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Aim Materials and methods Results Conclusion To investigate the effect of different physical activity patterns on obesity.Data from adults aged 17–79 years were extracted from the Hong Kong Territory‐Wide Physical Fitness Survey conducted in 2011–2012 and 2021–2022. Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) patterns were collected through questionnaires and categorized as inactive (no MVPA ≥10 min), insufficiently active (<150 min MVPA/week), weekend warriors (≥150 min MVPA/week from 1 to 2 days) and regularly active (≥150 min MVPA/week from ≥3 days). The association between these activity patterns with obesity risk and body fat percentage was analysed.This study included 9863 obesity data (including valid waist circumference and body mass index) and 7496 body fat data. Compared with the inactive group, the weekend warriors and regularly active individuals had lower risks of general and abdominal obesity, as well as reduced body fat. Furthermore, individuals who were insufficiently active but engaged in ≥3 days of MVPA showed significantly lower body fat and obesity risk than their inactive counterparts.Engaging in physical activity even once or twice a week can positively impact weight control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Materials and Methods Results Conclusions This study aimed to identify the distinct change trajectories of the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) over time and to investigate their associations with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).This study included 52 394 participants from the prospective project, the Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China‐PAR). The CVAI was calculated using measures of age, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Latent mixture modelling was conducted to fit distinct trajectory patterns. The logistic regression model was applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of T2DM with various CVAI trajectory patterns.Four distinct CVAI trajectory patterns were identified: low‐increasing, moderate‐increasing, moderate high‐increasing and high‐increasing. Compared with low‐increasing CVAI, participants with moderate‐increasing (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.49–2.00), moderate high‐increasing (3.48, 3.01–4.03) and high‐increasing CVAI (5.50, 4.67–6.47) had a significantly increased risk of T2DM. Similar trajectory patterns were identified in both men and women. The ORs (95% CI) for moderate‐increasing, moderate high‐increasing and high‐increasing groups were 3.28 (2.56–4.19), 7.85 (6.09–10.13) and 13.21 (9.98–17.49) in women respectively, and 1.20 (0.99–1.45), 2.18 (1.82–2.62) and 3.60 (2.93–4.43) in men respectively, when compared to the low‐increasing CVAI group. Further, significant effect modifications for age, smoking and physical activity (all Pinteraction <0.05) were observed in the relationship between CVAI trajectory patterns and T2DM.Initially high and persistently elevated CVAI is significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM, with a particular focus on women, younger people, nonsmokers and physically inactive individuals. Continuous monitoring of CVAI levels will benefit effective identification, early intervention and management of individuals at high risk of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Methods Results Conclusion The aim of the study was to assess changes in waist and hip circumference, as well as the waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) indices among adolescents (11–15‐year‐olds) from the Kraków during the COVID‐19 pandemic.Cross‐sectional studies were conducted in four main districts of the city in the years 2020 and 2022. The study group consisted of 1662 people. Measurements of height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were taken. The collected data were used to calculate the WHR and WHtR indices. Statistical analyses were performed using two‐way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test, as well as the Kruskal–Wallis test, depending on the normality of distribution.An increase in hip circumference was observed in most age groups of both sexes. Among 14–15‐year‐old boys, an increase in waist circumference was observed, while among girls, the majority of cohorts showed the opposite trend. Additionally, in most age groups, a decrease in the values of WHR and WHtR indices was observed in both sexes, except for boys aged 14–15.The study found that government‐imposed restrictions related to the COVID‐19 pandemic had an impact on waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, and WHtR indicators among adolescents aged 11–15 from Kraków. While some results showed regression, suggesting potential factors such as reduced physical activity or increased screen time contributing to deteriorating outcomes. On the other hand, not all results changed, which may be attributed to the absence of modifications in dietary habits or physical activity as government restrictions ceased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease often associated with serious cardiovascular comorbidities. The aim of this study was to investigate the systemic inflammatory burden in psoriasis by examining various inflammatory markers and to assess the relationship between these markers and the severity of the disease. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on medical records of patients who visited the dermatology outpatient clinic between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2022. The study included patients with psoriasis vulgaris and healthy volunteers. Demographic data, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score, C‐reactive protein, monocyte‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune‐inflammation index, and Systemic Inflammation Response Index were analysed and compared. Results: A total of 278 psoriasis patients and 90 healthy volunteers were analysed. Compared to the control group, psoriasis patients showed significantly higher systemic immune‐inflammation index, Systemic Inflammation Response Index, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, monocyte‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, serum C‐reactive protein levels, neutrophil count, monocyte count, body mass index, and waist circumference (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.014, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.046, p < 0.001, and p = 0.011, respectively). Among patients with severe psoriasis (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index >10), systemic immune‐inflammation index, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, and serum C‐reactive protein levels were significantly higher compared to patients with mild/moderate psoriasis (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index ≤10). In the ROC curve analysis, the optimal cut‐off (AUC, sensitivity, specificity) values for neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, systemic immune‐inflammation index, and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio were found to be 2.11 (0.592, 62%, 57%), 552.9 (0.579, 61%, 58%), and 111.9 (0.578, 64%, 46%), respectively. The inflammatory parameters that showed correlation with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index were systemic immune‐inflammation index, Systemic Inflammation Response Index, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, monocyte‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, and C‐reactive protein. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that systemic immune‐inflammation index, Systemic Inflammation Response Index, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, monocyte‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and C‐reactive protein values have the potential to serve as simple and cost‐effective markers for assessing the inflammatory burden in individuals with psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The digit ratio (2D:4D) is a possible marker of prenatal hormone exposure. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and anthropometric indexes in Chinese children and adolescents. Methods: This study is a cross‐sectional study. A school‐based survey among 685 children and adolescents aged 8–15 years were conducted by stratified cluster sampling. The length of index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) of the left hand, height, sitting height (ST), weight, chest circumference (CC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and abdominal skinfold thickness (AST) were measured. Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze associations between 2D:4D and above indexes. Results: In girls, 2D:4D was positively related to WC, AST, waist‐to‐height (WHtR), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) after adjusting for ages (p < 0.05). The WC, AST, WHtR, and WHR among girls with 2D:4D ≥ 1 were significantly higher than those among girls with 2D:4D < 1, respectively (p < 0.05). However, there was no correlations between digit ratio (2D:4D) and above anthropometric indexes in boys (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The 2D:4D was related to anthropometric indexes in girls, which suggests that the maternal prenatal hormone exposure might be related to the anthropometric indexes of their female offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: The longitudinal efficacy and clinical utility of Testosterone Therapy (TTh) in ameliorating functional hypogonadism (FH) remain contentious, with long‐term data being scarce. To address this lacuna, a comprehensive long‐term registry study, stratifying patients across a spectrum of hypogonadal etiologies, offers a robust investigative paradigm. Materials and methods: This 9‐year registry, encompassing 650 patients (equivalent to 4,362 cumulative years of treatment), included 188 patients diagnosed with FH (mean age 42.3 ± 11.3 years) and 462 individuals with classical hypogonadism (CH). The cohort segregated into 266 men with primary hypogonadism (PH, mean age 34.0 ± 11.7 years) and 196 with secondary hypogonadism (SH, mean age 31.9 ± 12.0 years). Uniform treatment across the cohort involved intramuscular administration of testosterone undecanoate (1,000 mg). A comparative analysis was conducted focusing on anthropometric, metabolic, and safety parameters. Results: Serum testosterone levels increased from 6.6 ± 2.4 to 19.3 ± 2.9 nmol/L (p < 0.001). TTh was linked with weight reduction and decreased waist circumference (WC) in both CH and FH cohorts (both p < 0.001). Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses delineated disparities: men with FH demonstrated a higher propensity for losing > 10% body weight and > 5% WC compared to CH (hazard ratio [HR] 1.3 [1.1–1.4], p = 0.008 and HR 1.4 [1.3–1.5], p = 0.001). Increases in hematocrit > 50% were uniform across groups, albeit amelioration of anemia was more pronounced in FH versus CH (p = 0.002). Increments of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels were more likely to occur in FH (HR 1.3 [1.1–1.6], p = 0.003). FH patients exhibited pronounced improvements in metabolic parameters and in aging male symptom score (AMS) and IIEF‐EF questionnaire scores. These effects were markedly modulated by age and initial weight. Subgroup analysis of age‐matched obese patients revealed an accentuated impact of TTh in CH compared to FH. Discussion and conclusion: The therapeutic outcomes of TTh across distinct hypogonadal populations demonstrate heterogeneous responses, significantly influenced by diagnostic categorization, age, and baseline risk factor profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study investigated the association of physical activity (PA) levels with all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risks stratified by adiposity and age. Methods: Participants (36 703; mean age: 49.1; 57.1% women) were selected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2013. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the association between PA and mortality across different adiposity categories and ages. Results: Median follow‐up was 9.22 years; 2393 individuals died, including 538 with CVD. Compared with normal‐weight controls, underweight individuals had increased all‐cause mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–1.79). The overweight and obese groups demonstrated reduced mortality risks (HRs: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.67–0.84] and 0.59 [95% CI: 0.51–0.67], respectively). Mortality risk based on abdominal obesity had an HR of 1.22 (95% CI: 1.08–1.37). PA protected against mortality risk most in the obese group performing more than 1000 MET‐min/week and was particularly significant among those who were underweight and obese aged 65 and older. Conclusions: Overweight and obese Asian individuals (based on body mass index) had a lower mortality risk than those with normal body mass index, whereas obesity based on waist circumference was associated with increased mortality. PA protected against mortality across various weight categories, especially in individuals aged ≥65. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 1156–1164. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaling, to remove the effects of body size, is an important methodological approach for enabling an equitable comparison of performance differences between individuals who vary in anthropometric characteristics. Many previous studies using scaling in sport have done so based on only one or two anthropometric characteristics, with only one study to date adopting a three‐dimensional approach. To apply a three‐dimensional allometric model to rowing ergometer performance (REP) in adolescents, and to detect whether key ‘scaling’ parameters remain stable when scaling REP both before and after a 6‐week training intervention. Novel three‐dimensional allometric models were used, incorporating body mass, stature and waist circumference (WC) to detect the most appropriate body size dimension(s) and scaling parameters associated with REP before and after a 6‐week training intervention. Using this more flexible and sensitive three‐dimensional allometry demonstrated that, following 6‐weeks of training, there was a change in the ideal body shape associated with REP. Before training, taller, but not heavier, adolescents performed better. After 6‐weeks of training, older participants with a greater body mass but smaller WC performed better. Scaling approaches are important for evaluating performance differences between individuals of differing body size. The findings from the current study (using a novel three‐dimensional allometry approach) emphasise that relatively subtle changes in individuals' behavioural characteristics, such as changes in their training/fitness status, can result in quite dramatic changes in the body dimension characteristics and scaling parameters deemed to be key for performance in activities such as REP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Introduction: Loss‐of‐control (LOC) eating, or the subjective experience of being unable to stop eating, is a hallmark feature of binge‐eating episodes, which are also characterized by consuming an unusually large amount of food. However, regardless of the size of eating episode, LOC‐eating may be a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. This systematic review and meta‐analysis comprehensively examine the relationship of LOC‐eating with cardiometabolic health components and inflammatory markers. Methods: Search procedures were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines in six electronic databases. Studies of adult or youth samples published in English from the year 2000 onward were included. Given heterogeneity in age groups and adjustment for body mass index across studies, these factors were included as meta‐regression moderators. Results: Fifty‐eight studies were identified through the literature search. Among individuals with (versus without) LOC‐eating, relative risk ratios provided evidence of a greater relative risk for metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; standardized mean differences also provided evidence of higher waist circumference and impaired levels of fasting plasma glucose, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, and triglycerides, but not blood pressure. Age group did not impact cardiometabolic health components. Body mass index differences moderated the effect on waist circumference. A narrative review of inflammatory markers revealed mixed findings linking inflammatory markers to LOC‐eating. Discussion: Overall, evidence for the relationship between LOC‐eating and impaired cardiometabolic health underscores LOC‐eating as an important early intervention target for prevention of serious adverse health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Understanding the genetic underpinnings of anthropometric traits in diverse populations is crucial for gaining insights into their biological mechanisms and potential implications for health. Methods: We conducted a genome‐wide association study, meta‐analysis, and gene set analysis of waist‐hip ratio (WHR), WHR adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI), waist circumference, BMI, and height using the African Collaborative Center for Microbiome and Genomics Research (ACCME) cohort (n = ~11,000) for discovery and polygenic score target analyses and the Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) study (n = ~5200) for replication and polygenic score validation. We generated and compared polygenic scores from European, African, Afro‐Caribbean, and multiethnic ancestry populations. Results: The top loci associated with each trait in the meta‐analysis were in CD36 (rs3211826 [p = 5.90 × 10−12] for WHR and rs73709003 [p = 1.75 × 10−13] for WHRadjBMI), IFI27L1 (rs59775050 [p = 2.66 × 10−08] for waist circumference), INPP4B (rs2636629 [p = 1.44 × 10−09] for BMI), and HMGA1 (rs6937622 [p = 1.40 × 10−15] for height) gene regions. A novel variant rs7797157, near GNAT3, was also significantly associated with WHR (p = 2.50 × 10−10) and WHRadjBMI (p = 2.66 × 10−11). The ancestry‐specific parameters for the best predictive polygenic scores were European ancestry (R2 = 0.68%; p = 1.63 × 10−16) and multiethnic ancestry (R2 = 0.06%; p = 1.29 × 10−02) for WHR; European ancestry (R2 = 1.36%; p = 2.94 × 10−31) and multiethnic ancestry (R2 = 1.12%; p = 3.52 × 10−25) for BMI; and European ancestry (R2 = 3.16%; p = 2.95 × 10−73), African ancestry (R2 = 4.16%; p = 1.75 × 10−96), and African and Afro‐Caribbean ancestry (R2 = 2.67%; p = 4.35 × 10−62) for height. Conclusions: The discovery of a novel locus for WHR and genetic signals for each trait and the assessment of polygenic score performance underscore the importance of conducting well‐powered studies in diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Methods Results Conclusion This study aims to explore the lasting effects of stress experienced by pregnant women during World War II (WWII) on body and head measurements of their adult daughters.The research sample consists of 336 female university students born in Poland between 1925 and 1951. The data include body measurements and socioeconomic information (parental occupation and number of siblings) acquired from questionnaires collected between the 1950s and 1970s. Student's t‐test, Mann–Whitney test and Analysis of Variance were used to analyze differences in body measurements between groups of women born before and during the war, as well as the possible influences of socioeconomic variables.The mean measurements of body height, symphysion height, and waist circumference were lower in women conceived and born during the war compared to those born in the pre‐war period. In contrast, the mean measurements of biacromial (shoulder) width, trunk length, and three head dimensions were higher in women conceived and born during the war. Additionally, the number of siblings appeared to be a significant factor that may have influenced the body measurements of women in both groups. For instance, a higher number of living siblings, particularly sisters, was associated with reduced body dimensions, such as body height and waist circumference, while a greater number of deceased siblings was linked to an increase in certain body dimensions.The results suggest that war‐related prenatal conditions may have influenced the postnatal growth and development of women conceived and born during the war. Notably, the direction of these changes varied, which indicates that the growth response to the war‐related conditions was a complex adaptation, reflecting both positive and negative changes in different body parts, rather than a uniform pattern of growth suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Methods Results Conclusions We aim (1) to examine secular trends in height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) among Peruvian children and adolescents living in the city of Junín and (2) to compare their growth status with the World Health Organization (WHO) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference data.The sample included 2874 Peruvians (n = 1681 in the 2009 cohort and n = 1193 in the 2019 cohort) aged 6–16 years from the district of Junín (4107 m of altitude). Height, weight, and WC were measured using standardized protocols. Within each sex, a two‐way between‐subjects analysis of variance—age, and cohort as main factors and age‐by‐cohort as the interaction—was used to test for differences in height, weight, and WC. STATA 17 software was used in all statistical analyses.Height revealed a positive secular trend among girls, aged 6–11 years, and among boys up to 14 years of age. Similar positive secular trends in weight and WC were found across all age groups in both boys and girls. Compared to North American peers, children in the 2009 cohort were shorter, lighter, and had a smaller WC. For weight and WC, the 2019 cohort overlapped the 50th percentile across all age groups (except for 16‐year‐old girls).Both boys' and girls' height, weight, and WC showed positive secular trends between 2009 and 2019, with statistically significant differences varying across age groups. Peruvian youth of both sexes were shorter and lighter than their North American peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary People with COVID‐19 infection continue to have their symptoms or develop new ones after recovery. This is called long‐COVID syndrome. We aimed to examine the association of general and abdominal obesity with long COVID. This study was conducted using Isfahan COVID Cohort (ICC). Totally 4008 including 3213 hospitalized and 795 non‐hospitalized patients with positive RT‐PCR were included. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were calculated. BMI >25 kg/m2 and WC >88 cm in women and 102 cm in men were considered generally and abdominally obese, respectively. By using an open‐ended questionnaire, subjects were asked whether they had any new or persistent symptom. Reported symptoms were categorized in three different fields including general, cardiac, and respiratory symptoms. Higher BMI and WC tended to increase general symptoms (odds ratio [OR] for BMI = 1.16, 95 % confidence interval (95% CI): 0.97, 1.38, and OR for WC = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.32). Higher BMI significantly increased cardiovascular (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.67) and respiratory symptoms (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.78). Compared with patients with normal WC, the risk of cardiovascular (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.69) and respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in subjects with abdominal obesity (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.56). We found that general and abdominal obesity were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms in patients with long‐COVID symptoms. However, only general obesity was associated with increased risk of general symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of kiwifruit intake on anthropometric indices and key cardiometabolic parameters. Related articles were found by searching PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus to detect relevant Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) and novel systematic reviews relating to kiwi consumption in adults, up to August 2023. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random‐effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were assessed and reported using standard methods. Six RCTs were included in the meta‐analysis. Analyzing overall effect sizes demonstrated a significant reduction in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels (WMD: −9.30 mg/dL; 95% CI: −17.56 to −1.04, p =.027), whereas no significant alterations of triglycerides (TG) (WMD: −12.91 mg/dL; 95% CI: −28.17 to 2.34, p =.097), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: −7.66 mg/dL; 95% CI: −17.85 to 2.52, p =.141), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (WMD: 2.87 mg/dL; 95% CI: −0.36 to 6.11, p =.141), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD: 1.06 mg/dL; 95% CI: −1.43 to 3.56, p =.404), C‐reactive protein (CRP) (WMD: 0.15 mg/dL; 95% CI: −0.40, 0.70, p =.0598), body weight (BW) (WMD: 0.85 kg; 95% CI: −1.34 to 3.04, p =.448), body mass index (BMI) (WMD: 0.04 kg/m2; 95% CI: −0.75 to 0.83, p =.920), and waist circumference (WC) (WMD: 0.18 cm; 95% CI: −1.81 to 2.19, p =.855) were found. Our findings suggest that consuming kiwifruit does not have a significant impact on anthropometric indices and cardiometabolic factors, except for LDL‐C levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prone to musculoskeletal complications, particularly in the upper extremities (UE), which can significantly impair their grip strength and UE muscle strength. This review will provide valuable insights for developing optimized exercise interventions aimed at enhancing upper limb functionality and improving patient outcomes. Aim: To determine the effect of different exercise training on grip strength & UE muscle strength in patients suffering from T2DM. Methodology: A comprehensive search from electronic databases was performed based on the selection criteria and 13 randomized controlled trials (RCT's) were included in the study. Mean changes in grip strength and UE muscle strength were the primary outcome measures. Included studies ranked high on the PEDro rating scale and eta‐analysis was performed by Rev Man 5.4 software. Results: Meta‐analysis results indicated that there was a statistically significant improvement in UE muscle strength of experimental group when compared to control group (mean differences [MD] = 2.91, 95% confidence interval = 0.12, 5.71; p = 0.04) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 49%, p < 0.07). Grip strength improved significantly in the experimental group when compared to the control group with (MD = 2.93, 95% CL = −0.00, 5.86; p = 0.05) and moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 66%, p < 0.08). Conclusion: This review indicated a positive role of supervised resistance & aerobic exercises on UE muscle strength in patients with T2DM. Due to lack of RCT's, grip strength needs to be explored by further investigations in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the relationship and potential causality between biological ageing and periodontitis. Materials and Methods: We obtained the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and genome‐wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics as well as single‐cell sequencing data. Multivariate regression analysis based on cross‐sectional data, Mendelian randomization (MR) and multi‐omics integration analysis were employed to explore the causal association and potential molecular mechanisms between biological ageing and periodontitis. Additionally, two‐step MR mediation analysis explored the risk factors in biological ageing‐mediated periodontitis. Results: We analysed data from 3189 participants in the NHANES data and found that higher biological age was associated with increased risk of periodontitis. MR analyses revealed causal associations between biological age measures and periodontitis risk. Frailty (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–4.18, p =.039) and GrimAge acceleration (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01–1.32, p =.033) were causally associated with periodontitis risk, and these results were validated in a large‐scale meta‐periodontitis GWAS dataset. Additionally, the risk effects of body mass index, waist circumference and lifetime smoking on periodontitis were partially mediated by frailty and GrimAge acceleration. Conclusions: Evidence from cross‐sectional survey and MR analysis suggests that biological ageing increases the risk of periodontitis. Additionally, improving the associated risk factors can help prevent both ageing and periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is highly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is rapidly increasing in young adults. However, accessible VAT measurement methods are limited, restricting the use of VAT in early detection. This cross‐sectional study sought to determine if near‐infrared reactance spectroscopy (NIRS)‐derived VAT (VATNIRS) was associated with MetS in a multi‐ethnic sample of young adults. Methods: A total of 107 male and female (F:62, M:45) participants (age: 23.0 ± 4.3y; BMI: 27.1 ± 6.6 kg/m2) completed measurements of fasting blood pressure, blood glucose (FBG), blood lipids, and anthropometric assessments including waist circumference and VATNIRS. MetS severity (MetSindex) was calculated from the aforementioned risk factors using sex and race‐specific equations. Results: VATNIRS was higher in participants with, and at risk for, MetS compared to those with lower risks (all p <.001). VATNIRS was positively associated with MetSindex for all groups (all p <.001). VATNIRS showed positive associations with systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP), LDL‐C and LDL‐C‐related biomarkers, and FBG; and negative associations with HDL‐C and HDL‐C‐to‐total cholesterol ratio (all p <.050). Associations between VATNIRS and blood pressure for females, and LDL‐C and LDL‐C‐related biomarkers for males, were nonsignificant (all p >.050). VATNIRS was positively associated with DBP in African–American participants, and SBP in White participants, resulting in positive associations with MAP for both groups (all p <.050). Conclusions: VATNIRS is associated with MetS and individual MetS risks factors in a multi‐ethnic sample of young adults; providing a noninvasive, cost‐effective, portable, and accessible method that may assist in the early detection of MetS and other cardiometabolic abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenic obesity is the co‐existence of obesity and sarcopenia in individuals aged 40–75 years. The Japanese Working Group on Sarcopenic Obesity has developed diagnostic criteria tailored for the Japanese population, considering their unique characteristics compared with European populations. Our algorithm consists of two steps: screening and diagnosis. The screening of obesity mandates using waist circumference and/or body mass index (BMI) based on national standards, while screening for sarcopenia involves the "finger ring test" in addition to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. The final diagnosis of sarcopenia involves handgrip strength for low muscle strength, the five‐times chair stand test for low physical function, and limb skeletal muscle mass (corrected for BMI) for low muscle mass. Obesity is assessed by visceral fat area or body fat percentage. Sarcopenic obesity is then categorized into Stage I, with muscle weakness/loss of function, loss of muscle mass, and obesity; or Stage II, which includes complications. Further clinical validation is needed to refine the consensus and age range. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 997–1000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the potential causal relationship between obesity and rosacea, a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Using Mendelian randomization analysis, the study found no association between genetic susceptibility to obesity and the risk of rosacea. The authors suggest that previous observational studies may have limitations in determining causality and associations due to measurement errors and population differences. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in other races and rosacea subtypes and regions. The study was supported by funding from the Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Project and the Hangzhou Medical Key Discipline Construction Project, and the authors declare no conflicts of interest. [Extracted from the article]

Aim: To comprehensively examine the associations of childhood and adulthood body size, and child‐to‐adult body size change with adult leucocyte telomere length (LTL). Methods: We included 453 602 participants from the UK Biobank. Childhood body size at the age of 10 years was collected through a questionnaire. Adulthood body size was assessed using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), fat mass index (FMI), and fat‐free mass index (FFMI). Results: Individuals with plumper body size in childhood exhibited shorter LTL in adulthood (−0.0086 [−0.0017, −0.0004]). Adulthood BMI (−0.0286 [−0.0315, −0.0258]), WC (−0.0271 [−0.0303, −0.0238]), WHR (−0.0269 [−0.0308, −0.0230]) and FMI (−0.0396 [−0.0438, −0.0351]) were negatively associated with LTL, whereas FFMI (0.0095 [0.0039, 0.0152]) was positively associated with LTL. Compared to individuals consistently having an average/normal weight in both childhood and adulthood, those who maintained or developed overweight/obesity from childhood to adulthood had a shorter adult LTL, regardless of childhood body size. Notably, the LTL shortening effect was not observed in individuals with plumper body size in childhood but normal weight in adulthood. Conclusions: Childhood and adulthood obesity are both associated with LTL shortening in adulthood. Transitioning to or maintaining overweight/obese status from childhood to adulthood is associated with shorter adult LTL, whereas this effect can be reversed if plumper children become normal weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Obesity/overweight and metabolic anomalies are known to be associated with elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, there is a paucity of research exploring the association between different body weights, varying metabolic statuses, and the occurrence of CVD in the Chinese population. Thus, we performed this study to explore the relation between different metabolic overweight/obesity phenotypes and the prevalence of CVD. Methods: We analyzed data from 9075 participants in the Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals: A lONgitudinal (REACTION) study. Participants were classified into four metabolic phenotypes based on their metabolic status and obesity/overweight status. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between CVD and different groups. Additionally, we conducted a subgroup analysis to further explore the relationship between CVD and different metabolic abnormalities. Results: Compared to metabolically healthy non‐overweight/obesity (MHNO) individuals, both overweight/obesity and metabolic anomalies were positively associated with CVD prevalence. Among other metabolically unhealthy and overweight/obesity phenotypes, metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHO) generally exhibited a comparatively lower association with CVD. In the elderly, high waist circumference was significantly associated with CVD, rather than body weight. Further analysis revealed that hypertension had the strongest association with CVD. Conclusion: Elderly individuals should place more emphasis on managing their waist circumference rather than only on BMI. CVD prevention should focus on both body weight management and treatment of metabolic diseases, with particular emphasis on antihypertensive therapy. Summary: Our study used two types of criteria to define metabolic unhealthiness and explored the association between different metabolic overweight/obesity phenotypes and CVD.In the elderly, high waist circumference, rather than on high BMI, was associated with CVD.Hypertension had the strongest association with CVD compared to other metabolic anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify changes over time in waist circumference (WC) relative to BMI by sex in the Americas (United States, Mexico, Chile, and Peru) and England. Methods: Data from adults aged 25 to 64 years between 1997 and 2020 were analyzed, and US data were stratified by race and ethnicity groups. Sex‐specific BMI and WC means and obesity and abdominal obesity prevalence were compared between the first and last surveys. Using data from all survey years, secular changes across the BMI and WC distributions were estimated, applying quantile regression models. BMI was added as a predictor of WC to estimate secular changes in WC relative to BMI. Interaction terms were included in all models to evaluate differences by sex. Results: BMI and WC (except for Peru) showed larger secular increases at the upper‐tails of the distributions in both sexes. Increases at the 50th and 75th WC percentiles relative to BMI were more pronounced in women than in men, with larger increases in US non‐Hispanic White individuals and in England. In men, increases in WC independent of BMI were most evident in Mexico. Conclusions: Disease risk associated with visceral fat is potentially underestimated by national surveillance efforts that quantify only secular changes in BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trial, dietary intervention significantly reduced breast cancer mortality, especially in women with more metabolic syndrome (MetS) components. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of MetS and obesity with postmenopausal breast cancer after long‐term follow‐up in the WHI clinical trials. Methods: A total of 68,132 postmenopausal women, without prior breast cancer and with normal mammogram, were entered into WHI randomized clinical trials; 63,330 women with an entry MetS score comprised the study population. At entry, body mass index (BMI) was determined; MetS score (0, 1–2, and 3–4) included the following: (1) high waist circumference (≥88 cm), (2) high blood pressure (systolic ≥130 mm Hg and/or diastolic ≥85 mm Hg, or hypertension history), (3) high‐cholesterol history, and (4) diabetes history. Study outcomes included breast cancer incidence, breast cancer mortality, deaths after breast cancer, and results by hormone receptor status. Results: After a >20‐year mortality follow‐up, a higher MetS score (3–4), adjusted for BMI, was significantly associated with more poor prognosis, estrogen receptor (ER)–positive, progesterone receptor (PR)–negative cancers (p =.03), 53% more deaths after breast cancer (p <.001), and 44% higher breast cancer mortality (p =.03). Obesity status, adjusted for MetS score, was significantly associated with more good prognosis, ER‐positive, PR‐positive cancers (p <.001), more total breast cancers (p <.001), and more deaths after breast cancer (p <.001), with higher breast cancer mortality only in women with severe obesity (BMI, ≥35 kg/m2; p <.001). Conclusions: MetS and obesity status have independent, but differential, adverse associations with breast cancer receptor subtypes and breast cancer mortality risk. Both represent separate targets for breast cancer prediction and prevention strategies. Metabolic syndrome and obesity status have independent, but differential, adverse associations with breast cancer receptor subtypes and breast cancer mortality risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overweight and obesity are among the most serious public health problems, making new methods for their prevention, as well as treatment, constantly being sought. This study was designed as a 6 month intervention study. The main objective was to evaluate the effect of an energy deficit (10%, 20%, and 25%—groups D10, D20, and D25, respectively) on the rate of weight loss and waist and hip circumferences. The protocol was completed by 180 participants. Men as well as women comprised 90 patients each. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.5 ± 5.0 kg/m2 (min 21.3–max 49.2). Among the patients, there were 86 with a BMI indicating overweight. Fifty‐four patients had class 1 obesity, while the remaining 30 patients had class 2 or greater obesity. After 6 months of intervention, the D10 group noted a 7.6% (median) reduction in weight, the D20 group a 9.9% (median) reduction in weight, and the D25 group a 10.3% (median) reduction in weight. After the intervention, 51.7% of patients chose to continue further weight reduction already outside the research protocol. Key factors influencing the willingness to stay on the diet longer than 6 months were higher baseline body weight and/or higher BMI and a rate of weight loss of at least 1.5% of body weight per month. In summary, it appears that a larger energy deficit (on the order of 20%–25%) is most appropriate in terms of weight loss lasting 6 months and motivation for continued therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In 2013, a cluster‐controlled pilot study found the 12‐week Keeping the Body in Mind (KBIM) lifestyle and life skills intervention was able to prevent weight gain in a small sample of youth experiencing first‐episode psychosis (FEP) with fewer than 4 weeks of antipsychotic exposure. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of KBIM as routine care on anthropometry and metabolic biochemistry in a larger sample of youth with FEP across three community mental health services. Method: This retrospective chart audit was conducted on youth with FEP, prescribed a therapeutic dose of antipsychotic medication, and who engaged with KBIM between 2015 and 2019. Primary outcomes were weight and waist circumference. Secondary outcomes were blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids. Outcomes were collected in at baseline and at 12 weeks. Data on program engagement were obtained from the participant's medical file. Results: One‐hundred and eighty‐two people met inclusion criteria, and up to 134 people had baseline and 12‐week data on one or more outcome. Mean number of sessions attended was 11.1 (SD = 7.3). Increases in weight and waist circumference were limited to 1.5 kg (SD = 5.3, t(133) = 3.2, p =.002) and 0.7 cm (SD = 5.8, t(109) = 1.2, p =.23) respectively. Eighty‐one percent of participants did not experience clinically significant weight gain (>7% of baseline weight). There were no significant changes in blood pressure or metabolic biochemistry. Conclusion: The prevention of substantial gains in weight and waist circumference observed in the initial pilot study was maintained with implementation of KBIM as part of routine clinical care for youth with FEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS), its individual components, and the number of metabolic risk factors on the prognosis of pancreatic cancer (PC) following pancreatectomy. Methods: MetS was defined as meeting any three of the following criteria: (1) waist circumference ≥85 cm in men or ≥80 cm in women; (2) triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or receiving drug treatment for elevated triglycerides; (3) high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women or receiving drug treatment for reduced HDL‐C; (4) systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg or receiving drug treatment for hypertension; and (5) fasting glucose, (FG) ≥100 mg/dL or receiving drug treatment for elevated glucose. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by the Cox regression model. Results: Six hundred and seven patients who underwent radical resection for PC were enrolled in this study. Among them, 352 patients presented with preoperative MetS. MetS was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) but not with shorter disease‐free survival (DFS). The adjusted HR (95% CI) for the poor OS in patients with 3, 4, and 5 metabolic risk components (vs. ≤ 2) were 1.32 (1.03–1.84), 1.64 (1.18–2.29), and 1.96 (1.27–3.04), respectively (p < 0.05). Elevated FG emerged as a significant predictor for poor OS and DFS. Conclusions: This study highlights that preoperative MetS serves as a significant predictor for OS in patients with PC, with its predictive value escalating as the number of metabolic risk components increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Combined high sedentary time (ST) and low moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has been associated with adverse cardiovascular events. However, accurately assessing ST and MVPA in older adults is challenging in clinical practice. Purpose: To investigate whether step count can identify older adults with unhealthier movement behavior (high ST/low MVPA) and poorer cardiometabolic profile. Methods: Cross‐sectional study (n = 258; 66 ± 5 years). Step count, ST, and MVPA were assessed by hip accelerometry during 7 days. The cardiometabolic profile was assessed using a continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS), including blood pressure, HDL‐cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and waist circumference. Receiving operating curve analysis was used to test the performance of step count in identifying older adults with unhealthier movement behavior (highest tertile of ST/lowest tertile of MVPA). Healthier movement behavior was defined as lowest tertile of ST/highest tertile of MVPA, with neutral representing the remaining combinations of ST/MVPA. Results: A total of 40 participants (15.5%) were identified with unhealthier movement behavior (ST ≥ 11.4 h/day and MVPA ≤ 10 min/day). They spent ~73% and 0.4% of waking hours in ST and MVPA, respectively. Step count identified those with unhealthier movement behavior (area under the curve 0.892, 0.850–0.934; cutoff: ≤5263 steps/day; sensitivity/specificity: 83%/81%). This group showed a higher cMetS compared with neutral (β =.25, p =.028) and healthier movement behavior groups (β =.41, p =.008). Conclusion: Daily step count appears to be a practical, simple metric for identifying community‐dwelling older adults with concomitant high ST and low MVPA, indicative of unhealthier movement behavior, who have a poorer cardiometabolic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Studies have shown that children develop a higher body weight during summer months. This has been demonstrated repeatedly using the body mass index (BMI), but the effect of season on other weight‐related anthropometric measurements is still unclear. Methods: Measurements of height, weight, waist circumference (WC), triceps, and subscapular skinfolds (TSF and SSF), collected from September till May in a cross‐sectional sample of 4–16‐year‐old children and adolescents (n = 4525) from the Bergen Growth Study 1 (BGS1). Differences in z‐score by season were tested with linear models adjusted for age group and separately for sex. Overall differences were tested with a one‐way between‐group analysis of variance. Results: The girls had higher BMIz (+0.12, p =.03) and WCz (+0.18, p =.002) in fall compared with spring. TSFz (−0.19, p <.001) and SSFz (−0.18, p <.001) were lower in winter in girls, and in boys both in fall (TSFz −0.10, p =.046; SSFz – 0.16, p <.001), and winter (TSFz −0.15, p =.004; SSFz −0.14, p =.003), when compared with spring. Conclusions: Seasonal variation was detected for all anthropometric measures, but differences in the direction of the effect between measures of global (BMI), central (WC) or subcutaneous (SF) adiposity suggest a more complex mechanism that needs further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence and risk factor of cognitive frailty in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Methods: Systematically searched PubMed, EmBase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, Wanfang Database, and Weipu Database from inception until January 1, 2024. Two researchers were independently screened and cross‐checked. Stata 15.1 software was used to perform the meta‐analysis. Results: A total of 15 articles were included, including 5398 patients. The results showed that the prevalence of cognitive frailty in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis was 24%. Among them, age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.33, 95% CI [1.16, 1.53]), waist circumference (OR = 1.05, 95% CI [1.03, 1.08]), malnutrition (OR = 2.91, 95% CI [1.94, 4.35]), comorbidities (OR = 1.93, 95% CI [1.47, 2.54]), stroke history (OR = 2.94, 95% CI [1.72, 5.03]), and depression (OR = 3.26, 95% CI [1.91, 5.57]) were the main risk factors for cognitive frailty in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Education level (OR = 0.48, 95% CI [0.31, 0.73]) was protective factors for cognitive frailty in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Conclusions: Current evidence showed that the prevalence of cognitive frailty in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis was high, and there were many risk factors. Therefore, early identification and intervention of cognitive frailty in maintenance hemodialysis patients should be carried out, which may be helpful to reduce the prevalence rate and occurrence of adverse events and improve the prognosis of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess the relationship between body shape, physical activity (PA), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). A novel visualization method was used to examine the effects of body shape combined with physical activity on hypertension. Data from 54,303 participants were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and analyzed using logistic regression models and standardized regression coefficients of linear models. These models were used to explore factors and effects of body shape indices and other parameters on SBP and DBP. The logistic regression model revealed that compared to transport‐related PA, the aggregated variables (weight and waist) were associated with a 2.44‐fold and 1.65‐fold increase in the risk of hypertension, respectively (p <.05). The average aggregated standardized coefficient of the linear model, based on 1000 bootstrap resamples, indicated that the Base Shape group had the strongest explanatory power for hypertension, followed by the Habits group. However, the explanatory power of the PA group was around 10 and 22 times lower than that of the Base Shape group for DBP and SBP, respectively (p <.05). These results demonstrate that increasing physical activity, with emphasizing a healthy body shape, and adopting positive lifestyle habits can effectively contribute to the prevention and control of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We describe studies determining the association between testosterone therapy (TTh) and mortality. Materials & methods: We used a registry database of 737 men with adult‐onset testosterone deficiency defined as presenting with low serum total testosterone (TT) levels ≤12.1 nmol/L and associated symptoms over a near 10‐year follow‐up. We compared associations between testosterone undecanoate (TU), cardio‐metabolic risk factors and mortality using non‐parametric statistics followed by separate Cox regression models to determine if any association between TU and morality was independent of age and cardio‐metabolic risk factors. Finally, the association between TU and mortality was studied in men stratified by cardio‐metabolic risk. Results: During a median follow‐up interquartile range (IQR) of 114 (84–132) months, 94 of the 737 men died. TU (ref: non‐treatment) was associated with mortality; hazard ratio = 0.23, 95% confidence intervals = 0.14–0.40. Cox's regression models showed the above association to be independent of baseline age, waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c, lipids, blood pressure, smoking, and type 2 diabetes. These variables remained associated with mortality. We finally stratified the men by the high‐risk baseline variables and established that the association between mortality and TU was only evident in men at higher risk. A possible explanation could lie with the "law of initial value," where greater improvements are evident following treatment in patients with worse baseline values. Conclusions: This study with long follow‐up confirms that TTh is associated with lower mortality in men with adult‐onset TD. This association was evident only in men with greater cardio‐metabolic risk factors who demonstrated greater benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Semaglutide is found to be efficient for weight loss in patients with overweight or obesity with diabetes mellitus (DM). With a wide range of adverse events reported, the efficacy and safety of once‐weekly subcutaneous semaglutide in individuals without DM, with overweight or obesity, is unclear. We conducted a comprehensive meta‐analysis of randomized studies on once‐weekly semaglutide in this patient population. We identified nine studies with 11,641 patients in the semaglutide group and 10,479 in the placebo group. We observed that semaglutide resulted in significant benefits, including change in body weight (%): mean difference (MD) of −11.49% (p < 0.0001), change in absolute body weight: MD of −11.74 kg (p < 0.0001), and change in waist circumference: MD of −9.06 cm (p < 0.0001). Gastrointestinal side effects are predominant including nausea: odds ratio (OR) of 4.06 (p < 0.0001), vomiting: OR of 4.43 (p < 0.0001), diarrhea: OR of 2.10 (p < 0.0001), constipation: OR of 2.43 (p < 0.0001), gallbladder disorders: OR of 1.26 (p = 0.010), and cholelithiasis: OR of 2.06 (p = 0.04). Serious adverse events were not statistically significant: OR of 1.06 (p = 0.82). However, the percentage of participants discontinuing due to adverse events and gastrointestinal side effects was statistically significant: ORs of 2.22 (p < 0.0001) and 3.77 (p < 0.0001), respectively. This study shows that in patients with overweight or obesity without DM, once‐weekly subcutaneous semaglutide can significantly decrease body weight without risk of serious adverse events when compared with a placebo. However, gastrointestinal side effects are predominant with semaglutide, which can result in medication discontinuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the associations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and the weight‐adjusted waist index (WWI) with the impairment of activities of daily living (ADL) in older Chinese people. Methods: A total of 13 260 participants aged 65 years and older from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey were included in this cross‐sectional study. BMI, WC and the WWI were calculated from measurements of height, weight and WC. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Non‐linear correlations were investigated using restricted cubic spline curves. Results: In multivariate logistic regression fully adjusted for confounding variables, our analyses revealed significant associations between WC and WWI and ADL impairment, with adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) and 1.08 (1.03, 1.12), respectively. Meanwhile, participants with a high WWI had a higher risk of ADL impairment compared with those with a low WWI, with an adjusted OR (95% CI) of 1.12 (1.02, 1.23). Subgroup analyses showed that only the association between WWI and ADL impairment did not differ in any of the different populations. In addition, we found that BMI, WC and WWI were non‐linearly associated with ADL impairment. Conclusions: There are significant associations between WC and WWI and ADL impairment in older Chinese people. The findings show the ability of the WWI to serve as a comprehensive and effective indicator of obesity in older Chinese people and emphasize the importance of assessing WWI in screening and preventing ADL impairment in older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the relationship between thyroid function and weight regain in patients with obesity after metabolic surgery. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 162 patients who underwent metabolic surgery. Correlations between decreases in thyroid hormone levels and changes in weight, waist circumference (WC) and the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) were assessed. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to identify predictors and clinically useful cut‐off values, respectively. Results: The levels of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) decreased markedly at 1 year after surgery, as did weight, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, WC and CVAI. Decreases in TSH and FT3 after metabolic surgery were associated with changes in weight, BMI and CVAI. Binary logistic regression and ROC curve analyses confirmed that decreases in TSH can predict good weight loss after metabolic surgery to some extent. Finally, binary logistic regression and ROC curve analyses confirmed that changes in TSH can predict weight regain after metabolic surgery. Conclusions: Changes in TSH and FT3 after metabolic surgery were correlated with changes in weight and CVAI. Changes in thyroid hormones can predict weight regain in patients with obesity who underwent metabolic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: This study identified metabolite modules associated with adiposity and body fat distribution in childhood using gold‐standard measurements. Methods: We used cross‐sectional data from 329 children at mid‐childhood (age 5.3 ± 0.3 years; BMI 15.7 ± 1.5 kg/m2) from the Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G), a prospective pre‐birth cohort. We quantified 1038 plasma metabolites and measured body composition using the gold‐standard dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), in addition to skinfold, waist circumference, and BMI. We applied weighted‐correlation network analysis to identify a network of highly correlated metabolite modules. Spearman's partial correlations were applied to determine the associations of adiposity with metabolite modules and individual metabolites with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Results: We identified a 'green' module of 120 metabolites, primarily comprised of lipids (mostly sphingomyelins and phosphatidylcholine), that showed positive correlations (all FDR p < 0.05) with DXA estimates of total and truncal fat (ρadjusted = 0.11–0.19), skinfold measures (ρadjusted = 0.09–0.26), and BMI and waist circumference (ρadjusted = 0.15 and 0.18, respectively). These correlations were similar when stratified by sex. Within this module, sphingomyelin (d18:2/14:0, d18:1/14:1)*, a sphingomyelin sub‐specie that is an important component of cell membranes, showed the strongest associations. Conclusions: A module of metabolites was associated with adiposity measures in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine risk factors for 1‐year postpartum weight retention (PPWR) and glucose intolerance (prediabetes + diabetes) in women with a previous history of gestational diabetes (GDM) and prediabetes in early postpartum. Methods: In this exploratory analysis of the MELINDA randomized controlled trial, we report data of 167 women with prediabetes at the 6–16 weeks (early) postpartum oral glucose tolerance test after a recent history of GDM. Results: Of all participants, 45% (75) had PPWR >0 kg at 1‐year postpartum. Compared to women without PPWR, women with PPWR had higher gestational weight gain [10.5 ± 6.4 vs. 6.5 ± 4.5 kg, p < 0.001], higher BMI (p < 0.01) and a worse metabolic profile (higher waist circumference, worse lipid profile and more insulin resistance) (all p < 0.05) both in early and late postpartum. Of all women with PPWR, 40.0% developed metabolic syndrome, compared to 18.9% of women without late PPWR (p = 0.003). The only independent predictor for late PPWR was weight retention in early postpartum (p < 0.001). Of all participants, 55.1% (92) had glucose intolerance (84 prediabetes, 8 diabetes) 1‐year postpartum. Independent predictors for late postpartum glucose intolerance were lower gestational age at start insulin therapy in pregnancy and delivery by caesarean section (resp. p = 0.044 and 0.014). Conclusions: In women with a previous history of GDM and prediabetes in early postpartum, PPWR in early postpartum was a strong independent predictor for late PPWR, while earlier start of insulin therapy during pregnancy and delivery by caesarean section were independent predictors of glucose intolerance in late postpartum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between waist circumference and nocturia has not been previously studied. This study investigated the association between waist circumference and the occurrence of nocturia in adults. Methods: We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey covering 2005–2020, encompassing 6287 adults aged ≥20. Nocturia was defined as the need to urinate two or more times during the night. First, we compared baseline characteristics between the nocturia and non‐nocturia groups. Subsequently, we used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the relationship between waist circumference and nocturia prevalence. We also employed restricted cubic spline analysis to study the potential nonlinear correlation between waist circumference and the prevalence of nocturia. Recognizing the baseline data's heterogeneity based on nocturia prevalence, we conducted subgroup analyses according to age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and ethnicity. Results: Our findings indicated that females, individuals aged ≥50, citizens, Non‐Hispanic Black, those with lower education levels (high school or less), higher BMIs, lower family income‐to‐poverty ratios, higher waist circumference, hypertension, and diabetes were more likely to experience nocturia. Compared with individuals in the lowest waist circumference quartile (Q1), those in the higher quartiles (Q4) exhibited an increased risk of nocturia in Model 1 (Q4, OR:2.00, 95% CI:1.64, 2.45, p < 0.0001). These results remained consistent after adjusting for covariates in models 2 and 3. A restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a linear association between waist circumference and nocturia (P for nonlinearity = 0.066). Subgroup analyses based on age, sex, BMI, and ethnicity revealed no significant differences in the interaction tests between waist circumference and nocturia (P for interaction = 0.437, 0.331, 0.121, and 0.889, respectively), indicating that these baseline characteristics did not influence the association. Conclusions: Our findings indicated an association between increased waist circumference and a higher prevalence of nocturia. Knowledge of this association reinforces the importance of lifestyle modifications in maintaining a healthy waist circumference and informs public health strategies to address other potential risk factors for nocturia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference growth curves are viable tools for monitoring somatic growth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop reference growth curves for body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) in Brazilian children and adolescents aged 7–14 years. The reference growth curves were constructed from a cross‐sectional panel study using data from four surveys conducted in 2002, 2007, 2012/2013 and 2018/2019, with 9675 children and adolescents aged 7–14 years, of both sexes from Florianopolis, Southern Brazil. Growth curves were constructed using the LMS method, based on anthropometric indicators and indices (body mass, height, BMI, WC and WHtR), measured according to standardised norms. There was an increase in body mass, height, BMI and WC values with increasing age in both sexes and percentiles (P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P85 and P95). The girls presented higher values of body mass, BMI and WC in the analysed percentiles, compared to the boys. Regarding height, there was a higher value from 10 to 11 years old in girls and from 12 to 14 years old in boys. WHtR decreased with increasing age in both sexes and analysed percentiles. Region‐specific reference growth curves can enable the monitoring of somatic growth of particular paediatric populations, expanding discussions in different regions of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic led to school closures, potentially impairing children's behaviours and health. We aimed to explore the effects of school closure on lifestyle behaviours (dietary habits, physical activity) and health outcomes (adiposity, fitness, self‐esteem, self‐concept) in children. Methods: We measured 247 children before school closure (October–November 2019) and after school reopening (October–November 2021) (COVID‐19 group). To distinguish the changes due to school closure from changes due to growth, we included 655 age‐matched children with cross‐sectional measurements in October–November 2019 (control group). The response of this group (i.e., differences between children with 2 years of difference) was considered the expected response to growth. Two‐way ANOVA was used to test age‐by‐group interactions, indicating an effect of school closure. Results: In 7‐to‐9‐year‐old children, the COVID‐19 group had larger‐than‐expected decreases in physical activity (by 0.4 points), resulting in higher physical inactivity prevalence (by 19 percent points) at 9 years. This was accompanied by larger‐than‐expected increases in fat percentage (by 6.1 percent point). In 8‐to‐10‐year‐old children, the COVID‐19 group had higher physical inactivity prevalence at 10 years (by 20 percent points). This was accompanied by larger‐than‐expected increases in fat percentage (by 8.3 percent points), z‐score BMI (by 0.90 units), and waist circumference (by 6.1 cm). In 9‐to‐11‐year‐old children, the COVID‐19 group had larger‐than‐expected decreases in physical activity (by 0.3 points) and increases in self‐concept (by 0.2 points). The response in dietary habits, fitness, or self‐esteem was not different between groups. Conclusion: Overall, school closure negatively impacted physical activity and adiposity, particularly in the youngest children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Introduction: Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a biomarker of long‐term stress. Higher HCC is associated with higher adiposity in adults; however, associations are not well characterized in adolescents. Objective: To examine cross‐sectional associations of HCC with adiposity in late adolescence. Methods: Amongst 336 non‐Hispanic White participants (48.5% female, mean 17.7 years) in Project Viva, we used multivariable linear regression models, overall and sex‐stratified, to estimate associations of HCC with body mass index (BMI), bioelectric impedance (BIA) percent body fat, waist circumference (WC) and dual X‐ray absorptiometry‐measured percent and total fat or trunk fat mass. We adjusted models for age and known predictors of adiposity. Results: Median (interquartile range) HCC was 2.1 pm/mg (1.0–4.5) and mean (SD) BMI was 23.1 kg/m2 (3.9), BIA %body fat 20.2% (9.9) and WC 80.6 cm (10.9). In adjusted models, higher HCC (per doubling) was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.19 kg/m2; 95%CI 0.00, 0.37) and BIA percent body fat (β = 0.41%; 95%CI 0.04, 0.77). We observed no evidence of effect modification by sex. Conclusions: Higher HCC was associated with greater adiposity in late adolescence. Further research is needed to disentangle the relationship between HCC and adolescent adiposity, including the temporal direction of the relationship and sex‐specific associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The distribution pattern of abdominal adiposity may help determine cardiovascular disease (CVD). Waist circumference (WC) is the most common but imprecise method for measuring abdominal adiposity, as it fails to differentiate between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT). This study aimed to determine whether elevated VAT or ASAT provides greater prognostic value for CVD events compared to elevated WC in the general population using data from the UK Biobank. Materials and Methods: In this secondary analysis of UK Biobank study, 24 265 participants with available abdominal magnetic resonance imaging data were included. The primary outcome of the study was coronary heart disease (CHD), and secondary outcomes included stroke, heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Cox regressions for VAT, ASAT and WC were examined in relation to the predefined outcomes on continuous scales using standard deviation (SD) changes and by categories of concordant and discordant values defined by medians. Results: During a mean follow‐up period of 12.9 ± 1.8 years, 2641 participants developed CVD events (1296 CHD, 165 stroke, 286 HF and 894 AF) Each 1 SD increase in VAT yielded a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.22) for CHD risk, whereas ASAT had a HR of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.04–1.18). Further adjustment for WC eliminated the association between ASAT and CHD risk, in contrast to the association between VAT and CHD risk, which remained almost unaffected. Discordant VAT above the median with WC below presented a HR of 1.43 (95% CI: 1.15–1.78) for CHD, compared with concordant VAT and WC below the median. Similar results were found for discordant WC above the median with VAT below, with a HR of 1.46 (95% CI: 1.18–1.81). In contrast, discordant ASAT above the median with WC below was not associated with an increased risk of CHD. Similarly, discordant ASAT above the median with VAT below was not associated with an increased risk of CHD. Additionally, there was no observed association between VAT or ASAT and the risks of stroke, HF or AF after further adjustment for WC. Additionally, there was no observed association between VAT or ASAT and the risks of stroke, HF or AF after further adjustment for WC. Conclusion: Incorporating VAT measurements alongside WC data improved the ability to identify individuals at high risk for CHD compared to using WC alone. Both VAT and WC proved to be more accurate indicators of CHD risk than ASAT. However, VAT alone did not fully account for the CHD risk associated with elevated WC levels. Neither VAT nor ASAT showed an association with the risk of stroke, HF and AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype is a simple measure to identify individuals at increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) traits. The present study aimed to describe the HTGW prevalence, and its associations with MetS traits, and also determine the diagnostic potential of the mirror indices of HTGW phenotype to predict MetS and its components in community‐dwelling adults with overweight or obesity in Southern, Sri Lanka. Methods: In a cross‐sectional study, 300 adults with excess body weight (body mass index >23 kg/m2) were enrolled and examined for the HTGW phenotype (fasting plasma triglyceride concentration ≥1.695 mmol/L and waist circumference >90 and >85 cm in males and females, respectively). Results: One in five adults with excess body weight had the HTGW phenotype. Phenotype‐positive adults had significantly higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (p = 0.010), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), atherogenic index (p < 0.001), coronary risk index (p = 0.001), triglyceride glucose index (p = 0.040), bioimpedance visceral fat (p = 0.041) and significantly lower HDL‐C (p = 0.001) and cardioprotective index (p = 0.009) than those without the HTGW phenotype. Adults with excess body weight and the HTGW phenotype had an increased risk of FPG (odds ratio [OR] = 1.294; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.051–1.594), atherogenic index (OR = 3.138; 95% CI = 1.559–6.317) and triglyceride glucose index (OR = 3.027; 95% CI = 1.111–8.249). The HTGW phenotype was strongly associated with MetS traits (OR = 16.584; 95% CI = 6.230–44.147). The cut‐off values for the product of waist circumference × triglyceride, to identify the risk of having MetS and dyslipidemia among adults with excess body weight were 158.66 and 160.15 cm × mmol/L, respectively. Conclusions: The readily available and inexpensive measures of the HTGW phenotype could serve as a clinically useful marker to identify MetS traits in adults with excess body weight. Highlights: The prevalence of the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype in adults with excess body weight was 20%.Adults with excess body weight and HTGW phenotype had significantly higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, atherogenic index, coronary risk index, triglyceride glucose index and visceral fat, as well as significantly lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardioprotective index, than those without the phenotype.Adults with excess body weight and HTGW phenotype had an increased risk of FPG, atherogenic index, triglyceride glucose index and metabolic syndrome traits.The cut‐off values for the product of waist circumference × triglyceride, with the aim of identifying the risk of having metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia among adults with excess body weight, were 158.66 and 160.15 cm × mmol/L, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To utilize the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) index of insulin sensitivity, which is based on readily available clinical variables, namely, waist circumference, hypertension and glycated haemoglobin, to discriminate between metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes, and to determine the prevalence of prediabetic conditions. Methods: Non‐diabetic individuals (n = 2201) were stratified into quartiles of insulin sensitivity based on eGDR index. Individuals in the upper quartiles of eGDR were defined as having metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically healthy overweight (MHOW) or metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) according to their body mass index, while those in the lower quartiles were classified as having metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW), metabolically unhealthy overweight (MUOW) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), respectively. Results: The frequency of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and IFG + IGT status was comparable among the MHNW, MHOW and MHO groups, while it increased from those with MUNW status towards those with MUOW and MUO status. As compared with participants with MHNW, the odds ratio of having IFG, IGT, or IFG + IGT was significantly higher in participants with MUOW and MUO but not in those with MUNW, MHOW and MHO, respectively. Conclusions: A metabolically healthy phenotype is associated with lower frequency of IFG, IGT, and IFG + IGT status across all body weight categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movement behaviors within the 24‐h day, including physical activity (PA), sedentary time, and sleep, are associated with cardiometabolic health. We aimed to determine the association between 24‐h movement composition and cardiometabolic health while accounting for sleep efficiency. Altogether, 1134 participants from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study, free from prior cardiovascular disease, provided at least 4 days of 24‐h activity and sleep efficiency measured with a wearable ring. Participants' body composition was assessed with bioimpedance, blood pressure, and waist circumference were measured, and lipids and glucose were analyzed from a fasting blood sample. Linear regression models for cardiometabolic outcomes were created with 24‐h movement composition and covariates, including sleep efficiency and behavioral and socioeconomic factors. Isotemporal time reallocations were used to demonstrate the dose‐dependent associations between time use and outcomes. Beneficial associations with the outcomes were detected when sedentary time was reallocated to light PA, moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA), or sleep. For example, substituting 30 min of sedentary time with MVPA was associated with 7.2% (95% CI from −9.8% to −4.5%) lower visceral fat area, 4.9% (95% CI from −6.5% to −3.3%) lower body fat percentage, 1.6% (95% CI from −2.3% to −0.9%) smaller waist circumference, and 2.4% (95% CI from 1.2% to 3.5%) higher high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol after accounting for gender, marital status, education level, employment, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep efficiency. Substituting sedentary time with sleep or light PA showed beneficial but smaller differences in adiposity measures and HDL cholesterol. Limiting sedentary time should be encouraged in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To estimate glucose disposal rate (eGDR) as a newly validated surrogate marker of insulin resistance. Few studies have explored the association between changes in eGDR levels and stroke incidence. This study aims to explore the effect of the level of eGDR control on stroke and events. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Longitudinal Study on Health and Retirement (CHARLS). The eGDR control level was classified using K‐means cluster analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between different eGDR control levels and incident stroke. Restrictive cubic spline regression was used to test the potential nonlinear association between cumulative eGDR and stroke incidence. Results: Of the 4790 participants, 304 (6.3%) had a stroke within 3 years. The odds ratio (OR) was 2.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42–3.86) for the poorly controlled class 4 and 2.56 (95% CI, 1.53–4.30) for the worst controlled class 5 compared with class 1 with the best controlled eGDR. The OR for well‐controlled class 2 was 1.28 (95% CI, 0.79–2.05), and the OR for moderately controlled class 3 was 1.95 (95% CI, 1.14–3.32). In restrictive cubic spline regression analysis, eGDR changes are linearly correlated with stroke occurrence. Weighted quartile and regression analysis identified waist circumference and hypertension as key variables of eGDR for predicting incident stroke. Conclusions: Poorly controlled eGDR level is associated with an increased risk of stroke in middle‐aged and elderly people. Monitoring changes in eGDR may help identify individuals at high risk of stroke early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study cross‐sectional relationships between step‐up height and waist circumference (WC), a potential proxy for sarcopenic obesity, in Swedish children and parents. Methods: Participants were recruited from Swedish schools in disadvantaged areas in 2017. Height, body weight, WC and maximal step‐up height were measured in 67 eight‐year‐old children and parents: 58 mothers, with a mean age of 38.5 and 32 fathers, with a mean age of 41.3. Sedentary time and physical activity were registered by an accelerometer. Associations between maximal step‐up height and WC were analysed using Pearson's correlation and adjusted linear regression. Results: Abdominal obesity, WC ≥ 66 centimetres (cm) in children, ≥88 cm in women and ≥102 cm in men, was observed in 13% and 35% of girls and boys, and in 53% and 34% among mothers and fathers, respectively. Negative associations between maximal step‐up height and WC were found for children (r = −0.37, p = 0.002) and adults (mothers r = −0.58, p < 0.001, fathers r = −0.48, p = 0.006). The associations remained after adjustments for height, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity in adults. Reduced muscle strength clustered within families (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Associations between reduced muscle strength and abdominal obesity were observed in children and parents. Sarcopenic obesity may need more attention in children. Our findings support family interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Measuring obesity is crucial for assessing health risks and developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. The most common methods used to measure obesity include BMI, waist circumference, and waist‐hip ratio. This study aimed to determine the metabolic signatures associated with each measure of obesity in the Qatari population. Methods: Metabolomics profiling was conducted to identify, quantify, and characterize metabolites in serum samples from the study participants. Inverse rank normalization, principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least square‐discriminant analysis were used to analyze the metabolomics data. Results: This study revealed significant differences in metabolites associated with obesity based on different measurements. In men, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolites were significantly enriched in individuals classified as having obesity based on the waist‐hip ratio. In women, significant changes were observed in leucine, isoleucine, and valine metabolism metabolites. Unique metabolites were found in the different categorization groups that could serve as biomarkers for assessing many obesity‐related disorders. Conclusions: This study identified unique metabolic signatures associated with obesity based on different measurements in the Qatari population. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular pathways involved in obesity and may have implications for developing personalized prevention and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate how short‐term changes (1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year) in obesity measures affect mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods: We analyzed longitudinal data from the MJ Health Centre (n = 43,304 for the 1‐year study; 24,295 for the 3‐year study; 16,138 for the 5‐year study) with median follow‐up periods of 15.8, 13.9, and 12.3 years, respectively. Associations of short‐term obesity indices changes with mortality and Framingham Risk Score changes were explored using time‐dependent coefficient Cox regression models, restricted cubic splines, and multivariable linear regression models. Results: All‐cause mortality was negatively associated with short‐term weight and BMI changes, with greater reductions causing poorer outcomes. Compared with stable groups, short‐term reduced weight and BMI were associated with greater risks of all‐cause mortality and CVD‐specific mortality (5‐year study only). Also, either 1‐ and 3‐year reduced or 3‐year increased waist circumference and waist to height ratio were related to higher all‐cause and CVD deaths than stable groups, respectively. Nonlinear relationships indicated lower cutoff values for short‐term changes in obesity indices in predicting all‐cause mortality. Decreased obesity indices significantly improved CVD profiles. Conclusions: Short‐term changes in obesity indices show complex mortality risks, urging personalized approaches beyond a simple weight loss focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Many interventions are implemented in the public health context to overcome social inequalities of weight status in adolescents, but their effectiveness is challenged. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of these interventions with a systematic review and meta‐analysis. We systematically searched for reports of randomized control trials and quasi‐experimental studies aiming to reduce social inequalities of weight status in adolescents in five electronic databases. The primary outcomes were social inequalities in weight‐related outcomes (body mass index [BMI], BMI z score, waist circumference, percent body fat, prevalence of overweight/obesity). Interventions were effective when they reduced social inequalities in at least one weight‐related outcome. Meta‐analyses involved using random‐effects models. The review included 38 publications (33 studies) with interventions mostly targeting disadvantaged adolescents (n = 29 studies), showing effectiveness in half of the studies (n = 19/33, 57.6%). The meta‐analysis (27 studies) revealed that targeted interventions significantly reduced BMI z score (β = −0.04 [95% CI −0.08, −0.01]), BMI (β = −0.32 [−0.47, −0.18]), and waist circumference (β = −0.84 [−1.48, −0.21]) but not percent body fat (β = −0.27 [−0.71, 0.17]) or prevalence of overweight/obesity (odds ratio = 1.06 [0.85, 1.31]). This review shows moderate effectiveness of interventions targeting disadvantaged adolescents to reduce social inequalities of weight status. High‐quality research with better implementation to reach their full potential is required to strengthen their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The paradoxical protective association between overweight/obesity and diabetic microvascular complications (DMC), a phenomenon well‐known as the obesity paradox, has been considered a non‐causal association based on methodological influences. We aimed to investigate the association of generalized and abdominal obesity, as measured by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), respectively, with DMC in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), using a causal inference approach. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 1436 patients with clinically diagnosed T2D but not DMC at baseline in a community‐based prospective cohort in China between 2017 and 2019 and followed them annually until 2022 with new‐onset DMC recorded. Marginal structural Cox models with inverse probability weighting were constructed to determine the causal association. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify potential effect modifiers. Results: We observed 360 incident DMC cases, including 109 cases of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and 277 cases of diabetic retinopathy (DR) during four follow‐up visits. Multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for overall DMC, DN and DR were 1.037 (1.005‐1.071), 1.117 (1.062‐1.175) and 1.018 (0.980‐1.059) for 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI, and 1.005 (0.994‐1.017), 1.034 (1.018‐1.051) and 1.000 (0.987‐1.014) for 1 cm increase in WC, respectively. Similar patterns were observed across the BMI and WC categories, while the positive association appeared to be more pronounced in women. Conclusions: Generalized but not abdominal obesity was associated with an increased risk for the overall DMC, whereas both obesities were causally related to DN, albeit not DR, in T2D. Routine weight management should not be neglected in diabetes care, particularly in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]