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Background: The physical health of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) has been identified as an area of ongoing concern and priority. Research has increasingly focused on cancer, with studies indicating that people with ID are at an increased risk of cancer and of mortality, compared with the general population. This review aims to systematically identify and synthesise the published academic literature exploring cancer risk‐factor and symptom awareness among people with IDs, carers and healthcare professionals. Methods: In line with Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) framework for scoping reviews, five incremental stages were followed: (1) identifying research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) extracting and charting of data, and (5) collating, summarising and reporting results. Findings were reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA‐Scr). Results: The search strategy identified 352 records, 16 records met all eligibility criteria and were included for review. The studies address a range of areas including knowledge and awareness of cancer risk‐factors and symptoms and interventions to promote awareness of cancer. Conclusions: Cancer risk‐factor and symptom awareness is low among adults with ID, paid and unpaid carers and healthcare practitioners (HCPs). Theoretically underpinned, co‐designed tools and interventions to improve awareness are lacking. There is uncertainty surrounding how to best support people with ID in raising cancer awareness, even within the professional healthcare environment. There is a predominance of research on breast cancer awareness. Future studies focusing on other cancers are needed to build a complete picture of awareness among adults with IDs, paid and unpaid carers, and HCPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by a rich non-malignant immune infiltrate. The percentage of PD-1+ cells was similar across Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-P Th-EM T cells in 7 of 8 cHL samples. [Extracted from the article]

B Conclusions: b Our data suggests that immunological features such as soluble factors and peripheral blood immune cell profile, measured at the time of diagnosis of FL, may be associated with subsequent risk of HT. Efforts to date in understanding the pathobiology of HT in FL (HT-FL) have been focused on genomic factors leading to clonal evolution of lymphoma cells. B Introduction: b Histologic transformation (HT) is a singular event in the natural history of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) which dramatically change the clinical course and portends a poor prognosis. [Extracted from the article]

A total of 3004 single cell events were acquired using MxIF, of which 55% were classified as B cells, 17% as T cells, 8% as macrophages, and 20% as other cells. B Introduction: b Despite advances, 20%-40% of patients with DLBCL do not achieve remission or relapse after an initial response. COORDINATED CHANGES IN THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT (TME) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK OF THERAPEUTIC FAILURE IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA (DLBCL). [Extracted from the article]

Background Much is to be learnt about human breast milk (HBM). Objectives The purpose of this study is to extend our knowledge of HBM by investigating the role of maternal body mass index (BMI), sex and stage of lactation (month 1 vs. 6) on HBM insulin, glucose, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α and their associations with infant body composition. Methods Thirty-seven exclusively breastfeeding infants ( n = 37; 16♀, 21♂), and their mothers (19-47 kg m−2) were studied at 1 and 6 months of lactation. Infants had body composition measured (using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and HBM collected. Results A significant interaction between maternal BMI and infant sex on insulin levels ( p = 0.0322) was observed such that insulin was 229% higher in obese mothers nursing female infants than in normal weight mothers nursing female infants and 179% higher than obese mothers nursing male infants. For leptin, a significant association with BMI category was observed ( p < 0.0001) such that overweight and obese mothers had 96.5% and 315.1% higher leptin levels than normal weight mothers, respectively. Leptin was also found to have a significant ( p = 0.0004) 33.7% decrease from months 1 to 6, controlling for BMI category and sex. A significant inverse relationship between month 1 leptin levels and infant length ( p = 0.0257), percent fat ( p = 0.0223), total fat mass ( p = 0.0226) and trunk fat mass ( p = 0.0111) at month 6 was also found. No associations or interactions were observed for glucose, TNF-α or IL-6. Conclusions These data demonstrate that maternal BMI, infant sex and stage of lactation affect the compositional make-up of insulin and leptin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To qualitatively explore associations between emotional responses to experience of cancer 'alarm' symptoms and help-seeking in a community sample of adults.Method: Interviewees (n = 62) were recruited from a community sample (n = 2042) of adults aged ≥50 years, who had completed a health survey that included a list of cancer alarm symptoms. Participants who had reported an alarm symptom both at baseline and 3-month follow-up (n = 271), and who had consented to contact (n = 215), constituted the pool for invitations to interview.Results: Over a third of participants (37%) described an emotional response to their symptom experience. In all these cases, there was evidence of awareness of the risk of cancer. Emotional responses were usually either classified as mild ('worry') or severe ('fear'). Worry was often described in the context of a desire to seek medical help, either to rule out cancer or to minimise patient delay. In contrast, the 'fear' group described associations with death, the perceived incurability of cancer, and the consequence of a cancer diagnosis. Where the emotional reaction was fear, medical contact was seen as something to be avoided either because it had no value or because it was preferable not to be told a diagnosis.Conclusion: In this community sample, worry about the possibility of cancer was associated with help-seeking, either for reassurance or as part of a 'sensible' strategy to deal with the risk. In contrast, fear was associated with avoiding help-seeking or even thinking about cancer, which could lead to prolonged help-seeking intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central administration of apelin, a recently identified adipokine, has been shown to affect food and water intake. The present study investigated whether body weight could affect an animal’s response to apelin. The effects of centrally-administered apelin-13 on food and water intake, activity and metabolic rate were investigated in adult male diet-induced obese (DIO) rats fed either a high fat (32%) or control diet. Rats were administered i.c.v. apelin-13, 15–30 min prior to lights out, and food and water intake, activity and metabolic rate were assessed. Intracerebroventricular administration of apelin-13 decreased food and water intake and respiratory exchange ratio in DIO rats on the control diet, but had no effect in DIO rats on the high-fat diet. In an effort to identify potential central mechanisms explaining the observed physiological responses, the mRNA level of the apelin receptor, APJ, was examined in the hypothalamus. A high-fat diet induced an up-regulation of the expression of the receptor. Apelin induced a down-regulation of the receptor, but only in the DIO animals on the high-fat diet. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a diminished central nervous system response to apelin that is coincident with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a herd of Ankole cattle in a zoological collection, two adult cows and one adult bull from a herd of 15 died or were euthanased between July and November 2004. The clinical, gross postmortem and histological findings were typical of the disease in UK native domestic cattle. The diagnosis was confirmed by serology in two animals, and by PCR in all three; the PCR provided evidence of alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 infection in all three animals and also of ovine herpesvirus type 2 infection in one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented about rickets among sheep in northern England.

The article focuses on an investigation regarding the reported seven outbreaks of suspected botulism in sheep in Great Britain. It covers the reported outbreaks of botulism in England and Wales for the period of 1999 and 2006, which occurred after two days of exposure to poultry litter. Moreover, the article presents a chart that depicts figures mortality and morbidity, clinical signs and symptoms observed, and association with poultry litter.

A letter to the editor is presented which deals about the investigation of the Veterinary Laboratories Agency on outbreaks of unusual encephalopathy in weaned lambs.

Objectives: This study explores whether the specificity of risk assessment for parasuicide repetition can be improved by measurement of two psychological variables (over-generality of autobiographical memory and future fluency for positive events) in the immediate aftermath of the index parasuicide., Design: In a longitudinal study, parasuicide patients deemed to be at high risk of repetition on the basis of sociodemographic factors (Kreitman & Foster, 1991) were followed-up over a 12-month period., Method: As soon as practicable after taking a deliberate drug overdose, patients completed the Autobiographical Memory Test, the Personal Future Test and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. The relative power of each of these measures, together with the number of sociodemographic risk factors, in predicting parasuicide repetition was investigated using a forward step-wise logistic regression analysis., Results: The most potent short-term predictor of parasuicide repetition was found to be scores on the Beck Hopelessness Scale, whereas in the longer term the number of previous para-suicides was the major predictor., Conclusion: For the heterogeneous parasuicide population as a whole, psychological variables are unlikely to improve upon the Beck Hopelessness Scale, sociodemographic risk factors and clinical interview in the prediction of parasuicide repetition.