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The objective of this article is to present a novel GIS plugin for classifying and georeferencing high‐resolution oblique imagery with the intention of creating landcover datasets for spatial analysis. The Mountain Image Analysis Suite (MIAS) is a newly released plugin for the open‐source software, QGIS. MIAS was developed with images from Mountain Legacy Project, the world's largest systematic collection of high‐resolution mountain images. It works with both grayscale and color imagery, including historical images that predate aerial and satellite imagery. MIAS encompasses four tools for classifying and georeferencing oblique images. The plugin accesses pretrained deep learning models from a PyTorch‐based segmentation network to automate the classification of landcover in oblique images. Monoplotting is accomplished through the construction of a virtual photograph simulating the view from the camera using a shaded relief model. Once the virtual photograph is produced, the user aligns the classified image to the virtual photograph using a set of control points. This allows the creation of a classified and georeferenced raster representing the landcover for the area visible in the original oblique image. Similar workflows to the one contained in MIAS have been used for landcover mapping with oblique images to a high level of accuracy. However, MIAS is the first piece of software to bring all stages of image analysis into a single platform. MIAS has many applications across diverse fields such as mountain research, ecological restoration, community‐based mapping, environmental planning, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective Methods Results Conclusions To assess the validity of the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) chorionicity‐specific models for fetal growth in twin pregnancy.This was an external validation study of the FMF models using a nationwide Danish cohort of twin pregnancies. The cohort included all dichorionic (DC) and monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies with an estimated delivery date between 2008 and 2018, which satisfied the following inclusion criteria: two live fetuses at the first‐trimester ultrasound scan (11–14 weeks' gestation); biometric measurements available for the calculation of estimated fetal weight (EFW) using the Hadlock‐3 formula; and delivery of two liveborn infants. Validation involved assessing the distributional properties of the models and estimating the mean EFW Z‐score deviations. Additionally, the models were applied to pregnancies that delivered preterm and attended non‐scheduled visits (complicated pregnancies).Overall, 8542 DC and 1675 MCDA twin pregnancies met the inclusion criteria. In DC twins, 17 084 fetuses were evaluated at a total of 95 346 ultrasound scans, of which 44.5% were performed at scheduled visits in pregnancies carried to 37 + 0 weeks or later. The median number of growth scans per DC twin fetus from 20 + 0 weeks onwards was four. The model showed good agreement with the validation cohort for scheduled visits in DC twins delivered at 37 + 0 weeks or later (mean EFW Z‐score, –0.14 ± 1.05). In MCDA twins, 3350 fetuses underwent 31 632 eligible ultrasound scans, of which 59.5% were performed at scheduled visits in pregnancies carried to 36 + 0 weeks or later. The median number of growth scans per MCDA twin fetus from 16 + 0 weeks onwards was 10. The model showed favorable agreement with the validation cohort for scheduled visits in MCDA twins delivered at 36 + 0 weeks or later (mean EFW Z‐score, –0.09 ± 1.01). Non‐scheduled visits and preterm delivery before 37 + 0 weeks for DC twins and before 36 + 0 weeks for MCDA twins corresponded with smaller weight estimates, which was consistent with the study's definition of complicated pregnancy.The FMF models provide a good fit for EFW measurements in our Danish national cohort of uncomplicated twin pregnancies assessed at routine scans. Therefore, the FMF models establish robust criteria for subsequent investigations and potential clinical applications. Future research should focus on exploring the consequences of clinical implementation, particularly regarding the identification of twins that are small‐for‐gestational age, as they are especially susceptible to adverse perinatal outcome. © 2024 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the validity of the conclusion from Cochrane reviews and meta‐analyses that treatment with calcium supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk for pre‐eclampsia by 55%, which has been influential in international guidelines and future research. Design: Sensitivity analysis of data from Cochrane reviews of trials evaluating high‐dose calcium supplementation (of at least 1 g/day) for reduction of pre‐eclampsia risk. Setting: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Population: The Cochrane reviews and meta‐analyses included 13 trials enrolling a total of 15 730 women. Random‐effects meta‐analysis of these studies resulted in a mean risk ratio (RR, calcium/placebo) of 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31–0.65; p < 0.0001). Methods: We carried out a sensitivity analysis of evidence from the relevant Cochrane review, to examine the impact of study size. Main outcome measures: pre‐eclampsia. Results: In the three largest studies, accounting for 13 815 (88%) of total recruitment, mean RR was 0.92 (95% CI 0.80–1.06) and there was no evidence of heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0). With inclusion of the smaller studies, mean RR decreased to 0.45 and I2 increased to 70%. Conclusions: In assessment of the effect of calcium supplementation on pre‐eclampsia risk, the naive focus on the mean of the random‐effects meta‐analysis in the presence of substantial heterogeneity is highly misleading. Linked article: This article is commented on by Thornton pp. 1530–1531 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/1471‐0528.17805. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compute a set of atypicality indices based on combined first‐trimester screening (cFTS) markers and second‐trimester estimated fetal weight (EFW), and to demonstrate their potential in identifying pregnancies at reduced or increased risk of chromosomal aberrations following a low‐risk cFTS result. Methods: The atypicality index quantifies the unusualness of an individual set of measurements relative to a reference distribution and can be computed from any variables or measurements available. A score of 0% on the atypicality index represents the most typical profiles, while a score of 100% indicates the highest level of atypicality. From the Danish Fetal Medicine Database, we retrieved data on all pregnant women seen for cFTS in the Central Denmark Region between January 2008 and December 2018. All pregnancies with a cytogenetic or molecular analysis obtained prenatally, postnatally or following pregnancy loss or termination were identified. A first‐trimester atypicality index (AcFTS) was computed based on nuchal translucency (NT) thickness, maternal serum free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A). Furthermore, a second‐trimester index (AcFTS + EFW) was computed from cFTS markers and EFW from a routine second‐trimester anomaly scan. All pregnancies were stratified into subgroups based on their atypicality levels and their cFTS risk estimates. The risk of chromosomal aberrations in each subgroup was then compared with the overall prevalence, and a graphical presentation of the multivariate measurement profiles was developed. Results: We retrieved data on 145 955 singleton pregnancies, of which 9824 (6.7%) were genetically examined. Overall, 1 in 122 (0.82% (95% CI, 0.77–0.87%)) of all pregnancies seen for cFTS were affected by a fetal chromosomal aberration, and in screen‐negative pregnancies (cFTS trisomy 21 risk < 1 in 100 and/or trisomy 18/13 risk < 1 in 50), 0.41% (95% CI, 0.38–0.44%) were affected. In screen‐negative pregnancies with a typical first‐trimester profile (AcFTS< 80%), the risk of chromosomal aberrations was significantly reduced (0.28%) compared with the overall risk. The risk of chromosomal aberrations increased with higher atypicality index to 0.49% (AcFTS[80–90%)), 1.52% (AcFTS[90–99%)) and 4.44% (AcFTS≥ 99%) and was significantly increased in the two most atypical subgroups. The same applied for the second‐trimester atypicality index, with risks of chromosomal aberrations of 0.76% and 4.16% in the two most atypical subgroups (AcFTS + EFW[90–99%) and AcFTS + EFW≥ 99%, respectively). Conclusions: As an add‐on to cFTS, the atypicality index identifies women with typical measurement profiles, which may provide reassurance, whereas atypical profiles may warrant specialist referral and further investigation. In pregnancies identified as low risk on cFTS but with a highly atypical distribution of NT, PAPP‐A and β‐hCG, the risk of a chromosomal aberration is substantially increased. The atypicality index optimizes the interpretation of pre‐existing prenatal screening profiles and is not limited to cFTS markers or EFW. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrothermal heating generated via radio frequency (RF) fields is used to probe the transformation of phenolic resin to a carbon matrix during pyrolysis. Phenolic resin is a single‐stage thermoset that is popular due to its heat resistance, chemical resistance, high strength, and low creep properties. When phenolic resin is subjected to high‐temperature, low‐oxygen treatment (pyrolysis), it is converted to a carbon material useful for many structural applications. Here, neat phenolic resin is pyrolyzed at different temperatures, and the heating response of the newly formed carbon material is tracked when exposed to an RF field. The electrical conductivity of the matrix increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, with ≈10−4 S m−1 for the neat sample prior to pyrolysis, and ≈102 S m−1 for the sample pyrolyzed at 850 °C. The material's electrothermal response to applied RF fields increases as the material pyrolyzes and becomes conductive; however, at high pyrolysis temperatures, the material becomes sufficiently conductive such that the RF fields are reflected rather than absorbed, and the heating response decreases. The findings of this work show that heating response to RF fields can be used as a quick and easy characterization technique for tracking structural changes associated with phenolic pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Purpose Methods Results Conclusion The conventional lying down position for radiation therapy can be challenging for patients due to pain, swallowing or breathing issues. To provide an alternative upright treatment position for these patients, we have developed a portable rotating radiation therapy platform which integrates with conventional photon treatment machines. The device enables cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging of patients in an upright position, and the future delivery of therapeutic radiation.To design, manufacture, and test a device for upright radiation therapy. A collaborative partnership between physicists, engineers, radiation therapists, radiation oncologists, implementation researchers and consumers was established, to create a device that meets both the clinical and technical requirements of upright radiation therapy. The device is central to a clinical trial (ACTRN12623000498695) which will evaluate upright image quality in the context of future image guided radiation therapy for patients with lung cancer or head and neck cancer.The weight and physical constraints of the device were assessed with respect to the American civilian population. The final design was evaluated with a series of tests to characterize the angular accuracy of the platform rotation and the reproducibility of the platform setup position in a radiation treatment room. To acquire an upright CBCT, the platform movement system was synchronized to the kilo‐voltage fluoroscopic imaging on an existing treatment machine. The accuracy of the synchronization was evaluated by assessing the positional reproducibility of upright CBCT imaging of a chest phantom.The platform has a weight limit of up to 125 kg which is suitable for approximately 90% of males and 95% of females. The platform has physical constraints that accommodate approximately 95.6% of males and 99.6% of females: a maximum seated height of 97.5 cm, a maximum hip breadth of 63.0 cm, and maximum elbow to knuckle length of 46.5 cm. The angular accuracy of the motion system is within ±0.15° over a full rotation, which is within the guidelines for machine movement accuracy in radiation therapy (1 mm/1°). The platform is a portable device and can be reproducibly positioned in a radiation therapy treatment room with a translational range within ±0.04 mm and a rotational range within ±0.025°. The CBCT imaging can reproducibly detect the position of a chest phantom with a translational uncertainty of ±0.07 mm and a rotational uncertainly of ±0.22°, when imaging is acquired following a strict procedure.The upright radiation therapy platform is suitable for the evaluation of CBCT imaging in the context of image guided radiation therapy. The platform will allow the investigation of open questions in upright radiation therapy in the areas of patient experience, positional stability, anatomical changes, and treatment delivery. Improvements to the materials in the radiation beam line, synchronization with the existing treatment machine, and increasing the device weight limit are suggested prior to delivery of future upright treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Methods Results Conclusions The objective of this study was to describe the clinical features, treatments and outcomes of dogs with iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) molluscicide ingestion. We aimed to identify potential predictors of serum iron concentration >54 μmol/L; a cut‐off recommended for initiating treatment of human iron toxicosis.Medical records across four veterinary hospitals (2013–2019) for dogs with known or suspected iron EDTA molluscicide ingestion were reviewed for signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathological data, treatment regimens and outcomes. Clinical signs of dogs with serum iron concentrations either below or above a cut‐off of 54 μmol/L were compared using Fisher's exact test. Association between serum iron and urine discolouration was tested using logistic regression.Seventy‐three dogs were included. The most frequent characteristic was abnormal faeces (n = 47, 64%) as determined by rectal examination, with more dogs that had serum iron >54 μmol/L showing this clinical sign (24/35), compared to dogs with serum iron <54 μmol/L (4/13) (P = 0.025). Clinicopathologic abnormalities included increased base excess (n = 20/49, 20%), hyperglycaemia (n = 13/57, 23%) and hyperlactataemia (n = 12/57, 21%). Fifty‐four dogs received deferoxamine chelation (74%), during which 25/42 (60%) dogs had discoloured urine despite all dogs having subsequent iron concentrations <54 μmol/L. Admission serum iron concentration was associated with urine discolouration during hospitalisation (odds ratio 1.046, 95% confidence interval 1.008–1.107, P = 0.011). Sixty‐nine dogs (95%) survived to discharge, with 10 dogs (14%) transferred to another veterinarian.Iron EDTA molluscicide ingestion caused predominantly gastrointestinal clinical signs, and abnormal faeces, as well as urine discolouration during chelation therapy, which may indicate an elevation of serum iron concentration on presentation. Outcome was excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Findings Conclusion This study explored the lived experiences of therapists who self‐identify as being highly sensitive persons (HSP), otherwise termed sensory processing sensitivity (SPS). SPS is an innate personality trait identified by deeper processing of information, overarousal, emotional intensity and sensory sensitivities (Aron & Aron, 1997). Of particular interest in this study was how being both a therapist and a HSP impacts on participants' well‐being and therapeutic work.Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 10 qualified therapists. There were nine females and one male, with ages ranging from 34 to 59 years, length of practice ranging from 2 to 15 years and length of time identifying as HSP ranging from 6 months to 12 years. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith et al., 2022).Two group experiential themes were derived which have implications for therapists' training, practice and supervision. Participants felt that their heightened sensitivity helped them to establish relational depth with clients quickly and that they had an intuitive understanding of the nuances of clients' issues, which was often an embodied experience. They also spoke about the importance of processing time and setting boundaries to avoid burnout.There is a need for increased awareness about SPS in counselling and psychotherapy training, supervision and practice. Future research may find it fruitful to explore whether SPS has an impact on therapeutic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explored a free‐operant analogue of discrete‐trial procedures to study the effects of amount and delay of reinforcement on choice and response rate. Rats responded on a multiple variable‐interval (VI) 45‐s, 45‐s schedule, with interspersed choice probe trials. Comparison of relative response rates and percentage of choice revealed some discrepancies between the free‐operant analogue and discrete‐trial procedures. Amount of reward controlled choice behavior when the ratios of delays were similar. When reward delays were more discrepant, delay length controlled choice behavior. Whereas the percentage of choice was larger for the larger magnitude reward, the relative rate of response for the larger magnitude was less than.50. In contrast, when the percentage of choice generally fell to below 50% (with large amount and large delay differences between alternatives), relative response rate indicated a preference for the larger amount alternative. This study shows the feasibility and utility of a free‐operant analogue of discrete‐choice studies that could be used to develop an analysis of preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate models predict at least another 1.5°C warming in the next 75 years. This warming drives increased atmospheric drying and a global increase in the severity and duration of ecological drought. Vegetation has the capacity to reduce microclimate temperatures and atmospheric aridity.All species of plants create shade, move water, evapotranspire, humidify the air around them, and affect the temperature and vapour pressure deficit of the environment. Vegetation can thus act as a nature‐based solution to warming and atmospheric drying.These microclimate modifications likely depend on the traits, functional groups and diversity of the plant community. Vegetative feedbacks on microclimate are strong enough to buffer some plants against the negative impacts of warming and drying (e.g. facilitation).Synthesis: Here we present, for the first time, a trait‐based framework that can be applied across study systems for assessing microclimate temperature and humidity under vegetation. This framework includes multiple new hypotheses for future work in this area. We emphasize that a systematic examination of trait–microclimate relationships will enable us to use vegetation as a nature‐based solution to warming and atmospheric drying in a changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is broad consensus that a reader's background knowledge on a reading topic affects both their reading processes and comprehension in their first language and also in a second language. However, it is unclear whether a reader's background knowledge specifically affects reading comprehension accuracy and reading rate. The extent to which background knowledge facilitates second language reading when compared to a reader's L2 linguistic knowledge is also unclear. Moreover, the mental process accounting for the interaction between general background knowledge, type of linguistic knowledge such as vocabulary or writing system, and L2 reading abilities also need to be identified. Using texts in Mandarin Chinese, this paper investigates these problems with an eye‐movement study administered to 40 L2 Chinese learners with Indo‐European L1s. Results illustrate that an L2 reader's background knowledge about the text can positively impact both their reading comprehension and reading rate; however, the influence on the latter could be topic‐dependent. In more challenging topics, the contribution of background knowledge to reading comprehension could outweigh any single type of linguistic knowledge, even if the target language uses a more cognitively demanding writing system. The connectionist account proposed by the construction–integration theory is suggested to be currently the best theoretical explanation for the mental process behind developing second‐language reading abilities. Pedagogical implications are also considered based on these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies demonstrate a link between irritability and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) in youth samples. However, they have mostly assessed irritability in community samples and as a largely dispositional (i.e. trait‐like) construct. Thus, it remains unclear to what extent links between irritability and STBs reflect within‐person processes of elevated risk in clinically meaningful time periods. Methods: The present study used clinical data from 689 adolescents aged 12–19 years attending a total of 6,128 visits at a specialty Intensive Outpatient Program for depressed and suicidal youth to examine patterns in weekly assessments of irritability and STBs throughout treatment, including associations among trends and fluctuations departing from these trends via multilevel structural equation modeling. Youth completed self‐report measures of irritability, depression, and STBs weekly as part of standard IOP clinical care. Results: Overall, two‐thirds of variance in weekly irritable mood was accounted for by between‐person differences and the remaining portion by weekly fluctuations. After controlling for depression, during weeks when youth were more irritable they experienced increased STBs. Rates of change in irritability and STBs tended to track together at early stages of treatment, but these effects were generally accounted for by depression severity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that although changes in STBs are best accounted for by depression, irritability can be understood as a specific, proximal risk factor for youth STBs that exacerbates youth STBs in clinically informative timeframes above and beyond depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study addressed whether specific linguistic variables used by adoptive parents were associated with ratings of the adoptee's relationship with their birth mothers. Background: Parents transmit their beliefs and values to children through verbal and nonverbal communication. The ways in which adoptive parents discuss their child's adoption and birth family can influence the child's adoptive identity development and satisfaction with their adoption arrangements. Method: Participants included mothers, fathers, and adolescents (M age = 15.7 years) in 177 adoptive families of children who were adopted domestically as infants by same‐race parents. The Linguistic Analysis and Word Count 2015 (LIWC2015) program was used to code adoptive parents' interviews regarding their thoughts and feelings about adoption and their child's birth family. Adolescents' views of birth mothers were coded from their interviews. Results: There were significant differences in linguistic patterns when adoptive parents discussed adoption generally compared to when they discussed their child's birth family. Specific linguistic variables used by adoptive mothers and fathers were significantly associated with adopted adolescents' perceptions and feelings towards their birth mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines gendered succession of Australia's large family companies between 1910 and 2018. It finds that female family members were not prepared to succeed, and their role in family companies was restricted by expectations of gender and class, and ideals of male lineage. As such, women were expected to perform social, domestic and philanthropic labour in service of the company, but were consistently overlooked for succession. This highlights the way family companies conferred both wealth and inequality to women, as well as the intersection between gendered succession decisions and the structures of Australian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue examines women and Australian business history. Contributions explore women's entrepreneurship in small urban businesses, side hustles, agriculture, and family companies. Articles highlight the importance of women's businesses, as a financial necessity for women, their families, and their communities. Authors examine the barriers for women in business, including legislation, licensing, societal expectations, and discrimination. Articles also explore women's intersections with other demographic characteristics, with access to enterprise mediated by class and the rural–urban divide. Finally, contributions examine the way traditional archives have obscured histories of businesswomen, and the opportunities offered by feminist historical methodologies for studying business history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) remains a treatment option for immunocompromised patients; however, the current FDA qualification threshold of ≥200 BAU/mL of spike antibody appears to be relatively low. We evaluated the levels of binding (bAb) and neutralizing antibodies (nAb) on serial samples from repeat blood donors who were vaccinated and/or infected to inform criteria for qualifying CCP from routinely collected plasma components. Methods: Donors were categorized into four groups: (1) infected, then vaccinated, (2) vaccinated then infected during the delta, or (3) omicron waves, (4) vaccinated without infection. IgG Spike and total Nuclecapsid bAb were measured, along with S variants and nAb titers using reporter viral particle neutralization. Results: Mean S IgG bAb peaks after infection alone were lower than after primary and booster vaccinations, and higher after delta and omicron infection in previously vaccinated donors. Half‐lives for S IgG ranged from 34 to 66 days after first infection/vaccination events and up to 108 days after second events. The levels of S IgG bAb and nAb were similar across different variants, except for omicron, which were lower. Better correlations of nAb with bAb were observed at higher levels (hybrid immunity) than at the current FDA CCP qualifying threshold. Discussion: Routine plasma donations from donors with hybrid immunity had high S bAb and potent neutralizing activity for 3–6 months after infection. In donations with high (>4000 BAU/mL) S IgG, >95% had high nAb titers (>500) against ancestral and variant S, regardless of COVID‐19 symptoms. These findings provide the basis for test‐based criteria for qualifying CCP from routine blood donations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: E2730, an uncompetitive γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter‐1 (GAT‐1) inhibitor, has potent anti‐seizure effects in a rodent model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy, the kainic acid status epilepticus (KASE) rat model. In this study, we examined purported neuroimaging and physiological surrogate biomarkers of the effect of E2730 on brain GABAergic function. Methods: We conducted a randomized cross‐over study, incorporating 1‐week treatments with E2730 (100 mg/kg/day subcutaneous infusion) or vehicle in epileptic post‐KASE rats. KASE rats underwent serial 9.4 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measuring GABA and other brain metabolites, [18F]Flumazenil positron emission tomography (PET) quantifying GABAA receptor availability, quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)–mediated motor activity, as well as continuous video‐EEG recording to measure spontaneous seizures during each treatment. Age‐matched, healthy control animals treated with E2730 or vehicle were also studied. Results: E2730 treatment significantly reduced spontaneous seizures, with 8 of 11 animals becoming seizure‐free. MRS revealed that E2730‐treated animals had significantly reduced taurine levels. [18F]Flumazenil PET imaging revealed no changes in GABA receptor affinity or density during E2730 treatment. The power of gamma frequency oscillations in the EEG was decreased significantly in the auditory cortex and hippocampus of KASE and control rats during E2730 treatment. Auditory evoked gamma frequency power was enhanced by E2730 treatment in the auditory cortex of KASE and healthy controls, but only in the hippocampus of KASE rats. E2730 did not influence motor evoked potentials triggered by TMS. Significance: This study identified clinically relevant changes in multimodality imaging and functional purported biomarkers of GABAergic activity during E2730 treatment in epileptic and healthy control animals. These biomarkers could be utilized in clinical trials of E2730 and potentially other GABAergic drugs to provide surrogate endpoints, thereby reducing the cost of such trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporations are primary emitters of greenhouse gases yet are also portrayed as key agents in responding to climate change. This overview article explains corporate responses to the climate crisis at three levels of analysis: (i) political (shaping the climate debate and influencing climate policy); (ii) organizational (enacting strategies and practices to address climate change); and (iii) individual (managers and employees caring about and acting on climate change in their personal and professional lives). Our synthesis of the burgeoning literature on corporations and climate change in the fields of management and organization studies, human geography, and political economy highlights how and why particular corporate responses have been enacted, encompassing managerial as well as more critical and radical understandings of business activities. This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > Disciplinary PerspectivesClimate Economics > Economics and Climate ChangeThe Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Decarbonizing Energy and/or Reducing DemandVulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In 2021, infection control guidelines, including those specific to feeding environments, were introduced by the International Olympic and Paralympic Committees to reduce virus transmission at the Tokyo 2020 Summer and Beijing 2022 Winter games. This observational cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate caterers' compliance to these guidelines which included measures for personal hygiene, sanitisation, and physical distancing at these events. Methods: Expert sport dietitians attending Tokyo (n = 15) and Beijing (n = 7) games were surveyed to rate 11 COVID‐19 countermeasures as fully (100%), partially or non‐compliant at nine dining locations across both events. Descriptive analysis of each countermeasure based on observed compliance and location was conducted and reported as a proportion of the total responses. To better understand participant perspectives of the factors influencing compliance, open responses were systematically coded into themes and sub‐themes by researchers through content analysis. Themes generated from participant comments were categorised based on their relevance to specific countermeasures and locations to identify commonalities and disparities in participant experiences, perceptions, and observations. Results: All main dining halls at both events were observed as 100% compliant to countermeasures on more occasions compared with Tokyo's venues and satellite villages. However, Beijing's three main dining halls, showed a greater compliance compared with Tokyo's main dining hall, likely due to overcrowding in Tokyo. Comments suggested that smaller dining spaces, with overcrowding, may have contributed to reduced compliance to physical distancing measures. Food safety concerns were raised about gastrointestinal distress in Beijing due to food cross‐contamination. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the food service environment may influence caterers' abilities to comply with foodservice safety and infection control guidelines. In the post‐pandemic era, enhanced quality control and standardised risk mitigation strategies are needed to improve athletes' health at international sporting events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thiopurine co‐therapy with anti‐tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (anti‐TNFα) agents is associated with higher anti‐TNFα drug levels and reduced immunogenicity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Aims: We aimed to evaluate the association between 6‐thioguanine nucleotide (6‐TGN) and anti‐TNFα levels and the optimal 6‐TGN threshold level associated with higher anti‐TNFα levels in combination therapy. Methods: We performed a retrospective cross‐sectional multicentre study of patients with IBD on combination anti‐TNFα and thiopurine maintenance therapy between January 2015 and August 2021. Primary outcomes were infliximab and adalimumab levels. Secondary outcomes were antibodies to infliximab (ATI) or adalimumab (ATA). Univariable and multivariable linear regression were performed to identify variables associated with anti‐TNFα levels. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to define the optimal 6‐TGN cut‐off levels associated with therapeutic anti‐TNFα levels. Results: The study included 743 paired 6‐TGN and anti‐TNFα levels (640 infliximab and 103 adalimumab). 6‐TGN levels were associated with infliximab levels, but not adalimumab levels, on univariable and multivariable regression. The optimal 6‐TGN cut‐off associated with therapeutic infliximab levels (≥5 mcg/mL) was 261 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cell (RBC) (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.57) for standard infliximab dosing and 227.5 pmol/8 × 108 RBC (AUC = 0.58) for escalated dosing. For therapeutic adalimumab levels (≥7.5 mcg/mL), the 6‐TGN cut‐off was 218.5 pmol/8 × 108 RBC (AUC = 0.59) for standard adalimumab dosing and 237.5 pmol/8 × 108 RBC (AUC = 0.63) for escalated dosing. Conclusion: 6‐TGN levels were weakly associated with infliximab but not adalimumab levels in combination therapy. 6‐TGN levels in the lower end of the therapeutic range (230–260 pmol/8 × 108 RBC) may be adequate to maintain higher infliximab levels, particularly with escalated infliximab dosing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers update on the curation of genetic associations with rheumatologic autoimmune diseases to improve patient outcomes. Topics discussed include monogenic autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory conditions, development of a framework for curation of HLA disease associations, development of a methodology for curation of complex, multigenic diseases, and curation of disease-associated somatic variants.

Purpose: Serine is a major source of one‐carbon units needed for the synthesis of nucleotides and the production of intramitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and it plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to develop a deuterium (2H) MRS imaging method for imaging tumor serine metabolism. Methods: Sequential (2H) spectra and spectroscopic images were used to monitor the metabolism of [2,3,3‐2H3]serine in patient‐derived glioblastoma cells in vitro and in tumors obtained by their orthotopic implantation in mouse brain. Results: [14,14‐2H2] 5,10‐methylene‐tetrahydrofolate, [2H]glycine, [2H]formate, and labeled water were detected in cell suspensions and water labeling in spectroscopic images of tumors. Studies in cells and tumors with variable mitochondrial content and inhibitor studies in cells demonstrated that most of the labeled serine was metabolized in the mitochondria. Water labeling in the cell suspensions was correlated with formate labeling; therefore, water labeling observed in tumors could be used to provide a surrogate measure of flux in the pathway of one‐carbon metabolism in vivo. Conclusion: The method has the potential to be used clinically to select patients for treatment with inhibitors of one‐carbon metabolism and subsequently to detect their early responses to such treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor recreational use is growing rapidly in the western United States, which increases the pressure on multiple‐use public lands. Balancing recreational use with conservation goals requires considering the spatial and temporal intensity of recreational use and examining its effects on multiple species within an ecosystem. In 2019–2021, we assessed the relationship between recreational intensity and the abundance of a dominant prey species (Piute ground squirrel [Urocitellus mollis]), the abundance of avian and mammalian facultative scavengers that rely on ground squirrels, and the abundance and nesting success of ground‐nesting birds at a national conservation area in southwestern Idaho, USA, where recreational shooting and off‐highway vehicle use are the primary recreational activities. Recreational intensity varied across the study site. The abundance of ground squirrels was not related to recreational intensity. The abundance of common ravens (Corvus corax) and the abundance of American badgers (Taxidea taxus), 2 common facultative scavengers, were both positively associated with recreational intensity, while the abundance of other avian facultative scavengers was not related to recreational intensity. The abundance of horned larks (Eremophila alpestris) and nesting success of long‐billed curlews (Numenius americanus), a more sensitive species, were negatively related to recreational intensity. Together, our results highlight the importance of considering variation in recreational intensity and the effect of recreation on multiple guilds within the ecosystem. An improved understanding of these relationships can be used with public land management to protect wildlife while providing opportunities for outdoor recreation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a dire paucity of research into the burden, correlates and motives of substance use among trans young people in Australia. Method: Using data from a national survey of Australian trans young people (N = 859, Mage = 19.4), we estimated prevalence of past 6‐month substance use (tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, other drugs) and lifetime substance use disorder diagnoses. Covariate‐adjusted multivariate logistic regression models tested associations between substance use types with 18 interpersonal factors. Open‐ended responses regarding substance use motives (n = 489) were qualitatively analysed using thematic analysis with an interpretative phenomenological approach. Results: Prevalence of lifetime substance use disorder diagnosis was 13.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.1, 16.1). Alcohol use was most reported (72.4%; 95% CI 68.9, 75.6) followed by tobacco (31.1%; 95% CI 27.7, 34.6) and cannabis (30.6%; 95% CI 27.2, 34.2). Trans women reported highest rates of alcohol and cannabis use; use of other drugs was highest among trans men. Highest risk of substance use was observed among trans youth who experienced discrimination, intimate partner abuse, peer rejection and lack of family support (adjusted odds ratios ranging 1.5 to 3.0). Four multi‐levelled themes of substance use motives were identified: circumstantial use, somatic use, feeling better about oneself and one's life, and harm reduction. Discussion and Conclusions: While substance use among trans young is largely circumstantial, hedonistic and altruistic, facilitating self‐exploration, friendship and community connectedness, substance use among trans young people is highly prevalent and may be used to cope with sleep difficulties, depression/anxiety and cisnormativity, including delays and waitlists for accessing gender‐affirming care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Large quantities of diverse native seeds are required to scale up global restoration efforts. However, it remains unclear for many ecosystems how the diversity of available seed in commercial stocks reflects the composition of the ecosystems where vegetation is being remade. This study highlights existing shortfalls in the diversity of seed presently available for use in restoration and identifies gaps in the seed supply chain while providing a new method for optimising species selection given these constraints. This work underscores how improved collaboration between stakeholders is required to strengthen the seed supply chain and help remake functionally diverse vegetation. Summary: Restoration using native seed is frequently implemented to restore degraded ecosystems. However, it remains unclear how constraints on the diversity of germplasm available for use in restoration may limit the recovery of both species and plant functional diversity.Using a dataset of seed availability for Australia's major vegetation types, we explore variation in the diversity and breadth of functional traits (leaf mass per area, seed mass, plant height) for species where seed is available on commercial markets relative to unavailable. Using these data, we simulate theoretical seed mixes derived from two species pools: (1) constrained by the current market of commercially available seed, and (2) assuming all native species can be planted; then we compare differences in functional diversity (dispersion) as an exercise to explore possible limitations within the current seed supply.Seed from only 12% of Australian plant species (2992 species) is presently available for immediate purchase. Seed was more frequently available for trees and shrubs than for understorey species. Available species were on average taller, with thicker, longer‐lived leaves than unavailable species. Overall, functional dispersion was lower for seed mixes generated using available seed compared with those drawn from all species.Solutions are required to address seed shortfalls so that plantings are not only species rich but also functionally diverse. We develop two options: (1) quantifying and addressing gaps in the seed supply chain that currently limit the capacity for practitioners to restore diverse vegetation; and (2) applying a trait‐informed species‐selection method to plantings that maximises functional diversity using available seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public administration scholarship seeks to understand ways to increase accountability within the policing profession. We employ an online conjoint experiment to disentangle the effects of both representation and body‐worn cameras (BWC) on police accountability and legitimacy. In the experiment, we ask participants to rate the likelihood that a police use of force incident prompts an investigation when there is a BWC present and racial and gender representation matches between the officer and the civilian in the use of force incident. We find that Caucasian officers who use force are more likely to be investigated. Our findings also reveal that civilians believe male officers who use force should be investigated and there is no need for further investigation when a BWC is utilized during a use of force situation. The implications of this study show that civilians view BWCs as the most important tool in providing accurate and honest assessment of police‐civilian encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study endogenous intermediation activity, the implied transaction pattern—direct trade, indirect trade, or both—and implications for efficiency. Related papers have agents exchanging indivisible goods or assets, capturing only extensive margins (trade frequency). To capture intensive margins, we incorporate divisibility representing quantity or quality. We characterize equilibrium, show how it depends on bargaining powers and costs, and how intensive margins matter—for example, middlemen with high bargaining power may charge more but offer higher quantity/quality, thus improving welfare. A tax‐subsidy policy is designed to achieve efficiency. A monetary version lets us compare money and middlemen and further discuss policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disability awareness is an issue that can inform societal understanding of marginalised groups. Contemporary literature continues to show the importance of inclusion in society and the impact inclusion has on people with disabilities and society more broadly. The importance of disability awareness is important in the context of the daily challenges faced such as discriminatory practices, stigma, stereotyping and exclusion and manifested in areas such as access to buildings, educational opportunities, and visibility in the media. Given the importance of disability awareness and the significant influence of media, especially on children today, this research investigated the inclusion of disability as one element of 'awareness' in one 'made‐for‐children' (2–5 years old) television programme. Drawing on a social model of disability, three key concepts of Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity were used to explore the way that disability is portrayed for early learners. Analysis of 265 episodes (2015–2021) revealed that inclusion of disability appeared in fewer than 15% of episodes and was not representative of the community broadly speaking. This lack of representation exposed the limited potential that the media currently has as an educative function for preschool children in disability awareness and understanding of disability as part of contemporary society. Including more people with disabilities in made‐for‐preschool children's programmes is one way to both build awareness and progressively ameliorate this position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence among children has been considered one of the fundamental issues inhibiting optimal child well‐being and learning. Violence is widespread in Albania. Understanding the factors that affect it and the complex nature of violence itself requires looking at root social, cultural and economic factors and the normative influences on these factors. This study aimed to explore social and gender norms impacting school‐related gender‐based violence, and children's potential role in challenging these social norms. This article focuses on findings from research in two schools in Albania, particularly on what children and adult‐supporters shared about their understanding of social and gender norms that perpetuate violence, and their recommendations for policy and practice to address them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As environmental awareness grows, so do questions about the environmental impact of photography, in particular traditional film development and processing, which includes the use of plastics, gelatine and other environmentally harmful chemicals notwithstanding water usage and waste. Pioneering practice and research into sustainable alternatives to conventional processes has quickly established, supported by organisations such as The Sustainable Darkroom. Students in Higher Education are environmentally aware and prepared to take action to mitigate their impacts where possible. As such, there is a coalescence of perceptions within and beyond the classroom which asks to be addressed in the curriculum. This paper draws upon the research project Under a Green Light: A Darkroom for the Future which investigated how university darkroom practices can pivot toward more environmentally friendly methods. The paper describes the learning environment of the darkroom as a space of slowness, immersion and experimentation and the pedagogic value of this for photography students. The paper argues that incorporating environmental awareness into day‐to‐day teaching through systemic changes to process and practice, rather than through short term curriculum interventions, contributes to transformative learning experiences and promotes positive long‐term change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of effective interphases is crucial to enable high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries. This can be facilitated by the introduction of electrolyte additives, ensuring improved stability and transport properties. The identification of proper additives requires a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of interfacial reactions governing interphase formation. This study presents a detailed investigation of widely known and less conventional interphase‐forming additives in high‐voltage LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2, NMC622||artificial graphite cells. The electrochemical characterization shows that cells containing vinylethylene carbonate (VEC) significantly outperform all other investigated electrolyte formulations. Surprisingly, gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy measurements of the electrolyte composition after cycling indicate the formation of an ineffective solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) in the presence of VEC. A thorough analysis of the interfacial composition via operando shell‐isolated nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy elucidates rather the formation of an effective cathode‐electrolyte interphase (CEI). This phenomenon results from the reductive reaction of VEC on the anode, followed by the product transfer and electro‐polymerization of reaction products on the cathode. Additionally, focused ion beam secondary ion mass spectrometry (FIB‐SIMS) with a time of flight (ToF)‐detector is used to analyze the elemental spatial distribution of Li‐species and Mn in the respective SEIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault slip rates estimated from geodetic data are being integrated into seismic hazard models. The standard approach requires modeling velocities and relative (micro‐)plate motions, which is challenging for fault‐based models. We present a new approach to directly invert strain rates to solve for slip rates and distributed strain simultaneously. We generate velocity and strain rate fields over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, utilizing Sentinel‐1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data spanning 2014–2023. We derive slip rates using block modeling and by inverting strain rates. Our results show a partitioning between localized strain on faults and distributed deformation. The direct inversion of strain rates matches the geodetic data best when incorporating distributed moment sources, accounting for a similar proportion to on‐fault sources. The direct strain methodology also aligns best with the independent geological slip rates, especially near fault tips. As high‐resolution strain rate fields become increasingly available, we recommend direct inversion as the preferred practice. Plain Language Summary: We focus on understanding earthquake potential in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau by measuring how and how fast the crust deforms. By analyzing 9 years of satellite radar images, we estimate how fast faults are slipping, which is crucial for assessing the hazard of future earthquakes. We tested two methods and found that the method directly incorporating measurements of surface strain rates provides more accurate results when compared to field‐based geologic slip rates. We show that the total deformation field is roughly equally split between energy accumulation on mapped active faults and distributed deformation away from the faults. The large amount of diffuse strain is an important constraint for rates of background seismicity. We discuss the limitations of various techniques used in modeling Earth's interseismic deformation and suggest prioritizing the direct strain methodology. Key Points: We construct velocity and strain rate fields covering 1.3 million km2 of SE Tibet from Sentinel‐1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture RadarDeformation is partitioned approximately equally between focused strain on the main mapped faults and diffuse deformationDirect inversion of strain rates removes the requirement to define artificial "blocks" and gives a better match to geological slip rates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unified clustering framework based on pattern correlation is used to identify eight blocking regimes over Eurasia and surrounding oceans during the winter months (December–March) of 1948–2021. The regimes are labeled based on their centers of action, which are located over the West Atlantic, Greenland, the East Atlantic, Scandinavia, the Ural Mountains and Siberia, the Okhotsk Sea, the Bering Strait, and the North Pacific. It should be noted that the classification is almost insensitive to the time period but mainly depends on the percentage of different blocking events. The spatial distributions of cold surges differ substantially among these eight regimes. Due mainly to the cold advection downstream of the centers of blocking activities, cold surges can be observed over parts of the Eurasian continent. Possible relationships between the eight blocking regimes and large‐scale modes of climate variability, including the Arctic Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, are explored. Not only contemporary connections but also the predictive value of large‐scale modes is discussed. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric blocking, an important circulation system in middle and high latitudes, has significant local and upstream/downstream impacts on weather and short‐term climate. Since blockings with diverse occurrence locations affect different regions, it is necessary to classify them by a unified framework. In this study, a clustering method based on pattern correlations is adopted to identify wintertime blocking regimes over Eurasia and surrounding oceans to establish their connections with the corresponding spatial distribution of cold surges. The clustering result is almost insensitive to the time period, which mainly depends on the percentage of blocking events located at different regions. We also examine the large‐scale climate background for each regime to provide a reference for the cold surge forecast over the Eurasian continent. Key Points: Eight wintertime blocking regimes over Eurasia and surrounding oceans are revealed by a clustering methodBlocking activities induce cold surges over parts of the Eurasian continent due to downstream cold advectionThe cluster regimes are almost insensitive to the time period [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Despite the therapeutic benefits of sensory approaches being well documented, little research has focused on improving their implementation in acute mental health units. The use of implementation frameworks to improve the use of evidence‐based practices has shown promising results in healthcare; however, there is little evidence for their use in acute mental health units. A pre–post comparison design was used to determine the effect of an 11‐month co‐designed theory‐informed multifaceted implementation strategy on the use of sensory approaches and the use of seclusion/restraint in one acute mental health ward. This study was guided by Integrated Knowledge Translation (IKT) and informed by the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) approach. Implementation strategies were co‐designed and included provision of sensory materials/resources; education/training; prompts/reminders; modelling; audit and feedback; workplace coalition; and facilitation. Data were collected through pre‐ and post‐project questionnaires (pre‐ n = 37, post‐ n = 40) and routine clinical data. Data were analysed using SPSS and thematic analysis. Data for matched pairs (n = 19) revealed significant improvements between pre‐ and post‐perceived levels of knowledge and confidence in using sensory approaches. Significant increases were found in the use of sensory kits, weighted modalities and sensory assessment/plans. Post participants' recommendations to sustain the use of sensory approaches in their unit included ongoing training; funding; maintenance and supply of sensory equipment; increased staffing; and support from colleagues. This is the first study to use the IKT and BCW to design, facilitate and evaluate a co‐designed, theory‐informed implementation strategy to improve the use of sensory approaches in an acute mental health unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVIDicine, many nurses awoke to the ways that the Healthcare‐Industrial Complex (HIC) dictates the care we are able to provide. Using the Foucauldian concepts of pastoral power and governmentality, we explore the ways that nurses participate in upholding power structures within the HIC and reproducing them in our work, contributing to a carceral culture based on hierarchy and power dynamics. We also explore the ways nurses are both agentic in this system and subject to it, reluctant to make waves and lose our place within a system that can offer nurses safety and security in, and most importantly, a paycheck. This paper articulates a prefigurative anarchist approach to nursing praxis. Through the writing of Emma Goldman, we locate a historically founded philosophical basis for practical tactics that nurses can use to actualise this praxis. Both individually and as a collective, nurses can assert their own ethic and power through direct action, micro‐insurgency and solidarity to build the world we know can be. Our only limitation is our imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Undergraduate engineering students experiencing distress are less likely than peers to ask for professional help. A population‐specific instrument to facilitate the identification of factors that influence mental healthcare utilization could guide development and testing of interventions to increase help seeking. Purpose: We used mixed methods guided by the Integrated Behavioral Model (IBM) to develop and evaluate the Undergraduate Engineering Mental Health Help‐Seeking Instrument (UE‐MH‐HSI). Method: First, we adapted existing measures of mental health help‐seeking intention and mechanisms (i.e., attitudes, perceived norm: injunctive, perceived norm: descriptive, personal agency: autonomy, personal agency: capacity). Second, we coded qualitative interviews (N = 33) to create population‐specific mental health help‐seeking belief measures (i.e., outcome beliefs, experiential beliefs, beliefs about others' expectations, beliefs about others' behavior, beliefs about barriers and facilitators). Third, we tested the psychometric properties using data from 596 undergraduate engineering students at a historically White, research‐focused institution in southern United States. Results: Psychometric analyses indicated that (1) help‐seeking mechanism and intention measures demonstrated unidimensionality, internal consistency, construct replicability, and sufficient variability; (2) mechanism measures demonstrated criterion evidence of validity; and (3) most items within the belief measures demonstrated sufficient variability and convergent evidence of validity. Conclusions: The UE‐MH‐HSI is an evidence‐based tool for investigating mental health help‐seeking factors and their relationship to help‐seeking behavior, well‐being, academic success, and engineering identity formation. Guidelines for use are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In childhood intervention, parent–therapist collaboration is central to the family‐centred approach. Despite long‐standing discussion in occupational therapy literature, the field faces challenges, including inconsistent terminology and difficulties in translating theory into practice. This paper represents the first part of a comprehensive scoping review study aimed at developing foundational concepts for collaborative practices with parents in occupational therapy for children. Therefore, this paper focusses on mapping existing practices, types, and approaches articulated in the literature. Methods: We searched English‐language sources published worldwide from 1998 to 2022 discussing collaborative practices with parents in occupational therapy for children aged 0–10 with any diagnosis, including multidisciplinary practices. Seven databases were searched. Data from peer‐reviewed indexed literature, theses and dissertations, and book chapters were extracted and analysed through basic numerical and descriptive analyses before being synthesised into similar categories. The Joanna Briggs Institute Manual and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analysis—extension for Scoping Reviews were used. Results: The scoping review yielded 299 papers. Parent–therapist collaboration was prominent in clinics, family homes, schools, and hospitals, particularly during therapy implementation, goal setting, and planning. Most reported practice types included 'interventions with parent engagement', 'parent‐directed interventions', and 'parent education'. 'Family‐centred', 'occupational‐focussed', and 'client–therapist collaborative' approaches were frequently mentioned. There were inconsistencies in the terms used to describe collaborative practice characteristics. Conclusion: Over the past 24 years, the collaborative practice literature has expanded and evolved, with parent–therapist collaboration observed across various occupational therapy settings. Inconsistencies in this collaboration across different therapeutic stages were revealed, which could impact intervention success and sustainability. Further research is needed to explore parent–therapist collaboration mechanisms within and across stages. This scoping review also underscores the need for a common framework to guide practice and research. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This literature review explores how occupational therapists and parents work together in childhood intervention. Collaboration is essential for understanding and meeting children's needs within their family and community settings. However, occupational therapists and parents face challenges in applying family‐centred practices and using a common language to bridge theory with practice. To address these challenges, we examined 299 papers published between 1998 and 2022 to understand how collaborative practices with parents have been described in the literature. Our review revealed that therapists and parents collaborate across various settings, such as clinics, schools, homes, and hospitals, mainly during therapy sessions, goal setting, and planning interventions. Collaborative practices take different forms. For instance, therapists often encourage parents to actively engage and take the lead in therapy, requiring therapists to recognise and respect parents' priorities and learning preferences. They often develop strategies together to support the child within family routines. While we found several studies on therapist–parent collaboration, the review outlined inconsistencies in how this practice was described and applied, which could affect its success. Therefore, more research is needed to understand the best ways in which collaboration can occur at each stage of therapy. The need for a core guideline for collaborative practice with parents in occupational therapy was also observed. While therapist–parent collaboration is used in occupational therapy for children, there is a clear need to minimise inconsistencies and gaps found in the literature, as well as to ensure a common language to promote intervention quality and success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In occupational therapy for children, collaborative practice with parents is crucial for meaningful family‐centred interventions, yet it remains undefined and inconsistently addressed. This study aimed to establish foundational concepts for collaborative practice with parents in occupational therapy for children in progressing the field with a universal description. Methods: This paper encompasses the second dataset of a larger scoping review and a preliminary validation of findings by an advisory panel. Data were gathered from indexed sources on collaborative practice with parents in occupational therapy for children (ages 0–10) using MedLine, PsychInfo, ERIC, Embase, OTSeeker, Scopus, and ProQuest Central. Data were extracted, charted, and descriptively analysed by paired independent reviewers. The Joanna Briggs Institute Manual and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis—extension for Scoping Reviews were used. A draft definition of collaborative practices, developed based on preliminary review findings and an operational definition, was validated by an advisory panel of 13 experienced Australian occupational therapists, whose input was integrated into a final, comprehensive description of collaborative practice. Results: The scoping review encompassed 299 sources, revealing three major components of collaborative practice: 'collaborative practice aims', 'parent–therapist partnership', and 'strategies for collaboration'. The advisory panel endorsed the draft definition, confirmed its professional relevance, and suggested some modifications. Conclusion: The major outcome of this study is an evidence‐based and discipline‐specific preliminary description of collaborative practice with parents in occupational therapy for children. This description provides a common language and foundational concepts for the future development of a collaborative practice framework to guide practice and research. Future studies can explore specific components, exploring their mechanisms and significance. Further expanded validation is required, incorporating the perspectives of a wider community of occupational therapists and families to enhance the description's applicability. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: In occupational therapy for children, collaboration between parents and occupational therapists has been long acknowledged as important in the occupational therapy literature. It is an essential shift away from practices led by professionals to a practice that encourages parents to be engaged therapy partners. However, there has been little consistency in terms of a definition or description of collaborative practice and in what parts of therapy collaboration is used. To develop a draft definition of collaborative practice, we extracted relevant information from 299 papers between 1998 and 2022. Then, an advisory panel of 13 experienced Australian occupational therapists validated and enhanced our final description of collaborative practice. The data from the review was grouped into three major components of collaborative practice: 'collaborative practice aims', 'parent–therapist partnership', and 'strategies for collaboration'. The advisory panel confirmed the draft definition and its relevance and suggested some modifications, which were used to refine the description. The major outcome of this study is a preliminary description of collaborative practice with parents in occupational therapy for children that is based on the research evidence. This description provides a common language and foundational concepts for the future development of a collaborative practice framework to guide practice and research. Future studies are needed to explore specific components of collaborative practice, their relevance, and how they operate in practice. Further validation of the collaborative practice description is needed that would incorporate the perspectives of parents, families, and a wider community of occupational therapists to enhance the description's applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring how science teacher education programs can prepare science teachers to support gender and sexually diverse students remains an important area for research. A 5‐week intervention was designed for pre‐service science teachers' (PSSTs), addressing gender and sexual diversity (GSD). The effects of the intervention on PSSTs' attitudes and beliefs about GSD‐inclusive science teaching (GSDST) were explored using a multiple case study research design. In addition, the design elements of the intervention that were perceived as most significant were identified. Our results showed that the PSSTs were mostly supportive of measures indicative of GSDST prior to the intervention, and there was an overall trend in favor of GSDST with small effect sizes after the intervention, which did not reach statistical significance. Using thematic analysis, three themes were identified to characterize how their attitudes and beliefs changed throughout the intervention: GSDST is perceived as important for student safety; an "add LGBT and stir" approach to GSDST; and uncertainty of GSD language. Five design features of the intervention that were perceived as most impactful were group dialog; coherence to Ambitious Science Teaching; GSD terminology; knowledge of intersex, hormones, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer scientists; and relevant case studies. The findings contribute to understanding how science teacher education programs can impact PSSTs' attitudes, beliefs, and intended enactment of GSDST consistent, with recent calls for GSD equity in science education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diffusion imaging holds great potential for the non‐invasive assessment of the glymphatic system in humans. One technique, diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space (DTI‐ALPS), has introduced the ALPS‐index, a novel metric for evaluating diffusivity within the perivascular space. However, it still needs to be established whether the observed reduction in the ALPS‐index reflects axonal changes, a common occurrence in neurodegenerative diseases. Purpose: To determine whether axonal alterations can influence change in the ALPS‐index. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: 100 participants (78 cognitively normal and 22 with mild cognitive impairments) aged 50–90 years old. Field Strength/Sequence: 3T; diffusion‐weighted single‐shot spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging sequence, T1‐weighted images (MP‐RAGE). Assessment: The ratio of two radial diffusivities of the diffusion tensor (i.e., λ2/λ3) across major white matter tracts with distinct venous/perivenous anatomy that fulfill (ALPS‐tracts) and do not fulfill (control tracts) ALPS‐index anatomical assumptions were analyzed. Statistical Tests: To investigate the correlation between λ2/λ3 and age/cognitive function (RAVLT) while accounting for the effect of age, linear regression was implemented to remove the age effect from each variable. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted on the residuals obtained from the linear regression. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: λ2 was ~50% higher than λ3 and demonstrated a consistent pattern across both ALPS and control tracts. Additionally, in both ALPS and control tracts a reduction in the λ2/λ3 ratio was observed with advancing age (r = −0.39, r = −0.29, association and forceps tract, respectively) and decreased memory function (r = 0.24, r = 0.27, association and forceps tract, respectively). Data Conclusions: The results unveil a widespread radial asymmetry of white matter tracts that changes with aging and neurodegeration. These findings highlight that the ALPS‐index may not solely reflect changes in the diffusivity of the perivascular space but may also incorporate axonal contributions. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed: E‐scooters are sought after for their cost‐effectiveness, sustainability, and efficiency in urban transportation. However, this popularity has been accompanied by a surge in injuries, prompting a deeper investigation into the factors influencing risk perceptions among e‐scooter users. Methods: Using a qualitative approach, we conducted 19 interviews with those who attended an emergency department as a result of e‐scooter injury. We aimed to understand the psychosocial effects of these incidents and employed thematic analysis to discern recurrent patterns in participants' experiences, focusing on alterations in daily life, community response, perception shifts, and avenues to enhance safety awareness. Results: The findings underscored significant disruptions to daily life due to injuries, demonstrating enduring impacts on lifestyle and wellbeing. Participants exhibited a perceptual shift, transitioning from perceiving e‐scooters as enjoyable to viewing them as dangerous. Recommendations for enhancing safety awareness included accessible and clear safety education, pre‐ride briefings, real‐time safety guidance, temporal rental restrictions, and mandatory breathalysers before e‐scooter use. Conclusions: The study underscores the importance of considering not only the individual experiences and perceptions of e‐scooter injuries but also the broader social context, including the night‐time economy. Leveraging peer narratives and community engagement is vital to reshape risk perceptions and promote harm reduction messages. So What?: A comprehensive approach through proactive interventions and robust educational strategies is essential to foster responsible e‐scooter usage and prioritise public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian national, state and territory school‐based drug education policies advise that volatile substance use (VSU) should be excluded from general drug education curriculum for fear of alerting young people to the intoxicating properties of substances such as petrol, sprays and glues. We review evidence from the United States and United Kingdom on the effects of including volatile substances in school‐based drug education, to argue that these policies are due for reconsideration. Nitrous oxide and nitrites are classified as volatile substances along with solvents such as those listed above, although their patterns of use, effects and harms are different. In an era of widespread social media access, more young people than in the past are likely to have heard about VSU. But because VSU is often short‐term, parents and teachers may be unaware when young people in their care consume volatile substances. The general silence about VSU in schools, difficulty in detecting use and the varying sets of risks associated with inhaling different substances mean that young people may be unaware of toxicity or harm reduction strategies when they consume volatiles as drugs. We consider some implementation challenges to be negotiated if VSU education were introduced in Australian schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Persons living with dementia and informal caregivers are at a higher risk for malnutrition. Most caregivers are not experts at identifying nutritional complications of dementia. Therefore, we aimed to identify nutrition knowledge and challenges related to feeding and caring for persons with dementia to develop a meaningful intervention. Methods: A mixed‐methods approach was used. Eight focus groups were conducted with caregivers of persons living with dementia (n = 28) and healthcare professionals (n = 23). Data was analysed using NVivo software. A questionnaire was administered to identify nutritional challenges. A modified food frequency questionnaire assessed food patterns of caregivers and persons with dementia. Results were compared to Mediterranean‐DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) dietary guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS software. Results: Four major themes emerged: forgetting to eat, developing food aversions, strong preferences for sweets and weight changes. Findings revealed common strategies used to improve nutrition intake included cueing, supplements and quiet eating environment. Caregivers were impacted by stress leading to poorer food choices and exhaustion. Recommendations for a caregiver program made by participants included education, resources and support. Findings from the food frequencies questionnaire survey showed most participants had a lower dietary diversity compared to the MIND diet guidelines. Conclusions: With both groups being more prone to malnutrition, this research shows that participants were less likely to obtain adequate nutrition for brain health. Additionally, caregivers are dealing with nutrition issues themselves and their person living with dementia. The findings support the need for registered dietitians to provide tailored nutrition interventions for these families. Highlights: Caregivers for individuals living with dementia are stressed and exhausted leading to poorer food choices and low diet quality.Most persons living with dementia and their caregivers fell short on food choices in the Mediterranean‐DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet recommendations.Caregivers want a program that includes support, resources, and nutrition education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a driver of negative outcomes after lung transplant (LTX) and primary prophylaxis (PPX) with valganciclovir (VGC) is standard‐of‐care. VGC is associated with myelosuppression, prompting interest in letermovir (LTV). Methods: Adults receiving LTX between April 1, 2015, and July 30, 2022, at our institution were evaluated. Patients were excluded if low CMV risk (D‐/R‐), survived <90 days post‐LTX, or transferred care before PPX withdrawal. Primary outcomes were leukopenia (white blood cell count [WBC] ≤ 3.0 × 109/L), severe leukopenia (WBC ≤ 2.0 × 109/L), and neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count ≤ 1500 cells/µL) requiring granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (GCSF) on PPX. Secondary outcomes included breakthrough CMV infection and post‐PPX CMV infection. Results: 204 patients met inclusion criteria: 175 patients on VGC and 29 patients on LTV (after VGC conversion). Most patients received bilateral LTX (62.7%) with non‐lymphocyte‐depleting induction (96.6%) and moderate‐risk serostatus (D+/R+, 48.5%). Patients transitioned from VGC to LTV after a mean of 178 days (SD 80.8 days) post‐transplant. Patients on VGC experienced significantly more leukopenia (82.3% vs. 58.6%, p = 0.008), severe leukopenia (57.1% vs. 31.0%, p = 0.016), and neutropenia requiring GCSF (70.9% vs. 51.7%, p = 0.048). Breakthrough (5.7% vs. 3.4%, p = 0.955) and post‐PPX (24.6% vs. 37.9%, p = 0.199) infections were similar. A subgroup analysis of patients with high‐risk serostatus showed similar trends, though did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: In this single‐center study, the incidence of leukopenia and neutropenia requiring GCSF were reduced with LTV compared to VGC. Breakthrough and post‐PPX infections were not significantly different. This evidence suggests that LTV has comparable efficacy with reduced myelosuppression compared to VGC in LTX recipients, and may be an appropriate alternative for PPX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory complex I (R‐CI) is an essential enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain but also a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and ageing. While the mechanism of ROS production by R‐CI is well‐established, the feedback of ROS on R‐CI activity is poorly understood. Here, we perform EPR spectroscopy on R‐CI incorporated in artificial membrane vesicles to reveal that ROS (particularly hydroxyl radicals) reduce R‐CI activity by making the membrane more polar and by increasing its hydrogen bonding capability. Moreover, the mechanism that we have uncovered reveals that the feedback of ROS on R‐CI activity via the membrane is transient and not permanent; lipid peroxidation is negligible for the levels of ROS generated under these conditions. Our successful use of modular proteoliposome systems in conjunction with EPR spectroscopy and other biophysical techniques is a powerful approach for investigating ROS effects on other membrane proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political action has a long history in the health workforce. There are multiple historical examples, from civil disobedience to marches and even sabotage that can be attributed to health workers. Such actions remain a feature of the healthcare community to this day; their status with professional and regulatory bodies is far less clear, however. This has created uncertainty for those undertaking such action, particularly those who are engaged in what could be termed 'contentious' forms of action. This study explored how advocacy and activism were presented in nursing and medical codes of ethics, comparing disciplinary and temporo‐spatial differences to understand how such action may be promoted or constrained by codes. The data for this study comes from 217 codes of ethics. Because of the size of the corpus and to facilitate analysis, natural language processing was utilised, which allowed for an automated exploration of the data and for comparisons to be drawn between groups. This was complemented by a manual search and contextualisation of the data. While there were noticeable differences between medical and nursing codes, overall, advocacy, activism and even politics were rarely discussed explicitly in most codes. When such action was spoken about, this was often vague and imprecise with codes speaking of 'political action' and 'advocacy' in general terms. While some codes were far more forthright in what they meant about advocacy or broader political action (i.e., Nursing codes in Denmark, Norway, Canada) more forceful language that spoke in specific terms or in terms of oppositional or specific actions (e.g., civil disobedience or marches) was almost completely avoided. These results are discussed in relation to the broader literature on codes and the normative questions they raise, namely whether such action should be included in codes of ethics at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work indicates that feralisation is not a simple reversal of domestication, and therefore raises questions about the predictability of evolution across replicated feral populations. In the present study we compare genes and traits of two independently established feral populations of chickens (Gallus gallus) that inhabit archipelagos within the Pacific and Atlantic regions to test for evolutionary parallelism and/or divergence. We find that feral populations from each region are genetically closer to one another than other domestic breeds, despite their geographical isolation and divergent colonisation histories. Next, we used genome scans to identify genomic regions selected during feralisation (selective sweeps) in two independently feral populations from Bermuda and Hawaii. Three selective sweep regions (each identified by multiple detection methods) were shared between feral populations, and this overlap is inconsistent with a null model in which selection targets are randomly distributed throughout the genome. In the case of the Bermudian population, many of the genes present within the selective sweeps were either not annotated or of unknown function. Of the nine genes that were identifiable, five were related to behaviour, with the remaining genes involved in bone metabolism, eye development and the immune system. Our findings suggest that a subset of feralisation loci (i.e. genomic targets of recent selection in feral populations) are shared across independently established populations, raising the possibility that feralisation involves some degree of parallelism or convergence and the potential for a shared feralisation 'syndrome'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible electronics which are easy to manufacture and integrate into everyday items require suitable memory technology that can function on flexible surfaces. Herein, the properties of Ge‐rich GeSbTe (GST) and Se‐substituted GeSbSeTe (GSST) phase‐change alloys are investigated for application as nonvolatile write‐once and rewritable memories in flexible electronics. These materials have a higher crystallization temperature than the archetypal composition of Ge2Sb2Te5 and hence better data retention properties. Moreover, their high crystallization temperature provides for a particularly straightforward implementation of a write‐once memory configuration. Material properties of Ge‐rich GST and GSST are measured as a function of temperature using four‐point probe electrical testing, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Following this, the switching of flexible memory devices is investigated through both simulation and experiment. More specifically, crossbar memory devices fabricated using Ge‐rich GST are experimentally fabricated and tested, while the operation of GSST pore cell structures suitable for flexible memory applications is demonstrated through simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent to which coding skills are taught within ecology and evolution curricula remains largely unquantified. While coding, and especially R, proficiency is increasingly demanded in academic and professional contexts, many students encounter coding for the first time as postgraduates, presenting a steep learning curve alongside learning advanced statistics.With the emergence of large language models (LLMs), questions arise regarding the relevance of teaching coding when many of these tasks can now be automated. Here, we explore students' experiences with using LLMs for coding, highlighting both benefits and limitations.Through qualitative analysis of student perspectives, we identify several advantages of using LLMs for coding tasks, including enhanced search capabilities, provision of starting points and clear instructions, and troubleshooting support. However, limitations such as a lack of responsiveness to feedback and the prerequisite of extensive prior knowledge pose challenges to the effectiveness of student use of LLMs for coding at a beginner level. Concerns also arise regarding future access to LLMs, potentially exacerbating inequities in education.Despite the potential of LLMs, we argue for the continued importance of teaching coding skills alongside their integration with LLM support. Tutor‐supported learning is essential for building foundational knowledge, facilitating comprehension of LLM outputs and fostering students' confidence in their abilities. Moreover, reliance solely on LLMs risks hindering deep learning and comprehension, thereby undermining the educational process. Our experiences underscore the significance of maintaining a balanced approach, leveraging LLMs as supplementary tools rather than substitutes for coding education in ecology and evolution courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]