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Background Study design Objective Materials and methods Results Discussion and conclusion Microsurgical vasoepididymostomy is an effective surgical method for treating epididymal obstructive azoospermia but the surgical outcomes can be affected in some non‐vasectomized epididymal obstructive azoospermia patients with concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction. This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in non‐vasectomized epididymal obstructive azoospermia patients with versus without concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction.Retrospective study.To explore the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in non‐vasectomized epididymal obstructive azoospermia patients with versus without concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction, aiming to identify predictive factors for concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction and evaluate the efficacy of microsurgical vasoepididymostomy in patients with epididymal obstructive azoospermia and concurrent short‐segment vas‐deferens obstruction.A retrospective analysis of 225 epididymal obstructive azoospermia cases was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from November 2016 to March 2023. All patients underwent a comprehensive preoperative evaluation. During surgery, the vas deferens were assessed to determine the presence and extent of obstruction. Depending on the obstruction length, either a standard microsurgical vasoepididymostomy was performed, or the obstructed segment was resected followed by microsurgical vasoepididymostomy. If the remaining length post‐resection was insufficient for anastomosis, the procedure was discontinued. Data on patient clinical characteristics, operative findings, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Logistic regression was used to identify predictive factors for concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction, and comparative analysis assessed patency and pregnancy rates between patients with and without concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction.Of the 225 patients in the study, 77 (34.22%) presented with epididymal obstructive azoospermia and concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction. Logistic regression analysis revealed that “the history of epididymitis” was a significant predictive factor for epididymal obstructive azoospermia patients with concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction (odds ratio = 9.06, p < 0.001). The average length of vas deferens obstruction amenable to microsurgical vasoepididymostomy post‐resection was 1.31 ± 0.54 cm (range from 0.50 to 2.50 cm). In contrast, cases unsuitable for microsurgical vasoepididymostomy presented an average obstruction length of 15.26 ± 5.79 cm (p < 0.001). The patency rates were 82.17% in epididymal obstructive azoospermia patients without concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction and 74.14% in those with concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction. The pregnancy rates followed a similar trend, at 34.11% and 34.48%, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05 for both). However, epididymal obstructive azoospermia patients with vas‐deferens obstruction exhibited a decreased likelihood of bilateral microsurgical vasoepididymostomy (p < 0.001).Our study identifies a noticeable occurrence of concurrent vas‐deferens obstruction in non‐vasectomized epididymal obstructive azoospermia patients, with approximately one‐third of the cases (34.22%) exhibiting vas‐deferens obstruction during surgical interventions. Notably, a small fraction (6.67%) of these individuals chose not to proceed with any microsurgical vasoepididymostomy, even on one side, due to the extensive length of the obstruction. Through logistic analysis, we have demonstrated that “the history of epididymitis” is a critical predictive factor for the presence of vas‐deferens obstruction, underscoring its significance in preoperative evaluations. Furthermore, our research confirms that microsurgical vasoepididymostomy is still an effective treatment for epididymal obstructive azoospermia patients with concurrent short‐segment vas‐deferens obstruction, achieving significant patency and favorable pregnancy rates compared to those patients without vas‐deferens obstruction. These insights are pivotal for enhancing surgical strategies and improving fertility outcomes in this patient cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Material and methods Results Discussion and conclusion The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the central hub for protein quality control, where the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), encoded by at least 21 genes, play a pivotal role. These multifunctional proteins contribute to disulfide bond formation, proper folding, and protein modifications, and may act as hormone‐binding proteins (e.g., steroids), influencing hormone biology. The interplay between ER proteostasis, PDIs, and epididymis—a crucial site for sperm maturation—remains largely understudied.This study characterizes transcriptional signatures of Pdi genes in the epididymis.Transcriptional profiles of selected Pdi genes were assessed in adult Wistar rat tissues, and epididymis under different experimental conditions (developmental stages, surgical castration, and efferent ductules ligation [EDL]). In silico bioinformatic analyses identified expression trends of this gene family in human epididymal segments.P4hb, Pdia3, Pdia5, Pdia6, Erp44, Erp29, and Casq1 transcripts were detected in both reproductive and non‐reproductive tissues, while Casq2 exhibited higher abundance in vas deferens, prostate, and heart. Pdilt, highly expressed in testis, and Pdia2, highly expressed in heart, showed minimal mRNA levels in the epididymis. In the mesonephric duct, epididymal embryonic precursor, P4hb, Pdia3, Pdia5, Pdia6, and Erp29 mRNAs were found at gestational day (GD) 17.5. Except for Erp29, which remained stable, these Pdi transcript levels increased from GD17.5 to GD20.5, when epididymal morphogenesis occurs, and were maintained to varying degrees in the epididymis during postnatal development. Surgical castration downregulated P4hb, Pdia3, Pdia5, Pdia6, Pdilt and Erp29 transcripts, an effect reversed by testosterone replacement. Conversely, transcript levels remained unaffected by EDL, except P4hb, which was reduced in caput epididymis. All 21 PDI genes exhibited diverse transcriptional profiles across the human epididymis.The findings lay the foundations to explore Pdi genes in epididymal biology. As a considerable proportion of male infertility cases are idiopathic, targeting hormonal regulation of protein quality control in epididymis represents a route to address male infertility and advance therapeutic interventions in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Region‐specific immune environments in the epididymis influence the immune responses to uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection, a relevant cause of epididymitis in men. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are essential to orchestrate immune responses against bacterial infections. The epididymis displays region‐specific inflammatory responses to bacterial‐derived TLR agonists, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4 agonist) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA; TLR2/TLR6 agonist), suggesting that TLR‐associated signaling pathways could influence the magnitude of inflammatory responses in epididymitis. Objectives: To investigate the expression and regulation of key genes associated with TLR4 and TLR2/TLR6 signaling pathways during epididymitis induced by UPEC, LPS, and LTA in mice. Material and methods: Epididymitis was induced in mice using UPEC, ultrapure LPS, or LTA, injected into the interstitial space of the initial segment or the lumen of the vas deferens close to the cauda epididymidis. Samples were harvested after 1, 5, and 10 days for UPEC‐treated animals and 6 and 24 h for LPS‐/LTA‐treated animals. Ex vivo epididymitis was induced by incubating epididymal regions from naive mice with LPS or LTA. RT‐qPCR and Western blot assays were conducted. Results: UPEC infection up‐regulated Tlr2, Tlr4, and Tlr6 transcripts and their associated signaling molecules Cd14, Ticam1, and Traf6 in the cauda epididymidis but not in the initial segment. In these epididymal regions, LPS and LTA differentially modulated Tlr2, Tlr4, Tlr6, Cd14, Myd88, Ticam1, Traf3, and Traf6 expression levels. NFKB and AP1 activation was required for LPS‐ and LTA‐induced up‐regulation of TLR‐associated signaling transcripts in the cauda epididymidis and initial segment, respectively. Conclusion: The dynamic modulation of TLR4 and TLR2/TLR6 signaling pathways gene expression during epididymitis indicates bacterial‐derived antigens elicit an increased tissue sensitivity to combat microbial infection in a spatial manner in the epididymis. Differential activation of TLR‐associated signaling pathways may contribute to fine‐tuning inflammatory responses along the epididymis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activins (A and B) and their binding protein, follistatin, play crucial roles in development, immunoregulation and inflammation throughout the body. In the male reproductive tract of the mouse, activin A and B production is largely confined to the initial segment and proximal caput of the epididymis and the efferent ducts, under normal conditions, with very low expression in the corpus, cauda and vas deferens. However, activin A protein is present throughout the epididymis and vas deferens and is largely associated with the epithelium and interstitial macrophages. Conversely, the activin‐binding protein follistatin is produced in the distal epididymis, with very high expression in the vas deferens. Activin activity in the distal tract is inhibited by follistatin, and the activin–follistatin balance is important for regulating coiling of the duct during epididymal development. In further experiments, as described in this report, in situ hybridisation was used to localise activin A mRNA principally to cells in the periductal zone and interstitium in the efferent ducts and proximal caput. Activin B mRNA, on the other hand, was localised to periductal cells in the efferent ducts and proximal epididymis and, most notably, to epithelial cells in the initial segment. Activin A is implicated in the regulation of mononuclear phagocyte function and immune responses in the caput and stimulates the expression of the key immunoregulatory protein, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase in this region. Activin A production in the corpus and cauda increases dramatically during bacterial epididymitis in mice, promoting inflammation and fibrosis and causing damage to the epithelium and obstruction of the epididymal duct. Consequently, it appears that the activin–follistatin axis is crucial for maintaining normal epididymal structure and function, but disruption of this balance during inflammation has deleterious effects on male fertility. Follistatin has therapeutic potential in ameliorating the proinflammatory and profibrotic effects of activins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Materials and methods Results Conclusion Pediatric inguinal hernia repair (IHR) is a common cause of obstructive azoospermia (OA). Yet, the surgical treatment for this kind of OA remains difficult with poor fertility outcome.To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of totally extraperitoneal laparoscopy‐assisted microsurgical vasovasostomy (VV) in the treatment of OA caused by pediatric bilateral IHR.Totally, 37 patients with OA caused by pediatric bilateral IHR were enrolled in this study from March 2015 to December 2020 in Shanghai General Hospital. The clinical data and fertility outcomes were collected and analyzed.All patients enrolled had a history of bilateral IHR at the age of 1–10 years old. The mean age of patients was 27 ± 4.31 (range: 18–35) years. Totally extraperitoneal laparoscopy (TEP) was applied in 31 patients for the exploration and retrieval of pelvic vas deferens end, and 30 of them underwent microsurgical VV successfully. Among the six cases where TEP was not applied, five cases underwent microsurgical anastomosis. Intraoperative exploration revealed that the location of vas deferens injuries included scrotum (2.70%, 1/37), inguinal canal (5.41%, 2/37), pelvic cavity (78.37%, 29/37), and multiple sites (13.51%, 5/37). The mean operation time was 339 ± 96.73 min (range: 130–510 min). There were no surgical complications. Thirty‐three cases were followed up for 5–48 months with four cases lost to follow‐up. The overall patency rate, pregnancy rate, and natural pregnancy rate were 75.86% (22/29), 46.67% (14/30), and 36.84% (7/19, 3 patients without family planning), respectively. And seven couples conceived through the assisted reproductive technique, two of which using fresh sperm in the ejaculate.TEP laparoscopy‐assisted microscopic VV is an effective treatment for patients with OA caused by pediatric bilateral IHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 5‐year 11‐month‐old, male, neutered, Bengal cross cat was examined for a 5‐week history of tenesmus. Positive contrast urethrocystography and computed tomography scan demonstrated a fluid‐filled structure occupying the pelvic canal. Midline coeliotomy and symphysiotomy revealed a large cystic structure dorsal to the urethra in the area of the prostate. This structure was communicating with the urethra via a duct and both vas deferens were inserting in it. The duct was ligated and partial ablation and omentalisation of the structure was performed. Histopathological examination identified features consistent with a true uterus masculinus. Bacteriology of the cystic fluid cultured Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. The cat recovered uneventfully and with no ongoing clinical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the journal "Colorectal Disease" discusses a case of robotic low anterior resection with combined resection of the left-sided pelvic plexus and seminal vesicle for locally advanced rectal cancer. The procedure was performed on a 48-year-old man who had received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The surgery was successful, with no recurrence during the 18-month follow-up period, demonstrating the safety and feasibility of the robotic platform for such complex surgeries. The authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest or financial ties, and the procedures were conducted in accordance with ethical standards. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses a case of a 65-year-old man who experienced a local recurrence of prostate cancer 10 years after undergoing radical prostatectomy. The recurrence was detected through positron emission tomography-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PET-PSMA) imaging, which showed avidity of tracer at the distal end of the right vas deferens. The patient was successfully treated with MRI-guided radiotherapy (MR-gRT), resulting in an excellent response with no reported early toxicity. The article emphasizes the usefulness of PSMA-PET imaging in guiding salvage treatment for locally recurrent prostate cancer, allowing for highly targeted therapy and avoiding unnecessary toxicity. [Extracted from the article]

Aim: As multidisciplinary treatment strategies for colorectal cancer have improved, aggressive surgical resection has become commonplace. Multivisceral and extended resections offer curative‐intent resection with significant survival benefit. However, limited data exist regarding the feasibility and oncological efficacy of performing extended resection via a minimally invasive approach. The aim of this study was to determine the perioperative and long‐term outcomes following robotic extended resection for colorectal cancer. Method: We describe the population of patients undergoing robotic multivisceral resection for colorectal cancer at our single institution. We evaluated perioperative details and investigated short‐ and long‐term outcomes, using the Kaplan–Meier method to analyse overall and recurrence‐free survival. Results: Among the 86 patients most tumours were T3 (47%) or T4 (47%) lesions in the rectum (78%). Most resections involved the anterior compartment (72%): bladder (n = 13), seminal vesicle/vas deferens (n = 27), ureter (n = 6), prostate (n = 15) and uterus/vagina/adnexa (n = 27). Three cases required conversion to open surgery; 10 patients had grade 3 complications. The median hospital stay was 4 days. Resections were R0 (>1 mm) in 78 and R1 (0 to ≤1 mm) in 8, with none being R2. The average nodal yield was 26 and 48 (55.8%) were pN0. Three‐year overall survival was 88% and median progression‐free survival was 19.4 months. Local recurrence was 6.1% and distant recurrence was 26.1% at 3 years. Conclusion: Performance of multivisceral and extended resection on the robotic platform allows patients the benefit of minimally invasive surgery while achieving oncologically sound resection of colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epithelial cells that line the kidneys and lower urinary tract are exposed to mechanical forces including shear stress and wall tension; however, the mechanosensors that detect and respond to these stimuli remain obscure. Candidates include the OSCA/TMEM63 family of ion channels, which can function as mechanosensors and osmosensors. Using Tmem63bHA‐fl/HA‐fl reporter mice, we assessed the localization of HA‐tagged‐TMEM63B within the urinary tract by immunofluorescence coupled with confocal microscopy. In the kidneys, HA‐TMEM63B was expressed by proximal tubule epithelial cells, by the intercalated cells of the collecting duct, and by the epithelial cells lining the thick ascending limb of the medulla. In the urinary tract, HA‐TMEM63B was expressed by the urothelium lining the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra. HA‐TMEM63B was also expressed in closely allied organs including the epithelial cells lining the seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and lateral prostate glands of male mice and the vaginal epithelium of female mice. Our studies reveal that TMEM63B is expressed by subsets of kidney and lower urinary tract epithelial cells, which we hypothesize are sites of TMEM63B mechanosensation or osmosensation, or both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the usage of nanoparticles has expanded substantially in recent years, and it causes the detrimental effect on the various organs. CuNPs are widely used in commercial applications. There has been minimal investigation into the possibly harmful effects of CuNPs on the accessory reproductive organs. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of CuNPs on the male reproductive organs like epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate of mice. The mice were exposed orally to CuNPs at three doses 10, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 70 days. Our results showed that the organs index of only vas deferens and prostate reduced at 200 mg/kg group compared to the control. However, the histological study showed degenerative changes in the epididymis at higher doses like distortion in the tubules. The sperm parameters were also decreased in the 200 mg/kg CuNPs group. The vas deferens in 100 and 200 mg/kg treatment groups exhibited detachment of luminal epithelium and with a few or no spermatozoa in the higher dose group. The seminal vesicle and prostate also showed degenerative changes like atrophy, hyperplasia, and scant secretary materials. Furthermore, CuNPs also increased the oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant enzymes in vas deferens and seminal vesicles at higher dose. Caput epididymis showed decreased GPx enzymes in all the groups. However, MDA and GPx in corpus, cauda, and prostate did not show any significant variations among all the groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that CuNPs can manifest the detrimental effect of the male accessory organs and epididymis in a dose and tissue dependent manner. Since, detrimental effects were observed only at higher dose, thus, uses of CuNPs would be safe for reproductive organs at lower dose, even for the prolonged duration. Research Highlights: Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) impairs the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and prostate.CuNPs affects the epididymis and accessory organ in a dose and tissue dependant manner.CuNPs only at higher dose and longer duration has negative impact on the organs.The lower dose would be safer for reproductive organs even for longer duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (LPEC) is an alternative to open repair for pediatric inguinal hernias; however, its application for boys remains controversial. In this study, we developed a technique to enhance the safety and feasibility of LPEC. Material and Surgical Technique: In our technique, forceps are used to pull up the peritoneum ahead on the route, creating a space between the peritoneum and structures, including gonadal vessels and vas deferens. This potentially decreases the risk of perioperative injury of these structures. This technique also allows the needle to pass on the shortest course around the inguinal ring without crossing the vas deferens, possibly lowering the likelihood of injury and preventing excessively high ligation of the vaginalis process. Discussion: Our technique diversifies the LPEC methods, thereby augmenting the feasibility and safety of the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder rarely found in Asian populations. Most males with CF are infertile because of obstructive azoospermia (OA) caused by congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD). Compound heterozygous mutations of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are among the most common pathogenic factors in CBAVD. However, few genealogical analyses have been performed. Methods: In this study, whole‐exome sequencing and cosegregation analysis were performed in a Chinese pedigree involving two siblings with CBAVD. Moreover, in vitro gene expressions were used to analyze the pathogenicity of a novel CFTR mutation. Results: We identified compound heterozygous mutations of CFTR comprising the known disease‐causing variant c.1210‐11T>G (also known as IVS9‐5 T) and c.2144delA;p.q715fs in two siblings with CBAVD. To verify the effects in vitro, we transfected vectors expressing wild‐type and mutated CFTR into 293T cells. The results showed that the CFTR protein containing the frameshift mutation (c.2144delA) was 60 kD smaller. With testicular sperm aspiration/intracytoplasmic sperm injection‐embryo transfer (TESA/ICSI‐ET), both CBAVD patients fathered healthy offspring. Conclusion: Our study revealed that compound heterozygous mutations of CFTR are involved in CBAVD, expanding the known CFTR gene mutation spectrum of CBAVD patients and providing more evidence that compound heterozygous mutations can cause familial CBAVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: RS17053 is classed as an α1A‐adrenoceptor selective antagonist. Objectives: We have examined its profile of action at all subtypes of α1‐adrenoceptor. Methods: Noradrenaline (NA) evoked contractions of rat vas deferens involve α1D‐adrenoceptors in phasic contractions and α1A‐adrenoceptors in tonic contractions. Contractions of rat aorta to NA involve α1D‐ and α1B‐adrenoceptors. Results: RS17053 (10−5 M) shifted NA potency and virtually abolished tonic contractions to NA, with little or limited effect on phasic contractions. The α1D‐adrenoceptor antagonist BMY7378 (3 × 10−7 M) significantly inhibited the remaining phasic component of the contractions, and the α1A‐adrenoceptor antagonist RS100329 (10−7 M) inhibited further the residual tonic contraction. Hence, RS17053 shows high selectivity for α1A‐adrenoceptors over α1D‐adrenoceptors in rat vas deferens. However, RS17053 (10−5 M) produced a large shift in the potency of NA in rat aorta, with a pKB of 6.82. Large shifts of NA potency in rat aorta involve α1B‐adrenoceptor blockade. Conclusion: Results in rat vas deferens demonstrate low potency of RS17053 at α1D‐adrenoceptors, but results from rat aorta can only be explained as demonstrating α1B‐adrenoceptor antagonism by RS17053. RS17053 may be a useful pharmacological tool when reclassified as a mainly α1A‐ and to a lesser extent α1B‐adrenoceptor antagonist with little effect at α1D‐adrenoceptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive biology of the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), was investigated in males and females with a focus on how sperm is handled by males before – and by females after – copulation. As this insect has great economic importance for protein production from agri‐food wastes, its reproduction needs to be precisely known. A detailed description of male and female reproductive organs was made, and sperm were counted in male and female storage organs. Measures of testis and sperm counts were performed in males of various ages and their dynamics was compared to the ovaries of females. Both male and female tracts were long, and consisted of various successive parts. In males, testes fill the vas deferens with mature sperm, that are tangled as 'windrows', and sperm pass successively through a 'studded pipe' and three phallic 'wands' before being transferred to females. In virgin males, mean (± SEM) sperm number increased from approximately 9700 (± 1400, n = 5) to 39600 (± 3470, n = 13) in 20 days, and testes gradually decreased in size, indicating continuous spermatogenesis. Sperm cells are long, more than 3 mm. During copulation, sperm are deposited by phallic 'wands' at the base of each spermatheca in a smooth tube followed by a 'fishnet canal' at the top of which they accumulate before complete storage. They then pass through a ringed canal, an elbow, and a rigid rod strewn with glands, before reaching the spermathecal reservoir. Females store approximately 680 spermatozoa after one mating in each spermathecal reservoir. Such complex sperm storage organs of females may indicate strong female post‐mating selection, and reflect competition for long and numerous sperm in this species, in which female multiple matings are suspected. Besides its economical interest, BSF is an appealing model for further investigations on sexual selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Isolated congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (iCBAVD) in men results in obstructive azoospermia and is mainly caused by pathogenic variants in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) or adhesion G protein‐coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2). Methods: The next‐generation sequencing (NGS) was used to screen the mutations in the proband, and Sanger sequencings were performed to validate the compound heterozygous variant of CFTR in his family members. Protein structure simulation was performed to discover the potential pathological mechanism. Results: This study reported novel compound heterozygous CFTR mutations (NM:000492.4, Intron: 5T; c.3965_3969dupTTGGG: p.R1325Gfs*5) in two brothers with obstructive azoospermia. The compound heterozygous CFTR mutations were first screened out by NGS in an infertile male patient who exhibited iCBAVD from a nonconsanguineous Chinese family. Histological analysis of the testicular biopsy from this patient revealed normal spermatogenesis and mature spermatozoa were observed in the seminiferous tubules. Surprisingly, the same compound heterozygous CFTR mutations were also observed in his brothers who also exhibited iCBAVD, with their parents being a heterozygous carrier for the mutations, as verified by Sanger sequencing. Protein structure simulation revealed that these mutations potentially led to impaired ATP‐binding ability of CFTR. Conclusion: We identified novel compound heterozygous CFTR mutations in two brothers and summarized the literature regarding CFTR mutation and male infertility. Our study may contribute to the genetic diagnosis of iCBAVD and future genetic counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirteen black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa) male fetuses, acquired in two areas of the Amazon Forest, were used for the purpose of morphologically describing the fetal male urogenital organs with a focus on addressing histological and macroscopic aspects. The organs of interest were dissected and photographed in situ and ex situ. Fragments were collected and subjected to routine histological processing for inclusion in paraffin, which was cut and stained by haematoxylin and eosin and Gomori's Trichrome methods and subsequently analysed in a light microscope. The results showed that the urinary tract is like that of domestic animals and is composed of smooth unilobed kidneys covered by a dense capsule of connective tissue and divided into two well‐defined regions, cortical and medullary. Ureters, urethra and urinary bladder also showed macroscopic and microscopic characteristics similar to those of domestic animals. The penis of these animals has fibroelastic characteristics, with numerous keratinized structures at its apex. In the middle third of the penis, a "U" shaped penile flexure was seen; the glans penis is covered by a keratinized epidermis containing horny spicules. The presence of a penile bone in an endochondral ossification process was observed, being more developed in gestational ages greater than 76 days. The annex glands were not observed, probably because they were fetuses; only the ampulla of the ductus deferens was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectins are carbohydrate‐binding proteins that are highly selective for sugar groups on other molecules. Siglec5 is a cell‐surface lectin that belongs to the sialic acid‐binding Ig‐like lectins (Siglecs) and acts as a suppressor of immune responses. In this study, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) were used to detect the expression of Siglec5 in the male reproductive tract of dromedary camels during the rutting season. Siglec5 displayed strong immunostaining in the cranial and caudal testicular regions and moderate immunostaining in the rete testis. Different parts of the epididymis showed varying immunoreactions to Siglec5. The spermatozoa in the testes and epididymis also showed positive immunostaining for Siglec5, whereas, the vas deferens showed negative immunostaining for the protein. The results obtained by western blotting confirmed the immunohistochemical detection of the protein in the testicular and epididymal tissues. The results of qRT‐PCR showed that Siglec mRNA was expressed differently in each part of the testis and epididymis; the highest levels of expression were observed in the caudal part of the testis and in the head of the epididymis. In conclusion, the present study revealed that Siglec5 is mainly located in the testis and epididymis, where sperm production and maturation occur. Therefore, this protein may play an essential role in the development, maturation and protection of camel sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The andrological study of a species involves the macro‐ and microscopic analyses of the internal reproductive organs and the evaluation of seminal parameters and ultrastructural characteristics of the spermatozoa. As in other vertebrates, the male reproductive tract in chondrichthyans consists of testes and reproductive ducts (efferent duct, epididymis, Leydig's gland, ductus deferens and seminal vesicle). In this study the authors used three adult specimens of Zapteryx brevirostris from wild capture kept at the Ubatuba Aquarium, Brazil. Semen was collected by abdominal massage over the location of the seminal vesicle, preceded by ultrasonographic evaluation. The semen collected was diluted 1:200 and subject to quantitative and morphological analyses. Ultrastructural analysis was performed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Correlation was observed between successful collection and ultrasonographic image of an engorged seminal vesicle, as well as testicles with easily delimitable margins and higher echogenicity. It was possible to identify free spermatozoa with helical filiform appearance, as well as spermatozeugmata. The average sperm concentration resulted in 5 million packets per millilitre and 140 million spermatozoa per millilitre. The sperm nucleus is described as follows: cone shaped, parachromatin sheath less dense than the chromatin of the nucleus, smooth depression of the nuclear fossa, abaxial axoneme 9 + 2 and accessory axonemal columns in positions 3 and 8 and oval shaped, with flattened inner surface in cross‐section. These results broaden the knowledge of the andrology of this species, contributing to ex situ breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The development of single‐cell sequencing technology has expanded the understanding of cell heterogeneity and disease progression in the male genitourinary system. However, complex processing and unprofessional analytical annotations limit the daily use and widely sharing of published datasets. Objectives: Single‐cell sequencing data of male‐specific tissues and organs. Materials and methods: The data were downloaded from published studies and were processed based on the Seurat R package, including quality control, cell clustering, reduction and graph generation, and cell type annotation were differentiated by referring to the related paper or recognized cell markers. Input and visual results output through the Shiny package, which was loaded into the remote server. Results: The current version of the Male Health Atlas database includes two species (human and mouse), five male‐specific tissues and organs (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, corpus cavernosum, and prostate), and eight major cell types, with a total of 57 samples and 258,428 single‐cell profiles. The results were divided into two main parts: Cell Clustering and Gene Display. In Cell Clustering section, visitors are free to change cell dimensionality reduction (t‐distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, or uniform manifold approximation and projection), color palette, and annotation (cell type or sample type). The Gene Display section includes a reduced dimension scatter plot, violin plot, and bubble plot. Visitors can easily view the expression characteristics of single or multiple genes, and compare the expression differences between different cell types or groups. Discussion and conclusion: Male Health Atlas is the first single‐cell database website in the field of andrology and male reproduction, providing researchers with single‐cell sequencing resources and an accessible tool. Male Health Atlas is freely available at http://malehealthatlas.cn/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Australian Faculty of Radiation Oncology Genitourinary Group (FROGG) developed prostate bed clinical target volume (CTV) contouring guidelines which were subsequently used to develop the National EviQ guidelines for adjuvant and salvage post‐prostatectomy radiotherapy (PPRT). These guidelines were based mainly upon consensus agreement. With the advent of prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET), sites of recurrence can now be detected with low prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels following radical prostatectomy. We evaluated sites of recurrence in patients treated with FROGG/EviQ CTVs to inform upcoming modifications of these guidelines. Methods: At our institution, we use the FROGG/EviQ guidelines for PPRT. From 2015, patients with PSA failure following PPRT have been re‐staged using PSMA PET imaging. We identified patients with PET‐avid local, nodal, and distant recurrences, fusing them with original treatment plans to determine whether recurrences were within or outside the prostate bed CTV. Regional nodal failures were reviewed to determine if they were within current elective node contouring guidelines. Results: Ninety‐four patients had positive PSMA PET following PPRT. Nine (9.6%) recurrences were local, seven being local‐only. One local recurrence (1.1%) was just superior to the contoured prostate bed CTV, located within the vas deferens. Seventy‐three (77.7%) patients had a component of node failure, with 56 (59.6%) having node‐only failure. Sites of nodal relapses were covered by standard contouring guidelines 60.3% of the time. Conclusion: The low recurrence rate outside of current prostate bed CTV contouring guidelines is consistent with other studies using contemporary contouring, and validates the efficacy of the current FROGG/EviQ prostate bed CTV definition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orchiectomy with a vas deferens to pampiniform plexus ligation (VPL) is a novel method, and it is unclear how its short‐term outcomes compare with the results of a conventional method, spermatic cord ligation (SCL). Objective: To compare the short‐term outcomes of SCL and VPL on inflammation, surgery time, bleeding, pain and surgeon satisfaction during canine open orchiectomy. Methods: Thirty male crossbred dogs undergoing open orchiectomy were enrolled the study. Dogs were randomly allocated to one of the SCL or VPL groups, with 15 patients in each. In the SCL group, the spermatic cord was ligated using absorbable sutures. The vas deferens, and pampiniform plexus self‐tying were performed in the VPL group. Surgery time, bleeding and surgeon satisfaction scores were recorded. Inflammation at the surgical site was assessed using infrared thermal camera over three days, and pain associated with inflammation was scored on the third day. Results: On Day 3, the average temperature in the SCL group was significantly higher than that of the VPL group, with a mean difference of 4.63°C (95% CI: 2.34–6.93, p < 0.001). Moreover, the surgery time in the VPL group was significantly longer compared to the SCL group, with a mean difference of 1.7 min (95% CI: 0.28–3.11, p = 0.021). The bleeding score was also significantly higher in the VPL group (p = 0.012). On the other hand, surgeon satisfaction and pain scores were not significantly different between groups. Conclusion: Both SCL and VPL methods are safe and effective for orchiectomy in dogs. VPL is comparable in efficacy and safety and has the additional benefit of less inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of α2‐adrenergic agonists in association with urethral catheterization has been used as a technique for pharmacological semen collection in cats. The mechanism of action of this drug is the stimulation of adrenoreceptors in the vas deferens, which results in ejaculation. While medetomidine is the α2‐agonist most commonly used in studies, ejaculation with the use of dexmedetomidine associated with ketamine has been effective, but with variable results. Therefore, further studies regarding the methodology of use are required to obtain better seminal quality. This study aimed to compare two pharmacological semen collection times after the association of dexmedetomidine (30 μg/kg, IM; Dormitor®, Zoetis), ketamine (5 mg/kg, IM; ketamine, Vetnil) and urethral catheterization using a tomcat probe (0.8 mm × 1.00 mm × 11 cm). The collections were divided into two experimental groups: G10 (N = 8; urethral catheterization after 10 min of anaesthesia) and G15 (N = 8; urethral catheterization after 15 min of anaesthesia). The ejaculates were evaluated for ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, morphology and kinetics using the CASA system. To compare the groups, the t‐test and the Mann–Whitney U‐test were used with a significance level of 5%. It was identified that ejaculate volume (G10: 22.62 ± 2.13 vs. G15: 26.81 ± 1.55; p <.001) and sperm concentration (G10: 48.10 × 106 ± 17.84 vs. G15: 90.18 × 106 ± 19.35; p <.001) was higher in G15 than in G10 and had a lower percentage of minor defects than G10 (G10: 3.12 ± 2.41 vs. G15: 1.00 ± 1.19; p =.043). Regarding the kinetic parameters, the results of G15 were better for total motility—TM (G10: 67.00 ± 10.33 vs. G15: 81.87 ± 7.99; p =.006) and faster cells—RAPID: (G10: 55.00 ± 16.63 vs. G15: 74.25 ± 11.94; p =.019); whereas a higher proportion of cells with slow speed—SLOW were seen in G10 (G10: 31.00 ± 12.07 vs. 17.12 ± 7.53; p =.015). Based on these findings, we suggest that collection via urethral catheterization should be performed 15 min after the application of ketamine‐associated dexmedetomidine to obtain a better‐quality ejaculate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Mullerian-type clear cell carcinoma of the seminal vesicle presenting as a testicular mass Keywords: clear cell carcinoma; genitourinary; Mullerian; seminal vesicle; testis EN clear cell carcinoma genitourinary Mullerian seminal vesicle testis 997 999 3 11/08/23 20231201 NES 231201 I Sir i : Primary carcinomas of the seminal vesicles and Mullerian-type carcinomas of the paratestis are exceedingly rare. Seminal vesicle carcinomas often demonstrate trabecular and papillary growth and may exhibit mucinous differentiation.[[1]] We are aware of one prior case of Mullerian-type clear cell carcinoma arising in the seminal vesicle but with incomplete documentation, according to contemporary criteria.[3] Two additional cases have been reported possibly arising in Mullerian rests/cysts within the pelvis, adjacent to seminal vesicles.[[4]] Herein we report a primary Mullerian-type clear cell carcinoma of the seminal vesicle with supportive immunohistochemical reactivity and a unique clinical presentation. [Extracted from the article]

Sesarmid crab, Muradium tetragonum, considered a key detritus consumer plays a significant role in the nutrient cycling and energy flow in most of the mangrove environments. Morphological and ultrastructural organization of the M. tetragonum male reproductive system are characterized through transmission electron microscopic studies. Adult males (3.2–4.2 cm) with dark violet carapace and white‐tipped cheliped were procured alongside the coastal areas of Tanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. The morphological analysis highlights the male gonads to be bilaterally symmetrical and anterolaterally located inside the cephalothorax. A pair of elongated testes lying attached to the hypodermis of the carapace leads to a long highly coiled vas deferens categorized into three distinct regions (Proximal vas deferens, Middle vas deferens and distal vas deferens) structurally and functionally with Posterior vas deferens receiving sac‐like accessory glands. It gets followed by an ejaculatory duct and ends with the penile papillae at the coxae's base of the fifth peripod. Structural modifications were observed in the ultrastructure of vas deferens envisage (considering) its functional role in storing spermatophores, active absorption and assisting the secretory activity. Spermatophores, witnessed as spherical bodies are bounded by a dense double wall. Aflagellate, immotile and spherical spermatozoa that measuring 3.6 μm in diameter encompasses a complex acrosome cupped by a nucleus. Moreover, perforatorium and the extending nuclear arms with chromatin, as displayed in the experimental organism M. tetragonum, are in synergy with that of certain brachyurans as specified in the study. Hence, the current study assessing the morphology and ultrastructure parameters of the male gonads could be useful in understanding the physiology of sexual maturation, annual cyclic changes, tracing the phylogenetic relationship among species and enhancing the brood‐stock management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabbits are frequently used in research because of their human‐like biological structure. In the present study, 10 male rabbits were preferred. Arterial vascularization of the genital system organs were dissected. Morphometric and macroanatomical results of these organs were taken, and some organs were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, right testis length was measured at 67.24 ± 5.36 mm and left testis length was 62.25 ± 6.55 mm in New Zealand rabbits. Testicular weight was 10.21 ± 1.17 g on the right and 9.90 ± 1.15 g on the left. Right caput epididymidis 0.68 ± 0.08 g, left caput epididymidis 0.80 ± 0.13 g; right corpus epididymidis 0.14 ± 0.03 left corpus epididymidis 0.15 ± 0.03 g; right cauda epididymidis 1.87 ± 0.26 g left cauda epididymidis 1.90 ± 0.31 g. In the present study, right ductus deferens weight was 0.30 ± 0.29 g, and left ductus deferens weight was 0.25 ± 0.03 g; the ampulla ductus deferentis weight was 0.35 ± 0.16 g on the right side and 0.37 ± 0.16 g on the left side. The length of the vesicular gland glandula vesicularis was calculated as 18.54 ± 0.35 mm on the right and 17.55 ± 0.59 mm on the left. The width of the vesicular gland was measured as 16.54 ± 0.28 mm on the right and 16.70 ± 0.45 mm on the left. Vesicular gland weight was 0.91 ± 0.07 g on the right side and 0.96 ± 0.09 g on the left side. The prostate length was recorded as 11.68 ± 2.01 mm and width as 13.02 ± 1.38 mm. The length of the bulbourethral gland was 13.36 ± 2.00 mm on the right side and 12.39 ± 1.21 mm on the left. Its width was recorded as 6.73 ± 0.98 mm on the right and 5.80 ± 0.90 mm on the left. Respectively, it weighed 0.40 ± 0.20 g on the right and 0.44 ± 0.24 g on the left. The prostate consisted of three parts in rabbits: the proprostate, the corpus prostate and the paraprostate. The bulbourethral gland was a green lentil‐sized gland found in pairs. It is thought that the obtained results will contribute to the scientific researches on male genital system in laboratory animals and other animal species, artificial insemination studies, reproductive system diseases and operations in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genitourinary anomalies constitute a large proportion of congenital malformations. However seminal tract anomalies, particularly ejaculatory duct (ED) anomalies are very rare and little information exists on the topic. We are reporting a very rare case of bilateral ectopic EDs opening in the bladder trigone in a 33‐year‐old gentleman presenting for evaluation for primary infertility. The patient's semen analysis showed low‐ejaculate‐volume, fructose negative, acidic pH and azoospermia. His hormonal profile was normal. Cystoscopy revealed an empty posterior urethra, and the verumontanum and the openings of the EDs could not be identified in the posterior urethra. The ED openings were found inside the bladder trigone. Vasography combined with cystoscopy confirmed the opening of the ED in the trigone following Intra‐vasal injection of methylene blue. Our patient had a successful intracytoplasmic sperm injection using testicular spermatozoa that resulted in a healthy baby boy. We also did a formal literature review through PUBMED, MEDLINE and Google Scholar with the search term (ectopic ED). Search results were filtered to exclude vas deferens ectopia. Our literature search revealed five studies comprising 24 patients with ectopic EDs. Mean age at diagnosis was 29.88 ± 12.88 years. The most common presenting symptom was hemospermia. The ectopic EDs most commonly opened in a midline cyst (21 cases), bladder trigone (1 case), or bladder neck (1 case). The most common management used for symptomatic patients with ectopic EDs opening in the midline cyst was through transurethral fenestration. In conclusion, ectopic ED openings in the bladder trigone are very rare. Management varies by case depending on the presentation, anatomy of underlying anomaly, associated complication/s and desire for fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic heavy metal widely dispersed in the environment because of human industrial activities. Many studies revealed that Pb could adversely affect several organs, including the male reproductive system. Pb‐induced reproductive toxicity could lead to infertility. Thus, finding safe and clinically applicable protective agents against this complication is important. It has been found that oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of Pb‐induced reprotoxicity. Glycine is the simplest amino acid with a wide range of pharmacological activities. It has been found that glycine could attenuate oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment in various experimental models. The current study was designed to evaluate the role of glycine in Pb‐induced reproductive toxicity in male mice. Male BALB/c mice received Pb (20 mg/kg/day; gavage; 35 consecutive days) and treated with glycine (250 and 500 mg/kg/day; gavage; 35 consecutive days). Then, reproductive system weight indices, biomarkers of oxidative stress in the testis and isolated sperm, sperm kinetic, sperm mitochondrial indices, and testis histopathological alterations were monitored. A significant change in testis, epididymis, and Vas deferens weight was evident in Pb‐treated animals. Markers of oxidative stress were also significantly increased in the testis and isolated sperm of the Pb‐treated group. A significant disruption in sperm kinetic was also evident when mice received Pb. Moreover, Pb exposure caused significant deterioration in sperm mitochondrial indices. Tubular injury, tubular desquamation, and decreased spermatogenic index were histopathological alterations detected in Pb‐treated mice. It was found that glycine significantly blunted oxidative stress markers in testis and sperm, improved sperm mitochondrial parameters, causing considerable higher velocity‐related indices (VSL, VCL, and VAP) and percentages of progressively motile sperm, and decreased testis histopathological changes in Pb‐exposed animals. These data suggest glycine as a potential protective agent against Pb‐induced reproductive toxicity. The effects of glycine on oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial function play a key role in its protective mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The unique anatomy of the male reproductive organ reflects its complex function from sperm maturation to their storage for months until emission. Since light microscopy in two dimensions (2d) cannot sufficiently demonstrate its complex morphology, a comprehensive visualization is required to identify pathologic alterations in its entire anatomical context. Objectives: Aim of this study was to use three‐dimensional (3d) light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) to visualize entire murine testes in 3d, label‐free and at subcellular resolution, and to assign local autofluorescence to testicular and deferent structures. Materials and methods: Murine testes were fixed with four different fixatives and subsequently cleared with benzoic acid/benzyl benzoate. Hereafter, complete murine testes were scanned with LSFM with different fluorescence filter sets and subsequently embedded in paraffin for further conventional planar histology. Results: Autofluorescence signals of the murine reproductive organ allowed the unambiguous identification of the testicular anatomy from the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens with their specific stratification independent of the used fixative. Blood vessels were visualized from the pampiniform plexus to the small capillaries of single tubules. Moreover, due to the specific intrinsic fluorescence properties of the efferent ducts and the epididymis, luminal caliber, the epithelial stratification and retronuclear cytoplasmic inclusions gave a unique insight into the interface of both morphological structures. Subsequent 2d histology confirmed the identified morphological structures. Discussion: LSFM analysis of the murine reproductive organ allows due to its intrinsic fluorescence a simple, label‐free 3d assessment of its entire duct morphology, the epithelial composition, and the associated blood supply in its anatomical relation. Conclusion: LSFM provides the technical basis for comprehensive analyses of pathologically altered murine testes in its entirety by depicting specific autofluorescence. Thereby it facilitates mouse studies of testicular disease or their drug‐related alterations in more detail potentially for clinical translation assessing human testicular biopsies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vasectomy causes spermatozoa accumulation in the epididymis, which may cause epididymitis. Inflammation is triggered by alert molecules released following tissue stress or injury. These include uracil‐diphosphate glucose (UDP)‐glucose, which activates the pro‐inflammatory P2Y14 receptor (P2Y14), and induces immune cell recruitment. However, little is known about P2Y14 in the epididymis and its potential activation following vasectomy. Objectives: (i) To localize P2Y14 in the human excurrent duct; and (ii) to examine the effect of vasectomy on P2Y14 protein and P2RY14 mRNA content, the production of selected cytokines and chemokines, and immune cell recruitment in the epididymis. Material and methods: In situ hybridization, qRT‐PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed in banked human epididymis samples. Results: P2RY14 mRNA and P2Y14 protein were detected in epithelial cells in the efferent duct, epididymis and vas deferens in non‐vasectomized men. Keratin 5 (KRT5)‐positive basal cells were strongly labeled for P2Y14 in all epididymal segments. A progressive apical localization was detected in principal cells (negative for the proton pump V‐ATPase) from the corpus to the cauda. A subset of V‐ATPase‐positive clear cells also showed strong P2Y14 labeling. Vasectomy induced an increase in P2RY14 mRNA in the corpus and cauda, and stronger apical labeling in principal cells in the corpus. CXCL10 mRNA increased in the cauda and CCL2 mRNA decreased in the corpus of vasectomized versus non‐vasectomized men. No change in IL‐8 and IL‐1β mRNA was detected. Numerous CD45+ leukocytes were detected in the interstitium of the corpus and cauda following vasectomy, while only a few were seen in non‐vasectomized men. Several CD45+ leukocytes, some of which containing spermatozoa, were detected in the corpus lumen following vasectomy. Discussion and conclusion: Our study indicates that vasectomy‐induced spermatozoa congestion may lead to an inflamed‐prone local environment characterized by potential activation of P2Y14 and recruitment of immune cells in the epididymis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rat isolated vas deferens releases 6‐nitrodopamine (6‐ND), and the spasmogenic activity of this novel catecholamine is significantly reduced by tricyclic compounds such as amitriptyline, desipramine, and carbamazepine and by antagonists of the α1‐adrenergic receptors such as doxazosin, tamsulosin, and prazosin. Objectives: To investigate the liberation of 6‐ND by human epididymal vas deferens (HEVDs) and its pharmacological actions. Methods: The in vitro liberation of 6‐ND, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline from human vas deferens was evaluated by LC‐MS/MS. The contractile effect of the catecholamines in HEVDs was investigated in vitro. The action of tricyclic antidepressants was evaluated on the spasmogenic activity ellicited by the catecholamines and by the electric‐field stimulation (EFS). The tissue was also incubated with the inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase L‐NAME and the release of catecholamines and the contractile response to EFS were assessed. Results: 6‐ND is the major catecholamine released from human vas deferens and its synthesis/release is inhibited by NO inhibition. The spasmogenic activity elicited by EFS in the human vas deferens was blocked by tricyclic antidepressants only at concentrations that selectively antagonize 6‐ND induced contractions of the human vas deferens, without affecting the spasmogenic activity induced by dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline in this tissue. Incubation of the vas deferens with L‐NAME reduced both the 6‐ND release and the contractions induced by EFS. Discussion and conclusion: 6‐ND should be considered a major endogenous modulator of human vas deferens contractility and possibly plays a pivotal role in the emission process of ejaculation. It offers a novel and shared mechanism of action for tricyclic antidepressants and α1‐adrenergic receptor antagonists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Durable techniques that prevent postoperative inguinal hernia (IH) after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) have not been established. This study evaluated the long‐term efficacy of a postoperative IH prevention technique that uses no artificial agents to assess the characteristics of IH occurrence after introducing this technique. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 201 consecutive patients who underwent RARP at our institution between September 2011 and February 2014. In total, 189 cases were eligible for the study. The non‐IH prevention and IH prevention groups comprised 72 and 117 cases, respectively. We compared the incidence of IH between the two groups using Kaplan–Meier curves. Risk factors for IH in the prevention group were determined via multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The rate of IH occurrence was 20.8% (15 cases) in the nonprevention group and 8.5% (10 cases) in the prevention group, with median follow‐up periods of 99.5 and 89.9 months, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier curves indicated a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.011). Only cutting of the vas deferens significantly contributed to reduced occurrence of IH in multivariable analysis (p = 0.047). After reviewing the intraoperative videos, insufficient separation of the vas deferens was considered the main cause of IH in the prevention group. Conclusion: Our simple prevention technique with no artificial agents had a durable effect on IH prevention after RARP over a median follow‐up period of more than 7 years. Cutting the vas deferens effectively prevented IH after RARP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: So far, male genital tract color‐Doppler ultrasound (MGT‐CDUS) was not standardized. Recently, the European Academy of Andrology (EAA) published the results of a multicenter study assessing the CDUS characteristics of healthy‐fertile men (HFM) to obtain normative parameters. Objectives: To report the EAA US study (i) standard operating procedures (SOPs) for assessing MGT‐CDUS, (ii) main MGT‐CDUS normative parameters, and (iii) compare the EAA and previously published "normal" CDUS values. Methods: A cohort of 248 HFM (35.3 ± 5.9 years) was studied, evaluating MGT‐CDUS before and after ejaculation following SOPs. Results: SOPs for MGT‐CDUS assessment are summarized here. All subjects underwent scrotal CDUS and 188 men underwent transrectal ultrasound before and after ejaculation. The main CDUS reference ranges and characteristics of the HFM‐MGT are reported here. The mean testicular volume was ∼17 mL. The lower limit for right and left testis was 12 and 11 mL, defining testicular hypotrophy. The upper limit for epididymal head, body, tail, and vas deferens was 11.5, 5, 6, and 4.5 mm, respectively. Testicular and epididymal arterial reference ranges are reported. The EAA varicocoele classification is reported. CDUS‐varicocoele was detected in ∼37% of men. Prostate mean volume was ∼25 mL, while lower and upper limits were 15 and 35 mL, defining hypotrophy and enlargement, respectively. Prostate arterial reference ranges are reported. Prostate calcifications and inhomogeneity were frequent; midline prostatic cysts were rare and small. Ejaculatory duct abnormalities were absent. The upper limit for periprostatic venous plexus was 4.5 mm. Lower and upper limits of seminal vesicles (SV) anterior–posterior diameter were 6 and 16 mm, defining hypotrophy or dilation, respectively. Seminal vesicle volume and ejection fraction reference ranges are reported. SV‐US abnormalities were rare. Deferential ampullas upper limit was 6 mm. A discussion on the EAA and previously published "normal" CDUS values is reported here. Conclusions: The EAA findings will help in reproductive and general male health management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to establish animal models with different degrees of ejaculatory duct obstruction. Forty‐eight male rats aged 14–15 weeks were randomly divided into three groups (n = 16): control, complete ejaculatory duct obstruction (tied around the lower seminal vesicle gland and ductus deferens with a 2–0 silk ligature), and partial ejaculatory duct obstruction (padded with a wire guide). Mortality, complications, seminal vesicle morphology and histopathology were compared in the three groups at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. In the complete ejaculatory duct obstruction group, seminal vesicle weight decreased gradually with increased obstruction time compared with those of the control group (p < 0.05); moreover, stone‐like material was occasionally observed. In the partial ejaculatory duct obstruction group, there was an increase followed by a decrease in seminal vesicle weight in the postoperative period compared with that of the control group (p < 0.05). Histopathological lesions of seminal vesicles were observed in the complete and partial ejaculatory duct obstruction groups (8 weeks postoperatively). We successfully established animal models of complete and partial ejaculatory duct obstruction, which provide an easy‐to‐use tool for studying seminal vesicle changes after ejaculatory duct obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate testicular and male reproductive tract histopathologies and lipid profile against di‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) exposure in mice and curative potentials of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract. Four groups (n = 10) were named and treated as follow (a) control (C): (normal feed and drinking water + 0.2 ml corn oil); (b) aqueous garlic extract group (AGE): (500 mg/kg body weight of aqueous garlic extract); (c) DEHP group: (500 mg/kg body weight of DEHP, dissolved in corn oil; (d) AGE + DEHP group (500 mg/kg body weight garlic aqueous extract, and DEHP 500 mg/kg body weight dissolved in corn oil). The doses were given once daily through gavages for 28 days and on the 29th day, all the animals were euthanized through cervical dislocation and reproductive organs and blood samples were collected. The results showed that exposure to DEHP caused a significant effect on body weight, testicular weight, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid profile, average cross‐sectional area (ACSA) of the seminiferous tubule, ACSA of the lumen of seminiferous tubule, spermatogenic cells, Leydig's cells number, vas deferens diameter, lumen, muscular thickness, and epithelial cell height of vas deferens. This study revealed that exposure to DEHP can be injurious to male reproductive health and aqueous garlic extract can decrease the toxic effects of DEHP in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatase, a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily (encoded by CYP19), is the enzyme responsible for the aromatization of androgens into estrogens which is the last step of estrogen biosynthesis. It plays an important role in reproduction and sexual development. The aromatase expression in many tissues and organs of different species is shown in the last two decades' investigation. This study was conducted to determine the relative seasonal expression of aromatase mRNA in testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate and seminal vesicle of a male goat. The aromatase expression of 16 male goat reproductive organs, slaughtered in the different seasons (n = 4 each season), were determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Results showed that during the autumn, aromatase mRNA expression of the testis was found to be significantly higher (p <.05) as compared to the spring and summer seasons. Higher aromatase mRNA expression was also found in the epididymis and seminal vesicle organs during the autumn and summer seasons. Interestingly, prostate and vas deferens aromatase mRNA expression during the summer was higher than in other seasons. The aromatase mRNA level analysis revealed that aromatase is expressed in all the examined reproductive organs in which a strong expression signal was detected in the testis and epididymis tissues. This study shows the expression of the aromatase in the goat reproductive organs in the breeding season which resembles other mammals with continuous breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6‐year‐old adult male rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) developed a vasocutaneous fistula following an anatomic inguinal hernia repair years earlier. The vasocutaneous fistula was surgically repaired, the vas deferens was ligated, and the wound was closed in layers with non‐overlapping suture lines with no further adverse sequalae of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that mainly functions to control the contractility of smooth muscles and sex‐related steroidogenesis in male reproductive tracts. However, specific information concerning this hormone in controlling the reproductive organs of cats is limited. This study aimed to investigate the expression of oxytocin receptors (OTRs) and their signal mediator via prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS) in reproductive structures following oxytocin assisted electroejaculation. In Experiment 1, the testis, cauda epididymis and vas deferens from five cats were examined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in order to study the responses of OTR and PTGIS mRNA to oxytocin injection. Experiment 2 examined the effect of oxytocin administration prior to electroejaculation on ejaculate characteristics and sperm quality in terms of motility, viability and fertilizing ability. Immunohistochemistry revealed the expression of OTRs in Leydig's, peritubular myoid cells and some spermatogenic cells. The expression was found in the epithelium and smooth muscle of the epididymis and vas deferens. After oxytocin administration, the OTR mRNA was upregulated in the epididymis (p >.05) and vas deferens (p =.01). The expression level of PTGIS mRNA increased in the response to oxytocin treatment only for the vas deferens (p >.05). Oxytocin treatment before electroejaculation resulted in an approximately twofold increase in sperm concentration and total sperm output/ejaculate, while this intervention did not significantly affect ejaculate volume, sperm quality or fertilizing ability. This study concluded that the oxytocin cascade is locally present in the reproductive structures and plays a role in promoting sperm delivery during electroejaculation in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutation has been clearly defined in congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD), which is an important cause of obstructive azoospermia. However, the association between oligoasthenospermia and CFTR gene mutation remains controversial. To confirm this issue, 151 infertile Chinese men were screened for CFTR mutation by NGS approach, including 18 CAVD patients, 72 patients with severe oligoasthenospermia and 61 controls with normal sperm parameters. Frequency of mutation in exons of CFTR gene were 66.7% in CAVD patients (12/18) (p < 0.001) and 8.33% in severe oligoasthenospermic patients (6/72) (p < 0.05), both of which were significantly more frequent than that in the controls (0/61). In terms of introns mutation of CFTR gene, there was no significant difference in frequency of 5T between oligoasthenospermic men (5/144, 3.47%) and the controls (4/122, 3.28%) (p = 0.645). In addition, 6 novel mutations in exons of CFTR gene in this study (c.3736A>G, c.635T>G, c.482delA, c.1858C>T, c.2042A>T, c.1586A>C) have not been reported in the Cystic Fibrosis Mutation Database before. Thus, our study provides evidence that CFTR gene mutation may be the aetiology of severe oligoasthenospermia other than CAVD. It may be necessary to screen for CFTR mutations in men with severe oligoasthenospermia before receiving assisted reproductive technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of pollutants in the aquatic system has a high impact on the reproductive physiology of crustaceans. The objective of the present study was to assess the possible histopathological effects of combined chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin (nurocombi) exposure on reproductive tissue in male freshwater crab Paratelphusa jacquemontii using light and electron microscopy. The testis of experimental crabs showed disorganization of testicular lobules, increased inters cellular space, necrosis, and cellular damage in both germinal cells and Sertoli cells. The treated vas deferens exhibited epithelial degeneration, misshaped spermatophores, decline in the number of spermatophores, and dehiscence of spermatophore wall. These clinical manifestations expressed in crabs following the exposure of nurocombi significantly reduce the testicular activity and substantially inhibits the seminal secretions, which ultimately lead to impairment of reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 21‐year‐old male rhesus macaque presented with abdominal enlargement. The clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and computerized tomography findings confirmed a large mass occupying the entire abdomen. The mass was surgically removed, and histopathology confirmed a vas deferens cyst. The macaque recovered uneventfully. The veterinarians should be aware of the possibility of an intra‐abdominal vas deferens cyst and that, as our case shows, could be treated with surgical removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital unilateral absence of vas deferens has been diagnosed in fertile and normozoospermic males and is associated with the risk of unilateral renal absence or cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutations; but no prediction model currently exists to diagnose this condition. Objectives: The study aims to identify clinical and biological variables that may have a predictive value for the diagnosis of congenital unilateral absence of vas deferens in male partners of infertile couples Materials and methods: We designed a retrospective, cross‐sectional, case‐control study on electronic health records of a single tertiary‐care andrological centre collected between 1998 and 2018. We included all subjects diagnosed with congenital unilateral absence of vas deferens using combined scrotal and transrectal ultrasounds. Controls were confirmed free of congenital unilateral absence of vas deferens by the same way. Both groups received standardised exploration procedures. Multivariable logistic regression model was built in a backward stepwise manner. Model performance and calibration were assessed. The study is reported according to TRIPOD statement. Results: We included 69 congenital unilateral absence of vas deferens cases and 78 controls. Cases had a lower semen volume than controls. The congenital unilateral absence of vas deferens risk was associated with history of cryptorchidism and both levels of semen fructose and α‐glucosidase. These predictors were confirmed by a random forest algorithm. The area under the curve was 0.886 (95% interval: 0.81–0.92). Calibration was performed with the Hosmer‐Lemeshow test (p = 0.88). Discussion and conclusion: History of cryptorchidism, semen fructose and α‐glucosidase were identified as relevant and independent predictors for the diagnosis of congenital unilateral absence of vas deferens. The model enables to identify male patients with a high risk of congenital unilateral absence of vas deferens to whom a transrectal ultrasounds would be proposed to confirm the diagnosis, whatever their semen parameters. It will also help to address the risks of unilateral renal absence and of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutations carrying during the management of infertile couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semen quality in chronic SCI is typically normal in numbers of sperm present, but with very low motility and viability. Electroejaculation does not impair sperm motility in the beagle dog: a comparative study of electroejaculation and collection by artificial vagina. Medical advances, such as obtaining a semen sample by electroejaculation (EEJ) or penile vibratory stimulation (PVS), have helped produce an ejaculate in nearly all patients. Keywords: spinal cord injury; spermatogenesis; male infertility; fertility preservation; assisted ejaculation EN spinal cord injury spermatogenesis male infertility fertility preservation assisted ejaculation 303 305 3 08/25/22 20220901 NES 220901 Abbreviations EEJ electroejaculation PVS penile vibratory stimulation SCI spinal cord injury TESA testicular sperm aspiration Introduction Males account for 80% of new spinal cord injuries (SCIs) each year and the majority are of reproductive age. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: This study evaluates the efficacy of vas ligation in enhancing sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia cases, by accumulating intratesticular spermatozoa. Fifty‐six mature male rats with equally sized testes were included in this study. Forty‐six were in the study group, and 10 were in the control group. Bilateral testicular fine needle aspiration was performed for all, to confirm presence of spermatozoa in all testes. Nonobstructive azoospermia was induced in all 56 rats, using Dienogest (40 mg/kg) + Testosterone Undecanoate (25 mg/kg) every month for three months. Monthly aspirations confirmed nonobstructive azoospermia from all rats, within the three months treatment. This was followed by unilateral vas ligation and was performed for 46 rats of the study group, with no ligation performed in the control group. After a further period of 90 days (2 spermatogenic cycles) with the same medical treatment maintained, bilateral testicular sperm extraction was performed. Sperm retrieval was evaluated, comparing the outcome of vas‐ligated testicles to the nonligated. Upon evaluation, spermatozoa were found in 14/46 of the vas‐ligated testes (30.4%), compared to none of the nonligated (0/66), p =.0005. Ligation of the vas deferens in rats with nonobstructive azoospermia may enhance the results of sperm retrieval via sperm accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electronic‐based search was performed with MEDLINE bases through PubMed, Cochrane through Central, and Embase until August 2020 for the purpose of evaluating the impact of the aetiology of obstructive azoospermia on ICSI cycles. In the final analysis, there were 15 cohort studies included, comparing a group of patients with acquired azoospermia and others due to congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens submitted to ICSI. Those 15 articles within 4,480 couples were analysed, and similar fertilisation rate (65.1% vs. 65.3%; p =.38), pregnancy rate per cycle (40.0% vs. 43.1%; p =.06) and live birth rate (29.6% vs. 30.0%;p =.76) were found between groups. Comparing specifically post‐vasectomy azoospermia and congenital groups, both presented a similar fertilisation rate (62.4% vs. 53.4%, respectively; OR 1.10; 95% CI, 0.79, 1.54; p =.56; I2 = 89%) and pregnancy rate per cycle (39.4% vs. 35.6%, respectively; OR 1.26; 95% CI, 0.96, 1.66; p =.09; I2 = 0%). However, a higher live birth rate was identified in the congenital group compared to vasectomy group (28.4% × 19.5%; OR 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11, 2.15; p =.01; I2 = 0%). The reasons for that are unclear and factors such as couple age and sperm DNA fragmentation should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stenella clymene is an endemic species of dolphin living in tropical regions in the Atlantic Ocean. Despite its wide distribution, there is still scarce information on Stenella clymene, including its reproductive biology. In this context, this work describes the morphology of the whole male reproductive tract of the Clymene dolphin. Five males (N = 5) were studied after stranding on the northeast coast of Brazil. The analysis was performed through the use of macroscopic techniques and light and scanning microscopy. The male reproductive system consists of large testes wrapped around the tunica albuginea and adhered to the epididymis; the testes are attached to the abdominal cavity by the mesorchium. The ductus deferens is convoluted in the proximal portion and rectilinear in the distal portion. The prostate was the only accessory gland found, which is submerged by the prostate compressor muscle and lined with a dense fibroelastic capsule. The penis is classified as fibroelastic, with a spiral sigmoid flexure associated with a large volume of muscle tissue. The penis is inserted into two vestigial bones or pelvic bones, which exhibit no connection with the spine. In conclusion, the macro‐ and microscopic conformation and other morphofunctional features of the male reproductive organs of Stenella clymene are in accord with the anatomy observed in other Cetartiodactyla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular cancer, in particular testicular germ cell tumours, is the most common malignancy in young adult men. Defining prognosis and the best therapeutic strategy is challenging since accurate staging could be controversial. We report an unusual case of seminoma with pagetoid spread into the rete testis and, unexpectedly, also within the epithelium of the vas deferens, up to the margin of excision of the spermatic cord. Focussing on the extremely rare pathological finding and the challenge in defining the stage and the best post‐surgical management, we would like to raise some issues about the knowledge gap on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homeobox (HOX) proteins are known for their critical role in body shape formation and tissue differentiation of developing vertebrate embryos. Recent research has shown that HOX proteins have many physiological roles such as cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and cell differentiation in adults, as well as the development of the vertebrate nerve and reproductive system. This study was conducted to determine the possible physiological functions and expression intensities of HOXA10, HOXA11, HOXB6 and HOXC6 proteins in the male reproductive system (testes, epididymis and deferens ducts), which are important for the continuity of some specific cat breeds in different age ranges. In the study, a total of 18 testicular tissues were used, divided into two groups: less than 6 months (immature) and more than 1 year (mature). Tissue samples were then subjected to immunohistochemical staining with protein‐specific antibodies examined in the study. In the findings obtained in the research; it was observed that HOXA10, HOXA11, HOXB6 and HOXC6 produced different intensities of immunolocalization in the epididymis and ductus deferens layers in the immature and mature testicular cells. In addition, it was found that HOXA10 immunoreaction was also seen in some vascular endothelial cells. As a result, it was concluded that the HOX proteins could contribute to the physiological functions of testes, epididymis and ductus deferens and affect male fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scrotal sonography was performed in the infertile males. Sonography of epididymis was performed to document its presence, appearance, echo texture and duct ectasia. The spermatic cord was examined to document the status of the vas deferens. TRUS was performed to look for distal vas. Epididymal abnormalities were universal in men with congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens, with a sensitivity of 100%. Three types of abnormal appearances were recognized ‐ a honeycomb appearance, a fine meshwork pattern of head, or complete or partial absence of epididymis. Identification of these abnormalities can be a very sensitive marker for congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]