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Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are recognized as ideal liquid biopsy tools for cancer detection, and membrane proteins are commonly used EVP biomarkers. However, bulk analysis of EVP membrane protein biomarkers typically fails to meet the clinical requirement for diagnostic accuracy. We investigated the correlation between the membrane protein expression level, the binding kinetics to aptamers and the sizes of EVPs with interferometric plasmonic microscopy (iPM), and demonstrated the implementation of the correlative signature to determine cancer types. Using EVPs collected from both cell model and clinical plasma samples with liver, lung, breast, or prostate cancer, we found that the selective set of membrane protein expression levels of five protein markers and their binding kinetics were highly heterogeneous across various sizes of EVPs, resulting in the low overall accuracy (<50%) in cancer classification with bulk analysis of all populations. By grouping the EVPs into three subpopulations according to their sizes, the overall accuracy could be increased to about 70%. We further grouped the EVPs into subpopulations with a 10 nm interval in sizes and analysed the correlation between the membrane proteins and sizes with a machine learning algorithm. The results show that the overall accuracy to discriminate cancer types could be improved to 85%. Therefore, this work highlights the significance of size‐dependent subtyping of EVPs and suggests that the correlation between the selective set of membrane proteins and sizes of EVP can serve as a signature for clinical cancer diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneity in extracellular vesicles (EVs) introduces an extra level of complexity in small EV‐based liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis. Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) offers sensitive and multifunctional analysis for single tiny EVs. However, the EV SPRM image analysis has been extremely laborious and time‐consuming due to the low contrast and bad signal‐to‐noise ratio. Herein, we present a digital EV analyzer (DEA), a software package, for the automatic analysis of EV data in the SPRM platform. This package enabled fully automated single EV identification, digital counting, sizing EV, and quantification of dwell time. Integrated with a classification algorithm and intelligent searching algorithm for subpopulation analysis, DEA was able to accurately group EVs with five different origins. We hope this software tool would largely promote the application of SPRM technology into cancer diagnosis with EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) can incorporate nonproteinogenic amino acids into peptidyl backbones to increase structural diversity. Genome mining of Schlegelella brevitalea led to the identification of a class of linear lipoheptapeptides, glidomides, featuring two unusual residues: threo‐β‐OH‐L‐His and threo‐β‐OH‐D‐Asp. The β‐hydroxylation of Asp and His is catalyzed by the nonheme FeII/α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent β‐hydroxylases GlmD and GlmF, respectively. GlmD independently catalyzes the hydroxylation of L‐Asp to primarily produce threo‐β‐OH‐L‐Asp on the thiolation domain, and then undergoes epimerization to form threo‐β‐OH‐D‐Asp in the final products. However, β‐hydroxylation of His requires the concerted action of GlmF and the interface (I) domain, a novel condensation domain family clade. The key sites of I domain for interaction with GlmF were identified, suggesting that the mechanism for hydroxylation of His depends on the collaboration between hydroxylase and NRPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN measurements, we observed a wave train of vortices in different developing phases of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability at the ionopause above the Martian northern hemisphere during 09:35:00–09:55:00 Universal Time on 24 March 2017. Based on the sawtooth‐like oscillations in the magnetic fields associated with the quasi‐periodic fluctuations in the ion densities, velocities, and total pressure, we identified three fully and two partially developed vortices. The wavelength of the K‐H waves is ∼2 Martian radii and the period is ∼2 min. The magnetic topologies associated with the vortices are observed to change from draped in the magnetosheath to open in the transition region and finally to closed approaching the ionosphere. Significant ion loss caused by the K‐H instability is observed. The total oxygen loss rate is estimated to be ∼1025 s−1, which is comparable to the global ion loss as previously estimated. Plain Language Summary: Shear‐driven Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability can form along the boundary of the solar wind interaction with non‐magnetic planets (such as Venus and Mars). Previous studies reported partially and fully developed K‐H vortices at the Martian induced magnetosheath. In this study, we directly observed both types of the K‐H vortices during the developing process of the K‐H instability at the Martian ionopause. The magnetic topologies associated with the K‐H vortices change from draped in the magnetosheath to open in the transition region and to closed approaching the ionosphere. The K‐H instability can be an effective mechanism that leads to ion escape at Mars. A large number of ions within the K‐H vortices are observed to escape from Mars. The loss rate of oxygen caused by the K‐H instability is estimated to be significantly high. Our results confirm that the K‐H instability is important for the Martian ion loss. Key Points: We report a wave train of Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) vortices during different developing phases of the K‐H instability at the ionopause of MarsThe wavelength of the K‐H waves is ∼2 Martian radii and the period is ∼2 min; the magnetic topologies within the K‐H vortices changedThe estimated loss rate of oxygen caused by the K‐H instability is on the order of 1025 s−1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Martian‐induced magnetopause (IMP), characterized by the sudden changes of magnetic fields and ion compositions, is the transition boundary separating the magnetosheath from Martian induced magnetosphere. Based on the magnetic field and plasma measurements by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN, we for the first time report a magnetic reconnection at the dayside IMP. The clear plasma jet and bipolar Hall magnetic field provide solid evidence for the identification of the magnetic reconnection. Our observations demonstrate that the newly arrived interplanetary magnetic field and the anchored magnetic field in the induced magnetosphere can reconnect with each other at the IMP. Such reconnection allows the planetary ions to escape from Mars through the reconnected magnetic fields across the IMP, resulting in a significant increase in the local loss rate of the ionospheric ions. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic reconnection is one of the most important topics in space physics since it can not only alter the topology of the magnetic field but also quickly convert magnetic energy to kinetic energy. Around Mars, magnetic reconnections are identified in various regions, such as the induced magnetosphere, ionosphere, magnetotail. However, the magnetic reconnection on the Martian induced magnetopause, which separates the induced magnetosphere from the shocked solar wind, has not been reported and analyzed yet. In this letter, we for the first time report a magnetic reconnection at the Martian magnetopause with Hall magnetic field and ion jet flow. The magnetic reconnections on the magnetopause are crucial because they can accelerate planetary heavy ions in the induced magnetosphere or ionosphere to facilitate their escape from Mars. Key Points: Magnetic reconnection at the Martian induced magnetopause is reportedHall magnetic field associated with the reconnection are detected by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioNThe thickness of the reconnection region and local oxygen loss rate are estimated to be 575 km and ∼1.0⋅1024s−1, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a spin‐coating‐free method to deposit CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films with large grains is demonstrated. The effect of processing temperature on the property of hybrid lead halide perovskite films is investigated. It is found that the grain domain size is enlarged by increasing processing temperature. Dense and uniform CH3NH3PbI3 films with grain domain size close to 1 mm are obtained using this method. A higher processing temperature also promotes the conversion from precursors solution to perovskite, but excessive temperature induces a poor crystalline state. About 150 °C is proved to be close to the optimal processing temperature to form perovskite films with less defect density, lower charge recombination, and longer charge carrier lifetimes. Space‐charge‐limited current method is used to investigate the charge transport efficiency based on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films. The results show that both the electron and hole mobility improve remarkably as the processing temperature increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Existing epidemiological studies have suggested that periodontal disease (PD) may be a risk indicator for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, no formal systematic review and meta‐analysis have been performed. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association between PD and CRC risk in this study. Materials and Methods: We used the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science to search for related articles published from 1 January 1966 to 16 July 2020. Stata (Version 15) software was used to calculate the total risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the included studies through the random‐effects model to assess the association between PD and CRC risk. Results: Nine studies were included in the narrative synthesis, and seven studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Results showed that PD significantly increased the risk of CRC by 44% (RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.18–1.76; I2, 55.2%). Conclusion: We found an association between PD and CRC. PD can be a potential risk indicator for the occurrence and development of CRC, and further studies are needed to assess causality. Hence, effective periodontal treatment could be a valuable preventive measure for CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic water splitting is considered an attractive way to achieve clean and sustainable energy production. Herein, a series of self‐supported oxygen and molybdenum dual‐doped cobalt phosphides grown on Ni foam (O,Mo−CoP/NFs) were prepared. The O,Mo−CoP/NFs exhibited 3D hierarchical morphologies including urchin‐like nanostructures assembled with nanorods and nanoflowers assembled with ultrathin nanosheets. The optimized O,Mo−CoP/NFs‐2 nanoflowers exhibited superior electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), with an overpotential of only 59 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for HER and 301 mV overpotential at 100 mA cm−2 for OER. Moreover, the O,Mo−CoP/NFs‐2 nanoflowers exhibited efficient overall water splitting as low as 1.66 V for 100 mA cm−2 with outstanding long‐term stability, even superior to the commercial Pt−C/NF and RuO2/NF system. The superior activity of self‐supported O,Mo−CoP/NFs‐2 nanoflowers was attributed to the synergistic effect of O and Mo dual doping, which promoted its intrinsic catalytic activity, and its particular morphology of self‐supported 3D hierarchical nanoflowers, which could expose more catalytic sites and enable facile gas escape. Moreover, the device of overall water splitting can be powered by a single AA battery or a 1.5 V solar cell, showing its great potential for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new kind of co‐modified phenolic foam was synthesized with polyurethane prepolymer (PUP) and H3BO3 by a simple preparation method. Firstly, in order to determine the optimal amount of PUP, the effects of different PUP additions on the mechanical properties, foam microstructure, and pulverization rate of phenolic foam were investigated. Then H3BO3 was added to toughened phenolic foam, in order to reduce its fire hazard. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the PFPUP8 phenolic foam composite were the best when the PUP content was 8 wt%. It had a small and regular cell structure, and its pulverization ratio was reduced by 80% compared with that of pristine phenolic foam. Meanwhile, the flame retardant properties of PFPUP8 were improved in different degrees with an increase in the amount of H3BO3. Particularly, when the addition of H3BO3 was 10 wt%, the peak heat release rate, the total heat release, and the total smoke release values of PFPUP10B were decreased by 35.4%, 42.4%, and 45.2%, respectively, compared with those of PFPUP8. The value of the limit oxygen index was increased by 33.1%. Besides, the addition of H3BO3 had no adverse effect on the mechanical properties and pulverization ratio of PFPUP8. In addition, the specific mechanisms of toughening, flame retardant, and smoke suppression are also discussed in this paper on the basis of an investigation into the thermal properties of the toughened flame retardant foam composites by thermogravimetric analysis in N2 atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In terms of promising candidates for high‐performance fuel cells and water splitting electrocatalysts, two‐dimensional (2D) materials refer to a class of materials with high electrical conductivity along 2D conducting channels and possessing abundant active sites in the form of surface atoms and edge sites. Herein, we report an ammonia‐modulated method for the synthesis of nanosized bimetallic ZnCo‐ZIF, and owing to quantum effects, the nanosized ZnCo‐ZIF can be transformed into novel 2D nanosheet arrays, which can be used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst. The size of the ZnCo‐ZIF crystals can be controlled to less than 10 nm by increasing the ammonia amount. The products from the nanosized particles through calcination have a distinct structure from the microsized nanoparticles owing to quantum effects and appear to be well‐aligned 2D mono‐crystalline Co3O4‐embedded nitrogen‐doped porous carbon nanosheet arrays (2D‐MCo3O4‐NCNAs). These novel 2D nanosheet arrays lead to large active surface areas, enhanced mass/charge transport capability, numerous active sites, and strong structure stability. When used as bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the 2D‐MCo3O4‐NCNAs exhibit superior ORR activity as well as efficient OER activity in alkaline electrolyte, in comparison to the state‐of‐the‐art precious metal catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Highly active, durable, and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for water oxidation are at the center of renewable energy technologies. However, the development of water oxidation catalysts with high activity at low cost remains a great challenge. Herein, an in situ antisolvent approach is reported for synthesizing ultrathin Co–Ni layered double hydroxide (CoNi‐LDH) nanosheets wrapped on hollow Co3O4 nanoparticle‐embedded nitrogen‐doped carbon (HCo3O4‐NC) as a high‐performance catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Although HCo3O4‐NC or NiCo‐LDH alone has little OER activity, their hybrid exhibits low overpotential and Tafel slope as well as high stability, due to the synergistic effect of Co3O4 and LDH. Furthermore, the hydrangea‐like HCo3O4‐NC@NiCo‐LDH core@shell composite exhibits higher catalytic activity and stability than commercial IrO2, which makes it a high‐performance nonprecious‐metal‐based catalyst for OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed-metal sulfide Zn1− xMn xS nanorod-assembled hierarchical hollow spheres were synthesized by a template-free solvothermal process based on Ostwald ripening. In the reaction system, glycerol plays a key role in the formation of Zn xMn1− xS hierarchical hollow structures by a quasi-microemulsion-template mechanism. When applied as capacitor electrode material, the hierarchical Zn1− xMn xS hollow spheres show excellent electrochemical performance. Specifically, Zn0.25Mn0.75S hollow spheres can deliver a high specific capacitance of 664 F g−1 at a current rate of 1 A g−1, which is almost five times of that of MnS under the same conditions and higher than those of previously reported single Mn-based compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosynthesis, Hydroxylase, Natural Products, Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase, Peptides Frontispiz: Biosynthesis of Glidomides and Elucidation of Different Mechanisms for Formation of -OH Amino Acid Building Blocks Keywords: Biosynthesis; Hydroxylase; Natural Products; Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase; Peptides EN Biosynthesis Hydroxylase Natural Products Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Peptides 1 1 1 08/23/22 20220826 NES 220826 B Biosynthese b . [Extracted from the article]