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The lossless coding framework of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) comprises prediction and entropy coding, while omitting the transform process. However, residuals derived from prediction continue to demonstrate significant spatial redundancy, which has the potential to compromise the coding efficiency. This article presents an optimized scheme for HEVC intra lossless coding that integrates transform and quantization. In the proposed scheme, a residual block, generated by HEVC, is partitioned into two components: the coefficient block and the error block. The coefficient block, responsible for lossless coding, is obtained through the adoption of the transform and quantization processes employed in HEVC lossy coding. Subsequently, the error block is derived by predicting the residual block using the generated coefficient block. Both the coefficient block and the error block can be effectively encoded utilizing the existing entropy coding scheme in HEVC lossy coding. Rate‐distortion optimization is employed to determine whether the residual block will be partitioned into two components. The proposed scheme is implemented into the HM 12.1 software. Through the utilization of the discrete cosine transform kernel and the discrete sine transform kernel, with a quantization parameter set to 20, on HEVC standard test sequences and the all intra main configuration file, empirical findings substantiate that the proposed methodology attains an average bit‐rate reduction of 3.31%, with a maximum improvement of 12.29% in comparison to HEVC lossless coding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late Permian and Triassic, the continental Mitu Group formed in extensional basins along the length of the Cordillera Oriental and Altiplano of present-day Peru. Given the presence of coeval arc systems only in northern Chile and southern Ecuador but not in Peru the tectonic setting of the Mitu basin has been interpreted variably as orthogonal continental rift, sinistral transtensional rift, aulacogen and back-arc basin. The Mitu Group comprises continental mass flow and alluvial fan, fluvial, aeolian and minor lacustrian facies and hosts thick piles of subalkaline and alkaline intermediate and felsic ignimbrites and mafic lavas. The age of the Mitu Group had originally been established as ranging from the Late Permian to the late Triassic on the basis of structural considerations and scarce biostratigraphic data. Recently, U-Pb zircon ages from ignimbrites and sedimentary rocks have been taken to constrain the Mitu Group to the Middle and Late Triassic. We performed a sedimentological, heavy mineral, and zircon geochronological and Lu-Hf isotope study of the Mitu Group in 14 sections mainly in southern and central Peru, and one section in northern Peru. Ten new U-Pb concordia ages on ignimbrites intercalated in the Mitu Group successions offer a new robust stratigraphic framework and constrain the stratigraphy of the Mitu Group between 260 and 205 Ma. In combination with maximum likelihood ages of deposition derived from detrital zircon, U-Pb geochronology places the deposition of the Mitu Group between ca. 270 and 194 Ma (lower Guadalupian into the Sinemurian). Detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions and heavy mineral assemblages reflect a strongly recycled Precambrian Amazonian and Palaeozoic proto-Andean provenance. The Palaeozoic detrital age patterns are highly variable, and temporally and spatially random. A local provenance can generally not be identified. εHf(t) values in zircon obtained from ignimbrites and sedimentary rocks indicate variable degrees of crustal recycling. In the course of the Palaeozoic, εHf(t) values become on average progressively less negative, with a large proportion particularly of Mitu age zircons' εHf(t) values encompassing less evolved and moderately juvenile compositions. Along strike of the basin stratigraphic thicknesses, and rates and times of accumulation vary strongly with larger thicknesses and rates being registered in southern Peru. This suggests that the Mitu basin had been divided into a number of subbasins with individual histories of subsidence, accumulation, and volcanism. Absent a magmatic arc, late Permian-Triassic Peru evolved in a sinistral plate tectonic and regional framework expressed particularly in the sinistral Late Gondwanide orogeny predating the Mitu Group. We interpret that a sinistral transform fault linked the subduction zones in southern Ecuador and northern Chile and that the Mitu Group basin has formed by sinistral transtensional and transpressional movements along a related transcurrent fault inboard of the transform margin. In the broader framework of the accretionary Terra Australis orogen along the western Gondwana margin, this interpretation fits its evolution in the Andean segment in an internally consistent way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, it remains one of the most challenging issues to distinguish brain functional networks of early mild cognitive impairment subjects (eMCIs) and normal control subjects (NCs). Unlike images, functional networks are non‐Euclidean data and not easily classified by dilated convolutional neural network (DCNN). To address this problem, we developed a sparse structure deep network embedding (SSDNE) method which transforms brain functional networks into a double‐channel image in eMCI classification. First, the eigenvector of each node in the functional network was obtained by SSDNE, and principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to sort the importance of eigenvectors. Next, two eigenvector groups with the highest contribution rate were extracted in turn and divided into several equal‐length intervals along its direction respectively, and the numbers of nodes that fall into the intervals were counted to obtain the corresponding two‐dimensional histograms. Then, the both histograms were stacked up and down into a double‐channel image. Finally, a double‐channel image was input into DCNN for feature learning to achieve final classification results. Experimental results show that, SSDNE performed better in maintaining the original structure of brain functional networks, and the transformed double‐channel image achieved comparably identifying results on eMCI classification compared with other network embedding algorithms. This novel method solved the problem that brain functional networks cannot be directly applied to convolutional neural networks for feature extraction and classification. Meanwhile, it can provide a reference for the early auxiliary diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supershear earthquakes, propagating faster than the Earth's shear wave velocity, can generate strong ground motion at distances far from the ruptured fault. Despite the hazards associated with these earthquakes, the exact fault properties that govern their occurrence are not well constrained. Although early studies associated supershear ruptures with simple fault geometries, recent dynamic rupture models have revealed a supershear transition mechanism over complex fault geometries such as fault stepovers. Here we present the first observation of a supershear transition on a fault stepover system during the 2017 Mw 7.7 Komandorsky Islands earthquake. Using a high‐resolution back‐projection technique, we find that the earthquake's rupture velocity accelerates from 2.1 to 5.0 km/s between two offset faults, demonstrating the viability of a new supershear transition mechanism occurring in nature. Given the fault complexity of the Earth's transform plate boundaries, this result may improve our understanding of supershear rupture processes and their associated hazards. Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes traveling faster than the shear wave velocity of the earth are occasionally observed in large strike‐slip events. These so‐called supershear earthquakes generate a potentially destructive shock wave analogous to the sonic boom of a supersonic aircraft. Although many supershear earthquakes are coincident with straight, continuous fault sections, we find that the 2017 Komandorsky Islands earthquake reached supershear speeds following a jump in rupture across two fault segments. The results of this study confirm that supershear ruptures can occur on complex fault systems, allowing the seismic hazard on similar fault systems to be better evaluated. Key Points: A supershear transition across a fault stepover is observed in nature for the first time during the 2017 Komandorsky Islands earthquakeThese results have implications for the assessment of seismic hazard on fault stepover systems at all transform plate boundaries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The task of this paper is to study and analyse transformed localization and generalized localization for ensemble methods in data assimilation. Localization is an important part of ensemble methods such as the ensemble Kalman filter or square root filter. It guarantees a sufficient number of degrees of freedom when a small number of ensembles or particles, respectively, are used. However, when the observation operators under consideration are non-local, the localization that is applicable to the problem can be severly limited, with strong effects on the quality of the assimilation step. Here, we study a transformation approach to change non-local operators to local operators in transformed space, such that localization becomes applicable. We interpret this approach as a generalized localization and study its general algebraic formulation. Examples are provided for a compact integral operator and a non-local Matrix observation operator to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach and study the quality of the assimilation by transformation. In particular, we apply the approach to temperature profile reconstruction from infrared measurements given by the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI) infrared sounder and show that the approach is feasible for this important data type in atmospheric analysis and forecasting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of an asymmetric basin at the edge of a pull-apart structure is studied using geophysical observations and mechanical modeling. A new seismic analysis of the northern edge of the Dead Sea basin indicates recent subsidence, folding and oblique faulting along the Jericho strike-slip fault; a main segment of the Dead Sea Transform fault. The subvertical fault trace crosses the entire sedimentary sequence typically branching in the shallow subsurface. The seismic analysis reveals the three-dimensional structure of the area as an asymmetrical basin bordered on the east and on the west by long monoclinic folds. The thickness of the sedimentary fill varies from ~ 1.4 km near the present lake shores to a few hundreds of meters about 10 km northward. The subsidence is partitioned between a vertical component of slip along the Jericho Fault and the simultaneously active monoclines bordering the basin. We present a model and simulations that reconstruct the present basin structure in the uppermost part of the crust and demonstrates the generation of flexures along the basin margins without horizontal shortening. We show that the basin asymmetry and the association of folds and fault can be explained as a long-term ductile response of the sediments to local subsidence. The asymmetry along the basin is a consequence of a later vertical displacement component on a pre-existing strike-slip fault. Our analysis points to ongoing northward propagation of the Dead Sea basin and provides an explanation for the structural asymmetry of the basin margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message We report an extremely rare case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4) with an MLL- ELL fusion gene lacking the PML- RAR α rearrangement that transformed from hypergranular acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL) without showing any karyotypic evolution. The treatment was effective with chemotherapy for M4 and idarubicin plus a cytarabine-based chemotherapy protocol without ATRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mid-Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous volcanic province, named here the Charlie-Gibbs Volcanic Province, is described near the western termination of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone, against the rifted continental margin northeast of Newfoundland. We used seismic data to map 14 volcanic seamounts, now buried below younger sediments. They rise 0.7 to 2 s two-way time (twt) above the surrounding basement level and are about 8-30 km wide. Some are conical while others are more flat-topped. Underlying igneous units resembling flows and sills are also observed. Based on magnetic modeling of the large positive magnetic anomalies associated with the seamounts, the total thickness of igneous rocks can locally reach about 8 km. This magmatism occurred in the vicinity of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone and extends about 150 km to the north along the rifted continental margin. The volcanic province also forms the northern boundary of the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Orphan Basin, along a major transform margin there. Truncation of rift-related structures which extend to deep crustal levels is observed at the transform, along trends similar to those of prerift Appalachian terrane boundaries on the adjacent shelf. This suggests the existence of a preexisting weak zone in the continental lithosphere within which a complex strike-slip fault system developed and may have controlled the location of final continental breakup between the Rockall and North American plates in the Late Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a formula for a transform of a vector point process with totally inaccessible arrivals. The transform is expressed in terms of a Laplace transform under an equivalent probability measure of the point process compensator. The Laplace transform of the compensator can be calculated explicitly for a wide range of model specifications, because it is analogous to the value of a simple security. The transform formula extends the computational tractability offered by extant security pricing models to a point process and its applications, which include valuation and risk management problems arising in single-name and portfolio credit risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction Chinese lantern is the calyx or calyx-with-fruit of the plant Physalis alkekengi .var. franchetii (Solanaceae), and is potential material for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Physalins are the most active and representative secondary metabolites of Chinese lantern. A separation and quantification method based on UPLC-ESI-MS/MS was developed for the quantitative analysis of five active physalins. The transformation products were also detected and identified for the first time. Objective To establish a LC-MS/MS method to quantify five physalins in Chinese lantern for the purpose of quality control, and to identify the transformation products of 4,7-didehydrophysalin B. Methodology The separation was carried out on an Acquity UPLC BEH Shield RP C18-column with water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase under gradient conditions. ESI-MS/MS was used as the detector to quantify the five physalins. The transformation products of 4,7-didehydroneophysalin B were detected by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS and identified through comparing their HRMS and MS2 ion fragmentations with corresponding references. Results All the compounds showed good linearity ( R2 > 0.998). The recoveries, measured at three concentration levels, varied from 98.8 to 101.4% with RSDs < 4.5%. The total contents of the five physalins in Chinese lantern varied significantly. Three transformation products of 4,7-didehydroneophysalin B were detected and tentatively identified. Conclusion The present study developed a highly effective analytical method for the quality control of Chinese lantern, and it could provide comprehensive information for quality evaluation and new drug development of Chinese lantern. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similarities between crystalline crust and overlying pre-Jurassic cover in northwestern Sonora, Mexico, and in the Inyo Mountains-Death Valley region, California, are attributed to left-lateral displacement along the Mojave-Sonora megashear, a Late Jurassic transform fault related to the opening of the Gulf of Mexico. Three exposures of mylonitic rocks extending 25 km along the postulated fault occur within Sierra de Los Tanques, Sonora, Mexico. The exposures 13 km southwest of Sonoita reveal a tripartite assemblage of (1) Jurassic volcanic and volcaniclastic strata to the northeast, (2) an axial zone of mylonitic rocks, and (3) masses of granitic rocks and compositionally banded quartzo-feldspathic gneiss of Proterozoic (?) and Late Triassic age to the southwest. Mylonitic foliation in rocks within the axial zone strikes northwesterly, and lineations plunge shallowly. Microstructues record left-lateral shear. Shallow thrusts, folded mylonite, and steeply dipping mylonitic foliation with downdip mineral lineation record transpression. Triassic and Precambrian crystalline rocks are emplaced above shallow thrusts onto ductilly deformed Jurassic rocks northeast of the principal fault. In the central and northwestern exposures, pervasively foliated and lineated rocks are cut by weakly foliated Cretaceous granite that also may contain inclusions of mylonite. The northwesterly strike of steep foliation, left-lateral kinematics, and relationships with Cretaceous intrusive rocks preclude correlation with episodes of Cretaceous contraction and Tertiary extension that are recognized in the southwestern United States. The fault is interpreted to have formed in the Late Jurassic and records a change in tectonic setting from arc magmatism to rifting and basin development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]