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Despite numerous observational studies indicating an increased risk of cutaneous melanoma (CM) due to childhood sunburn, no studies have established a definitive cause‐and‐effect relationship. Therefore, our objective was to employ a Mendelian randomization (MR) design to explore a possible causal association between childhood sunburn and the risk of CM. To investigate the causal relationship between childhood sunburn and CM, we used large‐scale genetic summary‐level data from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS), including childhood sunburn (n = 346,955) and CM (n = 262,288), building upon previous observational studies. In the analysis, we mainly used the inverse‐variance weighted (IVW) method of the random effects model, supplemented by the weighted median method and MR‐Egger method. The results of the IVW method demonstrated that genetically predicted childhood sunburn was significantly associated with higher odds of CM, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.418 (95%CI, 1.426–4.099; p =.001). The weighted median method and MR‐Egger regression also demonstrated directionally similar results (both p <.05). Furthermore, both the funnel plot and the MR‐Egger intercepts showed the absence of directional pleiotropy between childhood sunburn and CM. Our study offers potential evidence linking genetically predicted childhood sunburn with CM, underscoring the need for individuals with a history of childhood sunburn to be extra vigilant regarding the occurrence of CM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro‐arc oxidation (MAO) technology is used to prepare a micro‐arc oxidation coating on the surface of magnesium alloy, and then self‐assembly membrane (SAM) technology is used to separately apply ethyl acetate, cetyltrimethoxysilane, and stearic acid to the MAO coatings. Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and super‐hydrophobic micro‐arc oxidation/self‐assembly coatings are prepared on the surface of magnesium alloy. The surface morphology, composition, hydrophobicity, and corrosion resistance of the coating are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), contact angle, electrochemical test, and salt spray experiment. The results show that the contact angles of the three types of composite coating are 5.13°, 90.72°, and 150.62°, respectively. As the hydrophobicity of the composite coating increases, the corrosion resistance of the sample gradually increases. Rct is increased from 1.61 × 103 to 3.22 × 106 Ω cm2 and Icorr is reduced from 1.883 × 10−3 to 4.780 × 10−7 A cm−2. The adsorption mode of the coating is further judged by molecular dynamics calculation, and the results show that the three self‐assembled molecules and MgO belong to chemical adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6061 aluminum alloy is one of the light metal materials, which has the advantages of good elasticity and lightweight. However, aluminum alloy is susceptible to corrosion in industrial applications. Therefore, in this paper, we successfully prepared an organic lauric acid film on the surface of aluminum alloy by electrodeposition. The film was characterized by SEM, EDS, WCA, XPS, EIS, FT‐IR, and neutral salt spray test. According to the results of the EIS test, impedance value has increased by two orders of magnitude compared to the substrate, and corrosion current density reached 8.51 × 10−7 A/cm2. The salt spray test was conducted for 192 h before the corrosion point appeared, indicating that the film have better anticorrosion ion permeability. Calculated chemical results show that COOH of lauric acid is the dominant reaction group and the carboxyl group is near the aluminum alloy surface for the reaction equilibrium state, which provide a theoretical basis for the study of the film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs is a significant mRNA maturation process that increases RNA and protein diversity in eukaryotes.1-3 The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) is a multifunctional transcriptional activator and is essential for EBV-induced cell transformation through activating multiple genes expression.4-6 We recently revealed that EBNA2 activates cellular genes transcription by phase separation.7 To investigate the components of these phase separation nuclear puncta that interact with EBNA2, we used mass spectrometry to analyze the EBNA2 co-immunoprecipitates and found that 193 cellular proteins were most likely to interact with EBNA2 (Figure 1A and Table S1). Epstein-Barr virus EBNA2 phase separation regulates cancer-associated alternative RNA splicing patterns EBNA2-induced DAS genes were enriched for functional categories of defense responses and tumor-related signaling pathways (Figure S3B, C), whereas EBNA2-induced DEGs were enriched for functional categories related to mRNA processing and DNA repair (Figure S4B-D). Scale bar, 20 m gl To identify whether EBNA2 is linked to pre-mRNA alternative splicing processes, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes and transcripts induced by EBNA2 by integrating third-generation SMRT sequencing and second-generation RNA-sequencing (Figure 2A). [Extracted from the article]

In this article, the perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS) is used as a low surface energy substance to self‐assemble in Al2O3 surface to prepare a corrosion‐resistant composite film by anodization and self‐assembly technology. The morphology, structure, wettability, and chemical composition of the composite film are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, water contact angle, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance of the composite film is tested through electrochemical test and the neutral salt spray test, and various pollution simulations are performed to test the self‐cleaning performance of the film. The formation mechanism of the film is discussed by quantum chemical calculations. The results show that compared with Al alloy, the AC impedance of the composite film is increased by five orders of magnitude, the corrosion current density is reduced by three orders of magnitude, and the neutral salt spray corrosion test reaches 31 days. Meanwhile, theoretical studies of quantum chemical calculations show that Al2O3/POTS film is adsorbed on the surface of Al alloys through SiOAl chemical bonds. This work puts forward scientific viewpoints and novel design concepts to create effective anti‐corrosion coatings to protect Al alloys, and then expand its potential applications in other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum alloys are widely used in many fields because their advantages. However, the life of aluminum alloys is largely affected by the corrosion environment. So, it is important to conduct corrosion resistance treatment on aluminum alloys. Herein, the composite film of lauric acid (LA)/graphene is prepared by electrodeposition on aluminum alloys. The morphology, structure, wettability, and chemical compositions are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectra, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical tests and the corrosion resistance of the composite film are investigated. It is found that the composite film improves the corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloys. Compared with aluminum alloys substrate, the resistance value of the composite film increases by two orders, the corrosion current density decreases by three orders, and the salt spray test time reaches 386 h. Meanwhile, the study of computational chemistry indicates that LA and graphene are adsorbed on the aluminum alloy surface by the COAl chemical bond. Finally, the film‐forming mechanism indicates that cerium ions induce LA in the process of electrodeposition, which makes LA form chemical bonds with aluminum alloys on the metal surface to form films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs) as a result of intratumoral hypoxia modulates a cascade of molecular pathways thus leading to angiogenesis and metastasis in many solid tumors, including breast cancer (BC). In our paper, we report a regulatory axis of HIF‐1, SNHG1, miR‐199a‐3p, and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis under hypoxic conditions in BC. The expression of SNHG1 was determined in human BC cells cultured in hypoxia (1% O2, 24 h) and normoxia (20% O2, 24 h). Cultured MDA‐MB‐231 cells were assayed for the proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis in vitro by using EdU staining, transwell chamber assays, Matrigel‐based angiogenesis assays, tumorigenesis, and lung metastasis in vivo by using an orthotopic‐transplant model of human BC. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, RNA‐binding protein immunoprecipitation assay, and RNA pull‐down were performed to test interaction between HIF‐1 and SNHG1, SNHG1 and miR‐199a‐3p, miR‐199a‐3p and TFAM. SNHG1 was increased under hypoxic conditions at a HIF‐1‐dependent manner. SNHG1 knockdown tempered MDA‐MB‐231 cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, in vitro, tumorigenesis, and lung metastasis in vitro. SNHG1 was co‐expressed with miR‐199a‐3p and regulated the TFAM, a target gene of miR‐199a‐3p. SNHG1 increased the TFAM by binding with miR‐199a‐3p, thus promoting BC development and metastasis. These results support a regulatory axis consisting of HIF‐1, SNHG1, miR‐199a‐3p, and TFAM during BC development and metastasis under hypoxic conditions, providing an opportunity to develop targeted therapeutics for BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new metallic chromium complex with asymmetric salen ligand and ancillary chloride group (complex 1) has been synthesized and applied as co‐catalytic system with bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride (PPNCl) for the polymerization of epoxycyclohexane (CHO) and phthalic anhydride (PA). The catalyst loading, polymerization temperature, reaction time and type of co‐catalyst were varied in order to explore the influences on the catalytic activity of 1. It was found that 1 exhibited relatively good activity in the catalytic copolymerization of PA and CHO to form the product with more than 90% ester linkage content under mild conditions after the addition of the PPNCl co‐catalyst. This was in sharp contrast to the dinuclear [ONSO]CrCl analogue, where the resulting polymer with more than 97% ether units was achieved under identical conditions. According to the kinetic data, the apparent activation energy of CHO ring‐opening copolymerization was 9.0 kJ mol−1. A reasonable polymerization mechanism was proposed based on the interaction between the single‐metal two‐component catalyst system and the monomer. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]