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This study reports the synthesis, curing, and optoelectronic properties of a solution-processable, thermally cross-linkable electron- and hole-blocking material containing fluorene-core and three periphery N-phenyl- N-(4-vinylphenyl)benzeneamine ( FTV). The FTV exhibited good thermal stability with Td above 478 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. The FTV is readily cross-linked via terminal vinyl groups by heating at 160 °C for 30 min to obtain homogeneous film with excellent solvent resistance. Multilayer PLED device [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/cured- FTV/MEH-PPV/Ca (50 nm)/Al (100 nm)] was successfully fabricated using solution processed. Inserting cured- FTV is between PEDOT:PSS and MEH-PPV results in simultaneous reduction in hole injection from PEDOT:PSS to MEH-PPV and blocking in electron transport from MEH-PPV to anode. The maximum luminance and maximum current efficiency were enhanced from 1810 and 0.27 to 4640 cd/m2 and 1.08 cd/A, respectively, after inserting cured- FTV layer. Current results demonstrate that the thermally cross-linkable FTV enhances not only device efficiency but also film homogeneity after thermal curing. FTV is a promising electron- and hole-blocking material applicable for the fabrication of multilayer PLEDs based on PPV derivatives. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 000: 000-000, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose. This study was performed to investigate the effect of shock wave treatment on the healing at tendon–bone interface in rabbits. Materials and methods. Thirty-six New Zealand White rabbits were used in this study. The anterior cruciate ligament was excised and replaced with the long digital extensor. The right knees (study group) were treated with 500 impulses of shock waves at 14kV, while the left knees (control group) received no shock waves. Histomorphological studies were performed in 24 rabbits at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks. Biomechanical studies were performed in 12 rabbits at 12 and 24 weeks. Results. There was significantly more trabecular bone around the tendons noted in the study group compared with the control group at different time intervals after 4 weeks (P <0.05). The contacting between bone and tendon was significantly better in the study group than the control group after 8 weeks (P <0.05). The tensile strength of the tendon–bone interface was significantly higher in the study group than the control group at 24 weeks (P =0.018), whereas similar modes of graft failure were noted between the two groups. Conclusion. Shock wave treatment significantly improves the healing rate of the tendon–bone interface in a bone tunnel in rabbits. The effect of shock waves appears to be time-dependent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]