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Musk secreted by male forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) musk glands is an invaluable component of medicine and perfume. Musk secretion depends on musk gland maturation; however, the mechanism of its development remains elusive. Herein, using single cell multiome ATAC + gene expression coupled with several bioinformatic analyses, a dynamic transcriptional cell atlas of musk gland development was revealed, and key genes and transcription factors affecting its development were determined. Twelve cell types, including two different types of acinar cells (Clusters 0 and 10) were identified. Single‐nucleus RNA and single‐nucleus ATAC sequencing analyses revealed that seven core target genes associated with musk secretion (Hsd17b2, Acacb, Lss, Vapa, Aldh16a1, Aldh7a1, and Sqle) were regulated by 12 core transcription factors (FOXO1, CUX2, RORA, RUNX1, KLF6, MGA, NFIC, FOXO3, ETV5, NR3C1, HSF4, and MITF) during the development of Cluster 0 acinar cells. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment showed significant changes in the pathways associated with musk secretion during acinar cell development. Gene set variation analysis also revealed that certain pathways associated with musk secretion were enriched in 6‐year‐old acinar cells. A gene co‐expression network was constructed during acinar cell development to provide a precise understanding of the connections between transcription factors, genes, and pathways. Finally, intercellular communication analysis showed that intercellular communication is involved in musk gland development. This study provides crucial insights into the changes and key factors underlying musk gland development, which serve as valuable resources for studying musk secretion mechanisms and promoting the protection of this endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Musk is a scarce and precious medical resource secreted by male forest musk deer (FMD). Current research to promote musk secretion in FMD has used almost exclusively hormone injections, but this approach can be detrimental to the health of FMD. In order to conserve this endangered species as much as possible while increasing the production of musk, this study first used bioinformatics methods to predict the function of quercetin, a flavonoid that promotes testosterone (T) production and prevents late‐onset male hypogonadism. On the basis of good prediction effect, different concentrations of quercetin were added to the diet of FMD. The results showed that quercetin could change the levels of T, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol, and regulate the structure of intestinal microorganisms and musk microorganisms of FMD. Moreover, there is a correlation among musk components, hormones, intestinal microorganisms, and musk microorganisms, which indicates that the production of musk may be regulated by these three at the same time, and the addition of quercetin with 800 mg per kg diet could significantly increase the yield of muscone (P < 0.05), the most effective ingredient in musk. In addition, quercetin decreased the high level of cortisol during musk secretion, which may relieve the stress on FMD in this process. This may help to protect the health of FMD. Combined with the results of software prediction, we finally proposed a possible mechanism for the complex process of musk secretion in FMD with a view to providing ideas for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still a global public health issue, and the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine inducing potent neutralizing antibodies remains a significant challenge. This study aims to explore the inflammation‐related proteins associated with the neutralizing antibodies induced by the DNA/rTV vaccine. In this study, we employed the Olink chip to analyze the inflammation‐related proteins in plasma in healthy individuals receiving HIV candidate vaccine (DNA priming and recombinant vaccinia virus rTV boosting) and compared the differences between neutralizing antibody‐positive (nab +) and –negative(nab‐) groups. We identified 25 differentially expressed factors and conducted enrichment and correlation analysis on them. Our results revealed that significant expression differences in artemin (ARTN) and C‐C motif chemokine ligand 23 (CCL23) between nab+ and –nab‐ groups. Notably, the expression of CCL23 was negatively corelated to the ID50 of neutralizing antibodies and the intensity of the CD4+ T cell responses. This study enriches our understanding of the immune picture induced by the DNA/rTV vaccine, and provides insights for future HIV vaccine development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an autoimmune disease with cardiovascular disease as its main complication, mainly affecting children under 5 years old. KD treatment has made tremendous progress in recent years, but intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance remains a major dilemma. Bibliometric analysis had not been used previously to summarize and analyze publications related to IVIG resistance in KD. This study aimed to provide an overview of the knowledge framework and research hotspots in this field through bibliometrics, and provide references for future basic and clinical research. Methods: Through bibliometric analysis of relevant literature published on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database between 1997 and 2023, we investigated the cooccurrence and collaboration relationships among countries, institutions, journals, and authors and summarized key research topics and hotspots. Results: Following screening, a total of 364 publications were downloaded, comprising 328 articles and 36 reviews. The number of articles on IVIG resistance increased year on year and the top three most productive countries were China, Japan, and the United States. Frontiers in Pediatrics had the most published articles, and the Journal of Pediatrics had the most citations. IVIG resistance had been studied by 1889 authors, of whom Kuo Ho Chang had published the most papers. Conclusion: Research in the field was focused on risk factors, therapy (atorvastatin, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha inhibitors), pathogenesis (gene expression), and similar diseases (multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, MIS‐C). "Treatment," "risk factor," and "prediction" were important keywords, providing a valuable reference for scholars studying this field. We suggest that, in the future, more active international collaborations are carried out to study the pathogenesis of IVIG insensitivity, using high‐throughput sequencing technology. We also recommend that machine learning techniques are applied to explore the predictive variables of IVIG resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism by which the transcription factor ETS1 regulates N‐myc downstream regulatory gene 1 (NDRG1) to provide a new theoretical basis for the study of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: In this study, eight human OSCC and paraneoplastic samples were collected. The expressions of NDRG1, ETS1, and Ki67 were detected by immunohistochemistry; apoptosis was detected by tdt‐mediated dUTP notched end labeling; cell migration and invasion were detected by Transwell; quantitative real‐time PCR was performed to detect the expression of NDRG1; RNA‐binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays detected NDRG1 expression; immunofluorescence assays detected ETS1 expression. Results: NDRG1 and ETS1 expression was significantly upregulated in cancer tissues and CAL‐27 and SCC‐6 cells. Knockdown of NDRG1 and ETS1 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cloning, and EMT while promoting apoptosis and inhibited tumor development; ETS1 positively regulated NDRG1 expression; Finally, overexpression of NDRG1 in vivo and in vitro reversed the effect of ETS1 knockdown on CAL‐27 and SCC‐6 cells. Conclusions: ETS1 positively regulates the expression of NDRG1 and promotes OSCC. Therefore, ETS1 may serve as a new target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark septate endophytes (DSE) are widespread colonizers of plant roots and have important ecological functions such as the regulation of plant growth and nutrient uptake. The mechanisms by which DSE mycelium and its extracellular metabolites promote plant growth have not yet been determined. Here, the growth‐promoting effects of DSE mycelium (H) and extracellular metabolites (M) on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were investigated. Treatments H, M and HM increased the total biomass of alfalfa by 23.9%, 47.2% and 47.1%, respectively. H and M modified root structure by increasing root volume and reducing root tissue density, and promoting nutrient uptake. Metabolomic analysis indicates that alfalfa root exudates contained 204 metabolites of different types, mainly lipids and lipid‐like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, benzenoids. There were more organoheterocyclic compounds and fewer organic acids and derivatives in root exudates in treatment H than in treatment M. Pathway analysis shows that DSE and its extracellular metabolites had greater effects on glycerophospholipid metabolism and N‐glycan biosynthesis pathway. The results provide information on the mechanisms involved in the metabolic regulation of plant growth promotion by DSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high stocking rate can intensify wind erosion in grasslands, and strong wind can carry away soil surface particles, soil carbon (C), and nitrogen (N), which leads to soil barrenness. In this research, the dust flux, total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents, and fluxes of aeolian sediment were determined in the nongrowing season (mid‐October to mid‐April of the following year) and growing season (mid‐April to mid‐October) from 2017 to 2020 at a continuous grazing gradient experiment platform established in 2004 in a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. The results were as follows: (1) As the stocking rate increased, fluxes of aeolian sediment at 10 cm (H10), 30 cm (H30), and 100 cm (H100) were greatly increased (p < 0.05). Aeolian sediment fluxes followed the order control (CK) < light stocking rate (LG) < moderate stocking rate (MG) < heavy stocking rate (HG). (2) The TC and TN contents of aeolian sediment decreased with an increase in stocking rate, and higher grazing intensity resulted in a difference in TC content, which decreased between the two seasons. The TC flux/aeolian sediment flux increased with an increase in stocking rate, and the ratio of TC flux increased between two seasons due to the influence of heavy grazing. Grazing disturbance had little effect on TN flux. As grazing intensity increased, wind erosion resulted in an increase in soil available carbon loss, and this loss was more severe in the nongrowing season. (3) The C/N ratio increased with increase in aeolian sediment flux. The aeolian sediment flux and C/N showed an inverse relationship with the increase in grazing intensity. Regression lines for the two seasons showed an intersecting trend, and the intersection points moved backward as height increased, indicating that higher stocking rates could reduce the influence of grassland vegetation on C/N. As height increased, the regression intercept increased, indicating that the loss of wind‐eroded soil changed from a low C/N loss to a high C/N loss. In general, high stocking rates aggravated soil wind erosion, resulting in more C pool loss than N loss in terms of soil elements and more available C loss in the nongrowing season. In the nongrowing season, vegetation characteristics are poor, coupled with grazing interference, and wind erosion in the nongrowing season is serious in general; however, the change law of C and N in wind‐eroded soil is directly related to its particle size. C and N content in fine particles is higher, and C content in soil is much higher than N, so the TC loss is relatively large; therefore, reducing the intensity of grazing can reduce the occurrence of soil wind erosion, and implementing measures to protect grassland in spring and other periods vulnerable to wind erosion would be conducive to the sustainable usage of grassland resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extends our understanding of CEO inside debt compensation under an agency problem perspective by considering the impact of a behavioural trait, namely CEO overconfidence. Using a sample of US firms in Standard & Poor's ExecuComp for the period 2006–2019, we find that overconfident CEOs exhibit greater inside debt incentives (i.e. incentives arising from defined‐benefit pensions and deferred compensation). This relationship is more pronounced among firms with higher CEO overconfidence‐induced agency cost of debt (e.g. financially unconstrained firms) managed by CEOs who are less able to align compensation with their own preferences (e.g. less powerful CEOs). The results are robust to endogeneity, self‐selection concerns and alternative explanations. We contribute to the inside compensation literature that deals with agency problems under overconfident CEOs, and optimal contracting and managerial power theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cathode interlayer (CIL) has significant impact on the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs), including the abilities to align energy levels, form ohmic contacts between the active layer and the electrode, and promote the electron extraction and transportation. However, the developments of CILs are still far behind the rapid explosion of active layer materials, especially for these nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs). This research provides a brand‐new CIL optimization approach by applying the nonconjugated small‐molecule zwitterion (NSMZ) as the morphology control additives (MCAs). Two novel NSMZs, 4‐(1‐methyl piperidin‐1‐ium‐1‐yl)butane‐1‐sulfonate (MPBS) and 3‐(1‐methylpiperidin‐1‐ium‐1‐yl)‐propane‐1‐sulfonate, are developed as MCAs for the improvements of short‐circuit current, fill factor, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) in various solar cell systems of the classic active layers and CILs. The interaction mechanism is systematically investigated. With the reduced energy barrier and suppressed electron recombination, a champion PCE of 18.65% on binary NFA–OSCs is achieved by incorporating the zwitterion of MPBS into the cathode interlayer as the additive, which is among the highest efficiency of the reported binary OSCs. The application of the zwitterion as MCAs for the cathode interlayer opens a novel avenue for highly efficient OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caspases, also known as cysteine‐dependent aspartate‐directed proteases, play an important role in regulating apoptosis during development and inflammation. In this study, 10 caspase genes were characterized by searching the Japanese pufferfish genome using various bioinformatics methods, such as multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, we characterized the caspase genes and examined the expression profiles of every member in both healthy tissues and tissues infected with Vibrio harveyi in the liver and intestine. Our results revealed that 10 caspase genes were detected in all examined tissues, and the expression levels varied among different tissues and genes. Vibrio harveyi infection induced significant changes in the expression of 10 caspases in a time‐dependent manner, suggesting that they might play key roles in the defense process of Japanese pufferfish. Our findings offer strong support for future studies aiming to provide an initial assessment of caspase genes in teleosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that SQLE is highly expressed in a variety of tumours and promotes tumour progression. However, the role of SQLE in pancreatic cancer (PC) has not been reported. Here, we aim to study the role and molecular mechanism of SQLE in PC. Immunohistochemistry and functional experiments showed that SQLE was highly expressed in PC tissues and promoted the proliferation and invasion of PC cells. Terbinafine, an inhibitor of SQLE, inhibited this effect. In order to further study the upstream mechanism that regulates SQLE, we used bioinformatics technology to lock miR‐133b and lncRNA‐TTN‐AS. In situ hybridization was used to detect the expression of miR‐133b and lncRNA‐TTN‐AS1 in PC tissues. The luciferase reporter gene experiment was used to confirm the binding of miR‐133b and lncRNA‐TTN‐AS1. The results showed that miR‐133b was down‐regulated in PC tissues and negatively correlated with the expression of SQLE. LncRNA‐TTN‐AS1 was upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and positively correlated with the expression of SQLE. Luciferase gene reporter gene analysis confirmed lncRNA‐TTN‐AS1 directly binded to miR‐133b. Therefore, we propose that targeting the lncRNA‐TTN‐AS1/miR‐133b/SQLE axis is expected to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of PC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoreduction of CO2 without photosensitizers and scavengers runs into the development bottleneck for lack of excellent photocatalysts and ambiguous reduction mechanism. Herein, an ultrathin CoO layer containing Zn‐dopants and O‐vacancies (Vo‐Zn‐CoO) is designed as an archetype to explore the influence mechanism of Zn on O‐vacancies in ultrathin nanolayer for CO2 photoreduction. DFT calculations illustrate that Zn‐dopants not only reduce formation barriers of *COOH and *CO intermediates, but also form π‐back‐bonding with *CO stimulating CH4 evolution. Finally, Vo‐Zn‐CoO layer significantly enhances CO2 photoreduction efficiency and CH4 selectivity with 26.8 µmol g−1 h−1 (63.8%) compared to 7.2 µmol g−1 h−1 (23.6%) for CoO layer with O‐vacancies. Moreover, the synergistic effect of Zn and O‐vacancies benefits the stability of O‐vacancies in photocatalysts, achieving durable photocatalytic performance of Vo‐Zn‐CoO layer. This work manifests that the strategy of metal atoms synergistic O‐vacancies is effective to optimize CO2 photocatalytic efficiency, selectivity, and stability of photocatalyst with O‐vacancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Protein arginine methylation has emerged a pivotal role in cancer progression. However, the role of protein arginine methyltransferase 3 (PRMT3) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. Methods: The expression pattern of PRMT3 in HCC was analysed using quantitative real‐time‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function experiments were carried out to determine the oncogenic role of PRMT3 in HCC. Glucose consumption and lactate production assays, seahorse bioscience, mass spectrometry, co‐immunoprecipitation, metabonomic analysis and site‐specific mutation experiments were used to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, a xenograft mouse model was established to investigate the effects of PRMT3 and its inhibitor, SGC707, treatment on tumour growth in vivo. Results: The expression of PRMT3 was significantly upregulated in HCC, with high expression of which correlated with poor prognosis. PRMT3 knockdown led to the decrease in proliferation, glycolysis of HCC cells and tumour growth, whilst its overexpression showed opposite results. The catalytic activity of PRMT3 was important in mediating these biological processes. Mechanistically, our data showed that PRMT3 interacted with and mediated asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) modification of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) at arginine 112 (R112). Compared with LDHA‐wild‐type (LDHA‐WT) cells, LDHA‐R112K‐mutant‐expressing HCC cells exhibited a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, HCC cell glycolysis and proliferation. Furthermore, the administration of SGC707, a selective inhibitor of PRMT3, disrupted the PRMT3‐mediated LDHA methylation and abolished PRMT3‐induced HCC glycolysis and tumour growth. Conclusions: Our results suggested a novel oncogenic role of PRMT3 in HCC, and it could be a promising therapeutic target for HCC by linking post‐translational modification and cancer metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a few semiconductors can directly absorb infrared light, their intrinsic properties like improper band‐edge position and strong electron–hole interaction restrict further photocatalytic applications. Herein, we propose an exciton‐mediated energy transfer strategy for realizing efficient infrared light response in heterostructures. Using black phosphorous/polymeric carbon nitride (BP/CN) heterojunction, CN could be indirectly excited by infrared light with the aid of nonradiatively exciton‐based energy transfer from BP. At the same time, excitons are dissociated into free charge carriers at the interface of BP/CN heterojunction, followed by hole injection to BP and electron retainment in CN. As a result of these unique photoexcitation processes, BP/CN heterojunction exhibits promoted conversion rate and selectivity in amine–amine oxidative coupling reaction even under infrared light irradiation. This study opens a new way for the design of efficient infrared light activating photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All‐inorganic perovskites have emerged as promising photovoltaic materials due to their superior thermal stability compared to their organic–inorganic hybrid counterparts. However, the inferior film quality and doped hole transport layer (HTL) have a strong tendency to degrade the perovskite under high temperatures or harsh operating conditions. To solve these problems, a one‐source strategy using the same polymer donor material (PDM) to simultaneously dope CsPbI2Br perovskite films via antisolvent engineering and fabricating the HTL is proposed. The doping assists perovskite film growth and forms a top–down gradient distribution, generating CsPbI2Br with enlarged grain size and reduced defect density. The PDM as the HTL suppresses the energy barrier and forms favorable electrical contacts for hole extraction, and assemble into a fingerprint‐like morphology that improves the conductivity, facilitating the creation of a dopant‐free HTL. Based on this one‐source strategy using PBDB‐T as PDM, the CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cell with a dopant‐free HTL achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.40%, which is one of the highest PCEs reported among all‐inorganic CsPbI2Br pero‐SCs with a dopant‐free HTL. Importantly, the devices exhibit the highest thermal stability at 85 °C and operational stability under continuous illumination even with Ag as the top electrode and present good universality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of planar p–i–n perovskite solar cells (pero‐SCs) is commonly lower than that of the n–i–p pero‐SCs, due to the severe nonradiative recombination stemming from the more p‐type perovskite with prevailing electron traps. Here, two n‐type organic molecules, DMBI‐2‐Th and DMBI‐2‐Th‐I, with hydrogen‐transfer properties for the doping of bulk perovskite aimed at regulating its electronic states are synthesized. The generated radicals in these n‐type dopants with high‐lying singly occupied molecular orbitals enable easy transfer of the thermally activated electrons to the MAPbI3 perovskite for the realization of n‐doped perovskites. The n‐doping degree could be further enhanced by using the iodine ionized dopant DMBI‐2‐Th‐I. The doping effect could reduce the electron trap density, increase the electron concentration of the bulk perovskite, and simultaneously improve the surface electronic contact. When the DMBI‐2‐Th‐I‐doped perovskite is used in planar p–i–n pero‐SCs, the nonradiative recombination is significantly suppressed. As a result, the photovoltaic performance improved significantly, as evidenced by an excellent PCE of 20.90% and a robust ambient stability even under high relative humidity. To the best of the knowledge, this work represents the first example where organic n‐type dopants are used to tune the electronic states of a bulk perovskite film for efficient planar p–i–n pero‐SCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the strategies for depicting the postcricoid space and pyriform sinus. It mentions that the postcricoid space and pyriform sinus are the part of hypopharynx, which hides laryngeal cavity and the side of the oesophageal entrance. It mentions that Killian method with the Valsalva manoeuvre and anterior cervical skin traction are reported to ease access to the postcricoid region and pyriform sinus.

ABCA1 mediates the secretion of cellular free cholesterol and phospholipids to an extracellular acceptor, apolipoprotein AI, to form nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Thus, ABCA1 is a key molecule in cholesterol homeostasis. Functional studies of certain Tangier disease mutations demonstrate that ABCA1 has multiple activities, including plasma membrane remodeling and apoAI binding to cell surface, which participate in nascent HDL biogenesis. Recent advances in our understanding of ABCA1 have demonstrated that ABCA1also mediates unfolding the N terminus of apoAI on the cell surface, followed by lipidation of apoAI and release of nascent HDL. Although ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to apoAI can occur on the plasma membrane, the role of apoAI retroendocytosis during cholesterol efflux may play a role in macrophage foam cells that store cholesterol esters in cytoplasmic lipid droplets. © 2014 BioFactors, 40(6):547-554, 2014 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] NHERF1-wt overexpression reversed the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. [•] nherf1 Mutations (K172N and D301V) were recently identified in breast cancer cells. [•] nherf1 Mutations affected the PTEN/NHERF1/PDGFRβ complex formation. [•] nherf1 Mutations inactivated NHERF1 inhibition of AKT and ERK activation. [•] nherf1 Mutations were the causal role of NHERF1 in tumor development and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a unified LZ and hybrid coding (ULHC) method for compound image and video compression of visually lossless quality and high compression ratio. The method is macroblock‐based for ultra‐low coding latency and compatibility with the conventional and most popular hybrid video coding standards such as H.264 and MPEG‐2. First, each macroblock is coded by two tools: (i) gzip, a popular lossless LZ coding tool, modified to be macroblock‐oriented and to be seamlessly unifiable with a lossy hybrid coding tool; (ii) H.264, an advanced lossy hybrid coding tool. Then rate‐distortion optimisation is used to select either the modified gzip or H.264 as the final coding. To seamlessly unify these two coding tools for maximum quality and high compression ratio in ULHC, the modified gzip uses the most recent reconstructed and specially serialised macroblock data as the dictionary. Experimental results show that for images and videos composed of natural or synthesised picture, text and graphics, the proposed method provides higher peak signal‐to‐noise ratio and better subjective quality than H.264 at the same bitrate, and also achieves much higher compression ratio than gzip without any visual quality loss. In fact, ULHC can achieve partial‐lossless and partial‐near‐lossless coding with a high compression ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the relationship between sharps injuries and job burnout in nurses. Sharps injury questionnaires and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaires were used to investigate and analyze job burnout among 468 nurses, of which 458 effective questionnaires were collected, for a response rate of 97.86%. A total of 292 nurses had at least one sharps injury (63.76% of the 458 nurses). The dimension scores were higher for injured nurses compared with non-injured nurses. The difference between the dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization for nurses with sharps injuries was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). A rank correlation analysis showed that these two dimensions had a positive correlation with sharps injuries (r = 0.69-0.78). The prevalence of sharps injuries in nursing is associated with depersonalization, as measured by the MBI. Nursing administrators should pay more attention to clinically burned-out nurses, and provide more opportunity to nurses for training and education to reduce the prevalence of sharps injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor stability is one of the main limiting factors for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (pero‐SCs). The degradation of perovskite films is usually triggered by the reaction of the perovskite active layer with the superoxide when exposed in ambient atmosphere, which is not prevented by simple encapsulation. Herein, an oxygen‐stabilizing effect is found by utilizing a hydrophilic [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid‐(3,4,5‐tris(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)methanol ester (PCBB‐OEG) as a dopant of the perovskite film and electron‐transporting layer (ETL). PCBB‐OEG accelerates photoelectron transport in perovskite films and enhances the electron‐extracting ability of ETL. This process is demonstrated to efficiently prevent the reaction between electrons and oxygen to form a superoxide. Hence, the presence of PCBB‐OEG in the perovskite film improves its stability against oxygen. The stability and efficiency of pero‐SCs are further improved by doping PCBB‐OEG in [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) ETL. As a result, the p‐i‐n pero‐SCs with PCBB‐OEG as an additive in both the perovskite active layer and ETL show the best power conversion efficiency of 20.49%. Importantly, the related device retains 98% of this initial efficiency after 60 days of storage in ambient atmosphere without encapsulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed tin (Sn)–lead (Pb) perovskite is considered the most promising low‐bandgap photovoltaic material for both pursuing the theoretical limiting efficiency of single‐junction solar cells and breaking the Shockley–Queisser limitation by constructing tandem solar cells. However, their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are still lagging behind those of medium‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (pero‐SCs) due to their serious energy loss (Eloss). Here, an ultrathin bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) organic semiconductor (PBDB‐T:ITIC) layer is used as an intermediary between the hole transporting layer and Sn–Pb‐based low‐bandgap perovskite film to minimize Eloss. It is found that this BHJ PBDB‐T:ITIC intermediary simultaneously provided a cascading energy alignment in the device, facilitated high‐quality Sn–Pb perovskite film growth, and passivated the antisite defects of the perovskite surface. In this simple way, the Eloss of pero‐SCs based on (FASnI3)0.6(MAPbI3)0.4 (bandgap ≈1.25 eV) is dramatically reduced below 0.4 eV, leading to a high open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.86 V. As a result, the best pero‐SC showed a significantly improved PCE of 18.03% with negligible J–V hysteresis and high stability. As far as it is known, the PCE of 18.03% and Voc of 0.86 V are the highest values among the low‐bandgap pero‐SCs to date. A facile way to address the bottleneck of high Eloss of low bandgap perovskite solar cells (pero‐SCs) is developed by incorporating an ultrathin bulk‐heterojunction organic semiconductors (PBDB‐T:ITIC) intermediary. The resulting Sn–Pb‐based pero‐SCs show the highest reported efficiency of 18.03% in the low‐bandgap (below 1.4 eV) pero‐PCs to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐deposition processing of organolead halide films, by exposure to alkyl amine vapor and composition transformation, is an attractive approach for the formation of high‐quality and large‐scale perovskite films of desired compositions. However, the generalization of such composition transformation requires further understanding of the mechanism of the process. In this work MAPbI3, BA2PbI4, and OA2PbI4 (MA+: CH3NH3+, BA+: C4H9NH3+, and OA+: C8H17NH3+) are chosen as typical representatives of 3D and 2D organolead halide perovskites, and their transformations are systematically studied. It is found that the transformation can universally take place among these organolead iodides, irrespective of either from 3D to 2D or from 2D to 3D form. The important intermediates in these transformations have been identified to be alkyl amine‐bound lead iodides of well‐defined chemical composition and crystalline nature in solid state. Furthermore, such intermediates have unexpected good solubility in alcohol, enabling the use of ethanol as a processing solvent for fabrication of high‐quality perovskite films and solar cells. The so‐prepared perovskite solar cells display an average power conversion efficiency of 14.08% with the best one of 15.79%. These findings not only gain new insights on perovskite transformation mechanism, but also lead to developing an environmentally benign processing method for perovskite films and devices. Composition transformation is found mutually taking place among 2D and 3D organolead halide perovskites through alkyl amine‐bound intermediates with well‐defined compositions and unexpected good solubility in alcohol. This enables the use of ethanol as main processing solvent to prepare high quality perovskite films and solar cell devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little empirical data are available examining the injury experience of hired crop workers in the United States (US). This study analyzed work-related injury data collected on these workers from a national survey., Methods: Data were collected through the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) for the federal fiscal years 1999, 2002, 2003, and 2004. These data provided descriptive injury characteristics and rate estimates from a sample of 13,604 crop farm workers., Results: The injury rate was 4.3 injuries per 100 week-based full-time equivalents (FTE(WB) ). The majority of the injuries occurred to male (84%) and Mexican born (72%) workers. Shuttle migrants had the highest injury rate at 7.2 injuries/100 FTE(WB) . Workers reporting one or more health conditions and workers reporting one or more musculoskeletal complaints had higher injury. The most common injury events were overexertion from lifting (20%), being struck by hand held objects (13%), and falls to a lower level (10%). Injuries due to falls to a lower level accounted for the highest average number of restricted workdays (45 days)., Conclusions: The use of hand tools, falls, and lifting overexertion injuries were identified as significant causes of injury among hired crop workers. Increased injury risk was also seen for crop workers with existing health or musculoskeletal complaints. These results are useful for targeting injury prevention efforts and future research needs for this unique worker population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:734-747, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc., (Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)