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Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation play a significant role in depression. This research has shown that Ten‐eleven translocation 2 (Tet2) deficiency prompts depression‐like behaviors, but Tet2's transcriptional regulation remains unclear. In the study, bioinformatics is used to identify nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E member 3 (Nr2e3) as a potential Tet2 regulator. Nr2e3 is found to enhance Tet2's transcriptional activity by binding to its promoter region. Nr2e3 knockdown in mouse hippocampus leads to reduced Tet2 expression, depression‐like behaviors, decreased hydroxymethylation of synaptic genes, and downregulation of synaptic proteins like postsynaptic density 95 KDa (PSD95) and N‐methy‐d‐aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1). Fewer dendritic spines are also observed. Nr2e3 thus appears to play an antidepressant role under stress. In search of potential treatments, small molecule compounds to increase Nr2e3 expression are screened. Azacyclonal (AZA) is found to enhance the Nr2e3/Tet2 pathway and exhibited antidepressant effects in stressed mice, increasing PSD95 and NMDAR1 expression and dendritic spine density. This study illuminates Tet2's upstream regulatory mechanism, providing a new target for identifying early depression biomarkers and developing treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halohydrin dehalogenases (HHDHs) have demonstrated significant potential as biocatalysts for synthesizing industrial heterocyclic compounds and chiral alkanolamines from aromatic substrates with NaOCN that are not feasible through chemosynthesis. To further study the HHDH reaction in real industrial applications, a diverse panel of HHDHs has been screened for their ability to convert aliphatic cyclohexene oxide. By using the best HHDH variant in form of a whole cell biocatalyst, a novel chemical process, regulated by the cascaded chemoenzymatic reactions for pilot‐scale ring‐opening reactions, has been successfully developed. Using the best HHDH hit in whole‐cell form provides a viable bio‐catalytic approach for the synthesis of related fine chemicals. Our research provides a promising strategy for scaling up non‐native ring‐opening reactions from the laboratory to industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial photosynthesis of H2O2 from H2O and O2 by visible light is a promising approach, but the efficiency is still unsatisfactory because of the inefficient O2 adsorption and proton supply. Here, terphenyl functionalized covalent triazine polymer (CTP‐TD) is prepared for efficient H2O2 production. Experimental and theoretical results show that terphenyl structure can promote O2 adsorption by regulating the oxygen evolution (O2→1O2) and improve proton supply by accelerating water oxidation. The terphenyl structure significantly promotes the singlet oxygen (1O2) production via the intersystem crossing (ISC) process. The electrophilic 1O2 is more easily adsorbed on the catalyst surface than O2. Simultaneously, the accumulated holes at the terphenyl structure lower water oxidation energy barriers and accelerate the water dehydrogenation process. This work provides a valuable reference and new inspiration for the polymer design of efficient H2O2 generation from the perspective of reactant supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulus size modulation of neuronal firing activity is a fundamental property of the primary visual cortex. Numerous biological experiments have shown that stimulus size modulation is affected by multiple factors at different spatiotemporal scales, but the exact pathways and mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this paper, we establish a large‐scale neuronal network model of primary visual cortex with layer 2/3 to study how gamma oscillation properties are modulated by stimulus size and especially how long‐range connections affect the modulation as realistic neuronal properties and spatial distributions of synaptic connections are considered. It is shown that long‐range horizontal synaptic connections are sufficient to produce dimensional modulation of firing rates and gamma oscillations. In particular, with increasing grating stimulus size, the firing rate increases and then decreases, the peak frequency of gamma oscillations decreases and the spectral power increases. These are consistent with biological experimental observations. Furthermore, we explain in detail how the number and spatial distribution of long‐range connections affect the size modulation of gamma oscillations by using the analysis of neuronal firing activity and synaptic current fluctuations. Our results provide a mechanism explanation for size modulation of gamma oscillations in the primary visual cortex and reveal the important and unique role played by long‐range connections, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the cognitive function of gamma oscillations in visual cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of Cr alloying on phase stability, magnetism, and electronic structures in both body‐centered cubic (bcc) and face‐centered cubic (fcc) phases and on the transformation from fcc to bcc are studied by first‐principles calculations. Results show that the doped Cr atoms in fcc and bcc phases choose distinct occupation models. This phenomenon can be understood from the amount of electron density of states close to Fermi energy. For magnetism, Cr tends to be antiferromagnetically coupled with the surrounding Fe in the studied phases. The magnetic moment of Fe is greater than that of Cr in bcc, but the order is reversed in fcc. The moment of Fe is dictated by the distance between it and the doped Cr in bcc, whereas it is dominated by spatial orientation with Cr in fcc. For phase stability, it is found that the alloying of Cr prefers destabilizing bcc while tends to stabilize fcc, leading to a strong inhibition of phase transition from fcc to bcc. Notably, the role in the fcc phase is more prominent than that in bcc, which can be associated with the antiferromagnetism between Fe and Cr in fcc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multisite chronic pain (MCP) and site‐specific chronic pain (SSCP) may be influenced by circulating inflammatory proteins, but the causal relationship remains unknown. To overcome this limitation, two‐sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to analyse data for 91 circulating inflammatory proteins, MCP and SSCP encompassing headache, back pain, shoulder pain, hip pain, knee pain, stomach abdominal pain and facial pain. The primary MR method used was inverse variance weighting, sensitivity analyses included weighted median, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier and the Egger intercept method. Heterogeneity was also detected using Cochrane's Q test and leave‐one‐out analyses. Finally, a causal relationship between 29 circulating inflammatory proteins and chronic pain was identified. Among these proteins, 14 exhibited a protective effect, including MCP (T‐cell surface glycoprotein cluster of differentiation 5), headache (4E‐binding protein 1 [4EBP1], cluster of differentiation 40, cluster of differentiation 6 and C‐X‐C motif chemokine [CXCL] 11), back pain (leukaemia inhibitory factor), shoulder pain (fibroblast growth factor [FGF]‐5 and interleukin [IL]‐18R1), stomach abdominal pain (tumour necrosis factor [TNF]‐α), hip pain (CXCL1, IL‐20 and signalling lymphocytic activation molecule 1) and knee pain (IL‐7 and TNF‐β). Additionally, 15 proteins were identified as risk factors for MCP and SSCP: MCP (colony‐stimulating factor 1, human glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor and IL‐17C), headache (fms‐related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, IL‐20 receptor subunit α [IL‐20RA], neurotrophin‐3 and tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9), facial pain (CXCL1), back pain (TNF), shoulder pain (IL‐17C and matrix metalloproteinase‐10), stomach abdominal pain (IL‐20RA), hip pain (C‐C motif chemokine 11/eotaxin‐1 and tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12) and knee pain (4EBP1). Importantly, in the opposite direction, MCP and SSCP did not exhibit a significant causal impact on circulating inflammatory proteins. Our study identified potential causal influences of various circulating inflammatory proteins on MCP and SSCP and provided promising treatments for the clinical management of MCP and SSCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexible zinc–air battery has garnered ever‐growing attentions in the current decade taking advantages of the high efficiency, environmentally friendliness, and safety features. However, the sluggish ion transport and poor mechanical property hinder its realistic and mass application. To address these challenges, this study proposes a Janus strategy which combines the Grotthuss and Vehicle mechanism for OH− transport in the gel by assembling the dual network gel with LDH (layer double hydroxides) in the gel's pores. The gel can sustain 530% strain and 0.19 MPa stress without significant plastic deformation and the as‐prepared battery exhibits the high ionic conductivity as 145.93 mS cm−1 and long lifetime over 160 h. The further simulation reveals that the Grotthuss mechanism plays the determine role in the ion transport, contributing to the fast OH− transport and highly efficient flexible zinc–air battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels with excellent hydrophilicity, high water content, outstanding biocompatibility, and lubrication properties are among the promising articular cartilage replacement materials. Despite extensive research focus on lubrication of hydrogels, realization of bioinspired materials with high load‐bearing, low‐friction, extraordinary lubrication, and anti‐wear properties is challenging. Herein, robust lubrication can be realized by structuring vertical and horizontal dual gradient surfaces, with structural design in vertical direction gradually transitioning from an anisotropic tubular to a compact body to provide load‐bearing, and a surface rigid porous polymer skeleton and a filled loose lubricating polymer structural design to provide lubrication in horizontal direction. What is more, gradient transition region in vertical direction greatly weakens gradient layer interface stress to increase load‐bearing, and gradient surface in horizontal direction is constructed by interconnected surface rigid polymer skeleton containing "pockets" that house highly hydrated and mechanically fragile soft lubrication polymer to prevent removal of lubrications under high load and wear. The designed hydrogel has an extremely low coefficient of friction (COF) with hard steel (COF ≈0.0036, 50 N, 35,000 cycles) and achieves a balance between lubrication and load bearing. The work opens up an avenue for rational design of high load‐bearing and ultralow friction soft material surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) exhibit exceptional optical and chiral properties, demonstrating potential for 3D display, circularly polarized light‐emitting diodes (CP‐LEDs), and CPL switches. However, the construction of chiral OIHPs often relies on chiral building blocks, limiting chemical diversity, and possessing challenges in achieving large asymmetry factor (glum) without sacrificing photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Here, Chiral DMA4In1‐xSbxCl7 (DMA = dimethylammonium, x = 0 to 1) with superior circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) are successfully constructed based on achiral building blocks DMA+ and metal halides. By optimizing the Sb3+ content, bright white emission with a high PLQY of 69.13% is achieved, as well as near‐unity PLQY yellow emission and strong CPL signals with a glum of up to +1.40 × 10−2, exhibiting a performance comparable to state‐of‐the‐art chiral OIHPs. Combining optical characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that these intriguing properties originate from the intrinsic chiral helical structures and a pair of perfect complementary color emissions in DMA4In1‐xSbxCl7. In addition, DMA4In1‐xSbxCl7 exhibit excellent thermal stability and mild thermal quenching in the temperature range of 300 to 420 K. These fascinating properties suggest that DMA4In1‐xSbxCl7 have significant applications in white light‐emitting diodes (WLED), 3D displays and anti‐counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microglia are endogenous immune cells in the brain, and their pyroptosis and phenotype dichotomy are proved to play roles in neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated whether and how hypoxia affected pyroptosis and phenotype polarization in mouse microglia. Primary mouse microglia and BV2 microglia were exposed to hypoxia. Pyroptosis and M1/M2 phenotype were assessed by measuring gasdermin D truncation and M1/M2 surface marker expression. Mechanisms including purinergic ionotropic receptor (P2XR), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α) and NOD‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome were investigated. We reported hypoxia (90% N2, 5% O2 and 5% CO2) induced pyroptosis and promoted M1 phenotype polarization in primary mouse microglia and BV2 microglia, and the effect appeared after 6 h exposure. Although hypoxia (90% N2, 5% O2 and 5% CO2, 6 h) had no effect on P2X1R and P2X7R expression, it increased P2X4R expression and decreased PGC‐1α expression. Interestingly, blockade of P2X4R or P2X7R abolished hypoxia‐modulated PGC‐1α expression, pyroptosis and M1 polarization. PGC‐1α overexpression or overactivation alleviated hypoxia‐induced pyroptosis and M1 polarization, while PGC‐1α knockdown or deactivation promoted pyroptosis and M1 polarization under normoxic situation. Further, hypoxia induced NLRP3 expression and activated caspase‐1 and induced the phosphorylation of NF‐κB and reduced the phosphorylation of STAT3/6. NLRP3 inhibitor and caspase‐1 inhibitor abolished hypoxia‐induced pyroptosis, while NF‐κB inhibitor and STAT phosphorylation inducer ameliorated hypoxia‐induced M1 polarization. In addition, NF‐κB activator and STAT3/6 inhibitor caused microglia M1 polarization under normoxic situation. We concluded in cultured mouse microglia, hypoxia may induce pyroptosis via P2XR/PGC‐1α/NLRP3/caspase‐1 pathway and trigger M1 polarization through P2XR/PGC‐1α/NF‐κB/STAT3/6 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous catalysts for catalytic ozonation are elaborately designed with commendable intrinsic activity, while their industrial applications are limited by inadequate mass transfer of ozone (O3). In this work, it is demonstrated that engineering the surface aerophilicity of heterogeneous catalyst enables fast mass transfer of O3 reactant, giving rise to much enhanced catalytic ozonation performance. Taking active 4A zeolite catalyst as an example, the aerophilicity of spherical 4A zeolite can be greatly enhanced by coating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with low surface energy, and the optimized sample exhibits a 99.5% removal of atrazine (ATZ) within 20 min (corresponding to a k of 0.269 min−1), much better than 4A zeolite without surface aerophilicity engineering (k≈0.156 min−1). The PTFE coating does not change the ozone activation mechanism and degradation pathways for ATZ, further demonstrating that the enhanced ozonation activity is attributed to the enhanced mass transfer process. In addition, the general applicability of this surface aerophilicity and the potential ozonation application for industrial wastewater treatment are both demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The intestine of young ruminants is in the developmental stage and has weaker resistance to the changes of external environment. Improving intestinal health is vital to promoting growth of young ruminants. This study investigated effects of guanidino acetic acid (GAA) and rumen‐protected betaine (RPB) supplementation on growth, dietary nutrient digestion and GAA metabolism in the small intestine of sheep. Methods: Eighteen healthy Kazakh rams (27.46 ± 0.10 kg of body weight and 3‐month old) were categorized into control, test group I and test group II, which were fed a basal diet, 1500 mg/kg GAA and 1500 mg/kg GAA + 600 mg/kg RPB, respectively. Results: Compared with control group, test group II had increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain, plasma creatine level, ether extract (EE) and phosphorus digestibility on day 30. On day 60, the EE apparent digestibility, jugular venous plasma GAA, GAA content in the duodenal mucosa and GAA content in the jejunal and ileal mucosa of test group II were higher (p < 0.05) than other groups. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the duodenal pathways of oxidative phosphorylation and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease were significantly altered in test group II versus test group I (p < 0.05). Moreover, in the jejunum, the MAPK signalling pathway, complement and coagulation cascade and B‐cell receptor signalling pathway were significantly enriched, with ATPase, solute carrier transporter protein, DHFR, SI, GCK, ACACA and FASN being the significantly DEGs (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of RPB on top of GAA in sheep diets may promote sheep growth and development by improving the body's energy, amino acid, glucose and lipid metabolism capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy density, the Achilles' heel of aqueous supercapacitors, is simultaneously determined by the voltage window and specific capacitance of the carbon materials, but the strategy of synchronously boosting them has rarely been reported. Herein, we demonstrate that the rational utilization of the interaction between redox mediators (RMs) and carbon electrode materials, especially those with rich intrinsic defects, contributes to extended potential windows and more stored charges concurrently. Using 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (4OH‐TEMPO) and intrinsic defect‐rich carbons as the RMs and electrode materials, respectively, the potential window and capacitance are increased by 67% and sixfold in a neutral electrolyte. Moreover, this strategy could also be applied to alkaline and acid electrolytes. The first‐principle calculation and experimental results demonstrate that the strong interaction between 4OH‐TEMPO and defect‐rich carbons plays a key role as preferential adsorbed RMs may largely prohibit the contact of free water molecules with the electrode materials to terminate the water splitting at elevated potentials. For the RMs offering weaker interaction with the electrode materials, the water splitting still proceeds with a thus sole increase of the stored charges. The results discovered in this work could provide an alternative solution to address the low energy density of aqueous supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the temporal trend of osteoarthritis (OA) burden in China by age, sex, and joint sites from 1990 to 2019 and predict the long‐term trend over the next 25 years. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we estimated incident cases, prevalent cases, disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of OA, and DALYs of OA attributed to high body mass index (BMI), as well as corresponding age‐standardized rates (ASRs) for aforementioned indicies. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and Nordpred age‐period‐cohort model were used to describe temporal trend changes and predict future disease burden. Results: From 1990 to 2019, the ASR of OA incidence increased from 472.53 per 100,000 to 509.84 per 100,000 people (EAPC: 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29–0.44); the ASR of OA prevalence increased from 5,880.58 per 100,000 to 6,330.06 per 100,000 people (EAPC 0.35, 95% CI 0.28–0.42); the ASR of OA DALYs increased from 206.38 per 100,000 to 224.78 per 100,000 people (EAPC 0.40, 95% CI 0.32–0.48). The ASR of OA DALYs attributed to high BMI increased rapidly, especially in men and patients with hip OA. Projections suggest an increasing trend in the incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of OA from 2019 to 2044, with the prevalent cases and DALYs of OA in China expected to increase by approximately 1.5 times over the next 25 years. Conclusion: The disease burden of OA has increased in China over the past 30 years and is expected to continue rising over the next 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Delirium is associated with mortality and new onset dementia, yet the underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Development of imaging biomarkers has been difficult given the challenging nature of imaging delirious patients. Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) offers a promising approach for investigating delirium given its portability and three‐dimensional capabilities. METHODS: Twenty‐five delirious and matched non‐delirious patients (n = 50) were examined using DOT, comparing cerebral oxygenation and functional connectivity in the prefrontal cortex during and after an episode of delirium. RESULTS: Total hemoglobin values were significantly decreased in the delirium group, even after delirium resolution. Functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex was strengthened post‐resolution compared to during an episode; however, this relationship was still significantly weaker compared to controls. DISCUSSION: These findings highlight DOT's potential as an imaging biomarker to measure impaired cerebral oxygenation and functional dysconnectivity during and after delirium. Future studies should focus on the role of cerebral oxygenation in delirium pathogenesis and exploring the etiological link between delirium and dementias. Highlights: We developed a portable diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system for bedside three‐dimensional functional neuroimaging to study delirium in the hospital.We implemented a novel DOT task‐focused seed‐based correlation analysis.DOT revealed decreased cerebral oxygenation and functional connectivity strength in the delirium group, even after resolution of delirium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) pneumonia has become an increasingly important public health problem. Recent evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications are critical in the host immune defence against pathogen infection. In this study, we found that S. aureus infection induces the expression of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, by using a S. aureus pneumonia mouse model, we showed that the HDAC6 inhibitor, tubastatin A, demonstrates a protective effect in S. aureus pneumonia, decreasing the mortality and destruction of lung architecture, reducing the bacterial burden in the lungs and inhibiting inflammatory responses. Mechanistic studies in primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages demonstrated that the HDAC6 inhibitors, tubastatin A and tubacin, reduced the intracellular bacterial load by promoting bacterial clearance rather than regulating phagocytosis. Finally, N‐acetyl‐L‐ cysteine, a widely used reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, antagonized ROS production and significantly inhibited tubastatin A‐induced S. aureus clearance. These findings demonstrate that HDAC6 inhibitors promote the bactericidal activity of macrophages by inducing ROS, an important host factor for S. aureus clearance and production. Our study identified HDAC6 as a suitable epigenetic modification target for preventing S. aureus infection, and tubastatin A as a useful compound in treating S. aureus pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents experimental and density functional theory theoretical methods to carry out the catalytic role and reaction mechanism of phosphorus (P4) for liquid phase catalytic oxidation nitric oxide. Meanwhile, it carries out the promoting effect of phosphorus and inhibitory effect of phosphoric acid in the ozone oxidation of nitric oxide. The work reveals the significant involvement of P4 in facilitating the NO catalytic oxidation process by generating O3. Meanwhile, the presence of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) hindered the NO catalytic removal process. The calculation results highlight that P4 promoted the formation of O3 and favoured the oxidation pathway (oxidation‐hydration, NO ➔ NO2 ➔ HNO3). During the liquid‐phase NO catalytic removal process, O2 and NO dissolved into the solution, where O2 exhibited preferential adsorbed on P4, promoting the O3 formation. Subsequently, O3 first oxidized NO to NO2. Then, HNO2 and HNO3 were generated under the hydration reaction of NO2 and H2O. Next, O3 further oxidized the generated HNO2 to HNO3, realizing the complete oxidation of NO. The hydration step of NO2 was identified as the key step in the O3 oxidation processes. Furthermore, the generation of H3PO4 led to the consumption of P4 and inhibited the NO removal process. O3 played the crucial role in liquid phase NO oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While understanding the competitive adsorption behavior of gas sensor is important, it is yet to be unraveled. Especially for the influence of water molecules to the gas adsorbed on 2D materials. This study explores the potential of layered 2D materials as a candidate material for gas sensing, employing non‐destructive measurement, and second harmonic generation (SHG). The investigation focuses on analyzing oxygen, ammonia, and water vapor adsorbed on a WS2 surface by studying the evolutions in electric dipole and electric field. Leveraging the simplified bond hyperpolarizability model (SBHM), a foundation is established for gas sensors utilizing high‐quality 2D materials. This approach facilitates the detection of material modifications in response to environmental influences, including the inevitable water molecules. The obtained hyperpolarizability from SBHM exhibits remarkable consistency with Langmuir's adsorption model, confirming the physical adsorption in the system. In addition, the competitive effects between gases are explored by comparing experimental results with theoretical predictions based on Boltzmann distribution and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This highlights the effectiveness of SHG and SBHM in studying gas adsorption on layered van der Waals materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Known for anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties, flavonoid has phytoestrogenic effects, but it is unclear whether its role in hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome (MetS) differs by gender. Moreover, given the strong association between hyperuricemia and MetS, we aimed to explore whether flavonoid is a protective factor for hyperuricemia, independently of MetS, in different genders. Methods: Data for 2007–2010 and 2017–2018 were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS). To assess the association among flavonoid, hyperuricemia, and MetS, multivariate logistic regression and subgroup analyses were conducted. Besides, to investigate whether the association between flavonoid and hyperuricemia was independent of MetS, multivariate logistic regression models were further conducted to explore the association between flavonoid and MetS among females with hyperuricemia and to investigate the association between flavonoid and hyperuricemia among females after excluding MetS. Result: Among 5356 females, anthocyanin intake was inversely associated with the prevalence of hyperuricemia (Q4 vs. Q1: OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.76), and MetS (Q4 vs. Q1: OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.93). Furthermore, subgroup analyses showed the beneficial association between anthocyanin and hyperuricemia among females aged 40 to 59 years and menopausal. However, among 5104 males, no significant association was observed after adjustment for covariates (Q4 vs. Q1: OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.18). While in 372 females with hyperuricemia, no significant association was found between MetS and anthocyanin (Q4 vs. Q1: OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.31 to 2.49). Meanwhile, among 3335 females after excluding MetS, there was still a significant association between anthocyanin and a lower prevalence of hyperuricemia (Q4 vs. Q1: OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.85). Conclusion: Dietary anthocyanin is associated with a lower prevalence of hyperuricemia independently of MetS among females. Foods rich in anthocyanin should be emphasized for females, especially those aged 40 to 59 years and menopausal, which may be of potential significance in the prevention of hyperuricemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has been indicated to express in cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in most cancers. This work was dedicated to exploring FAP's effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The data were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus, ImmPort, and Reactome databases. The correlation between FAP and HCC patients' prognosis was explored via survival analysis. The qRT‐PCR and western blot analysis were used to analyze the FAP mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. The cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined using the cell counting kit‐8 assay kit and Annexin V‐FITC/PI apoptosis kit, respectively. The HCC patients with FAP overexpression displayed a worse prognosis. The FAP expression was positively associated with the infiltration levels of tumor purity, B cell, CD8 + T cell, CD4 + T cell, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell. The optimal nine immune related genes were screened between two groups (FAP high vs. low). Moreover, we identified 24 energy metabolism related genes (FAP high vs. low) and these 24 genes were highly expressed in the high FAP expression group. The FAP expression had a significant positive correlation with the expression of PD‐1, CTLA4, PDL‐1, and PDL‐2. The FAP overexpression promoted proliferation and migration while inhibiting the apoptosis of HCC cells. The FAP overexpression promoted the progression of HCC by regulating the immunity to affect the prognosis of HCC patients, thereby serving as a poor prognostic marker for HCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high‐efficiency frequency tripler operating up to 330 GHz is developed based on a novel quad‐port balanced configuration. The proposed circuit could inhibit the even‐order harmonics with great idler loops, leaving out the lossy capacitors required in conventional triplers. Meanwhile, this topology employs two pairs of discrete Schottky diodes, which could increase the power‐handling capability by a factor of 2. In this way, a 330 GHz balanced tripler is implemented with four discrete Schottky diodes mounted on a 30‐μm‐thick quartz substrate. At room temperature, the implemented tripler module features a peak output power of 41.1 mW (@321.4 GHz) and a peak efficiency of 12.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the associations between the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and the risks of all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality. Materials and Methods: A total of 3 916 214 Chinese adults were enrolled in a nationwide population cohort covering all 31 provinces of mainland China. The CVAI was calculated based on age, body mass index, waist circumference, and triglyceride and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. We used a Cox proportional hazards regression model to determine the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of mortality associated with different CVAI levels. Results: The median follow‐up duration was 3.8 years. A total of 86 158 deaths (34 867 cardiovascular disease [CVD] deaths, 29 884 cancer deaths, and 21 407 deaths due to other causes) were identified. In general, after adjusting for potential confounding factors, a U‐shaped relationship between CVAI and all‐cause mortality was observed by restricted cubic spline (RCS). Compared with participants in CVAI quartile 1, those in CVAI quartile 4 had a 23.0% (95% CI 20.0%–25.0%) lower risk of cancer death, but a 23.0% (95% CI 19.0–27.0) higher risk of CVD death. In subgroup analysis, a J‐shaped and inverted U‐shaped relationship for all‐cause mortality and cancer mortality was observed in the group aged < 60 years. Conclusions: The CVAI, an accessible indicator reflecting visceral obesity among Chinese adults, has predictive value for all‐cause, CVD, and cancer mortality risks. Moreover, the CVAI carries significance in the field of health economics and secondary prevention. In the future, it could be used for early screening purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3D nanostructured scaffold as the host for zinc enables effective inhibition of anodic dendrite growth. However, the increased electrode/electrolyte interface area provided by using 3D matrices exacerbates the passivation and localized corrosion of the Zn anode, ultimately bringing about the degradation of the electrochemical performance. Herein, a nanoscale coating of inorganic–organic hybrid (α‐In2Se3‐Nafion) onto a flexible carbon nanotubes (CNTs) framework (ISNF@CNTs) is designed as a Zn plating/stripping scaffold to ensure uniform Zn nucleation, thus achieving a dendrite‐free and durable Zn anode. The introduced inorganic–organic interfacial layer is dense and sturdy, which hinders the direct exposure of deposited Zn to electrolytes and mitigates the side reactions. Meanwhile, the zincophilic nature of ISNF can largely reduce the nucleation energy barrier and promote the ion‐diffusion transportation. Consequently, the ISNF@CNTs@Zn electrode exhibits a low‐voltage hysteresis and a superior cycling life (over 1500 h), with dendrite‐free Zn‐plating behaviors in a typical symmetrical cell test. Additionally, the superior feature of ISNF@CNTs@Zn anode is further demonstrated by Zn‐MnO2 cells in both coin and flexible quasi‐solid‐state configurations. This work puts forward an inspired remedy for advanced Zn‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether CEOs' early adverse experience could explain cross‐sectional heterogeneity in the financialization of non‐financial firms. We utilize whether the CEO lived through the Great Chinese Famine as a proxy for the adverse experience. We find that non‐financial firms led by CEOs with such experience are significantly less likely to be involved in financialized activities than those led by CEOs without such experience. Experienced CEOs are prone to develop conservative preference for the short‐term financial assets over long‐term ones. The famine effect is more pronounced in enterprises with less competitive industries, less ownership of controlling shareholders, and non‐Big 4 audit firms. Furthermore, channel tests demonstrate that the famine experience reduces CEO overconfidence and lowers the agency cost of their firms, resulting in a lower financialization level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are an important family of pattern‐recognition receptors that recognize a series of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns to trigger the host immune response. In the present study, we identified three TLR13 genes (i.e., LcLTR13a, LcTLR13b, and LcTLR13c) in American bullfrogs, Lithobates catesbeianus, and explored their constitutive and pathogen‐induced expression profile in different tissues. The open reading frames of LcLTR13a, LcTLR13b and LcTLR13c are 2811, 2844, and 2814 bp long, encoding 955, 947, and 933 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three LcTLR13 genes grouping in different subclades indicate the gene duplication of bullfrog TLR13 as in teleost. The three LcTLR13 genes were expressed in all the tissues examined, with the liver and spleen expressing the higher levels. Moreover, the expression levels of LcLTR13a, LcTLR13b, and LcTLR13c were significantly induced in the liver and spleen after bullfrogs were challenged with bacterial (i.e., Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Edwardsiella tarda) pathogens. These results indicate that LcTLR13 genes play an essential role in the bullfrog antibacterial innate immune response, providing new insights into immune mechanisms of bullfrogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient metal‐nitrogen‐carbon (M‐N‐C) single‐atom catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is significant for the widespread implementation of Zn‐air batteries, while the synergic design of the matrix microstructure and coordination environment of metal centers remains challenges. Herein, a novel salt effect‐induced strategy is proposed to engineer N and P coordinated atomically dispersed Fe atoms with extra‐axial Cl on interlinked porous carbon nanosheets, achieving a superior single‐atom Fe catalyst (denoted as Fe‐NP‐Cl‐C) for ORR and Zn‐air batteries. The hierarchical porous nanosheet architecture can provide rapid mass/electron transfer channels and facilitate the exposure of active sites. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the distinctive Fe‐N2P2‐Cl active sites afford significantly reduced energy barriers and promoted reaction kinetics for ORR. Consequently, the Fe‐NP‐Cl‐C catalyst exhibits distinguished ORR performance with a half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.92 V and excellent stability. Remarkably, the assembled Zn‐air battery based on Fe‐NP‐Cl‐C delivers an extremely high peak power density of 260 mW cm−2 and a large specific capacity of 812 mA h g−1, outperforming the commercial Pt/C and most reported congeneric catalysts. This study offers a new perspective on structural optimization and coordination engineering of single‐atom catalysts for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis and energy conversion devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The second harmonic current (SHC) caused by the instantaneous power of downstream inverter will seriously deteriorate the performance of two‐stage inverter and shorten the life of energy storage device, which narrows the application prospect of two‐stage inverter energy storage system (TSIESS). To reduce the SHC in TSIESS, this paper proposes a strategy of virtual LC series resonant circuit with notch filter (NF‐VLCSRC). This strategy utilizes the virtual impedance technology to achieve the function of a LC series resonant circuit (LCSRC) paralleled to the intermediate DC bus capacitor of the TSIESS, so the output impedance of the DAB converter can become larger than the impedance of the DC bus capacitor at twice fundamental frequency and thus the SHC in the front‐end DAB converter can be reduced effectively without power loss problem caused by the internal resistance of the actual LCSRC. Then, in order to facilitate the implementation and avoid interference of parameter mismatches on system performance, the NF is adopted to realize the VLCSRC strategy based on the frequency characteristics of the introduced virtual impedance. Theory analysis and experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard carbon (HC) has attracted considerable research interest as the most promising anode for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) due to its tunable interlayer spacing and abundant voids to accommodate K+. However, the practical application of hard carbon is severely hampered by low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and high plateau potential. Herein, a manganese ion‐catalyzed pyrolysis strategy is explored to regulate the graphitic microcrystalline structure and localized electron distribution in hard carbon that greatly improve K+ plateau storage and ICE. Systematic experimental measurements, in situ/ex situ observations, dynamic analysis, and density functional theory calculations elucidate that the introduction of Mn2+ ions could catalyze the formation of short‐ordered graphitic nanodomains in hard carbon to provide abundant insertions of K+, and meanwhile induce localized electron distribution through the Mn─N3─C coordination structure to enable dynamic K+ diffusion and electron transfer kinetics. Consequently, the modulated hard carbon exhibits a high low‐potential–plateau capacity, excellent rate capability, and high initial Coulombic efficiency in potassium half‐cell configurations. More importantly, the charge storage mechanism of "adsorption–intercalation" is proposed based on the correlation between carbon structures and discharge/charge plateau. This work provides an in‐depth insight into the fundamentals of microstructure regulation of hard carbon anode for high‐performance PIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) is a standard electrolyte membrane and binder material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of the benefits of membrane formation and strong mechanical properties. Still, its use is limited due to unavoidable defects such as high crystallinity and poor electrochemical performance. In this paper, a larger specific surface area and three‐dimensional (3D) permeable lamellae carboxylated g‐C3N4 (HCN) were successfully prepared by HNO3 and introduced into the PVDF‐HFP to obtain a high‐performance composite separator. The wettability and electrolyte absorption of PVDF‐HFP separator can be improved through the carboxylated HCN. More crucially, because PVDF‐HFP has several active sites and low crystallinity, adding HCN can greatly increase the ionic conductivity of separators. The ionic conductivity of PH‐HCN at 25 °C is 0.52 S cm−1, 4.7 times higher than the initial PVDF‐HFP membrane, and the oxidation potential can reach 4.8 V. The assembled lithium‐ion batteries half‐cell has a capacity of 71 % at a 5 C rate and 94 % after 400 cycles at a 2 C rate. Therefore, the improved separator has the potential to be applied to high‐performance LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is a diamide insecticide with high efficacy against many pest insects, including the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. Agrotis ipsilon is a serious pest causing significant yield losses in crops. Glutathione‐S‐transferases (GSTs) belong to a family of metabolic enzymes that can detoxify a wide range of pesticides. However, little is known about the functions of GSTs in CAP tolerance in A. ipsilon. RESULTS: A cDNA sequence (designated AiGSTu1) encoding an unclassified GST was identified from A. ipsilon. AiGSTu1 is highly expressed during the 3rd‐instar larval and the pupal stages. Most of the mRNA transcripts were found in larval Malpighian tubules. Exposure to CAP strongly enhanced AiGSTu1 expression, GST activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde levels in larvae. H2O2 treatment upregulated the transcription level of AiGSTu1, suggesting that CAP‐induced oxidative stress may activate AiGSTu1 expression. The activity of recombinant AiGSTu1 was inhibited by CAP in a dose‐dependent manner. Metabolism assay results demonstrated that AiGSTu1 is capable of depleting CAP. Overexpression of AiGSTu1 enhanced the tolerance of Escherichia coli cells to H2O2 and the oxidative stress inducer, cumene hydroperoxide. Silencing of AiGSTu1 by RNA interference increased the susceptibility of A. ipsilon larvae to CAP. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the potential role of AiGSTu1 in CAP detoxification and will improve our understanding of CAP tolerance in A. ipsilon. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizing efficient electrocatalysts is a stepping stone toward achieving high‐performance alkaline water/seawater electrolysis, but remains a crucial challenge. Herein, heterogeneous Mo2N/Ni3Mo3N electrocatalysts on nickel foam (denoted MN‐NMN/NF) that is stable and active for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in both alkaline water/seawater are demonstrated. The optimized MN‐NMN09/NF achieves an ultralow HER overpotential of 11 mV@10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 m KOH electrolyte, which is not only superior to the benchmark Pt/C catalysts but also the best reported ever among NiMo‐based electrocatalysts in an alkaline environment. Successively, the optimized MN‐NMN09/NF electrocatalyst can drive HER current densities of 10 and 500 mA cm−2 using low overpotentials of 9.37 and 123 mV in 1.0 m KOH seawater electrolyte, which remains durable after 120 h long‐term electrolysis at a constant current density of 500 mA cm−2. In situ Raman analysis reveals that the enhanced performance is attributed to the accelerated H2O adsorption and OH dissociation processes on the MN‐NMN surfaces. Theoretical analysis further confirms that rapid H2O adsorption‐dissociation kinetics and H adsorption‐conversion kinetics on the Ni3Mo3N/NiOOH and Ni3Mo3N/MoOx surfaces result in boosted HER capability. This work depicts a significant potential for designing stable and efficient hydrogen production electrocatalysts for both alkaline water and seawater electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pseudocapacitive performance of MnO2 is intrinsically determined by its electronic structure, especially the spin state. However, the correlation between the electrochemical behavior and the spin state of electrode materials remains ill‐defined, and efficient spin regulation strategies for MnO2 are thus lacking. Herein, the study reports laser thermal shock of electrochemically deposited MnO2 for efficient spin regulation. The combined use of theoretical calculation and experimental investigation indicates that the thermal shock induces oxygen vacancy in MnO2 to reduce spin polarization and delocalize electron distribution. As a result, the electrical conductivity largely increases and the Na+ adsorption is reasonably optimized. By lasering an integrated electrode for only 83 s, a 54% increase of the specific capacitance is observed. For the first time, the pseudocapacitive capability of MnO2 is revealed by in situ electron paramagnetic resonance where the enhanced redox pair is correlated with evolution of Mn2+ during charge/discharge. Moreover, the commercial‐level mass‐loaded electrode also offers a decent performance enhancement after laser treatment, indicating the great prospect of this technology for real applications. This work innovatively correlates the pseudocapacitive performance of MnO2 with its spin state and offers a new avenue to optimize the electrochemical capability through spin regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their exceptional properties, high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) have received considerable attention in the field of electrocatalysis. However, few studies focus on the origin of their outstanding performance. Here, carbon‐supported PtFeCoNiMn (with an atomic ratio of 21:20:20:20:19) HEA nanoparticles via shock‐heating and shock‐cooling strategy are rationally designed and successfully prepared. The above five metal elements are rationally selected from the perspective of thermodynamics and geometric effects. Subsequently, the alloying process of the PtFeCoNiMn HEA is investigated via operando X‐ray diffraction characterizations. The electronic structures of each metal atom on the PtFeCoNiMn HEA and monometallic nanoparticles surface are revealed by density function theory calculations for illustrating the performance enhancement mechanism. It is found that Pt atoms on the PtFeCoNiMn HEA surface exhibit a wider range of d‐band center distribution range than the corresponding monometallic nanoparticles, which contributes to the enhanced selective adsorption of O2 reactants/intermediates. Importantly, some Fe, Co, Ni, and Mn atoms on the HEA surface manifest less positive d‐band center values than the corresponding monometallic nanoparticles, with similar d‐band center positions to some Pt atoms. This indicates that the inactive atoms in monometallic nanoparticles can be transformed into ORR active sites in the HEA matrix owing to the electronic interaction between adjacent atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuron localization is a fundamental step in the neuron morphology reconstruction and quantitative analysis of cell counting and spatial distribution. The recent development of labelling and imaging techniques has resulted in growing demand for automatic neuron localization methods of 3D neuronal microscopy images. However, accurately localizing touching neurons remains a challenge. To address this issue, a novel method utilizing a super‐resolution segmentation network based on 2D Conv‐LSTM and a region growing method are proposed. This network can map and detect individual neurons in higher resolution space, allowing for the separation of closely touching neurons with reduced resource consumption. Subsequently, a region growing method is employed to localize neurons accurately. This method is evaluated using neuronal images generated by TDI‐fMOST. This method achieved neuron localization with an F1 score of 0.91. In comparison, other automatic localization methods achieved F1 scores lower than 0.85. It is also demonstrated that our network has fewer computational requirements compared to 3D neural networks. This method is promising for accurately localizing neurons in large‐scale neuron images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of deuterated compounds is increasingly expanding across various fields, making the development of novel deuterium labeling techniques for obtaining deuterated compounds a burgeoning research focus. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are widely utilized as cost‐effective and readily available materials for obtaining deuterated compounds due to their stable properties. This article presents a comprehensive and concise summary of the research progress in decarboxylative deuteration reactions over the past 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our hospital admitted a patient who had difficulty in coagulation even after blood replacement, and the patient had abused caffeine sodium benzoate (CSB) for more than 20 years. Hence, we aimed to explore whether CSB may cause dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells and its possible mechanism. Low, medium, and high concentrations of serum of long‐term CSB intake patients were used to treat HUVECs, with LPS as the positive control. MTT and CCK8 were performed to verify CSB's damaging effect on HUVECs. The expression of ET‐1, ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and E‐selectin were measured by ELISA. TUNEL assay and Matrigel tube formation assay were carried out to detect apoptosis and angiogenesis of HUVECs. Flow cytometry was applied to analyze cell cycles and expression of CD11b, PDGF, and ICAM‐1. Expression of PDGF‐BB and PCNA were examined by western blot. The activation of MAPK signaling pathway was detected by qRT‐PCR and western blot. Intracellular Ca2+ density was detected by fluorescent probes. CCK8 assay showed high concentration of CSB inhibited cell viability. Cell proliferation and angiogenesis were inhibited by CSB. ET‐1, ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and E‐selectin upregulated in CSB groups. CSB enhanced apoptosis of HUVECs. CD11b, ICAM‐1 increased and PDGF reduced in CSB groups. The expression level and phosphorylation level of MEK, ERK, JUN, and p38 in MAPK pathway elevated in CSB groups. The expression of PCNA and PDGF‐BB was suppressed by CSB. Intracellular Ca2+ intensity was increased by CSB. Abuse of CSB injured HUVECs and caused coagulation disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the substantial impact of venous ulcers on quality of life and healthcare systems, this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in comparison to conventional therapy. A systematic review of four databases identified 16 randomized clinical trials, including 20 study groups. PRP significantly enhanced complete ulcer healing, exhibiting an odds ratio (OR) of 5.06 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.35–10.89), and increased the percentage of healed ulcer area by a mean difference of 47% (95% CI: 32%–62%). Additionally, PRP shortened the time required for complete healing by an average of 3.25 months (95% CI: −4.06 to −2.43). Although pain reduction was similar in both groups, PRP considerably decreased ulcer recurrence rates (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05–0.50) without increasing the risks of infection or irritative dermatitis. These results suggest PRP as a viable, safe alternative for venous ulcer treatment, providing significant improvements in healing outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double perovskites such as Sr2CrReO6 attract great scientific attention owing to their high Curie temperatures (TC ≥ 550 K) as well as large magnetoresistances. However, both the specific physical mechanism of high TC and magnetic ground state in Sr2CrReO6 remain ill‐defined. In order to clarify and understand these issues, we studied its critical phase transition characteristics using critical behavior analysis. We found that the obtained critical exponents (β = 1.115 and γ = 2.224) are quite different from any traditional universality class. The abnormal critical behavior implies that at the quantum critical point, Sr2CrReO6 exists a strong competition among several magnetic interactions. By analyzing their effective critical exponents, we show that the double perovskite Sr2CrReO6 is really an ordered and homogeneous ferromagnet. With the help of Takahashi's theory, the nature of ferromagnetism in Sr2CrReO6 is confirmed to be localized instead of itinerant. The results of this research will provide new insights into the origins of high TC as well as the magnetic ground state in this double perovskite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]