. Additionally, plots were distributed over forest and heathland as risk effects are habitat‐dependent. Deer space‐use was highest in the zone without recreation or hunting, resulting in higher browsing levels and lower sapling growth and survival, but only in heathland. In contrast, deer space‐use and sapling performance did not differ between zones with recreation only and zones with recreation and hunting. Deer dropping counts were lower near trails used for recreation, but this was not associated with browsing impact or sapling performance. Our results show that recreational use modifies deer space‐use which is associated with browsing impact on woody vegetation, while seasonal hunting activities in zones with recreation did not have additive year‐round effects. Yet, effects were only observed at the larger scale of recreation zones and not near trails. Furthermore, deer space‐use was only associated with sapling performance in open heathland, where high visibility presumably increases avoidance behaviour because it increases detectability and decreases escape possibilities. This suggests that recreation creates behaviourally mediated cascading effects that influence vegetation development, yet these effects are context‐dependent. We advocate incorporating human‐induced fear effects in conservation, management and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising demand for access to trail networks has encouraged local governments to invest in trail development. This study is the first attempt to estimate the local income multiplier effect of recreational trail tourism, applying an Ad hoc model. The most popular recreational trail in the Algarve region of Portugal was used as a study case to verify the relevance of the Ad hoc model application. The result acknowledges a significant trail‐related contribution to the local economy and rural community development. This study suggests the use of the Ad hoc model to assess the economic impact of local‐scale outdoor‐recreation activities in terms of income generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace fossils represent the biological activity of an organism in the form of trails, tracks, burrows, and borings in the geological record. Bilobate trails are known to be made by arthropod trilobites since the Early Palaeozoic. This study enhances the present state of knowledge regarding bilobate trails by demonstrating that they can also be produced by crabs reflecting different behavioural traits such as different feeding and locomotion strategies. This present‐day study thus warns caution to be taken when linking horizontal trails such as Archaeonassa and Diplopodichnus with tracemakers in Jurassic strata and onwards since crabs have existed. Identifying crab‐related trace fossils might be particularly insightful for understanding the earliest evolution of Jurassic crabs for which dorsal carapaces are dominantly the only form of preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin has been reported to promote the expression of programmed cell death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) in some cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism through which PD‐L1 is transcriptionally regulated by cisplatin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells remains largely unknown. In the present study, we found that the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), p‐Akt, p‐ERK, and PD‐L1 was increased in cisplatin‐treated SNU‐368 and SNU‐739 cells. HGF stimulation also increased PD‐L1 expression in these cells. Moreover, Inhibition of HGF/c‐MET, PI3K/Akt, and MEK/ERK signaling pathways can dramatically block cisplatin or HGF‐induced PD‐L1 expression in SNU‐368 and SNU‐739 cells. In vivo, combination PHA665752 with cisplatin significantly reduced tumor weight with increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the tumor. Taken together, our study suggested that HGF/c‐Met axis‐induced the activation of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways contributes to cisplatin‐mediated PD‐L1 expression. These findings may provide an alternative avenue for the treatment of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Walking aids are often introduced to older adults to enable independent mobility. Single‐point canes are the most common device used. Benefits are tempered by research suggesting that walking aids increase fall risk. A better understanding of the effect of walking aid use on gait performance is required. Objective: To evaluate differences in the effect of initial single‐point cane use on gait between younger (YAs) and older adults (OAs). Design Cross‐sectional. Setting: Community‐dwelling. Participants: Twenty‐six YAs (mean age ± standard deviation [SD]: 23.7 ± 2.8 years) and 25 OAs (mean age ± SD: 70.8 ± 14.1 years) participated. Inclusion criteria were 18 to 35 years of age for YAs or ≥50 years for OAs, be able to ambulate unassisted, and without any condition affecting mobility. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s): Gait velocity and stride time variability under different walking path configurations (straight path, Groningen Meander Walking Test, Figure‐of‐8 Walk Test) and conditions (unassisted walking, walking with a single‐point cane, and walking with a single‐point cane while completing a cognitive task) were recorded in a laboratory. The arithmetic task of subtracting 1s from 100 was used as the secondary cognitive task. Data analysis included separate three‐way mixed analyses of variance (ANOVAs; path/condition/group). Results: There was a statistically significant two‐way interaction between walking path and condition for velocity (P <.001, ω2 = 0.03) and stride time variability (P =.032, ω2 = 0.02). In addition, a significant main effect of group was also observed (velocity: P =.004, ω2 = 0.07; stride time variability: P =.001, ω2 = 0.09). Conclusions: Using a single‐point cane decreased velocity and increased stride time variability in both YAs and OAs. However, the cognitive load and effect on gait of initial cane use was not different between age groups. Standardized guidelines aimed at facilitating a clientʼs transition toward the safe use of a walking aid are needed. Future research should evaluate if training can mitigate some of the adverse changes to gait stability observed with initial walking aid use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenup dates and their responses to elevation and temperature variations across the mountains of Acadia National Park are monitored using remote sensing data, including Landsat 8 surface reflectances (at a 30‐m spatial resolution) and VIIRS reflectances adjusted to a nadir view (gridded at a 500‐m spatial resolution), during the 2013–2016 growing seasons. The 30‐m resolution provides a better scale for studying the phenology variation across elevational gradients than the 500‐m resolution, as greenup dates monitored at 30‐m scale have better agreement with leaf‐out dates recorded in the field alongside the north–south‐oriented hiking trails on three of the park's tallest mountains (466 m, 418 m, and 380 m), and can provide landcover‐specific analysis. The spring phenology responses to temperature and elevation vary among different spatial scales. Greenup dates of Acadia National Park monitored at 30‐m scale show a weak advancing trend with higher spring temperature, while greenup dates monitored at 500 m show a weak delaying trend. The species mix within landcover at 30‐m scale could weaken the advancing trend detected at field observation level. The landcover mix and elevation variation within 500‐m scale could alter the spring phenology response to spring temperature variation. Greenup dates monitored at both 30‐m and 500‐m scales vary among different elevational zones, aspects, landcovers, and years. However, the relationship between greenup dates and elevation is rather weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy revolutionizes cancer therapeutics. However, the effectiveness of ICB therapy is restricted. Focusing on the tumor itself and the immune system, an integrated nanoaircraft carrier that coloaded three therapeutic agents (NNG/OTC) to eradicate tumor cells, enhance T‐cells intratumoral infiltration, and relieve the inhibition of tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (TIM) is designed. First, tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is used to combine with oxaliplatin for reducing tumor burden. Second, oxaliplatin is used to elicit immunogenic cell death and combine with cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine (CpG) to promote dendritic cells maturation, ultimately increasing T‐cells intratumoral infiltration. Third, CpG is further used to repolarize M2 type of tumor‐associated macrophages, thus reversing immunosuppression of TIM. The nanoaircraft carrier can effectively arrive at the tumor site and detach small‐sized nanoparticles under a high concentration of matrix metalloproteinase‐2, which promotes deep tumor penetration. Under the mediation of targeting ligands, three therapeutic agents loaded in small‐sized nanoparticles could be launched to their target cells. NNG/OTC modulates the antitumor immunity and exhibits excellent tumor inhibition when in combination with ICB therapy, indicating the increased response of ICB therapy. Collectively, NNG/OTC can co‐deliver various drugs with different physicochemical properties and provide a promising strategy for enhancing ICB therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research efforts towards cancer therapeutics have resulted in the development of a variety of pharmacological molecules, including small synthetic molecules and biological drugs (RNA‐based therapies and monoclonal antibodies—mAbs), intended to target tumor or immune‐related cells, or their signaling mediators. The majority of them present important biopharmaceutical problems related to their difficulties for overcoming biological barriers and reach their targets. Nanotechnology has been, for more than 60 years, trying to solve these problems. As knowledge in drug discovery, molecular biology, and biomaterials advances, there has been significant progress in the adequate design of nanodelivery strategies that may significantly contribute to the exploitation of the new therapies. This review provides a critical overview of the current potential of nanotechnology to solve problems associated with the different categories of drugs. Starting with the general concept of passive and active targeting, it presents the distinct advantages that delivery technologies have shown to date for improving the therapeutic outcome of small drugs with cytotoxic activity, RNA‐ and mAb‐based therapies. Moreover, it precisely describes the benefits of combining immunotherapies and nanotechnology. The most advanced technologies are put into perspective in relation to their translational pathway and the future avenues for nano‐oncologicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arpeggio – the main bridge of the new Hisingsbron in Gothenborg It is reported on the competition, detailed design, tendering and construction of the Arpeggio, the main bridge of the Hisingsbron crossing in Gothenburg. This lift bridge will replace the aging bascule bridge from 1939 and will contribute to a better connection of road, tram way and foot and cycle paths from the northern areas to the city center. By lowering the gradient, it was possible to shorten the length of the crossing and thus gain valuable space for the further development of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time that animals spend travelling at various speeds and the tortuosity of their movement paths are two of the many things that affect space‐use by animals. In this, high turn rates are predicted to be energetically costly, especially at high travel speeds, which implies that animals should modulate their speed according to path characteristics. When animals move so as to maximize distance and minimize metabolic energy expenditure, they travel most efficiently at the speed that gives them a minimum cost of transport (COTmin), a well‐defined point for animals that move entirely in fluid media. Theoretical considerations show though, that land animals should travel at their maximum speed to minimize COT, which they do not, instead travelling at walking pace. So, to what extent does COTmin depend on speed and turn rate and how might this relate to movement paths? We measured oxygen consumption in humans walking along paths with varied tortuosity at defined speeds to demonstrate that the energetic costs of negotiating these paths increase disproportionately with both speed and angular velocity. This resulted in the COTmin occurring at very low speeds, and these COTmin speeds reduced with increased path tortuosity and angular velocity. Logged movement data from six free‐ranging terrestrial species underpinned this because all individuals turned with greater angular velocity the slower their travel speeds across their full speed range. It seems, therefore, that land animals may strive to achieve minimum movement costs by reducing speed with increasing path variability, providing one of many possible explanations as to why speed is much lower than currently predicted based on lab measurements of mammalian locomotor performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both climate change and human exploitation are major threats to plant life in mountain environments. One species that may be particularly sensitive to both of these stressors is the iconic alpine flower edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum Colm.). Its populations have declined across Europe due to over‐collection for its highly prized flowers. Edelweiss is still subject to harvesting across the Romanian Carpathians, but no study has measured to what extent populations are vulnerable to anthropogenic change.Here, we estimated the effects of climate and human disturbance on the fitness of edelweiss. We combined demographic measurements with predictions of future range distribution under climate change to assess the viability of populations across Romania.We found that per capita and per‐area seed number and seed mass were similarly promoted by both favorable environmental conditions, represented by rugged landscapes with relatively cold winters and wet summers, and reduced exposure to harvesting, represented by the distance of plants from hiking trails. Modeling these responses under future climate scenarios suggested a slight increase in per‐area fitness. However, we found plant ranges contracted by between 14% and 35% by 2050, with plants pushed into high elevation sites.Synthesis. Both total seed number and seed mass are expected to decline across Romania despite individual edelweiss fitness benefiting from a warmer and wetter climate. More generally, our approach of coupling species distribution models with demographic measurements may better inform conservation strategies of ways to protect alpine life in a changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feral invasive mammals challenge management strategies worldwide including the feral horse (Equus caballus) population in Tornquist Park, Argentina. In this study, I constructed population matrix models using demography data collected between 1995 and 2002. I validated the models with independent counts from 2008 to 2016. I individually identified feral horses and recorded them as I walked a fixed path that covered 20 km2. I performed an elasticity analysis to estimate the influence of the demographic parameters on population growth rate. In addition, I explored whether body condition score could be a proxy for carrying capacity. Model projections with the highest values of fecundity and survival exhibited by females of all ages during 1995–2002 fit the counts from 2008 to 2016, when growth rate was moderate (λ = 1.10), very well. Elasticity of adult female survival (0.54) was 4 times higher than for fecundity and survival of all other ages. Body condition of adult females at the end of winter, 2012–2013, after reductions in density, was improved compared with 2001–2002 when the population approached carrying capacity. The validated population model together with body condition score could allow managers to take more informed decisions when planning the control of feral horses in Tornquist Park. This approach could also be applied to other small, closed, feral horse populations and other large‐mammal populations. © 2020 The Wildlife Society. A matrix population model for feral horses constructed with long‐term data was validated with new data in Tornquist Park, Argentina. Body condition score of adult female feral horse at the end of winter was a reasonable proxy for carrying capacity in the study population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking an unexplored path, Huiwen Helen Zhang contextualizes Kafka's pithy and cryptic parable, "Wish, to Become Indian" in his transplantation of Daoist philosophy—an astonishing cross‐cultural enigma that Zhang terms "Kafka's Dao"—and parses it through a micro‐level approach that Zhang terms "transreading." Contextualizing "Wish, to Become Indian" in Kafka's dialogue with ancient Chinese philosophers such as Laozi, Liezi, and Zhuangzi enables the reader to comprehend a series of otherwise incomprehensible puzzles. Zhang's scrutiny of Kafka's Dao shows how, through creative writing, Kafka not only penetrates esoteric Daoist classics, but also furthers their spirit in a way that transcends Richard Wilhelm, the pioneer European Sinologist. Transreading "Wish, to Become Indian" illuminates nuances that otherwise might have been overlooked. Wordplay, punctuational oddity, syntactic complexity, lyric density, and the curiously interlaced tenses and cases are all part of the idiosyncratic delivery of Kafka's message. Integrating the four activities of transreading—lento reading demanded and enhanced by cultural hermeneutics, creative writing required and inspired by poetic translation—unravels Kafka's riddle as a historical‐cultural phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism activity affects the cave's physical environment in several ways, such as damaging speleothems, altering the cave structure for ease of access, and the shifting of cave microclimate. Nevertheless, it is less clear how the pressure of touristic activities affects the cave fauna.This study aimed to investigate the effects from tourism activities on the cave invertebrate fauna from Gruta de Lanquín Cave (Alta Verapaz, Guatemala). For this, quadrats were placed throughout the cave, where invertebrates were sampled and substrate features were measured.Results showed that the community structure differed among touristic and non‐touristic areas of the cave and the troglobitic species are structured differently than the rest of the invertebrate community in the cave. It was detected that the pathways designated for touristic use have different substrate features than their adjacent areas.In order to maintain the conservation of the invertebrate species, several management recommendations are provided, such as determining a well‐established walking path that avoids cave microhabitats and the maintenance of a supervised guided tour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired tick resistance is a phenomenon wherein the host elicits an immune response against tick salivary components upon repeated tick infestations. The immune responses, potentially directed against critical salivary components, thwart tick feeding, and the animal becomes resistant to subsequent tick infestations. The development of tick resistance is frequently observed when ticks feed on non‐natural hosts, but not on natural hosts. The molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of tick resistance are not fully understood, and both host and tick factors are invoked in this phenomenon. Advances in molecular tools to address the host and the tick are beginning to reveal new insights into this phenomenon and to uncover a deeper understanding of the fundamental biology of tick‐host interactions. This review will focus on the expanding understanding of acquired tick resistance and highlight the impact of this understanding on anti‐tick vaccine development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]