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Aims: Invasive breast cancer patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemical (IHC) scores of 3+ or 2+ with reflex in‐situ hybridisation (ISH) positivity are suitable for anti‐HER2 therapies. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the prognoses between IHC 3+ patients and IHC 2+/ISH+ patients are different. Methods and results: We analysed the clinicopathological information of 886 consecutive cases of HER2‐positive early breast cancer. The influences of the patients' age, cancer stage, hormone receptor status and anti‐HER2 treatment were adjusted using a multivariate Cox regression model. Both HER2 copy numbers and HER2 ISH ratios of the IHC 3+ group were significantly higher than those of the IHC 2+/ISH+ group. The outcomes of IHC 3+ patients were significantly better than those of IHC 2+/ISH+ patients in the univariate and multivariate analyses. HER2 copy numbers of ≥8 represented the best prognostic value, and it was chosen to be the cut‐off value. The reflex ISH for IHC 2+ patients with high HER2 copy numbers (≥8) predicted a better overall survival than that for those with low HER2 copy numbers. Conclusion: HER2 IHC scores and HER2 copy numbers can provide prognostic information for patients with HER2‐positive invasive breast cancer. Both IHC 3+ and IHC 2+ patients with high HER2 copy numbers had a better prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A study of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on a screen printed carbon electrode surface mediated by the tricopper cluster complex Cu3(7‐N‐Etppz(CH2OH)) dispersed on electrochemically reduced carbon black, where 7‐N‐Etppz(CH2OH) is the ligand 3,3′‐(6‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1,4‐diazepane‐1,4‐diyl)bis(1‐(4‐ethyl piperazin‐1‐yl)propan‐2‐ol), is described. Onset oxygen reduction potentials of about 0.92 V and about 0.77 V are observed at pH 13 and pH 7 vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode, which are comparable to the best values reported for any synthetic copper complex. Based on half‐wave potentials (E1/2), the corresponding overpotentials are about 0.42 V and about 0.68 V, respectively. Kinetic studies indicate that the trinuclear copper catalyst can accomplish the 4 e− reduction of O2 efficiently and the ORR is accompanied by the production of only small amounts of H2O2. The involvement of the copper triad in the O2 activation process is also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered bacterial cytochrome P450s are noted for their ability in the oxidation of inert small alkanes. Cytochrome P450 BM3 L188P A328F ( BM3 PF) and A74E L188P A328F ( BM3 EPF) variants are able to efficiently oxidize n-butane to 2-butanol. Esterification of the 2-butanol derived from this reaction mediated by the aforementioned two mutants gives diastereomeric excesses ( de) of −56±1 and −52±1 %, respectively, with the preference for the oxidation occurring at the C−H S bond. When tailored (2 R,3 R)- and (2 S,3 S)-[2-2H1,3-2H1]butane probes are employed as substrates for both variants, the obtained de values from (2 R,3 R)-[2-2H1,3-2H1]butane are −93 and −92 % for BM3 PF and EPF, respectively; whereas the obtained de values from (2 S,3 S)-[2-2H1,3-2H1]butane are 52 and 56 % in the BM3 PF and EPF systems, respectively. The kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the oxidation of (2 R,3 R)-[2-2H1,3-2H1]butane are 7.3 and 7.8 in BM3 PF and EPF, respectively; whereas KIEs for (2 S,3 S)-[2-2H1,3-2H1]butanes are 18 and 25 in BM3 PF and EPF, respectively. The discrepancy in KIEs obtained from the two substrates supports the two-state reactivity (TSR) that is proposed for alkane oxidation in cytochrome P450 systems. Moreover, for the first time, experimental evidence for tunneling in the oxidation mediated by P450 is given through the oxidation of the C−H R bond in (2 S,3 S)-[2-2H1,3-2H1]butane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over exposure to lights may cause retina damage day and night, and suppress melatonin secretion at night. We have developed an action spectrum to quantify the potential threat of ambient lights on melatonin generation. We will also present a universal curve depicting how the color temperature and illuminance of a given light determine the permissive exposure-limit. With these, healthy lights can hence be designed and proper lighting measures or levels be selected, accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, [N(C(4)H(9))(4)][V(C(23)H(21)NS(3)Si)(2)]·4CH(3)CN, the V(III) atom (site symmetry ) is coordinated by two N,S,S'-tridentate 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-(3,7-dimethyl-1H-4,2,1-benzothiaza-siline-1,1-di-yl)dibenzene-thiol-ate ligands in a distorted trans-VN(2)S(4) octa-hedral geometry. The complete cation is generated by crystallographic twofold symmetry, with the V atom lying on the rotation axis. The unusual ligand arose from nucleophilic attack on the coordinated nitrile by the thiol-ate precursor and reduction of nitrile to the imidate.