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Algorithmic HR systems are becoming a more prevalent interface between organizations and employees. Yet little research has examined how automated HR processes impact employee motivation. In a three‐wave study (NTime1 = 401; NTime2 = 379; NTime3 = 303), we investigated the motivational effects of HR systems that automatically capture—and make decisions based on—employee performance, and whether these effects depend on employee attributions regarding the organization's intended use of its automated HR metric system. Additionally, we test whether these motivational states affect employee task prioritization and emotional exhaustion. Results show that employees whose organizations use algorithmic HR systems, and who also attribute managerial control as intent to that system, experience higher levels of extrinsic motivation at work. This, in turn, predicts greater prioritization of metricized tasks and de‐prioritization of non‐metricized tasks. Conversely, employees who believe the purpose of algorithmic HR systems is to provide them with constructive feedback are more likely to experience intrinsic motivation, leading to reduced feelings of emotional exhaustion, greater prioritization of metricized tasks, but reduced non‐metricized behavior de‐prioritization. These results illustrate the critical importance of employee sensemaking around algorithmic HR systems as a precursor to the impact of such systems on employee motivation, behavior, and well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their prevalence, workplace diversity and inclusion (D&I) practices continue to produce inconsistent effects on employee attitudes and behaviors. This shines a light on the need for evidence‐based approaches in understanding how employees enact D&I goals. Drawing on self‐determination theory, we argue that employee D&I motivation is an untapped pathway for understanding how inclusion‐supportive employee outcomes (i.e., more inclusion and less exclusion) emerge. In addition, we leverage attribution theory to inform when employee motivation can be shaped, demonstrating that employee attributions of the intentions behind their organization's D&I practices play an important role in shaping their subsequent D&I motivation. Across two studies, latent profile analysis identified five distinct profiles of D&I motivation, which were differentially related to inclusion and exclusion (Study 1) and predicted by D&I attributions (Studies 1 and 2). Combined, these findings highlight the importance of understanding employee motivations and attributions within the context of D&I. Such knowledge can inform how employees enact inclusion goals, which has the potential to help organizations realize the desired benefits of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Vein calcite in Devils Hole has been precipitating continuously in oxygen‐isotope equilibrium at a constant temperature for over 500 000 years, providing an unmatched δ18O paleoclimate time series. A substantial issue is that coeval calcite (based on matching δ18O values) has uranium‐series ages differing by 12 000 years. Methods: An unparalleled high‐accuracy δ18O chronology series from continuously submerged calcite was used to correct the published uranium‐series ages of non‐continuously formed calcite in two cores, cyclically exposed by water‐table decline during glacial–interglacial transitions. This method relies on the premise that the δ18O values of coevally precipitated calcite are identical, allowing matching calcite δ18O values to establish formation ages. Results: Exposed calcite can have apparent ages that are 12 000 years too young due to unrecognized uranium mobility and resulting mixed ages identified in over 50 mixed uranium‐series ages from previous studies. Secondary uranium in fluids, sourced from the formation or dissolution of porous carbonate deposits (folia) with high uranium‐238 (238U) concentrations, has migrated up to 10 mm into vein calcite. Conclusions: The continuously submerged Devils Hole δ18O chronology is not explained by orbital forcing. Rather, this chronology represents a regional climate record in the southern Great Basin of sea‐surface‐temperature (SST) variations off California, variations that preceded the last and penultimate deglaciations by 5000 to approximately 10 000 years. Temporal discrepancies between the continuously submerged Devils Hole chronology and other regional δ18O records (e.g., the Leviathan chronology) can be explained by unrecognized cryptic, pernicious uranium mobility, leading to model estimations that may be thousands of years younger than actual ages. Consequently, paleo‐moisture availability, water‐table, and groundwater recharge models based on these mixed uranium‐series ages are too young by as much as 12 000 years. The potential for post‐formation uranium addition in subaerial cores and speleothems underscores the need for caution in uranium‐series dating, highlighting δ18O time‐series comparisons as a method for identifying mixed ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the ultrastructural anatomy of the developing ACL tibial enthesis. We hypothesized that enthesis architecture would progressively mature and remodel, eventually resembling that of the adult by the early postnatal stage. Five fresh‐frozen human pediatric cadaveric knees aged 1–36 months underwent anatomical dissection to harvest the ACL insertion and underlying tibial chondroepiphysis. The samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the ultrastructural anatomy of the enthesis and underwent histological staining for circular polarized light (CPL) and light microscopy imaging. SEM analysis of the 1‐ and 8‐month‐old samples revealed a shallow interdigitation between the dense fibrous (ligamentous) tissue and unmineralized chondrogenic tissues, with a minimal transition zone. By 11‐month, a more complex transition zone was present. By age 19‐ and 36‐month‐old, a progressively more complex and defined fibrocartilage zone was observed. CPL analysis revealed distinct collagen fiber continuity, alignment, and organization changes over time. By 19 and 36 months, the samples exhibited complex fiber arrangements and a progression toward uniform fiber orientation. Similarly, histological analysis demonstrated progressive remodeling of the enthesis with increasing age. Our results suggest that the ACL enthesis of the developing knee begins to mimic that of an adult as early as 19 months of age, as a more complex transition between ligamentous and chondro‐epiphyseal tissue can be appreciated. We hypothesize that the observed changes are likely due to mechanical loading of the enthesis with the onset of weightbearing. Future investigations of ACL reconstruction and repair will benefit from improved understanding of the chondro‐epiphyseal/ACL regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have investigated optimal storage conditions or expiration dates for sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) formulations prepared from glycerinated allergen extracts. Hypothesis/Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare concentrations of short ragweed major allergen (Amb a 1) and total protein in SLIT formulations stored at two different temperatures. It was hypothesised that protein concentrations would show greater decline over time in a formulation stored at room temperature (RT) than in one stored under refrigeration. Materials and Methods: Two SLIT samples containing equal volumes of 20,000 PNU Amb a 1 extract were prepared and stored at refrigerated cold (CT) (2–8°C) or RT (20–24°C) for 140 days. Changes in total protein and major allergen concentration and composition were measured by Bradford assay, two‐site enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and SDS–PAGE. Presence of Amb a 1 was confirmed with Western immunoblot. Data were analysed using an analysis of covariance, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: SDS–PAGE showed compositional changes in a ~26–30 kDa protein band under RT and not CT storage. The Amb a 1 concentration of the RT SLIT sample declined significantly over time, compared to that of the CT SLIT sample (F(1,8) = 47.69, p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in total protein concentration over time between groups (F(1,8) = 1.79, p = 0.22). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: These results demonstrate that storage of glycerinated SLIT formulations in refrigerated CT preserved the highest concentration of the specific allergen Amb a 1, suggesting that SLIT formulations containing short ragweed should be stored under refrigeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic variants in KIF11 are linked to microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or impaired intellectual development (MCLMR). To our knowledge, renal phenotypes have not been described in the literature in association with KIF11‐related disorders. This study is a case report of two probands with heterozygous pathogenic variants in KIF11 who presented with the common clinical features of MCLMR but also had additional renal involvement not previously reported as associated phenotypes of MCLMR, elucidating phenotypic expansion of this syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples in which Fe and Ni isotopes have not been disturbed by secondary processing are essential for constraining the initial solar system abundance of short‐lived radionuclide 60Fe, (60Fe/56Fe)SS. However, Fe‐ and Ni‐enriched veins and fractures within chondrules in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (UOCs) imply late‐stage open‐system alteration that poses a potential problem for both bulk and in situ 60Fe‐60Ni systematics. This study focuses on petrologic characterization of CO3.0s, which show significantly less secondary alteration than UOCs, potentially making them better targets for studying 60Fe‐60Ni systematics. We determined the petrologic type of several CO3.0 meteorites with two independent approaches, Raman spectroscopy of matrix material and Cr2O3 content of FeO‐rich olivine grains. CO3 chondrites analyzed in this study range from 3.00 to 3.2 in petrologic type with slight variations between results from the two different methods. Upon analyzing two thin sections of DOM 08006, one of the most pristine CO3 chondrites known, we found a chemically anomalous region, indicative of parent body hydrothermal alteration. Using the X‐ray fluorescence microscopy beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, we collected high‐resolution quantitative element maps to evaluate Fe and Ni mobilization for several CO3.0s. These results indicate that late‐stage Fe and Ni mobilization like that observed in UOC samples is minor for most CO3 chondrites, highly localized and mostly limited to chondrule rims. Our results support that CO3.0s are well suited for further investigation of 60Fe‐60Ni systematics and that detailed characterization of both the petrologic type and late‐stage Fe and Ni mobilization of samples is important for further development of this short‐lived radionuclide system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal surgical emergencies are challenging, often high‐risk procedures for the pediatric anesthesiologist. Though each emergency presents different anesthetic challenges, several error traps exist that are common to all procedures in this patient population. These error traps include errors in surgical timing, airway management, maintenance of normothermia and normoglycemia, and recognition of pharmacologic and physiologic differences. In this narrative review, we will discuss each error trap to aid the clinician in recognizing, planning for, and mitigating adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counting growth layers in dentine and/or secondary cementum is widely used for age determination in wild mammals but the underlying seasonal changes in the structure and degree of mineralisation of dental tissue have not been well characterised. We embedded first (m1) and second (m2) mandibular permanent molar teeth from a 12‐year‐old female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) in PolyMethylMethAcrylate (PMMA), prepared cut and polished surfaces coated with evaporated carbon and used 20 kV back‐scattered electron imaging in a scanning electron microscope (BSE‐SEM) to study aspects of dental tissue structure which depend on the degree of mineralisation at the micron and sub‐micron scale. BSE‐SEM revealed differences between the mineral content of growth layers (annulations) in the secondary cementum and the primary and secondary dentine, the latter, incidentally, still forming at death in m1. Wide bands of less well mineralised tissue formed in the cementum during active appositional phases. Thin, denser bands formed by maturation‐mineralisation of existing tissue when growth slowed in winter. This maturation mimics the processes seen in lamellar bone and articular cartilage. Counter to previous suggestions, there was evidence of substantial resorption and repair of the secondary cementum and of formation of dentine throughout life. Secondary dentine is layered by mineral content like cementum. In the crown, this was mainly tubular dentine with well‐marked interglobular dentine layers. In the lower pulp chamber and root, it was largely without tubules. Substantial non‐mineralised spaces found at the cement‐dentine junction in the root apical regions in m2 represent inclusions of the Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS) or the Epithelial Rests of Malassez (ERM) between the two tissues, a phenomenon which has previously only been identified in Muridae. The anatomical changes which result in the formation of the incremental lines (annulations) in dental tissues of reindeer, identified here for the first time at the micrometre level, are likely to be common across most if not all long‐lived species of mammals living in seasonal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric obesity is a growing health concern, affecting millions of children worldwide. While pharmacokinetic (PK) changes in numerous commonly prescribed medications have been linked to obesity, the physiological mechanisms driving these alterations and their implications for drug dosing remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate previously reported observations of reduced pantoprazole clearance (CL) in children with obesity, investigate obesity‐related characteristics in liver physiology as explanatory causes for these observations, and evaluate the clinical relevance of obesity on drug dosing. A prospective, comparative PK study, enrolling participants 6‐21 years of age, with and without obesity, was conducted to evaluate the association between obesity‐related characteristics and pantoprazole CL. A nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling approach was used to identify sources of interindividual variability in pantoprazole PK. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess pantoprazole exposure in children and evaluate the association between obesity and pantoprazole exposure. The study population consisted of 39 pediatric participants: 31% without obesity and 69% with obesity. A two‐compartment PK model with covariate effects of total body weight (TBW), CYP2C19 metabolizer phenotype, and obesity status adequately described the PK data. After accounting for differences due to TBW and CYP2C19 metabolizer phenotype, obesity was associated with an estimated 18% reduction in pantoprazole CL (comparable to the reduction estimated for a CYP2C19 loss of function allele). Further research is warranted to evaluate the physiological mechanisms associated with reduced drug CL in children with increased body size and the implications for drug dosing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Annals of Neurology's 2024 Annual Report highlights a record-breaking year with over 2,202 manuscripts received, showing a significant increase in submissions from international authors. The journal remains highly selective, with acceptance rates varying by region. Efforts are being made to increase reviewer acceptance rates and comply with federal open access policies. The report also acknowledges the contributions of editorial board members, reviewers, and the journal's staff. [Extracted from the article]

The text discusses new books on the history and memory of Soviet repressions, particularly focusing on the Gulag system under Stalin. It highlights the violence and death faced by prisoners in the camps, the efforts to commemorate the victims, and the ongoing research on the topic. The books explore the origins, functions, and life in the camps, as well as the experiences of prisoners and medical staff. The text also touches on the memory of German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union and their repatriation. Overall, the books provide valuable insights into the complex and brutal history of the Gulag system and its lasting impact on society. [Extracted from the article]

Cell reprogramming and manufacturing have broad applications in tissue regeneration and disease treatment. However, many derived cell types lack unique cell surface markers for protein‐based cell sorting, making it difficult to isolate these cells from mixed populations. Additionally, there is a need to identify and isolate cells of interest at the early stages of cell expansion. To address this challenge, a nucleic acid‐based gold nanorod (NAGNR) fluorescent biosensor was engineered to detect the mRNA expression of intracellular markers for cell sorting. Its application is demonstrated in isolating induced neuronal (iN) cells from dermal fibroblast populations during the early stages of cell reprogramming. Cell sorting based on the mRNA of the neuronal transcriptional factor Ascl1 resulted in an enrichment of iN cells from 3% to 72%, and additional sorting with the transcriptional factor Scn2 further increased iN enrichment. Moreover, NAGNR biosensors can be used in conjunction with protein marker‐based cell sorting. NAGNR‐sorted iN cells show a functional response to electrical stimulation in a co‐culture of iN cells and muscle cells. These findings demonstrate that NAGNR‐based cell sorting offers great potential for cell identification and isolation at an early stage of cell reprogramming and manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Criminal‐legal (CL) referrals to addiction treatment have historically had low utilization of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). While state differences have been reported, an in‐depth longitudinal analysis of state‐by‐state differences is lacking. Methods: The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Treatment Episode Dataset‐Admissions 2000–2020 provided data for individuals entering their initial treatment with an opioid as their primary substance. Outcome was planned use of MOUD, assessing odds ratio (OR) of CL referrals relative to non‐CL referrals cumulatively over the 21‐year period and as incremental change (change in relative disparity) using effect sizes, stratified by each state. Results: 2,187,447 cases met the criteria. Planned MOUD occurred in 37.7% of non‐CL clients versus 6.5% of CL clients (OR = 0.11, 95% confidence interval = 0.11–0.12). For all clients, planned MOUD increased from 2000 (33.9%) to 2020 (44.8%). This increase was blunted within CL clients, increasing from 2000 (6.4%) to 2020 (13.3%). Rhode Island saw the greatest improvements in equity. Discussion and Conclusions: While rates of planned MOUD increased over the 21 years, a significant disparity persisted among CL clients in most states. As opioid use disorders and opioid‐related overdoses are more prevalent among those involved with the CL system, improving this has high impact. Scientific Significance: Provides the most comprehensive analysis of state‐by‐state inequities in MOUD access for CL relative to non‐CL referrals over a 21‐year period through use of a national data set. Positive outliers are used as case examples for others to follow in pursuit of more equitable care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Occult nodal disease (OND) during clinically‐N0 salvage total laryngectomy (TL) can be detected with the Neck‐Imaging‐Reporting‐and‐Data‐Systems (NI‐RADS). However, some patients will still have OND revealed on final pathology. Methods: A retrospective study on all patients who had OND during salvage TL with elective neck dissection (END) between 2009 and 2021 was performed. Repeat CT and PET scan interpretation was performed to evaluate their preoperative imaging for suspicious features. Results: Among 81 salvage TL patients undergoing END, 12 (16%) had OND and a total of 26 occult nodes were identified. On pathology, the average node length [SD] was 0.6 cm [0.3]. On CT, 31% (8 of 26) had rounded morphology. On PET, most had SUVmax below blood pool. One patient scored NI‐RADS 2; the rest scored 1. Conclusions: On re‐review of preoperative imaging, occult nodes were subtle and challenging to identify. Despite no clear impact on survival, performing an END may provide prognostic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oropouche virus (OROV) is an arthropod‐borne virus (arbovirus) in the Orthobunyavirus genus and Peribunyaviridae viral family that is endemic to parts of South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. It has recently emerged in Cuba, and travel‐imported cases are recently being reported in the United States and Europe. Typically maintained in a sylvatic cycle between certain forest sloths, non‐human primates, birds, and mosquitoes, OROV disease outbreaks can occur in an urban cycle between certain biting midges and/or mosquitoes and humans. Clinically, approximately 60% of infections are symptomatic with an abrupt fever and non‐specific influenza‐like illness within 3 to 10 days. Many initial OROV infections can present similarly to chikungunya, dengue, and Zika virus infections. Interestingly, OROV infections can follow a biphasic course with recurrence of symptoms approximately 1 week after initial symptom onset. Concerningly, similar to Zika virus, it appears that vertical transmission of OROV may occur with potentially adverse effects on fetal development including miscarriages. Neuroinvasion of OROV occurs in animal models, and human cases of meningitis, encephalitis, and peri‐infectious Guillain‐Barré syndrome have all been reported. Diagnosis is either through detection of OROV nucleic acid, OROV immunoglobulin M, or OROV neutralizing antibodies in the serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. No antiviral treatments are available, and there are no current vaccines. Preventing mosquito and biting midge bites is key. Neurologists should be aware of and report any potential neuroinvasive OROV disease cases to local/state/territorial health departments. ANN NEUROL 2025;97:28–33 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hyperpigmented melanistic lesions (HPMLs) are a visual anomaly documented on the skin of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and in numerous other geographical locations. Currently, there is a lack of information on environmental and fish characteristics that may influence the prevalence of HPMLs associated with a recently described Adomavirus. The goal of this study was to understand potential drivers associated with HPMLs in socioeconomically and ecologically important riverine smallmouth bass populations. A total of 16,220 smallmouth bass were collected and examined for HPMLs between 2012 and 2022 in the Susquehanna River Basin. Overall, HPMLs were documented on 2.9% of fish collected. The interaction between temperature and fish size suggested differing relationships between shorter and longer fish with respect to temperature. Predicted probability of HPML prevalence ranged from 1.1% (95% CI = 0.3, 3.2) at 4°C to 0.01% (CI = 0.00, 0.04) at 26°C for an age‐0 (125 mm) fish. In contrast, predicted probability of HPML prevalence ranged from 10.5% (95% CI = 5.8, 18.9) at 4°C to 0.8% (CI = 0.4, 1.5) at 26°C for an adult (322 mm) fish. Overall, HPMLs were more common in longer fish during cooler temperature periods which also corresponds to key life history periods for smallmouth bass (e.g., pre‐spawn and overwintering) and could represent different exposure histories for juvenile and adult fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Affective instability represents an important, transdiagnostic biobehavioural dimension of mental ill health and clinical outcome. The causes of affective instability remain unclear. This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated the extent to which exposure to childhood adversity is associated with affective instability across psychiatric disorders, and which forms of adversity are most strongly associated with affective instability. Methods: The review followed a published protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42020168676). Searches in Medline, Embase and PsychInfo identified studies using quantitative measures of childhood adversity and affective instability, published between January 1980 and July 2023. Data were analysed using a random effects meta‐analysis separately for each outcome, namely affective lability, emotion dysregulation, and rapid cycling. The Mixed‐Methods Appraisal Tool was used to appraise the quality of the literature. Results: The search identified 36 studies involving 8431 participants. All reports focused on cross‐sectional associations. We did not identify any prospective longitudinal research. The analysis showed small, but statistically significant effects of childhood adversity on affective lability (r = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02, 0.17), emotion dysregulation (r = 0.25, 95% CI 0.19, 0.32), and rapid cycling (OR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.14, 1.70). When considering adversity subtypes, emotional abuse showed the strongest effect on affective lability (r = 0.16, 95% CI 0.07, 0.24) and emotion dysregulation (r = 0.32, 95% CI 0.19, 0.44). Quality assessment scores were generally low. Most studies failed to control for confounding factors or offer assurances around the representativeness of the samples. Conclusions: The findings suggest that childhood adversity, particularly emotional abuse, is associated emotional instability in adulthood, but further prospective longitudinal research is needed to confirm causality. The findings have implications for the prevention and treatment of affective instability across psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street sweeping is used in urban municipalities worldwide but requires a great deal of planning for large‐scale implementation. Municipalities typically make use of the macro‐ and microapproach by using operational areas in which routes are assigned, but creating operational areas without an understanding of the expected workload, number of routes, and the travel distance to and from the depot may lead to increased statistics. In this paper, a combination of heuristic approaches is used to assign street‐sweeping areas on the macroscale and generate street‐sweeping routes on the microscale. For the area assignment, a two‐stage cluster approach is proposed, making use of the weighted k‐means algorithm and differential evolution. For the route optimization, a three‐phase augment merge algorithm is used to create initial solutions, the u‐turns are minimized with a modified version of Hierholzer's algorithm and tabu search, and the remaining u‐turns are removed using a forward‐searching ant colony optimization. A case study in The City of Oshawa, Canada, was used to verify the proposed methodology, and all metrics were theoretically improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although clinical trials should be accessible to all patients, persistent racial and ethnic disparities in clinical trial enrollment exist. Herein, we examine racial disparities in clinical trial enrollment among prostate cancer patients from a large population‐based cohort of oncology practices in the United States. Methods: Using CancerLinQ Discovery, we identified men with regional (N1+) and/or metastatic (M1) prostate cancer diagnosed from 2011 to 2023. Enrollment into a clinical trial for prostate cancer was the primary outcome. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression were used for analysis. Results: Within our dataset, we identified 17,028 patients with advanced prostate cancer, of which only 2.6% of patients were enrolled in a clinical trial (n = 450). There was variance in the proportion of patients accrued over time with a low of 0.30% in 2011 to a high of 3.94% in 2018 and decreasing to 2.37% in 2023. On multivariable analysis, older age was associated with lower odds of clinical trial enrollment (p < 0.001). Compared to White patients, Hispanics/Latino (OR: 0.35; CI: 0.161–0.744, p = 0.04) and patients with self‐identified other race or ethnicity (OR: 0.23; CI: 0.295–0.931, p < 0.01) had lower odds of clinical trial enrollment on multivariable analysis. Black men with prostate cancer did not have a statistically significant difference compared to White men for clinical trial enrollment. (OR: 1.033; CI: 0.771–1.384, p = 0.828). Conclusion: While clinical trial enrollment remains low for men with advanced prostate cancer in this contemporary population‐based cohort, rates of participation for Hispanic/Latino men, but not Black men, are significantly lower. Increased attention is needed to better understand the reasons behind these racial disparities and to develop effective interventions to promote access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upper‐level (200 hPa) velocity potential (VP200) is useful in identifying areas of rising or sinking atmospheric motions on varying temporal scales (e.g., weekly, seasonal, interannual) especially in the global tropics. These areas are associated with enhancement (rising motion) or suppression (sinking motion) of tropical convection and subsequent weather phenomena dependent on these processes (e.g., tropical cyclones). This study employed commonly used global weather reanalysis datasets to calculate and compare VP200 on interannual through multidecadal temporal scales and quantify any differences that existed between them from 1959 to 2020 over four key regions of tropical variability (Equatorial Africa, Amazon Basin, Equatorial Central Pacific, and Equatorial Indonesia). To supplement this analysis, the highly correlated variables to VP200 of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and daily precipitation rate were used and directly compared with independent OLR and precipitation datasets to determine the reanalysis' level of agreement with the independent data. The ECMWF ERA5 held the highest agreement to these data over all regions examined and was reasoned to have the highest confidence in accurately capturing the variability of VP200 fields for the study period. Confidence was decreased in the usefulness of the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 as it consistently performed poorly over much of the study domain. The results of this study also emphasised the usefulness in ensemble‐based approaches to assess climate variability and understanding of potential biases and uncertainties that are inherent in these data sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is a method for restoring sensation to people with paralysis as part of a bidirectional brain–computer interface (BCI) to restore upper limb function. Evoking tactile sensations of the hand through ICMS requires precise targeting of implanted electrodes. Here we describe the presurgical imaging procedures used to generate functional maps of the hand area of the somatosensory cortex and subsequent planning that guided the implantation of intracortical microelectrode arrays. In five participants with cervical spinal cord injury, across two study locations, this procedure successfully enabled ICMS‐evoked sensations localized to at least the first four digits of the hand. The imaging and planning procedures developed through this clinical trial provide a roadmap for other BCI studies to ensure the successful placement of stimulation electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Potential contagion and zoonotic risk make rapid diagnosis of dermatophytosis important amongst companion animals. Hypothesis/Objectives: To compare the adhesive tape impression (ATI), trichogram, Wood's lamp (WL) examination and fungal culture for diagnosis of dermatophytosis, and the ATI and trichogram for ease of use. Animals: Five dogs and 15 cats with consistent lesions, history and at least two positive dermatophyte test results. Materials and Methods: After WL examination, one representative lesion per patient was sampled for ATI, trichogram and fungal culture. Microscopic detection of fungal elements on ATI and trichogram were objectively and subjectively compared. The ability of all tests to correctly detect dermatophytosis, and the ability of ATI and trichogram to detect fungal elements in >20 high‐powered fields (HPF) were compared using Fisher's exact tests. Results: ATI, trichogram, fungal culture and WL were positive in 100% (20 of 20), 90% (18 of 20), 95% (19 of 20) and 65% (13 of 20) of patients, respectively, with a significant difference between WL and ATI (p = 0.0499). Fungal culture revealed Microsporum. canis (n = 16), Nannizzia gypsea (n = 1), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (n = 1) and T. rubrum (n = 1). Fungal elements were detected in >20 HPF more frequently with ATI (18 of 20) than trichogram (11 of 20) (p = 0.017), and detection required careful scanning to distinguish from background debris more often with trichogram. Fungal elements were located with neutrophil clusters and keratinocyte rafts in addition to abnormal hair fragments more frequently on ATI. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: ATI had the highest ability to correctly diagnose dermatophytosis, and increased ease of detecting fungal elements compared to trichogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although social support is strongly related to college students' mental health in the context of COVID‐19, little is known about the academic mechanisms that explain and influence this relationship. This knowledge gap limits our ability to create effective interventions. Our current study extends the previous research by using longitudinal data from 2020 to 2021 and leveraging a unique panel dataset from over 1,500 university students in Israel. By using a cross‐lagged panel model, we examine how the relationship between social support and mental health is partially explained by academic coping, as well as how these relationships differ across perceived teaching quality. We find that academic coping partially explains the relationship between social support and depression for students who perceived higher‐quality instruction but not for students who perceived lower‐quality instruction. Moreover, these relationships are not apparent for anxiety, suggesting that anxiety may relate to out‐of‐school considerations like pandemic‐related health concerns and hardships. We close with implications for policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To promote sustainable fisheries under climate change, fisheries managers must apply appropriate adaptation measures. However, little is known about how species interactions shift with climate change and the potential effectiveness of such adaptation measures. Here, we modeled the application of a species control measure in a lake ecosystem using a temperature‐dependent food‐web model containing different thermal guilds. A warm‐adapted predator (bass, Micropterus spp) was removed to locally mitigate undesirable effects of climate warming on a cool‐adapted species (walleye, Sander vitreus). Nevertheless, a warming‐induced thermally mediated trophic cascade can lead to expected and unexpected outcomes, with bass removal depending on food‐web linkages. With low levels of bass predation on juvenile walleye, walleye persist in warmer temperatures when bass are present (not controlled) than when bass are absent (controlled). Therefore, we encourage managers to use caution and consider various scenarios of food‐web changes, to determine when species control may be effective for climate adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 44% and 87% of active duty service members and veterans who deployed following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks know someone who was killed or seriously injured in combat. Considering the high frequency and known impact of traumatic loss, it is important to understand if and how traumatic loss may impede posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment progress in military personnel. Additionally, experiencing a traumatic loss elevates the risk of developing prolonged grief disorder (PGD), which is associated with higher levels of PTSD symptoms, more functional impairment, and more lifetime suicide attempts among military personnel. Given what is known about the association between PGD and PTSD in treatment‐seeking service members and veterans, it is also important to understand whether grief‐related symptom severity negatively impacts PTSD treatment response. The current study examined associations among traumatic loss, complicated grief, depressive symptoms, and PTSD treatment response among military personnel (N = 127) who participated in variable‐length cognitive processing therapy (CPT). There was no direct, F(2, 125) = 0.77, p =.465, or indirect, β =.02, p =.677, association between a traumatic loss index event and PTSD treatment response compared with other trauma types. Prior assessments of depressive symptom severity were directly related to PTSD at later assessments across two models, ps <.001–p =.021 Participants with a traumatic loss index trauma demonstrated significant reductions in complicated grief, depressive symptoms, and PTSD following CPT, ps <.001, ds = −0.61–−0.83. Implications, study limitations, and suggestions for future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The Hazelwood Health Study was set up to study long‐term health effects of a mine fire that blanketed residents of the Latrobe Valley with smoke for 45 days in 2014. The Respiratory Stream specifically assessed the impact of fine particulate matter <2.5 μm diameter (PM2.5) exposure from mine fire smoke on lung health. The multiple breath nitrogen washout (MBW) test assesses ventilation heterogeneity, which may detect sub‐clinical airways dysfunction not identified using standard tests such as spirometry. This analysis assessed the association of PM2.5 exposure with measures of ventilation heterogeneity. Methods: Exposed (Morwell) and unexposed (Sale) participants were recruited 3.5–4 years after the fire from those who had participated in an Adult Survey. MBW was performed to measure lung clearance index (LCI), functional residual capacity (FRC), acinar (Sacin) and conductive (Scond) ventilation heterogeneity. PM2.5 exposure was estimated with emission and chemical transport models. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted controlling for confounders. Results: We recruited 519 participants. MBW tests were conducted on 504 participants with 479 acceptable test results (40% male; 313 exposed, 166 unexposed). Exposure to mine fire‐related PM2.5 was associated with increasing Scond (β = 1.57/kL, 95%CI: 0.20–2.95, p = 0.025), which was comparable to the estimated effect on Scond of 4.7 years of aging. No other MBW outcomes were statistically different. Conclusion: Increasing exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased ventilation heterogeneity in the conductive region of the lungs 4 years after the event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a 6‐week porcine full‐thickness excisional wound grafting model, we evaluated the Autologous Regeneration of Tissue (ART®) System, a novel skin harvesting device designed to collect autologous full‐thickness autologous microcolumns (FTAM) at 0.5 mm in diameter. The donor skin sites were harvested using the ART® System and compared to split‐thickness skin grafts (STSGs). Recipient sites were divided into three treatment groups: FTAM, STSG and Untreated control. Comparing the FTAM donor sites to the STSG donor sites, we observed significantly faster re‐epithelization by Day 4 (p < 0.05), earlier adnexal structures and rete ridge formation by Week 3, and increased collagen and elastin content by Week 6. We also observed an increased rate of healing at the FTAM donor site whilst limiting donor site morbidity compared to traditional STSG donor sites. Time to recipient site closure was 2.4 weeks for STSG treated, 3.3 weeks for FTAM treated and 4.1 weeks for the Untreated control (p < 0.05). The STSG and FTAM recipient sites reached complete re‐epithelialization by Weeks 4 and 5, respectively which was significantly faster compared to the Untreated control. However, the FTAM recipient site received only 10% of the donor site tissue relative to the recipient site area and the amount of donor site tissue grafted on the STSG recipient sites was 5× more than the FTAM recipient sites. Additionally, the FTAMs harvested by the ART® System augmented recipient wound site healing as a result of 'epithelial island' expansion in contrast to Untreated control sites that closed primarily by contracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a threat to strawberry production globally. Unlike their chemical counterparts, microbial biofungicides offer a method of postharvest fungal disease control that is safe, sustainable and less affected by pathogen resistance. The present study evaluated the antifungal effects of three bacteria, Bacillus velezensis strains SH1 and SH2 and Pseudomonas azotoformans strain SH3, obtained from sheep manure compost tea. The bacteria or their cell‐free filtrates were tested against Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in bioassays and against strawberry anthracnose. In addition, precipitated or extracted extracellular fractions were tested to determine the effects on membrane permeability of Colletotrichum spp. spores. Confrontation assay results showed all bacteria inhibited mycelial growth, with B. velezensis SH1 and P. azotoformans SH3 being the most effective. All cell‐free filtrates inhibited mycelial growth with B. velezensis SH1 and SH2 resulting in the highest inhibition. The bacteria suppressed anthracnose lesions on strawberry fruit although effective treatments varied by causal mould. B. velezensis SH1 and SH2 significantly permeabilized spore membranes, indicating antibiosis as a possible mode of action. Investigation into antimicrobial compound production found various homologues of the lipopeptides fengycin, iturin and surfactin were produced by B. velezensis SH1 and SH2. Results suggest that lipopeptides produced by B. velezensis strains permeabilize Colletotrichum cell membranes, and that fengycins were the most inhibitory of the lipopeptides against Colletotrichum spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) is a popular choice for commercial and residential lawns, as well as golf course fairways and tees because it requires less light, fertilizer, and mowing compared to bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). However, zoysiagrass' slow growth rate compared to other putting green options presents a challenge for both rapid establishment from sprigs and its wider adoption as a putting green surface. It is currently unknown if very frequent irrigation, commonly used in horticultural propagation, can be applied to turfgrass and accelerate establishment from sprigs. Irrigation was applied to Prizm zoysiagrass sprigs across either four or 192 irrigation events from 06:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Prizm zoysiagrass establishment was unaffected by irrigation frequency and averaged 40% turfgrass coverage after 21.6 and 27.3 days in run A and run B, respectively. These results imply that very frequent irrigation did not accelerate establishment. Additional research elucidating zoysiagrass sprig physiology during propagation and development is necessary to better define management practices that hasten establishment. Core Ideas: Zoysiagrass' slow growth hinders its establishment rate and widespread use as a putting green surface.Irrigation frequency did not affect the establishment rate.Elevated vapor pressure deficit had no measurable effect on establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled fabrication of nanopores in 2D materials offer the means to create robust membranes needed for ion transport and nanofiltration. Techniques for creating nanopores have relied upon either plasma etching or direct irradiation; however, aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) offers the advantage of combining a sub‐Å sized electron beam for atomic manipulation along with atomic resolution imaging. Here, a method for automated nanopore fabrication is utilized with real‐time atomic visualization to enhance the mechanistic understanding of beam‐induced transformations. Additionally, an electron beam simulation technique, Electron‐Beam Simulator (E‐BeamSim) is developed to observe the atomic movements and interactions resulting from electron beam irradiation. Using the MXene Ti3C2Tx, the influence of temperature on nanopore fabrication is explored by tracking atomic transformations and find that at room temperature the electron beam irradiation induces random displacement and results in titanium pileups at the nanopore edge, which is confirmed by E‐BeamSim. At elevated temperatures, after removal of the surface functional groups and with the increased mobility of atoms results in atomic transformations that lead to the selective removal of atoms layer by layer. This work can lead to the development of defect engineering techniques within functionalized MXene layers and other 2D materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid climate warming, some coastal high‐latitude ecosystems are experiencing more frequent tidal floods. Yet little is known about tundra plant‐community responses to flooding, and whether Arctic warming may modulate such responses.In a 2‐year, full‐factorial field experiment in coastal tundra wetlands of the Yukon‐Kuskokwim (Y‐K) Delta (western Alaska), we simulated periodic tidal flood events at two severities under both ambient and warmed summer conditions and measured above‐ground plant‐community responses. Low‐severity flooding represented overbank flooding 1 day per month, which is consistent with projections in the next 5 years. High‐severity flooding represented a more impactful flooding regime (three consecutive days per month) that is projected to occur in the next 10 years. Our warming treatment (+1°C) also represented a change projected in the next 10 years.Regardless of temperature, high‐severity flooding increased graminoid biomass by >45%, in turn increasing live plant‐community biomass by >18%. Low‐severity flooding had similar, though weaker, effects. Flooding had overall negative effects on both forb and shrub biomass, though shrub responses were weaker. Only during the second summer, warming increased graminoid biomass by 20% and tended to increase shrub biomass, regardless of flooding. Concurrently, warming enhanced standing‐dead graminoid biomass by 20%, while high‐severity flooding decreased it by 15%. Therefore, wet tundra that was both flooded and warmed had the greatest proportion of graminoids and total live biomass, but standing‐dead biomass comparable to that of unmanipulated wet tundra.Synthesis. While our manipulations simulated flooding and warming regimes expected in the wetlands of the Y‐K Delta over the same, near‐future (5‐to‐10 years) time frame, flooding had stronger effects than warming. What is striking is the rate at which graminoid increases occurred, becoming apparent after only two monthly flood events in the first experimental year. Flooding‐induced decreases in standing‐dead biomass suggests that the incorporation of dead plant material into the litter layer might be facilitated by tidal floods. These rapid increases in plant biomass and potentially biomass turnover, especially of graminoids, which are characterized by high‐quality litter, may have major implications for carbon and nutrient cycling of more frequently flooded coastal ecosystems in a warmer Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition label serving sizes are determined primarily based on typical consumption when such data are available. However, such data are not available for certain foods such as spray cooking oil (cooking spray). Our study assessed cooking spray use by the United States (US) adults compared to the 0.25‐s serving size used on US‐sold cooking spray labels. Adults (n = 1041, aged 33 ± 16.7 years) completed a 13‐question survey on cooking spray use and perceptions. In the survey, participants reported using cooking spray for 1.9 ± 0.9 s per use, and 42.3%–43.1% of participants reported being more likely to purchase products if they were labelled calorie‐ or fat‐free. Next, 30 adults (aged 29.7 ± 11.0 years) completed a laboratory‐based study which assessed cooking spray durations for seven cookware items. Spray times ranged from 1.0 ± 0.5 (smallest pan) to 2.5 ± 1.3 s (largest baking sheet), with 100% of sprays (210/210) exceeding the 0.25‐s US serving size. Our results suggest that cooking spray serving size should be increased to 1 s to better reflect actual consumption, and this would have the added benefit of aligning better with cooking spray serving sizes in other developed countries (0.5–1.0 s). A 1‐s serving size would also preclude cooking spray advertised as calorie‐ or fat‐free, allowing consumers to make more informed choices on the dietary implications of using cooking spray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate heating has the potential to drive changes in ecosystems at multiple levels of biological organization. Temperature directly affects the inherent physiology of plants and animals, resulting in changes in rates of photosynthesis and respiration, and trophic interactions. Predicting temperature‐dependent changes in physiological and trophic processes, however, is challenging because environmental conditions and ecosystem structure vary across biogeographical regions of the globe. To realistically predict the effects of projected climate heating on wildlife populations, mechanistic tools are required to incorporate the inherent physiological effects of temperature changes, as well as the associated effects on food availability within and across comparable ecosystems. Here we applied an agent‐based bioenergetics model to explore the combined effects of projected temperature increases for 2100 (1.4, 2.7, and 4.4°C), and associated changes in prey availability, on three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations representing latitudes 50, 55, and 60°N. Our results showed a decline in population density after a simulated 1.4°C temperature increase at 50°N. In all other modeled scenarios there was an increase (inflation) in population density and biomass (per unit area) with climate heating, and this inflation increased with increasing latitude. We conclude that agent‐based bioenergetics models are valuable tools in discerning the impacts of climate change on wild fish populations, which play important roles in aquatic food webs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population genetic analysis of invasive populations can provide valuable insights into the source of introductions, pathways for expansion, and their demographic histories. Flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) are a prolific invasive species with high fecundity, long‐distance dispersal, and piscivorous feeding habits that can lead to declines in native fish populations. In this study, we analyse the genetics of invasive P. olivaris in the Mid‐Atlantic region to assess their connectivity and attempt to reconstruct the history of introduced populations. Based on an assessment across 13 microsatellite loci, P. olivaris from the Susquehanna River system (N = 537), Schuylkill River (N = 33), and Delaware River (N = 1) have low genetic diversity (global Hobs = 0.504), although we detected no evidence of substantial inbreeding (FIS = −0.083 to 0.022). P. olivaris from these different river systems were genetically distinct, suggesting separate introductions. However, population structure was much weaker within each river system and exhibited a pattern of high connectivity, with some evidence of isolation by distance. P. olivaris from the Susquehanna and Schuylkill rivers showed evidence for recent genetic bottlenecks, and demographic models were consistent with historical records, which suggest that populations were established by recent founder events consisting of a small number of individuals. Our results show the risk posed by small introductions of P. olivaris, which can spread widely once a population is established, and highlight the importance of prevention and sensitive early detection methods to prevent the spread of P. olivaris in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foreign body reaction (FBR) to biomaterials results in fibrous encapsulation. Excessive capsule fibrosis (capsular contracture) is a major challenge to the long‐term stability of implants. Clinical data suggests that the tissue type in contact with silicone breast implants alters susceptibility to developing capsular contracture; however, the tissue‐specific inflammatory and fibrotic characteristics of capsule have not been well characterized at the cellular and molecular level. In this study, 60 breast implant capsule samples are collected from patients and stratified by the adjacent tissue type including subcutaneous tissue, glandular breast tissue, or muscle tissue. Capsule thickness, collagen organization, immune and fibrotic cellular populations, and expression of inflammatory and fibrotic markers is quantified with histological staining, immunohistochemistry, and real‐time PCR. The findings suggest there are significant differences in M1‐like macrophages, CD4+ T cells, CD26+ fibroblasts, and expression of IL‐1β, IL‐6, TGF‐β, and collagen type 1 depending on the tissue type abutting the implant. Subglandular breast implant capsule displays a significant increase in inflammatory and fibrotic markers. These findings suggest that the tissue microenvironment contributes uniquely to the FBR. This data could provide new avenues for research and clinical applications to improve the site‐specific biocompatibility and longevity of implantable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Flood Potential Portal (https://floodpotential.erams.com/) has been developed for the contiguous United States, as a practitioner‐focused tool that uses observational data (streamgages) to enhance understanding of how floods vary in space and time, and assist users in making more informed peak discharge predictions for infrastructure design and floodplain management. This capability is presented through several modules. The Mapping module provides tools to explore variability using multiple indices, and provides detailed information, figures, and algorithms describing and comparing flooding characteristics. The Cross‐Section Analysis module allows users to cut regional‐scale sections to interpret the role of topography in driving flood variability. The Watershed Analysis module provides multiple methods for quantifying expected peak discharge magnitudes and flood frequency relationships at user‐selected locations, including the integration of observed trends in flood magnitudes due to climate change and other sources of nonstationarity into decision making. The Streamgage Analysis module performs streamgage flood‐frequency analyses. These modules are based in part on the flood potential method, through the use of 207 zones of similar flood response defined using more than 8200 streamgages with watershed areas <10,000 km2. Regression models that define each zone had high explained variance (average R2 = 0.93). An example is provided to illustrate use of the Flood Potential Portal for the design of a hypothetical bridge replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS), identifies perceived burdensomeness as a critical factor in the development of suicidal ideation. Measurement of perceived burdensomeness using the INQ in research has predominantly focused on liability toward others. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of perceived contribution toward others as an aspect of perceived burdensomeness. This study proposes a hypothesized transactional model of perceived burdensomeness, in which perceived burdensomeness can be viewed as the balance between perceived contributions and perceived liability to others. Method: Participants (n = 1112) were college students (M age = 18.86 years, SD = 1.50) who completed survey measures. Participants were predominantly cisgender women (73.6%), heterosexual (78.8%), and white (58.3%). Results: Perceived contribution was negatively associated with perceived burdensomeness, suicidal ideation, and psychological pain after controlling for perceived liability. Further, the difference between perceived contributions and perceived liability accounted for variability in suicidal ideation after controlling for INQ perceived burdensomeness. Discussion: The inclusion of perceived contribution as an element of perceived burdensomeness may offer new opportunities for clinical formulation and intervention. Future research is needed to further evaluate the proposed transactional model of perceived burdensomeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Myocardial T1ρ mapping techniques commonly acquire multiple images in one breathhold to calculate a single‐slice T1ρ map. Recently, non‐selective adiabatic pulses have been used for robust spin‐lock preparation (T1ρ,adiab). The objective of this study was to develop a fast multi‐slice myocardial T1ρ,adiab mapping approach. Methods: The proposed‐sequence reduces the number of breathholds required for whole‐heart 2D T1ρ,adiab mapping by acquiring multiple interleaved slices in each breathhold using slice‐selective T1ρ,adiab preparation pulses. The proposed‐sequence was implemented with two interleaved slices per breathhold scan and was quantitatively evaluated in phantom experiments and 10 healthy‐volunteers against a single‐slice T1ρ,adiab mapping sequence. The sequence was demonstrated in two patients with myocardial scar. Results: The phantom experiments showed the proposed‐sequence had slice‐to‐slice variation of 1.62% ± 1.05% and precision of 4.51 ± 0.68 ms. The healthy volunteer cohort subject‐wise mean relaxation time was lower for the proposed‐sequence than the single‐slice sequence (137.7 ± 5.3 ms vs. 148.4 ± 8.3 ms, p < 0.001), and spatial‐standard‐deviation was better (18.7 ± 1.8 ms vs. 21.8 ± 3.4 ms, p < 0.018). The mean within‐subject, coefficient of variation was 5.93% ± 1.57% for the proposed‐sequence and 6.31% ± 1.92% for the single‐slice sequence (p = 0.35) and the effect of slice variation (0.81 ± 4.87 ms) was not significantly different to zero (p = 0.61). In both patient examples increased T1ρ,adiab (maximum American Heart Association‐segment mean = 174 and 197 ms) was measured within the myocardial scar. Conclusion: The proposed sequence provides a twofold acceleration for myocardial T1ρ,adiab mapping using a multi‐slice approach. It has no significant difference in within‐subject variability, and significantly better precision, compared to a 2D T1ρ,adiab mapping sequence based on non‐selective adiabatic spin‐lock preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Diffusion encoding gradient waveforms can impart intra‐voxel and inter‐voxel dephasing owing to bulk motion, limiting achievable signal‐to‐noise and complicating multishot acquisitions. In this study, we characterize improvements in phase consistency via gradient moment nulling of diffusion encoding waveforms. Methods: Healthy volunteers received neuro (N=10$$ N=10 $$) and cardiac (N=10$$ N=10 $$) MRI. Three gradient moment nulling levels were evaluated: compensation for position (M0$$ {M}_0 $$), position + velocity (M1$$ {M}_1 $$), and position + velocity + acceleration (M1+M2$$ {M}_1+{M}_2 $$). Three experiments were completed: (Exp‐1) Fixed Trigger Delay Neuro DWI; (Exp‐2) Mixed Trigger Delay Neuro DWI; and (Exp‐3) Fixed Trigger Delay Cardiac DWI. Significant differences (p<0.05$$ p<0.05 $$) of the temporal phase SD between repeated acquisitions and the spatial phase gradient across a given image were assessed. Results: M0$$ {M}_0 $$ moment nulling was a reference for all measures. In Exp‐1, temporal phase SD for Gz$$ {G}_z $$ diffusion encoding was significantly reduced with M1$$ {M}_1 $$ (35% of t‐tests) and M1+M2$$ {M}_1+{M}_2 $$ (68% of t‐tests). The spatial phase gradient was reduced in 23% of t‐tests for M1$$ {M}_1 $$ and 2% of cases for M1+M2$$ {M}_1+{M}_2 $$. In Exp‐2, temporal phase SD significantly decreased with M1+M2$$ {M}_1+{M}_2 $$ gradient moment nulling only for Gz$$ {G}_z $$ (83% of t‐tests), but spatial phase gradient significantly decreased with only M1$$ {M}_1 $$ (50% of t‐tests). In Exp‐3, M1+M2$$ {M}_1+{M}_2 $$ gradient moment nulling significantly reduced temporal phase SD and spatial phase gradients (100% of t‐tests), resulting in less signal attenuation and more accurate ADCs. Conclusion: We characterized gradient moment nulling phase consistency for DWI. Using M1 for neuroimaging and M1 + M2 for cardiac imaging minimized temporal phase SDs and spatial phase gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is Earth's largest current flowing around Antarctica at all depths and connecting major ocean basins, thus representing an important component of Earth's climate. However, the timing and key controls determining ACC flow path and its strength as a function of past climatic boundary conditions that ultimately resulted in its modern configuration remain unclear due to major uncertainties in paleoceanographic and tectonic reconstructions. Here we present a unique high‐resolution laser ablation‐derived late Cenozoic seawater lead isotope record obtained from a hydrogenetic ferromanganese crust from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Our Pb isotope data reveal that the ACC has experienced five stable circulation states since the early Miocene which were separated by four major transitions observed at 17.5‐14.6, 12, 10 and 5 Ma. We suggest that the relatively abrupt transitions between ACC circulation state were mainly induced by tectonic changes, whereas the impact of climatic changes was of secondary importance. According to our data the modern ACC configuration formed 5 million years ago, likely in response to the closure of the Panama Seaway. Since the Drake Passage (DP) has already been an open seaway since at least the late Miocene, our results demonstrate that DP opening was not the only factor affecting past ACC circulation. Our data also show that changes in the latitudinal position of the ACC were linked to the middle Miocene waxing and waning of the Antarctic ice sheets, which emphasizes the ACC's critical role as a key control of Antarctic glaciation. Key Points: Five stable circulation states of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Pacific sector are identified by seawater Pb isotopes since the early MioceneACC dynamics linked to the middle Miocene waxing and waning of the Antarctic ice sheetThe ACC in its modern configuration formed about 5 million years ago following the final closure of the Panama Seaway [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]