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The exceptional performance and potential of 2D/3D perovskites for enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are extensively studied. However, selecting appropriate organic ligands is critical to this process. The incorporation of suitable ligands into the 2D layer can passivate surface defects, regulate energy level alignment, and significantly improve device stability. Conversely, using unsuitable ligands not only fails to achieve the desired functions, but also negatively impacts device efficiency by hindering charge carrier transport and causing energy level mismatch issues. Therefore, exploring the selection of organic ligands based on different requirements is essential. In this review, recent studies are classified based on the chemical structure of organic ligands, analyze their application requirements, and provide suggestions for choosing optimal organic ligands to construct 2D/3D perovskites. Additionally, the feasibility and necessity of utilizing more efficient organic ligands while providing guidance for future research on 2D/3D PSCs are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous strategies have been practiced to improve the power conversion efficiency of CsPbI2Br‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which definitely makes efficiency gradually approach the theoretical efficiency limit. However, sufficient device stability is still in urgent demand for commercialization, pushing to overcome some instability sources induced by hygroscopicity of spiro‐OMeTAD and residual strain of perovskite layer. To address these issues, p‐type semiconductor of PCPDTBT is used to replace spiro‐OMeTAD, enabling dual functions of hole transport and strain regulation. On the one hand, undoped PCPDTBT performs excellent hole extraction and transport, while avoiding the perovskite degradation caused by the hygroscopicity of common additives. On the other hand, PCPDTBT assisted by a thermally spin‐coating method compensates for the thermally‐induced residual strain in perovskite layer owing to its high thermal expansion coefficient. Consequently, CsPbI2Br‐based PSCs with PCPDTBT layer achieve improved efficiency of 16.5% as well as enhanced stability. This study provides a simple and facile strategy to achieve efficient and stable CsPbI2Br‐based PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 1980s when MRI imaging technology was put into clinical use, the number of MRI clinical tests has steadily increased by more than 10% every year. At the same time, exogenous MRI contrast agents have also been developed with the development of MRI technology. However, there are still challenges in the preparation of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, such as how to prepare high-efficiency contrast agents with high stability and low biological toxicity. In order to study the contrast agent with simple preparation method, low cost, and good imaging effect, a magnetic resonance contrast agent was prepared by magnetic nanoparticles. By acting on magnetic resonance imaging detection method, and using polymer ligands to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles, experiments and tests of P(MA-alt-VAc) polymer ligand-modified magnetic nanoparticles were carried out. The experimental results showed that when nanoparticles containing different iron ion concentrations were incubated with DC 2.4 normal cells for 48 hours, the cell viability was still higher than 80% at concentrations up to 200 μm. It shows that the nanoparticle has high cell activity and good biological adaptability. The transverse relaxation ( r 2 ) value of the nanoparticles in aqueous solution at 37°C and 1.5 T magnetic field is 231.1 m-1 s-1, which is much higher than that of PTMP-PMAA ( r 2 = 35.1 mM-1 s-1), which is also more than five times the relaxation of SHU-555C ( r 2 = 44 mM-1 s-1). It shows that the nanoparticles prepared in this paper have good effect and can be used as a contrast agent in human brain for magnetic resonance imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aberrations of a gene can influence it and the functions of its neighbour genes in gene interaction network, leading to the development of carcinogenesis of normal cells. In consideration of gene interaction network as a complex network, previous studies have made efforts on the driver attribute filling of genes via network properties of nodes and network propagation of mutations. However, there are still obstacles from problems of small size of cancer samples and the existence of drivers without property of network neighbours, limiting the discovery of cancer driver genes. To address these obstacles, we propose an efficient modularity subspace based concept learning model. Our model can overcome the curse of dimensionality due to small samples via dimension reduction in the task of attribute concept learning and explore the features of genes through modularity subspace beyond the network neighbours. The evaluation analysis also demonstrates the superiority of our model in the task of driver attribute filling on two gene interaction networks. Generally, our model shows a promising prospect in the application of interaction network analysis of tumorigenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aim to summarize reliable evidence of evidence‐based medicine for the treatment and prevention of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) by analyzing all the published studies on the clinical characteristics of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and other databases were searched. Several studies on the clinical characteristics of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were collected for meta‐analysis. Results: Ten studies were included in Meta‐analysis, including a total number of 50466 patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Meta‐analysis shows that, among these patients, the incidence of fever was 0.891 (95% CI: 0.818, 0.945), the incidence of cough was 0.722 (95% CI: 0.657, 0.782), and the incidence of muscle soreness or fatigue was 0.425 (95% CI: 0.213, 0.652). The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was 0.148 (95% CI: 0.046, 0.296), the incidence of abnormal chest computer tomography (CT) was 0.966 (95% CI: 0.921, 0.993), the percentage of severe cases in all infected cases was 0.181 (95% CI: 0.127, 0.243), and the case fatality rate of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was 0.043 (95% CI: 0.027, 0.061). Conclusion: Fever and cough are the most common symptoms in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and most of these patients have abnormal chest CT examination. Several people have muscle soreness or fatigue as well as ARDS. Diarrhea, hemoptysis, headache, sore throat, shock, and other symptoms are rare. The case fatality rate of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is lower than that of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). This meta‐analysis also has limitations, so the conclusions of this Meta‐analysis still need to be verified by more relevant studies with more careful design, more rigorous execution, and larger sample size. Highlights: A total of 10 articles were included in the Meta‐analysis, including 50466 patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which was by far the first Meta‐analysis with the largest sample size. The quality of the literature included in this study is high, the analysis performed is rigorous, and the conclusions drawn by this study are highly credible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronaviruses are common human viruses and include the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the SARS‐CoV‐2. Coronaviruses mainly bind to transmembrane receptor proteins on the human cell membrane through spike proteins (S‐proteins), thus releasing the RNA of the virus into the interior of the host cell to cause an infection. In this article, we discuss the mechanism and production of cyclodextrin‐soluble angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (CD‐sACE2) inclusion compounds in the treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 infections by blocking S‐proteins. On the basis of the current research evidence, we believe that CD‐sACE2 inclusion compounds have the potential to treat COVID‐19. We hope that our article can provide a theoretical basis for later experiments. Highlights: At present, there are no available drugs or vaccines that can treat or prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) effectively. We introduce the mechanisms and drug fabrication methods of cyclodextrin‐soluble angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (CD‐sACE2) inclusion compounds for the treatment of COVID‐19. It is believed that CD‐sACE2 inclusion compounds can effectively treat COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with cough, fever, and muscle soreness or fatigue, sore throat is really rare in COVID-19 patients. In the treatment of COVID-19 in China, few patients were treated for symptoms of sore throat. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively reduce the case fatality rate of COVID-19 patients before the development of specific drugs and vaccines to treat COVID-19. [Extracted from the article]