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Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation is the primary treatment for cataract. Although this treatment strategy benefits patients with cataracts, posterior capsule opacification (PCO) remains a common complication that impairs vision and affects treatment outcomes. The pathogenesis of PCO is associated with the proliferation, migration, and fibrogenesis activity of residual lens epithelial cells, with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) serving as a key mechanism underlying the condition. Transforming growth factor‐beta 2 (TGF‐β2) is a major promotor of EMT, thereby driving PCO development. Most studies have shown that drugs and miRNAs mitigate EMT by inhibiting, clearing, or eliminating LECs. In addition, targeting EMT–related signaling pathways in TGF‐β2–stimulated LECs has garnered attention as a research focus. This review highlights potential treatments for PCO and details the mechanisms by which drugs and miRNAs counter EMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active and robust electrocatalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are of crucial importance for efficient proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEM‐WE). Ruthenium (Ru) oxide has attracted considerable attention due to its high activity. However, the unsatisfying stability of Ru oxide in acidic OER environments hinders the application. Here, Ce‐doped RuO2 nanoparticles are designed and supported on Co─N─C material (Ce@RuO2/CoNC) for acidic OER. It is demonstrated that Ce@RuO2/CoNC delivers a super low overpotential of 150 mV and an excellent stability of 1000 h at 10 mA cm−2, outperforming most previously reported Ru‐based catalysts. The mass activity is estimated as 2365.5 AgRu−1 at 1.5 V (vs RHE), representing ≈2× advance compared to the best prior study. Furthermore, applied in a single‐cell PEM‐WE device, it can steadily operate for 1000 h at 200 mA cm−2. The studies show that Ce‐doping and Co─N─C support synergistically enhance the activity and stability of Ru oxide by optimizing the free energies of OER intermediates and suppressing the dissolution of Ru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the high‐speed video observations obtained at the Tall‐Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou (TOLOG), the attachment processes of three lightning flashes seem to belong to the connections between "the lateral surface of negative leader and positive leader tip" which had never been reported before were investigated. The leader connection processes of these flashes were examined in detail, and a mechanism behind connecting behavior between the lateral surface of negative leader and positive leader tip was discussed. Observation shows that negative leaders usually have abundant branches. Although some may extinguish, they still maintain a certain conductivity. When the positive leader tip comes close to the lateral surface of the negative leader (usually a few tens of meters), the previously disappeared short branch can be reactivated. It is easier for the positive leader tip to connect the tips of these branches (whether they have been extinguished or not). Plain Language Summary: In the lightning attachment process, the leader connecting behavior is an interesting topic. In the attachment process of a negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning flash, the "Tip to Tip (negative leader tip to positive leader tip)" and "Tip to the lateral surface (negative leader tip to the lateral surface of positive leader)" connection types have been widely observed, and researchers have carried out a series of studies and discussions on the characteristics and the physical mechanisms of the leader connecting behavior. However, is there an opposite polarity connection type, like "the lateral surface and tip (the lateral surface of negative leader and positive leader tip)" connecting behavior? In this study, the attachment processes of three lightning flashes that seem to belong to the connections between "the lateral surface of negative leader and positive leader tip" were analyzed. The leader connection processes of these flashes were examined in detail. The results allow one to see the details of leader connecting behavior needed for improving our understanding of lightning attachment process mechanisms. Key Points: For the connection between negative and positive leaders, no convincing "lateral surface and tip" type is observedPositive leader tip is easier to connect to the tip of negative leader branch, whether it has been extinguished or notA short gap of a few tens of meters is required for the reactivation of short leader branch on the lateral surface of the negative leader [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanographenes are among the fastest‐growing materials used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) thanks to their low cost, environmental friendliness, excellent electrical conductivity, and scalable synthesis. The perspective of replacing precious metal‐based electrocatalysts with functionalized graphene is highly desirable for reducing costs in energy conversion and storage systems. Generally, the enhanced ORR activity of the nanographenes is typically deemed to originate from the heteroatom doping effect, size effect, defects effect, and/or their synergistic effect. All these factors can efficiently modify the charge distribution on the sp2‐conjugated carbon framework, bringing about optimized intermediate adsorption and accelerated electron transfer steps during ORR. In this review, the fundamental chemical and physical properties of nanographenes are first discussed about ORR applications. Afterward, the role of doping, size, defects, and their combined influence in boosting nanographenes’ ORR performance is introduced. Finally, significant challenges and essential perspectives of nanographenes as advanced ORR electrocatalysts are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between water molecules and surfaces in porous carbon‐based materials plays a significant role in various fields including but not limited to catalysis, gas sorption, or electrochemical energy storage and conversion. The incorporation of nitrogen enhances the hydrophilicity of typically rather nonpolar carbon‐based materials but the molecular understanding of water chemical configuration in such porous materials remains incomplete. Water adsorption on nitrogen‐containing nanoporous carbon surfaces is governed by a subtle balance between water–water and water–surface hydrogen bonding interactions, which together determine the water structures formed and their stability. In this work, in situ Scanning Transmission X‐ray microscopy performed on individual nanoporous carbon particles under a humid atmosphere is used to elucidate the interactions between nitrogen‐containing carbon surfaces and water molecules. The hydrogen bonding of water is found to be nonuniform within the particles and to depend on the nanopore size and the chemical bonding of nitrogen atoms. The nature of the nitrogen sites interacting with water is further characterized by resonance inelastic X‐ray Scattering and near ambient pressure X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. This study provides new perspectives on water interaction when confined in nanoporous nitrogen‐rich carbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current photon‐counting computed tomography (CT) systems utilize semiconductor detectors, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium zinc telluride (CZT), and silicon (Si), which convert x‐ray photons directly into charge pulses. An alternative approach is indirect detection, which involves Yttrium Orthosilicate (YSO) scintillators coupled with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). This presents an attractive and cost‐effective option due to its low cost, high detection efficiency, low dark count rate, and high sensor gain. Objective: This study aims to establish a comprehensive quantitative imaging framework for three‐energy‐bin proof‐of‐concept photon‐counting CT based on YSO/SiPM detectors developed in our group using multi‐voltage threshold (MVT) digitizers and assess the feasibility of this spectral CT for material identification. Methods: We developed a proof‐of‐concept YSO/SiPM‐based benchtop spectral CT system and established a pipeline for three‐energy‐bin photon‐counting CT projection‐domain processing. The empirical A‐table method was employed for basis material decomposition, and the quantitative imaging performance of the spectral CT system was assessed. This evaluation included the synthesis errors of virtual monoenergetic images, electron density images, effective atomic number images, and linear attenuation coefficient curves. The validity of employing A‐table methods for material identification in three‐energy‐bin spectral CT was confirmed through both simulations and experimental studies. Results: In both noise‐free and noisy simulations, the thickness estimation experiments and quantitative imaging results demonstrated high accuracy. In the thickness estimation experiment using the practical spectral CT system, the mean absolute error for the estimated thickness of the decomposed Al basis material was 0.014 ± 0.010 mm, with a mean relative error of 0.66% ± 0.42%. Similarly, for the decomposed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) basis material, the mean absolute error in thickness estimation was 0.064 ± 0.058 mm, with a mean relative error of 0.70% ± 0.38%. Additionally, employing the equivalent thickness of the basis material allowed for accurate synthesis of 70 keV virtual monoenergetic images (relative error 1.85% ± 1.26%), electron density (relative error 1.81% ± 0.97%), and effective atomic number (relative error 2.64% ± 1.26%) of the tested materials. In addition, the average synthesis error of the linear attenuation coefficient curves in the energy range from 40 to 150 keV was 1.89% ± 1.07%. Conclusions: Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the accurate generation of 70 keV virtual monoenergetic images, electron density, and effective atomic number images using the A‐table method. Quantitative imaging results indicate that the YSO/SiPM‐based photon‐counting detector is capable of accurately reconstructing virtual monoenergetic images, electron density images, effective atomic number images, and linear attenuation coefficient curves, thereby achieving precise material identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc‐doped indium oxide (IZO) thin films were deposited on silicon dioxide substrates by radio‐frequency magnetron sputtering using an IZO ceramic target with In2O3/ZnO weight ratio of 9:1. The effects of power, pressure, and distance between target and substrate on microstructure and photoelectric properties of IZO films were investigated. The results show the performance of IZO films prepared under the conditions of power 80 W, air pressure.5 Pa, and target base distance 80 mm are the best, and the IZO films are amorphous with high transmittance (>86.0%), high mobility (>45.0 cm2/V s), and low resistivity (less than 2.0 × 10−4 Ω cm), which are the best photoelectric performance reported at present. This work provides a feasible research approach for preparing high‐performance IZO thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis‐induced acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by inflammatory damage to pulmonary endothelial and epithelial cells. The aim of this study is to probe the significance and mechanism of tripartite motif‐containing protein 21 (TRIM21) in sepsis‐induced ALI. The sepsis‐induced ALI mouse model was established by cecum ligation and puncture. The mice were infected with lentivirus and treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132. The lung respiratory damage, levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), IL‐10 and pathological changes were observed. The expression levels of TRIM21, interferon regulatory factors 1 (IRF1) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) were measured and their interactions were analysed. The ubiquitination level of IRF1 was detected. TRIM21 and TREM2 were downregulated and IRF1 was upregulated in sepsis‐induced ALI mice. TRIM21 overexpression eased inflammation and lung injury. TRIM21 promoted IRF1 degradation via ubiquitination modification. IRF1 bonded to the TREM2 promoter to inhibit its transcription. Overexpression of IRF1 or silencing TREM2 reversed the improvement of TRIM21 overexpression on lung injury in mice. In conclusion, TRIM21 reduced IRF1 expression by ubiquitination to improve TREM2 expression and ameliorate sepsis‐induced ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study builds an evolutionary game model based on a social network composed of two sub‐networks with different typologies, which respectively depict the connections of enterprises and consumers. Enterprises engage in evolutionary games to determine whether to invest in low‐carbon technology (LCT) research and development (R&D), while consumers select products based on the contrast effect. Our results show that carbon taxation and subsidies can increase the diffusion of LCT R&D, but their marginal effectiveness decreases. Lowering the loan interest rate of enterprises with better green credit can promote LCT R&D diffusion, while excessively lowering the threshold will inhibit that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Many methods of acetabular reconstruction with total hip arthroplasty (THA) for Crowe type II and III adult developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) acetabular bone defect have been implemented clinically. However, there was no study comparing the results of integrated acetabular prosthesis (IAP) with bone grafting (BG). This study aims to investigate the efficacy of IAP and BG for acetabular reconstruction in Crowe type II and III DDH. Methods: The clinical data of 45 patients with unilateral Crowe type II and III DDH who underwent THA from January 2020 to January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: 25 patients using 3D‐printed IAP (IAP group) and 20 patients using BG (BG group). The operation time and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. The clinical outcomes were assessed by Harris Hip Score (HHS) and full weight‐bearing time. The radiological outcomes were evaluated by the radiological examination. Accordingly, intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed as well. The data between the two groups were compared by independent sample t‐tests and the Mann–Whitney U rank sum test. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in Harris Hip Score (HHS) (preoperative, 6 months postoperative, and the last follow‐up), leg length discrepancy (LLD), cup inclination, cup anteversion, vertical center of rotation (V‐COR), horizontal center of rotation (H‐COR) (p > 0.05). The mean HHS in the IAP group was higher than in the BG group at 1 and 3 months postoperative (p < 0.001). The mean surgical time and blood loss in the IAP group were less than in the BG group (p < 0.001). The mean full weight‐bearing time in the IAP group was shorter than in the BG group (p < 0.01). No complications were observed in either group during the follow‐up period. Conclusion: IAP and BG have similar radiographic outcomes and long‐term clinical efficacy in THA for Crowe type II and III DDH, but the IAP technique has higher surgical safety and facilitates the recovery of hip joint function, which is worthy of clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It aims to explore the efficient and reliable wireless transmission and cooperative communication mechanism of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) based on edge intelligence technology. It first proposes an intelligent network architecture for IoV services by combining network slicing and deep learning (DL) technology, and then began to study the key technologies needed to achieve the architecture. It designs the cooperative control mechanism of unmanned vehicle network based on the full study of wireless resource allocation algorithm from the micro level. Second, in order to improve the safety of vehicle driving, deep reinforcement learning is used to configure the wireless resources of IoV network to meet the needs of various IoV services. The research results show that the accuracy rate of the improved AlexNet algorithm model can reach 99.64%, the accuracy rate is more than 80%, the data transmission delay is less than 0.02 ms, and the data transmission packet loss rate is less than 0.05. The algorithm model has practical application value for solving the data transmission related problems of vehicular internet communication, providing an important reference value for the intelligent development of unmanned vehicle internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Liver stiffness measurements (LSMs) are promising for monitoring disease progression or regression. We assessed the prognostic significance of dynamic changes in LSM over time on liver‐related events (LREs) and death in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD). Methods: This retrospective study included 1272 patients with CHB and cACLD who underwent at least two measurements, including LSM and fibrosis score based on four factors (FIB‐4). ΔLSM was defined as [(follow‐up LSM − baseline LSM)/baseline LSM × 100]. We recorded LREs and all‐cause mortality during a median follow‐up time of 46 months. Hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for outcomes were calculated using Cox regression. Results: Baseline FIB‐4, baseline LSM, ΔFIB‐4, ΔLSM, and ΔLSM/year were independently and simultaneously associated with LREs (adjusted HR, 1.04, 95% CI, 1.00–1.07; 1.02, 95% CI, 1.01–1.03; 1.06, 95% CI, 1.03–1.09; 1.96, 95% CI, 1.63–2.35, 1.02, 95% CI, 1.01–1.04, respectively). The baseline LSM combined with the ΔLSM achieved the highest Harrell's C (0.751), integrated AUC (0.776), and time‐dependent AUC (0.737) for LREs. Using baseline LSM and ΔLSM, we proposed a risk stratification method to improve clinical applications. The risk proposed stratification based on LSM performed well in terms of prognosis: low risk (n = 390; reference), intermediate risk (n = 446; HR = 3.38), high risk (n = 272; HR = 5.64), and extremely high risk (n = 164; HR = 11.11). Conclusions: Baseline and repeated noninvasive tests measurement allow risk stratification of patients with CHB and cACLD. Combining baseline and dynamic changes in the LSM improves prognostic prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular infiltration into electrospun nanofibers (NFs) is limited due to the dense structure and small pore sizes. We developed a programmed NF collector that can fabricate porous NFs with desired pore sizes and thickness. Previously we demonstrated improved cellular proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibroblasts with increased pore sizes of polycaprolactone (PCL) NF in‐vitro. This study investigated in‐vivo host cell migration and vascular ingrowth within porous NF sheets implanted subcutaneously in a mouse model. Two types of PCL NFs with well‐defined pore sizes were created using varying speeds of the NF collector: NF‐zero (no movement, pore size 14.4 ± 8.9 µm2) and NF‐high (0.232 mm/min, pore size 286.7 ± 381.9 µm2). The NF obtained by using classical flat NF collector (2D NF, pore size 1.09 ± 1.7 µm2) was a control. The three formulae of NFs were implanted subcutaneously in 18 BALB/cJ mice. Animals were killed 7 and 28‐days after implantation (n = 3 per group per time point). The tissue with implanted NFs were collected for histologic analysis. Overall, 7‐day samples showed little inflammatory response. At 28‐days, the degree of tissue penetration of PCL NF sheet matrices was linked to pore size and area. NFs with the largest pore area had more efficient tissue migration and new blood vessel formation compared to those with smaller pore sizes. No newly formed blood vessels were observed in the 2D NF group. A porous NF scaffold with controllable pore size has potential for tissue repair/regeneration in situ with potential for many applications in orthopaedics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the burgeoning field of bioinspired materials, the principles governing biological perception and self‐healing drive advancements in biomimetic mechano‐responsive materials, seamlessly integrating ionic signal sensing with self‐healing. While current research often emphasizes individual functionalities, the concurrent enhancement of both self‐healing and sensitivity in iontronic skins is often overlooked. Drawing inspiration from transmembrane proteins like TSP‐15, Piezo 1 and Piezo 2, renowned for recruiting repair factors, multifunctional molecular‐ionic regulatory sites are constructed within a polyurethane/ionic liquid composite system, leading to the development of a mechano‐responsive elastomer (i‐DAPU) that exhibited both rapid self‐healing (72 µm min−1) and impressive sensitivity (7012.05 kPa−1). Leveraging the dual functionalities of i‐DAPU in tandem with deep learning algorithms, a sophisticated system is devised for intelligently analyzing neural conditions in comatose patients based on muscle strength, achieving a remarkable 99.2% accuracy rate, holding significant promise for healthcare applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient and scalable Buchwald‐Hartwig amination towards the synthesis of the API candidate 4‐((2‐Chlorophenyl)amino)‐6‐((6‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)amino)nicotinamide as a JAK inhibitor was described. The process was developed using water and a water‐miscible co‐solvent. It was facilitated by the benign by design surfactant TPGS‐750‐M, that promoted the robust and reliable preparation of our target compound in high yields, with improved reaction profile and via an operationally simple protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al2O3 was incorporated into SiCf/SiC–B4C composites to improve their mechanical properties after oxidation. The results showed that Al2O3 reduced the weight gain of these composites, and the oxidized layer became smooth and dense. The fibers pull‐out lengths of the Al2O3‐modified composites were longer than that of virgin composites oxidized for the same amount of time. Compared with the virgin composites, the tensile strength retention rate of Al2O3‐modified composites was improved by 7.3% and 8.4% after oxidation times of 50 and 100 h, respectively. But Al2O3 modification led to 20.6% and 44.3% improvements in σonset (acoustic emission, AE onset stress) as well as 76.5% and 95.5% the improvements in σmin (first AE stress), respectively. Further investigation indicated that a higher proportion of high‐energy level events occurred in the Al2O3‐modified composites when the load just reached the damage thresholds stress compared with the virgin composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Person re‐identification is aimed at searching for specific target pedestrians from non‐intersecting cameras. However, in real complex scenes, pedestrians are easily obscured, which makes the target pedestrian search task time‐consuming and challenging. To address the problem of pedestrians' susceptibility to occlusion, a person re‐identification via deep compound eye network (CEN) and pose repair module is proposed, which includes (1) A deep CEN based on multi‐camera logical topology is proposed, which adopts graph convolution and a Gated Recurrent Unit to capture the temporal and spatial information of pedestrian walking and finally carries out pedestrian global matching through the Siamese network; (2) An integrated spatial‐temporal information aggregation network is designed to facilitate pose repair. The target pedestrian features under the multi‐level logic topology camera are utilised as auxiliary information to repair the occluded target pedestrian image, so as to reduce the impact of pedestrian mismatch due to pose changes; (3) A joint optimisation mechanism of CEN and pose repair network is introduced, where multi‐camera logical topology inference provides auxiliary information and retrieval order for the pose repair network. The authors conducted experiments on multiple datasets, including Occluded‐DukeMTMC, CUHK‐SYSU, PRW, SLP, and UJS‐reID. The results indicate that the authors' method achieved significant performance across these datasets. Specifically, on the CUHK‐SYSU dataset, the authors' model achieved a top‐1 accuracy of 89.1% and a mean Average Precision accuracy of 83.1% in the recognition of occluded individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To gauge the relative accuracy of the use of passive and active dynamic navigation systems when placing dental implants, and to determine how registration areas affect the performance of these systems. Materials and Methods: Eighty implants were assigned to be placed into 40 total resin mandible models missing either the left or right first molars using either passive or active dynamic navigation system approaches. U‐shaped tube registration devices were fixed in the edentulous site for 20 models each on the left or right side. Planned and actual implant positions were superimposed to assess procedural accuracy, and parameters including 3D entry deviation, angular deviation, and 3D apex deviation were evaluated with Mann–Whitney U tests and Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests. Results: Respective angular, entry, and apex deviation values of 1.563 ± 0.977°, 0.725 ± 0.268 mm, and 0.808 ± 0.284 mm were calculated for all included implants, with corresponding values of 1.388 ± 1.090°, 0.789 ± 0.285 mm, and 0.846 ± 0.301 mm in the active group and 1.739 ± 0.826°, 0.661 ± 0.236 mm, and 0.769 ± 0.264 mm in the passive group. Only angular deviation differed significantly among groups, and the registration area was not associated with any significant differences among groups. Conclusions: Passive and active dynamic navigation approaches can achieve comparable in vitro accuracy. Registration on one side of the missing single posterior tooth area in the mandible can complete single‐tooth implantation on both sides of the posterior teeth, highlighting the promise of further clinical research focused on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) plays important roles in pharmaceutical ingredients purification and solvent recovery. However, the low organic solvent permeance under cross‐flow operation of OSN membrane hampers their industrial applications. Herein, we report the construction of coffee‐ring structured membrane featuring high OSN permeance. A water‐insoluble crystal monomer that dissolved in EtOH/H2O mixed solvent was designed to react with trimesoyl chloride via interfacial polymerization. Owing to the diffusion of EtOH to n‐hexane, coffee‐ring nanostructure on the support membrane appeared, which served as the template for construction of coffee‐ring structured membrane. The optimal nanostructured membrane demonstrated 2.6‐fold enhancement in the effective surface area with reduced membrane thickness. Resultantly, the membrane afforded a 2.7‐fold enhancement in organic solvent permeance, e.g. ~13 LMH/bar for MeOH, without sacrificing the rejection ability. Moreover, due to the rigid monomer structure, the fabricated membrane shows distinctive running stability in active pharmaceutical ingredients purification and the ability for concentration of medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamaterials (MMs), which include phononic crystals (PCs) as a particular type, exhibit anomalous wave propagation properties through artificial design of topologies or lattice forms of unit‐cells. Recent advancements in MMs signify an ascendant research trend, providing promising design ideas and means for unprecedented wave propagation properties. The imperative for on‐demand, real‐time active control of wave propagation underscores the significance of tunable manipulation of acoustic/elastic waves, promoting the design and development of tunable MMs. Furthermore, the versatility of intelligent materials and their ongoing development and innovation contribute significantly to the emergence of diverse intelligent MMs. This comprehensive survey provides an overview of recent advancements and current research trends in the interdisciplinary field of intelligent MMs with electro‐/magneto‐mechanical couplings. The primary objective of the review is to emphasize significant progress in agile manipulation of acoustic/elastic waves in electro‐/magneto‐mechanical coupled MMs, followed by an in‐depth exploration of intelligent metasurfaces, topological MMs, non‐Hermitian parity‐time symmetric wave systems, odd elastic MMs, and spatiotemporally modulated MMs. Special emphasis is given to multi‐field coupling effects. The review concludes with a summary and outlines potential prospects, offering a timely and informative guide for future studies on actively tunable PCs and MMs in practical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tools for visualizing genomes are essential for investigating genomic features and their interactions. Currently, tools designed originally for animal mitogenomes and plant plastomes are used to visualize the mitogens of plants but cannot accurately display features specific to plant mitogenomes, such as nonlinear exon arrangement for genes, the prevalence of functional noncoding features and complex chromosomal architecture. To address these problems, a software package, plant mitochondrial genome map (PMGmap), was developed using the Python programming language. PMGmap can draw genes at exon levels; draw cis‐ and trans‐splicing gene maps, noncoding features and repetitive sequences; and scale genic regions by using the scaling of the genic regions on the mitogenome (SAGM) algorithm. It can also draw multiple chromosomes simultaneously. Compared with other state‐of‐the‐art tools, PMGmap showed better performance in visualizing 405 plant mitogenomes, showing potential as an invaluable tool for plant mitogenome research. The web and container versions and the source code of PMGmap can be accessed through the following link: http://www.1kmpg.cn/pmgmap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na‐ion hybrid capacitors (NICs) are known for their potential to integrate high power and energy density along with superior lifespan into a single energy storage device. However, the practical implementation of NICs is delayed due to their inadequate energy densities (<100 Wh kg−1), which is a result of the lack of anodes with rapid Na‐ion diffusion kinetics to match the cathodes. To accelerate Na‐ion diffusion kinetics, cobalt‐doped TiO2 (CoxTi1−xOy) nanosheet anodes with reconstructed low‐energy barrier channels for Na‐ion transfer are designed. Crystal defects, including nanointerfaces, Ti interstitials, and oxygen vacancies, are intentionally introduced to the CoxTi1−xOy structure to improve its conductivity and induce pseudocapacitive‐type Na‐ion storage. Moreover, these crystal defects subtly alter the Na‐ion transfer pathways in the bulk CoxTi1−xOy and reduce the energy barrier, as confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) simulations. Rapid Na‐ion diffusion kinetics can minimize the kinetics discrepancy between anodes and cathodes, presenting great potential for achieving high‐performance anodes for NIC applications. When integrated with activated carbon/reduced graphene oxide composite (AC/rGO) cathodes, the fabricated NICs demonstrate remarkable energy density (164 Wh kg−1 at 31 W kg−1), power density (8307 W kg−1 at 56 Wh kg−1), and an ultralong lifespan (83% capacity retention after 15000 cycles). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autophagy can have either beneficial or detrimental effects on various heart diseases. Pharmacological interventions improve cardiac function, which is correlated with enhanced autophagy. To assess whether a xanthine derivative (KMUP‐3) treatment coincides with enhanced autophagy while also providing cardio‐protection, we investigated the hypothesis that KMUP‐3 treatment activation of autophagy through PI3K/Akt/eNOS signalling offered cardioprotective properties. Methods: The pro‐autophagic effect of KMUP‐3 was performed in a neonatal rat model targeting cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes, and by assessing the impact of KMUP‐3 treatment on cardiotoxicity, we used antimycin A‐induced cardiomyocytes. Results: As determined by transmission electron microscopy observation, KMUP‐3 enhanced autophagosome formation in cardiac fibroblasts. Furthermore, KMUP‐3 significantly increased the expressions of autophagy‐related proteins, LC3 and Beclin‐1, both in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner; moreover, the pro‐autophagy and nitric oxide enhancement effects of KMUP‐3 were abolished by inhibitors targeting eNOS and PI3K in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. Notably, KMUP‐3 ameliorated cytotoxic effects induced by antimycin A, demonstrating its protective autophagic response. Conclusion: These findings enable the core pathway of PI3K/Akt/eNOS axis in KMUP‐3‐enhanced autophagy activation and suggest its principal role in safeguarding against cardiotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the low matching accuracy of stereo matching algorithms in image regions with specular reflection, this paper proposes a multidimensional fusion stereo matching algorithm named MFANet. The algorithm embeds a multispectral attention module into the residual feature extraction network, utilizing two‐dimensional discrete cosine transforms to extract frequency features. In the pyramid pooling module, a coordinated attention mechanism is introduced to capture relevant positional information. In the cost aggregation part, the MFANet algorithm incorporates a three‐dimensional attention mechanism, focusing on the more important semantic information in high‐level features. By combining detailed information from low‐level features, semantic information from high‐level features, and contextual information, the algorithm generates features that are more conducive to disparity prediction. The MFANet algorithm is evaluated on three standard datasets (SceneFlow, KITTI2015, and KITTI2012). Experimental results demonstrate its robustness against specular reflection interference, accurate prediction of disparities in specular reflection pathological regions, and promising application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of amide bonds via aminolysis of esters by lipases generates a diverse range of amide frameworks in biosynthetic chemistry. Few lipases have satisfactory activity towards bulky aromatic amines despite numerous attempts to improve the efficiency of this transformation. Here, we report the discovery of a new intracellular lipase (Ndbn) with a broad substrate scope. Ndbn turns over a range of esters and aromatic amines in the presence of water (2 %; v/v), producing a high yield of multiple valuable amides. Remarkably, a higher conversion rate was observed for the synthesis of amides from substrates with aromatic amine rather than aliphatic amines. Molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) studies showcase the mechanism for the preference for aromatic amines, including a more suitable orientation, shorter catalytic distances in the active site pocket and a lower reaction barrier for aromatic than for aliphatic amines. This unique lipase is thus a promising biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of aromatic amides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of dynamic computer‐aided surgery (dCAS) in replacing a single missing posterior tooth, we compare outcomes when using registration‐and‐fixation devices positioned anterior or posterior to the surgical site. Registration is performed on either the anterior or opposite posterior teeth. Methods: Forty individuals needing posterior single‐tooth implant placement were randomly assigned to anterior or posterior registration. Nine parameters were analyzed to detect the deviations between planned and actual implant placement, using Mann–Whitney and t‐tests for nonnormally and normally distributed data, respectively. Results: The overall average angular deviation for this study was 2.08 ± 1.12°, with the respective average 3D platform and apex deviations of 0.77 ± 0.32 mm and 0.88 ± 0.32 mm. Angular deviation values for individuals in the anterior and posterior registration groups were 1.58°(IQR: 0.98°–2.38°) and 2.25°(IQR: 1.46°–3.43°), respectively (p =.165), with 3D platform deviations of 0.81 ± 0.29 mm and 0.74 ± 0.36 mm (p =.464), as well as 3D apex deviations of 0.89 ± 0.32 mm and 0.88 ± 0.33 mm (p =.986). No significant variations in absolute buccolingual (platform, p =.659; apex, p =.063), apicocoronal (platform, p =.671; apex, p =.649), or mesiodistal (platform, p =.134; apex, p =.355) deviations were observed at either analyzed levels. Conclusions: Both anterior and posterior registration approaches facilitate accurate dCAS‐mediated implant placement for single missing posterior teeth. The device's placement (posterior‐to or anterior‐to the surgical site) did not affect the clinician's ability to achieve the planned implant location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In real‐world scenarios, pedestrian images often suffer from occlusion, where certain body features become invisible, making it challenging for existing methods to accurately identify pedestrians with the same ID. Traditional approaches typically focus on matching only the visible body parts, which can lead to misalignment when the occlusion patterns vary. To address this issue and alleviate misalignment in occluded pedestrian images, the authors propose a novel framework called body topology information generation and matching. The framework consists of two main modules: the body topology information generation module and the body topology information matching module. The body topology information generation module employs an adaptive detection mechanism and capsule generative adversarial network to restore a holistic pedestrian image while preserving the body topology information. The body topology information matching module leverages the restored holistic image from body topology information generation to overcome spatial misalignment and utilises cosine distance as the similarity measure for matching. By combining the body topology information generation and body topology information matching modules, the authors achieve consistency in the body topology information features of pedestrian images, ranging from restoration to retrieval. Extensive experiments are conducted on both holistic person re‐identification datasets (Market‐1501, DukeMTMC‐ReID) and occluded person re‐identification datasets (Occluded‐DukeMTMC, Occluded‐ReID). The results demonstrate the superior performance of the authors proposed model, and visualisations of the generation and matching modules are provided to illustrate their effectiveness. Furthermore, an ablation study is conducted to validate the contributions of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study bone healing of two‐wall bone defects after alveolar ridge preservation using mineralized dentin matrix. Materials and Methods: After distal roots extraction of second and fourth premolars (P2, P4) on one lateral mandible in 12 beagles, two‐wall bone defects (5 × 5 × 5 mm) were surgically created distally to the remaining mesial roots of P2 and P4. A total of 24 sites were randomly allocated to three groups (implant material‐ time of execution): mineralized dentin matrix (MDM)‐3 m (MDM + collagen membrane; 3 months), MDM‐6 m (MDM particles + collagen membrane; 6 months), and C‐6 m (collagen membrane only; 6 months). Clinical, radiographic, digital, and histological examinations were performed 3 and 6 months after surgery. Results: The bone healing in MDM groups were better compared to Control group (volume of bone regenerated in total: 25.12 mm3 vs. 13.30 mm3, p =.046; trabecular volume/total volume: 58.84% vs. 39.18%, p =.001; new bone formation rate: 44.13% vs. 31.88%, p =.047). Vertically, the radiological bone level of bone defect in MDM‐6 m group was higher than that in C‐6 m group (vertical height of bone defect: 1.55 mm vs. 2.74 mm, p =.018). Horizontally, no significant differences in buccolingual bone width were found between MDM and C groups at any time or at any level below the alveolar ridge. The percentages of remaining MDM were <1% in both MDM‐3 m and MDM‐6 m groups. Conclusions: MDM improved bone healing of two‐wall bone defects and might be considered as a socket fill material used following tooth extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular emitters with multi‐emissive properties are in high demand in numerous fields, while these properties basically depend on specific molecular conformation and packing. For amorphous systems, special molecular arrangement is unnecessary, but it remains challenging to achieve such luminescent behaviors. Herein, we present a general strategy that takes advantage of molecular rigidity and S1‐T1 energy gap balance for emitter design, which enables fluorescence–phosphorescence dual‐emission properties in various solid forms, whether crystalline or amorphous. Subsequently, the amorphism of the emitters based polymethyl methacrylate films endowed an in situ regulation of the dual‐emissive characteristics. With the ratiometric regulation of phosphorescence by external stimuli and stable fluorescence as internal reference, highly controllable luminescent color tuning (yellow to blue including white emission) was achieved. There properties together with a persistent luminous behavior is of benefit for an irreplaceable set of optical information combination, featuring an ultrahigh‐security anti‐counterfeiting ability. Our research introduces a concept of eliminating the crystal‐form and molecular‐conformational dependence of complex luminescent properties through emitter molecular design. This has profound implications for the development of functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To review the incidence and extent of peri‐electrode edema after DBS and to clarify the effect of postoperative use of steroids on the peri‐electrode edema. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 250 patients who underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS surgery with intact MRI within 1 month after DBS surgery. Patients were divided into steroid and non‐steroid groups, based on postoperative steroids use. The occurrence and extent of peri‐electrode edema were compared between the two groups, and other associated factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate methods. Results: Peri‐electrode edema >1 cm3 in at least one hemisphere was reported in 215 (86.00%) patients. The mean volume of peri‐electrode edema observed in the steroid group was significantly smaller than in the non‐steroid group (8.09 ± 8.47 cm3 vs 17.10 ± 16.90 cm3, p < 0.001). In the steroid group, 104 (32.91%) of the 316 implanted electrodes present with edema less than 1 cm3, whereas in the non‐steroid group, only 27 (14.67%) of the 184 implanted electrodes present with edema less than 1 cm3 (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that lesser peri‐electrode edema was significantly associated with postoperative steroids use and general anesthesia. Conclusions: Peri‐electrode edema is common after DBS surgery, and postoperative steroids use reduces the occurrence and extent of peri‐electrode edema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A Cu‐catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of silicon‐stereogenic benzoxasiloles has been realized via intramolecular Si−O coupling of [2‐(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]silanes. Cu(I)/difluorphos is found to be an efficient catalytic system for enantioselective Si−C bond cleavage and Si−O bond formation. In addition, kinetic resolution of racemic substituted [2‐(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]silanes using Cu(I)/ PyrOx (pyridine‐oxazoline ligands) as the catalytic system is developed to afford carbon‐ and silicon‐stereogenic benzoxasiloles. Ring‐opening reactions of chiral benzoxasiloles with organolithiums and Grignard reagents yield various enantioenriched functionalized tetraorganosilanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progressive cerebral infarction (PCI) is a common complication in patients with ischemic stroke that leads to poor prognosis. Blood pressure (BP) can indicate post‐stroke hemodynamic changes which play a key role in the development of PCI. The authors aim to investigate the association between BP‐derived hemodynamic parameters and PCI. Clinical data and BP recordings were collected from 80 patients with cerebral infarction, including 40 patients with PCI and 40 patients with non‐progressive cerebral infarction (NPCI). Hemodynamic parameters were calculated from the BP recordings of the first 7 days after admission, including systolic and diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure (PP), with the mean values of each group calculated and compared between daytime and nighttime, and between different days. Hemodynamic parameters and circadian BP rhythm patterns were compared between PCI and NPCI groups using t‐test or non‐parametric equivalent for continuous variables, Chi‐squared test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and binary logistic regression analysis for potential risk factors. In PCI and NPCI groups, significant decrease of daytime systolic BP appeared on the second and sixth days, respectively. Systolic BP and fibrinogen at admission, daytime systolic BP of the first day, nighttime systolic BP of the third day, PP, and the ratio of abnormal BP circadian rhythms were all higher in the PCI group. PCI and NPCI groups were significantly different in BP circadian rhythm pattern. PCI is associated with higher systolic BP, PP and more abnormal circadian rhythms of BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trace element strontium (Sr) enhances new bone formation. However, delivering Sr, like other materials, in a sustained manner from a ceramic bone graft substitute (BGS) is difficult. We developed a novel ceramic BGS, polyphosphate dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (P‐DCPD), which delivers embedded drugs in a sustained pattern. This study assessed the in vitro and in vivo performance of Sr‐doped P‐DCPD. In vitro P‐DCPD and 10%Sr‐P‐DCPD were nontoxic and eluents from 10%Sr‐P‐DCPD significantly enhanced osteoblastic MC3T3 cell differentiation. A sustained, zero‐order Sr release was observed from 10%Sr‐P‐DCPD for up to 70 days. When using this BGS in a rat calvaria defect model, both P‐DCPD and 10% Sr‐P‐DCPD were found to be biocompatible and biodegradable. Histologic data from decalcified and undecalcified tissue showed that 10%Sr‐P‐DCPD had more extensive new bone formation compared with P‐DCPD 12‐weeks after surgery and the 10%Sr‐P‐DCPD had more organized new bone and much less fibrous tissue at the defect margins. The new bone was formed on the surface of the degraded ceramic debris within the bone defect area. P‐DCPD represented a promising drug‐eluting BGS for repair of critical bone defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) is a prevalent and increasingly common malignant tumor. In most cases, TC progresses slowly and runs a virtually benign course. However, challenges remain with the treatment of refractory TC, which does not respond to traditional management or is subject to relapse or metastasis. Therefore, new therapeutic regimens for TC patients with poor outcomes are urgently needed. Methods: The differentially expressed RNAs were identified from the expression profile data of RNA from TC downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Multiple databases were utilized to investigate the regulatory relationship among RNAs. Subsequently, a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was established to elucidate the ceRNA axis that is responsible for the clinical prognosis of TC. To understand the potential mechanism of ceRNA axis in TC, location analysis, functional enrichment analysis, and immune‐related analysis were conducted. Results: A ceRNA network of TC was constructed, and the TIMP3/hsa‐miR‐181b‐5p/PAX8‐AS1 ceRNA axis associated with the prognosis of TC was successfully identified. Our results showed that the axis might influence the prognosis of TC through its regulation of regulating tumor immunity. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that TIMP3/hsa‐miR‐181b‐5p/PAX8‐AS1 axis is significantly related to the prognosis of TC. The molecules involved in this axis may serve as novel therapeutic approaches for TC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more optical records have exhibited that multiple upward leaders (MULs) occur frequently on a building in the flash attachment process. An interesting issue is why a building can continue to launch upward leader (UL) after the first one appears. This phenomenon is analyzed in the present paper. Considering the influence of the leader behaviors on the ambient electric field, an improved 3‐D fine‐resolution lightning attachment model with MULs is established to simulate cloud‐to‐ground flash events with diverse leader spatial morphologies. The simulation results show that MULs may initiate almost simultaneously or with an obvious delay and the variation range of UL length is large. From this, the flash events of lightning terminating on a building are divided into four scenarios and each scenario is analyzed. It was found that the spatial location of downward leader, the length and propagation direction of the first UL and the time interval from the inception of the first UL to final jump significantly affect the electric fields at top corners of building and further affect the inception of the second UL. Based on qualitative analysis, four factors are proposed to explain why the above four scenarios happen. Plain Language Summary: This research focuses on understanding the process of cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning, which can cause significant harm to society. Specifically, the study investigates the initiation of multiple upward leaders in the CG lightning process. By considering the impact of lightning leader behaviors on the surrounding electric field, the researchers develop an improved lightning attachment model. Using this model, we simulate the development of leaders and identify factors that explain why one or more leaders originate from an isolated building. The results highlight the importance of the location of the lightning, the characteristics of the first upward leader, and the timing of the lightning strike in influencing the initiation of multiple upward leaders. Future studies will explore CG lightning within groups of buildings, contributing to our understanding of this phenomenon and providing insights for protecting buildings from lightning strikes. Key Points: An improved 3‐D fine‐resolution stochastic discharge model is developedThe spatial location of lightning, as well as the length and propagation direction of the first upward leader, has an impact on the initiation of multiple upward leadersThe time interval between the inception of the first upward leader and the final jump affects the initiation of multiple upward leaders [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods accurately predicting the responses of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) to personalized chemotherapy remain limited due to tumor heterogeneity. This study introduces an innovative patient‐derived CRC and CRLM tumor model for preclinical investigation, utilizing 3d‐bioprinting (3DP) technology. Efficient construction of homogeneous in vitro 3D models of CRC/CRLM is achieved through the application of patient‐derived primary tumor cells and 3D bioprinting with bioink. Genomic and histological analyses affirm that the CRC/CRLM 3DP tumor models effectively retain parental tumor biomarkers and mutation profiles. In vitro tests evaluating chemotherapeutic drug sensitivities reveal substantial tumor heterogeneity in chemotherapy responses within the 3DP CRC/CRLM models. Furthermore, a robust correlation is evident between the drug response in the CRLM 3DP model and the clinical outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These findings imply a significant potential for the application of patient‐derived 3DP cancer models in precision chemotherapy prediction and preclinical research for CRC/CRLM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of tactile sensation resembling human skin, the electronic skin (E‐skin) has long been a subject of interest and inspires the exploration of various biomimetic structures. Nevertheless, the exceptional functionality of living organisms arises from the synergistic interplay of multiple internal factors, i.e. the coupling enhancement effect, which has received limited attention in existing studies. Here, a tactile E‐skin featuring a multicoupled biomimetic structure that mimics three coupling elements found in the skin: Stratum spinosum, Meissner corpuscle, and Piezo2 protein, is proposed. By amalgamating their distinguishing characteristics, this bionic E‐skin surpasses the performance of conventional counterparts such as sensitivity as high as 388.5 kPa−1, hysteresis as low as 0.76%, and response times as short as 10 ms. Furthermore, its fabrication methodology of efficient 3D printing shows great advantages in terms of production cost and customization. Finally, the sensor is expanded to a 9 × 9 pixels array for a machine learning‐assisted intellisense system to recognize the fruits as a human does, achieving an accuracy of 91.4%. All of these prove the promising potential of this multicoupled biomimetic structure in wearable electronics, human–machine interface, soft robotics, and artificial sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ankle joint fractures are often accompanied by medial deltoid ligament rupture. There is controversy over whether or how to treat deltoid ligament rupture. This study was aimed to explore the feasibility of repairing the medial deltoid ligament using Kirschner wire internal fixation of the medial tibiotalar joint combined with external fixation. Methods: Forty‐six patients with ankle fractures involving deltoid ligament rupture, treated between October 2012 and February 2021, were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty‐five patients were treated with a Kirschner wire to fix the tibiotalar joint and indirectly repair the deltoid ligament as the repaired group. Twenty‐one patients underwent reduction and fixation of internal and external malleolus fractures, and the deltoid ligament was not repaired in the unrepaired group. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle‐hindfoot score, visual analog scale (VAS), Medical Outcomes Short Form 36‐item questionnaire score (SF‐36), and Medial clear space perpendicular (preoperative, postoperative, final follow‐up) were used for functional evaluations and reduction assessments. Mann–Whitney test were used to compare the differences between the groups. Results: The follow‐up time was 13–112 months with a mean of 59.32 months for the repaired group and 11–94 months with a mean of 53.43 months for the unrepaired group. There was no significant difference in the operative time or intraoperative blood loss between the two groups (p > 0.05). At the last follow‐up, the AOFAS ankle‐hindfoot and SF‐36 scores of the repaired group were significantly higher than those of the non‐repaired group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the VAS pain score was significantly lower and the Medial clear space perpendicular was significantly narrower in the repaired group than that in the unrepaired group. Conclusion: Tibiotalar joint fixation using Kirschner wires is a simple and effective technique that can indirectly reduce and repair the deltoid ligament and stabilize the ankle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innate immune adaptor proteins are critical components of the innate immune system that propagate pro‐inflammatory responses from their upstream receptors, and lead to pathogen clearance from the host. Bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to survive inside host cells without triggering the innate immune surveillance in ways that are still not fully understood. Here, it is reported that Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces its quorum sensing mechanism after macrophage engulfment. Further investigation of its secretome identified a quorum sensing regulated product, LasB, is responsible for innate immune suppression depending on the MyD88‐mediated signaling. Moreover, it is showed that this specific type of pathogen‐mediated innate immune suppression is due to the enzymatic digestion of the death domains of the innate immune adaptors, mainly MyD88, and attributed to LasB's large substrate binding groove. Lastly, it is demonstrated that the secretion of LasB from P. aeruginosa directly contributed to MyD88 degradation within macrophages. Hence, it is discovered an example of bacterial quorum sensing‐regulated cellular innate immune suppression by direct cleavage of immune adaptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive control methods have been widely adopted to handle the variable time delay in real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS). Nevertheless, the initial parameter settings in adaptive control law, the parameter estimation method, and the testing system nonlinearity will affect RTHS's accuracy and stability at different levels. To this end, this study proposes a novel model-based adaptive feedforward-feedback control method that considers an additive error model. In the proposed method, the time delay and amplitude discrepancy are roughly compensated by a feedforward controller and then finely reduced by an adaptive controller, and an outer-loop control formed by the feedback controller is introduced to improve the ability and robustness furthermore. What's more, the testing system, composed of the transfer system and physical specimen, is divided into the nominal and additive error models. The feedforward controller is devised using the inverse nominal model, whose parameters are constant. The adaptive controller is designed to adopt a discrete-time additive error model, in which the parameters are identified online by the Kalman filter. Numerical simulations, parametric studies, and actual experiments were carried out to inspect the feasibility and effectiveness of this method thoroughly. Results indicate that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy and stability of RTHS and significantly reduce the dependence on the adaptive control law. Moreover, the proposed method exhibits strong robustness and is, therefore, useful in RTHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersion curves for surface wave recordings are required input for many surface wave inversion methods to image subsurface shear wave velocity distribution, while the conventional extraction of dispersion curves requires significant amount of human interaction. This step impedes efficiency enhancement of surface wave analysis and its automation. In this paper, we present an unsupervised learning scheme to achieve efficient automatic picking of dispersion curves of the fundamental mode for surface wave gathers. This scheme is composed of four major steps: computing a frequency velocity(f‐v) spectrum for the surface wave gather using a high‐resolution Tau‐p transform improved by the iteratively shrinkage Thresholding algorithm (ISTA) algorithm, generating clusters points along the dispersion energy in the f‐v spectrum via a weighted Kmeans algorithm, filtering these cluster points by principal component analysis (PCA) and Local Outlier Factor (LOF) algorithms to remove the erroneous clusters, and fitting the remaining clusters to form the dispersion curve. Tests with synthetic and field noisy surface wave recordings demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach and its potential in automatic processing of noisy surface wave data sets. Key Points: An automatic scheme is developed to pick surface wave dispersion curves, and training data sets are not neededHigh resolution dispersion spectrum computation and simultaneous denoising of multiple curves enables reliable picking resultsA key technique for automatic processing of surface wave data to facilitate real‐time imaging and subsurface monitoring [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCA12) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a CAG repeat in the PPP2R2B gene. Objective: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the PPP2R2B antisense (PPP2R2B‐AS1) transcript containing a CUG repeat is expressed and contributes to SCA12 pathogenesis. Methods: Expression of PPP2R2B‐AS1 transcript was detected in SCA12 human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), iPSC‐derived NGN2 neurons, and SCA12 knock‐in mouse brains using strand‐specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The tendency of expanded PPP2R2B‐AS1 (expPPP2R2B‐AS1) RNA to form foci, a marker of toxic processes involving mutant RNAs, was examined in SCA12 cell models by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The apoptotic effect of expPPP2R2B‐AS1 transcripts on SK‐N‐MC neuroblastoma cells was evaluated by caspase 3/7 activity. Western blot was used to examine the expression of repeat associated non‐ATG‐initiated translation of expPPP2R2B‐AS1 transcript in SK‐N‐MC cells. Results: The repeat region in the PPP2R2B gene locus is bidirectionally transcribed in SCA12 iPSCs, iPSC‐derived NGN2 neurons, and SCA12 mouse brains. Transfected expPPP2R2B‐AS1 transcripts induce apoptosis in SK‐N‐MC cells, and the apoptotic effect may be mediated, at least in part, by the RNA secondary structure. The expPPP2R2B‐AS1 transcripts form CUG RNA foci in SK‐N‐MC cells. expPPP2R2B‐AS1 transcript is translated in the alanine open reading frame (ORF) via repeat‐associated non‐ATG translation, which is diminished by single‐nucleotide interruptions within the CUG repeat and MBNL1 overexpression. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PPP2R2B‐AS1 contributes to SCA12 pathogenesis and may therefore provide a novel therapeutic target for the disease. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]