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The practical application of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries is still greatly hindered by the unstable Zn anode with severe Zn dendrites growth and side reactions. As it is accessible and economical, the exploitation of electrolyte additives is one of the most promising strategies to stabilize the Zn electrode/electrolyte interface. Herein, the penta‐potassium triphosphate (KTPP) as a novel trifunctional electrolyte additive is introduced to tune the electrode/electrolyte interface. First, the KTPP additive can induce an ion‐conducting and mechanically robust solid electrolyte interphase film to stabilize the Zn anode. Second, the KTPP can complex with Zn2+ ions to reconstitute the dissolution sheath structure of the Zn2+ ion. Finally, the K+ cations in KTPP adsorb on the tips of the Zn anode surface as a shielding film to regulate Zn2+ ion flux. As a result, Zn//Zn symmetric cells can achieve significantly prolonged cycling stability (e.g., from 1077 to 3800 h at 1 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2, from 256 to 2500 h at 2 mA cm−2/2 mAh cm−2), and ultrahigh cumulative capacity of 6400/7200 mAh cm−2 at high current density (40/20 mA cm−2). A four‐layer Zn–MnO2 pouch full cell with a high capacity of 9 mAh can be constructed, showing impressive practical application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zimm plot has been widely used to characterize the molecular dimensions of polymers from small‐angle scattering experiments, where the reciprocal intensity is analyzed as a function of the square of the magnitude of the scattering wavevector Q. This work explores the benefits of analyzing the reciprocal scattering intensity from deformed polymers, extending the original Zimm plot to anisotropic materials. In the small‐angle limit, a tensorial extension of the Guinier law is found for the gyration tensor and the reciprocal single‐chain structure factor. In the high‐Q limit, application of the spherical harmonic expansion technique to the reciprocal structure factor permits direct model‐independent analysis of spatially dependent molecular deformation of polymers. Additionally, the contributions from high‐order spherical harmonics become insignificant in the reciprocal‐intensity representation. The proposed generalized Zimm plot approach is demonstrated computationally with the affine deformation model and the Rouse model, and experimentally with small‐angle neutron scattering measurements of deformed polystyrene melts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel dual‐stopband frequency selective surface (FSS) based on the knitted and strong‐coupled structures is proposed. The proposed FSS works stably at frequencies of 2.51 and 5.06 GHz for both TE and TM mode, even when the incident angles vary from 0° to 75°. The element size and thickness of the proposed structure are λ0/16 and λ0/170, respectively, where λ0 represents the free‐space wavelength. To clarify the operating principle, a general equivalent circuit model (ECM) is developed. A prototype of the proposed FSS is fabricated and measured. It is demonstrated that the proposed structure has good angular stability, polarisation insensitivity, and independent operation in the dual‐stopband. Importantly, the proposed structure has good prospects for application in dual‐band electromagnetic shielding in complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of flexible excitation system (FES) is proposed by using fully‐controlled power electronic devices such as IGBTs to replace the half controlled devices in the conventional static excitation system, which has the merit of independent control of rotor angle and terminal voltage of the synchronous generator. This paper proposes nonlinear adaptive control (NAC) strategies for synchronous generator with FES in a single machine infinite bus system. External disturbances and the uncertainties of all parameters as well as modelling are defined as lumped perturbation terms and estimated by perturbation observers or state and perturbation observer. The estimated perturbation terms are used to compensate the real perturbations and achieve a model‐independent and robust NAC. Merits of the FES against the conventional static excitation system and effectiveness of the proposed NAC scheme against the accurate model based multi‐variable feedback linearisation control are verified via small‐signal stability analysis and simulation studies. The simulation results have shown that the proposed NAC can achieve superior control performance with less states feedback during a three‐phase short circuit and better robustness against parameter uncertainties, compared with linear control and multi‐variable feedback linearisation control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that miR‐501‐3p plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of various carcinomas. However, its role and underlying mechanisms in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain to be elucidated. Methods: Quantitative RT‐PCR, western blot, and bioinformatics methods were used to evaluate the expression of miR‐501‐3p and Wilms' tumor 1‐associating protein (WTAP) in RCC cell lines and clinical tissues. The effects of miR‐501‐3p on the proliferation of RCC cells were investigated using flow cytometric, colony formation, and CCK8 assays. The target gene of miR‐501‐3p was confirmed by western blotting, qRT‐PCR, and dual‐luciferase reporter assays. The levels of RNA methylation with N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) following miR‐501‐3p overexpression or knockdown of its target gene were quantified using a dot‐blot assay. Results: miR‐501‐3p expression was significantly downregulated in human RCC cell lines and tissues. In contrast, its overexpression markedly inhibited cancer cell proliferation in vitro by inducing G1 phase arrest. Moreover, WTAP was verified as a direct target gene of miR‐501‐3p. WTAP gene knockdown alone efficiently produced the same cancer‐inhibiting effects as miR‐501‐3p overexpression, with the level of m6A in RCC cells being decreased under both scenarios. The intermolecular interaction between miR‐501‐3p and WTAP was further substantiated by rescue experiments. Conclusion: RCC progression is regulated via the miR‐501‐3p/WTAP/CDK2 axis and is inhibited by the overexpression of miR‐501‐3p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immediate reutilization of discarded blood from surgery has not received much attention, leading to the waste of a large amount of autologous blood. We used a concentration gradient and high‐voltage electrospinning technology to immediately prepare a scaffold material with high biological activity but without immunogenicity from autologous waste blood collected during surgery. Here, we fabricated and characterized a 90 mg/mL group, 110 mg/mL group, and 130 mg/mL group of fibrinogen (FBG) scaffolds. Analyses revealed that the FBG scaffolds had good film‐forming properties and a clear fiber structure. in vitro cell viability experiments confirmed that the cells showed an increasing trend with increasing FBG concentrations. The cells grew well in the scaffold material and secreted more cell matrix. When human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were cocultured with the scaffold material, the hBMSCs expressed osteogenic and chondrogenic biomarkers. The cellular scaffold complexes from the 3 groups were implanted in four full‐thickness round wounds (Φ12 mm) on the dorsal back of each rat, the 130 mg/mL group showed a 90% reduction in wound size and the data compared to other groups were better at 14 day. These results suggest that electrospinning technology‐based FBG scaffold materials derived from autologous waste blood may become an ideal tissue engineering scaffold and can be immediately used for autologous hemostasis, anti‐adhesion films, and wound dressing in surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: National averages obscure geographic variation in program performance. We determined Parliamentary Constituency (PC)‐wise estimates of TB notification to guide political engagement. Methods: We extracted district‐level TB notification data from the 2018 annual TB report. We derived PC‐level estimates by building a 'cross‐walk' between districts and PCs using boundary shapefiles. We described the spatial distribution of the PC‐wise estimates of Total Notification Rate and percentage of Private Sector Notification. Results: The median PC‐wise Total Notification Rate was 126.24/100 000 (IQR: 94.86/100 000, 162.22/100 000). The median PC‐wise Percentage Private Sector Notification was 18.03% (IQR: 9.56%, 26.84%). Only 16 (2.94%) PCs met the target of 50% private sector notification. Most of high notification rates in PCs were driven by high notification in public sector. There was geographic – both interstate and within state inter‐PC – variation in the estimates of these indicators. The study identified some geographic patterns of notification – high positive outlier PCs with adjoining PCs in lower deciles of notification rates, intra‐state differences in PC performance, and similarities in notification rates of adjoining PCs in different states. Conclusion: In addition to regional inequality, the study identified geospatial patterns that can aid in the formulation of suitable interventions. These include decongestion of overburdened facilities by strengthening poorly performing units. The PCs with a high percentage Private Sector Notification can act as role models for neighbouring PCs to improve private sector engagement. MPs can play a crucial role in mobilising additional resources, creating awareness, and establishing inter‐PC and inter‐state collaboration to improve TB program performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) on Mo/ZSM‐5 zeolite catalyst is promising for direct transformation of natural gas. Understanding the nature of active sites on Mo/ZSM‐5 is a challenge for applications. Herein, using 1H{95Mo} double‐resonance solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, we identify proximate dual active sites on Mo/ZSM‐5 catalyst by direct observation of internuclear spatial interaction between Brønsted acid site and Mo species in zeolite channels. The acidic proton–Mo spatial interaction is correlated with methane conversion and aromatics formation in the MDA process, an important factor in determining the catalyst activity and lifetime. The evolution of olefins and aromatics in Mo/ZSM‐5 channels is monitored by detecting their host–guest interactions with both active Mo sites and Brønsted acid sites via 1H{95Mo} double‐resonance and two‐dimensional 1H–1H correlation NMR spectroscopy, revealing the intermediate role of olefins in hydrocarbon pool process during the MDA reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guide vane closure scheme (GVCS) optimisation in hydroturbine generating unit (HTGU) under extreme conditions is one of the most important issues in hydropower plant design and operation. It is a kind of multiobjective constrained optimisation problem that contains the coordination of hydraulic and mechanical dynamic processes of many system states. In such a problem, the traditional optimisation objectives often include the control of the rotational speed of the HTGU and the suppression of the fluctuation amplitudes of the hydraulic pressure at different locations. In order to improve the overall control performances in load rejection process, an improved multi‐objective two‐archive evolutionary algorithm (TAEA) is put forward for GVCS with chaotic operators. The TAEA‐based multi‐objective optimisation carefully takes the multiple objective functions and the relevant constraint treatments including the limits on rotational speed peak, speed fluctuations, surge tank water levels, speed governor movement and hydraulic pressure oscillations into consideration. Simulation experiments of a real hydroturbine unit under load rejection condition are conducted with the proposed optimisation scheme and comparative methods. The results indicate that TAEA algorithm can achieve better overall performances and contribute to the operational stability of HTGU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumped‐storage unit (PSU) often acts as the peak and frequency modulation sources in modern power systems. The frequent operation condition conversions and tight hydraulic couplings with conduit system make its governing control a tough work in practise. To overcome the difficulty in the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) parameter tuning during transient processes, a hierarchical model predictive control (MPC) scheme, in which constrained generalised predictive control (CGPC) cooperates with classic PID is proposed. In the upper hierarchy of the MPC controller, CGPC acts as an auxiliary optimiser for the optimal PID parameters through online optimisation, whereas in the lower hierarchy, PID directly steers the movements of servomotor to control the guide vane opening; thus, to match the existing governing equipment in engineering practise. Also, typical constraints on the input/output signals and value ranges of PID parameters are discussed. Simulation experiments are conducted on a non‐linear distributed‐parameter simulation platform. It can precisely reflect hydraulic and mechanical dynamic behaviours of PSU and its conduit system. The results indicate that the proposed hierarchical MPC scheme not only outperforms in speed tracking and oscillation damping, but also attenuate instability phenomena caused by the negative 'S' character in pump turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monodispersed hairy nanocomposites with typical 2 nm (isophthalic acid)24Cu24 metal–organic polyhedra (MOP) as a core protected by 24 polymer chains with controlled narrow molecular weight distribution has been probed by imaging and scattering studies for the heterogeneity of polymers in the nanocomposites and the confinement effect the MOPs imposing on anchored polymers. Typical confined‐extending surrounded by one entanglement area is proposed to describe the physical states of the polymer chains. This model dictates the counterintuitive thermal and rheological properties and prohibited solvent exchange properties of the nanocomposites, whilst those polymer chain states are tunable and deterministic based on their component inputs. From the relationship between the structure and behavior of the MOP nanocomposites, a MOP‐composited thermoplastic elastomer was obtained, providing practical solutions to improve mechanical/rheological performances and processabilities of inorganic MOPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the input power of the real waves varies continuously and periodically, how to stabilise the operation and generation during wave energy utilisation has become an inevitable and significant topic. This study focuses on the wave energy converter of a hydraulic power take-off (HPTO) connected to a pendulum and studies the influences of the key components, i.e. the high-pressure accumulator, oil tank and flow control valve, on the operational stability of HPTO by simulations and experiments. Parameters of the high-pressure accumulator are analysed and optimised. The dynamic performance of the HPTO with or without the oil tank is also investigated. Besides, the functions of the flow control valve in the cases of excessive input power and load shedding are given. Results show that the key components play very important roles in the operational stability of HPTO. Reasonable configurations of the high-pressure accumulator and oil tank are significant to improve the quality of output power and stability. Appropriate actions of the flow control valve are beneficial to protection and stability. Therefore, these key components should be considered preferentially during the design of HPTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the functions and mechanisms of miR‐608 in prostate cancer (PCa). CISH and qRT‐PCR analysis demonstrated that miR‐608 was low expressed in PCa tissues and cells, which was partly attributed to the methylation of CpG island adjacent to the transcription start site (TSS) of miR‐608 gene. Intracellular miR‐608 overexpression inhibited in vivo PCa tumor growth, and suppressed PCa cell proliferation, G2/M transition, and migration in vitro, which was independent of EMT‐associated mechanisms. Then RAC2, a GTPase previously deemed hematopoiesis‐specific but now discovered to exist and play important roles in PCa, was verified by western blot and dual‐luciferase reporter assays to mediate the effects of miR‐608 through RAC2/PAK4/LIMK1/cofilin pathway. MiR‐608 also promoted the apoptosis of PCa cells through BCL2L1/caspase‐3 pathway by targeting the 3′‐UTR of BCL2L1. Moreover, PAK4, the downstream effector of RAC2, was found to be targeted by miR‐608 at the mRNA coding sequence (CDS) instead of the canonical 3′‐UTR. Knocking down RAC2, PAK4, or BCL2L1 with siRNAs reproduced the antiproliferative, mitosis‐obstructive, antimigratory and proapoptotic effects of miR‐608 in PCa cells, which could be attenuated by downregulating miR‐608. In conclusion, miR‐608 suppresses PCa progression, and its activation provides a new therapeutic option for PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha‐1 with 240 kg N ha‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha‐1 with 240 kg N ha‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We carried out a large set of tests to establish a correlation between the molecular (network) structure (influenced by molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and melt predeformation) and mechanical responses of several glassy polymers to uniaxial compression at different temperatures and different compression speeds. The experimental results show that to have ductile responses there must be an adequate chain network, afforded by the interchain uncrossability among sufficiently long chains. Specifically, polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) of sufficiently low molar mass do not have chain network and are found to be very brittle. Binary PS mixtures are brittle at room temperature when the volume fraction of the high‐molecular‐weight component is sufficiently low (e.g., at and below 27.5%). Moreover, sufficiently melt‐stretched PS mixtures show brittle fracture when compressed along the same direction, along which melt stretching was made. All the experimental findings confirm that a robust chain network is also a prerequisite for yielding and ductile cold compression of polymer glasses, as is for extension. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 758–770 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of wind spatial distribution on sub‐synchronous resonance (SSR), considering wind speed difference and wind turbine division. For a doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG) wind farm, two equivalent aggregated models, i.e. a one‐DFIG model and a multi‐DFIG model, are established and both simplified to impedance model for investigation. In one‐DFIG model, the SSR mechanism in DFIG wind farm, and the impact of wind speed on SSR are discussed. The concept of damping is introduced to explain how DFIG SSR current changes under the negative resistance of wind farm. Then, in multi‐DFIG model, DFIGs are divided into different groups based on their wind speed, and the interaction between DFIG groups is investigated. Simulations are used to validate the proposed analysis, and the results show that, multi‐DFIG model performances a higher accuracy when dealing with DFIG wind spatial distribution problems compared with one‐DFIG model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Herein, we reported a general protocol for an ab initio modeling approach to deduce structure information of polyoxometalates (POMs) in solutions from scattering data collected by the small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) technique. To validate the protocol, the morphologies of a serious of known POMs in either aqueous or organic solvents were analyzed. The obtained particle morphologies were compared and confirmed with previous reported crystal structures. To extend the feasibility of the protocol to an unknown system of aqueous solutions of Na2MoO4 with the pH ranging from −1 to 8.35, the formation of {Mo36} clusters was probed, identified, and confirmed by SAXS. The approach was further optimized with a multi‐processing capability to achieve fast analysis of experimental data, thereby, facilitating in situ studies of formations of POMs in solutions. The advantage of this approach is to generate intuitive 3D models of POMs in solutions without confining information such as symmetries and possible sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) have been widely studied because of their recyclability, good processibility, low production cost, and unique performance. The building of graft-type architectures can greatly improve mechanical properties of TPEs. This review focuses on the advances in different approaches to synthesize multigraft copolymer TPEs. Anionic polymerization techniques allow for the synthesis of well-defined macromolecular structures and compositions, with great control over the molecular weight, polydispersity, branch spacing, number of branch points, and branch point functionality. Progress in emulsion polymerization offers potential approaches to commercialize these types of materials with low production cost via simple operations. Moreover, the use of multigraft architectures provides a solution to the limited elongational properties of all-acrylic TPEs, which can greatly expand their potential application range. The combination of different polymerization techniques, the introduction of new chemical compositions, and the incorporation of sustainable sources are expected to be further investigated in this area in coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Poly(1-adamantyl acrylate) (PAdA) exhibits much higher glass transition and degradation temperatures than other polyacrylates. However, the quantitative evaluation of the stiffness of this polymer chain has not been reported previously. In this study, the dilute solution properties and conformational characteristics of PAdA were evaluated using viscometry and scattering techniques. The unperturbed dimensions of this polymer were evaluated using the Burchard-Stockmayer-Fixman extrapolation and the touched-bead wormlike chain model. The PAdA chain has a comparable persistence length, diameter per bead and characteristic ratio to poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. All these results indicate that PAdA is less flexible than common polyacrylates. In addition, the second virial coefficients ( A2) of PAdA in different solvents obtained by static light scattering were compared. Among the solvents investigated, tetrahydrofuran is a moderate solvent. Radius of gyration of a polymer sample in the various solvents ranged from 16.8 to 30.3 nm. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1526-1531 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocarbon-pool chemistry is important in methanol to olefins (MTO) conversion on acidic zeolite catalysts. The hydrocarbon-pool (HP) species, such as methylbenzenes and cyclic carbocations, confined in zeolite channels during the reaction are essential in determining the reaction pathway. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the formation of supramolecular reaction centers composed of organic hydrocarbon species and the inorganic zeolite framework in H-ZSM-5 zeolite by advanced 13C-27Al double-resonance solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Methylbenzenes and cyclic carbocations located near Brønsted acid/base sites form the supramolecular reaction centers in the zeolite channel. The internuclear spatial interaction/proximity between the 13C nuclei (associated with HP species) and the 27Al nuclei (associated with Brønsted acid/base sites) determines the reactivity of the HP species. The closer the HP species are to the zeolite framework Al, the higher their reactivity in the MTO reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanol to olefins conversion over zeolite catalysts is a commercialized process to produce light olefins like ethene and propene but its mechanism is not well understood. We herein investigated the formation of ethene in the methanol to olefins reaction over the H-ZSM-5 zeolite. Three types of ethylcyclopentenyl carbocations, that is, the 1-methyl-3-ethylcyclopentenyl, the 1,4-dimethyl-3-ethylcyclopentenyl, and the 1,5-dimethyl-3-ethylcyclopentenyl cation were unambiguously identified under working conditions by both solid-state and liquid-state NMR spectroscopy as well as GC-MS analysis. These carbocations were found to be well correlated to ethene and lower methylbenzenes (xylene and trimethylbenzene). An aromatics-based paring route provides rationale for the transformation of lower methylbenzenes to ethene through ethylcyclopentenyl cations as the key hydrocarbon-pool intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver-directed gene therapy has become a promising treatment for many liver diseases. In this study, we constructed a multi-functional targeting molecule, which maintains targeting, endosome-escaping, and DNA-binding abilities for gene delivery. Two single oligonucleotide chains of Melittin (M) were synthesized. The full-length cDNA encoding anti-hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor scFv C1 (C1) was purified from C1/pIT2. The GAL4 (G) gene was amplified from pSW50-Gal4 by polymerase chain reaction. M, C1 and G were inserted into plasmid pGC4C26H to product the recombinant plasmid pGC-C1MG. The fused gene C1MG was subsequently subcloned into plasmid pET32c to product the recombinant plasmid C1MG/pET32c and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The scFv-Mel-Gal4 triple fusion protein (C1MG) was purified with a Ni2+ chelating HiTrap HP column. The fusion protein C1MG of roughly 64 kD was expressed in inclusion bodies; 4.5 mg/ml C1MG was prepared with Ni2+ column purification. Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed the antigen-binding ability of C1MG to the cell surface of the liver-derived cell line and liver tissue slices. Hemolysis testing showed that C1MG maintained membrane-disrupting activity. DNA-binding capacity was substantiated by luciferase assay, suggesting that C1MG could deliver the DNA into cells efficiently on the basis of C1MG. Successful expression of C1MG was achieved in E. coli, and C1MG recombinant protein confers targeting, endosome-escaping and DNA-binding capacity, which makes it probable to further study its liver-specific DNA delivery efficacy in vivo. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep Lower Jurassic Ahe Formation (J1a) in the Dibei‐Tuzi area of the Kuqa Depression has not been extensively explored because of the complex distribution of fractures. A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the natural fracture distribution and structural style. The J1a fractures in this area were mainly high‐angle shear fractures. A backward thrust structure (BTS) is favorable for gas migration and accumulation, probably because natural fractures are more developed in the middle and upper parts of a thick competent layer. The opposing thrust structure (OTS) was strongly compressed, and the natural fractures in the middle and lower parts of the thick competent layer around the fault were more intense. The vertical fracture distribution in the thick competent layers of an imbricate‐thrust structure (ITS) differs from that of BTS and OTS. The intensity of the fractures in the ITS anticline is similar to that in the BTS. Fracture density in monoclinic strata in a ITS is controlled by faulting. Overall, the structural style controls the configuration of faults and anticlines, and the stress on the competent layers, which significantly affects deep gas reservoir fractures. The enrichment of deep tight sandstone gas is likely controlled by two closely spaced faults and a fault‐related anticline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain scFv (single-chain variable fragment) against human ASGPR (asialoglycoprotein receptor), a human non-immune phage antibody library was screened with the recombinant CRD (carbohydrate recognition domain) of rCRDH1 (the H1 subunit of human ASGPR). Anti-rCRDH1 phage clones were obtained after four rounds of screening with rCRDH1-coated immunotubes and single positive colonies were further selected with the expressed thioredoxin-His-S tag of the wild-type pET32c. Two specific anti-rCRDH1 phage clones (named C1 and C2) were transfected into Escherichia coli HB2151 and induced for secreted expression of scFv antibody. The purified anti-rCRDH1 C1 and C2 single-chain antibodies were characterized by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Both antibodies were found to specifically recognize denatured and native forms of the ASGPR and thus could potentially be used as targeting molecules for gene therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma or other liver diseases.