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Aflibercept (AFL) plus FOLFIRI prolongs overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, there is limited evidence on the efficacy and safety of AFL plus FOLFIRI previously treated with anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) agents. Therefore, we conducted a prospective open‐label phase II trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of AFL plus FOLFIRI in Japanese patients with mCRC failing a prior oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy plus an anti‐EGFR agent. AFL (4 mg/kg iv) followed by FOLFIRI (irinotecan 180 mg/m2, leucovorin 200 mg/m2 iv, bolus 5‐fluorouracil [5‐FU] 400 mg/m2, and infusional 5‐FU 2400 mg/m2/46 h) was given every 2 weeks until progression or unacceptable toxicities. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS) rate at 6 months. Forty three patients were enrolled between November 2019 and October 2022. The primary endpoint was met: 6‐month PFS rate was 58.8% (90% confidence interval [CI], 45.7%–72.0%). Median PFS and OS were 7.3 months (95% CI, 5.5–11.0 months) and 18.8 months (95% CI, 12.9–26.6 months), respectively. The overall response rate was 20.9% (95% CI, 10.0–36.0%) and disease control rate was 88.4% (95% CI, 74.9–96.1%). The main grade ≥3 adverse events included hypertension (62.8%), neutropenia (55.8%), leukopenia (25.6%), febrile neutropenia (11.6%), fatigue (9.3%), anorexia (9.3%), proteinuria (9.3%), and diarrhea (7.0%). No deaths and no new safety signals with a causal relation to the study treatment were observed. This study suggests that AFL plus FOLFIRI shows a high response rate and a manageable safety profile in Japanese patients with mCRC who failed prior oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy plus an anti‐EGFR agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although exposure therapies have established effects in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), these therapies might be hindered by issues of cost, distance, time, and human resources, which are potentially alleviated by digital health. Despite the potential of digital health, there is currently no systematic review specifically evaluating digital health–based exposure therapies. We aimed to conduct a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the impact of digital health–based exposure therapies in treating patients with PTSD. A literature search was conducted from December 31, 2023, to February 22, 2024, using the PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO databases. A total of 12 RCTs with 1,361 participants were included in the systematic review. These RCTs were conducted mainly in the United States and primarily enrolled military samples. Overall, the utility of digital health–based exposure therapies appeared plausible and comparable to that of in‐person therapies. The dropout rate was counterintuitively high, potentially due to technological issues and the absence of personal connections. The findings suggest that digital health–based exposure therapies may potentially resolve the issues of cost, distance, time, and human resources in the treatment of patients with PTSD. Future RCTs should employ larger sample sizes. Addressing technological challenges and the absence of personal connection may be important in resolving the high dropout rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self‐disturbance has been considered as a core symptomatology of schizophrenia and its emergence from the prodromal phase makes it a crucial target for early detection and intervention in schizophrenia. Currently, the clinical assessment of self‐disturbance relies on the self‐report of patients, and clinicians have no diagnostic tools in clinical practice. Identifying the neural substrate of self‐disturbance would be of great clinical value by shedding light on the core dimension of schizophrenia. Case Presentation: We first introduce an adolescent patient who initially presented self‐disturbance, and clinically detectable hypoperfusion in angular gyrus (AG) was observed when early psychosis was suspected. Interestingly, the hypoperfusion in AG may correspond to improvement and exacerbation of self‐disturbance. This clinical observation led us to pursue the relationship between the decreased blood flow in the AG and self‐disturbance. Among 15 cases with suspected early psychosis in which single photon emission computed tomography was performed to exclude organic factors, we found additional 5 cases, including one prodromal patient, showing hypoperfusion in the AG and self‐disturbance with significant correlation (r = 0.79, p = 0.00025). Discussion: The self‐disturbance has been interpreted as a reflection of disturbance of the "Sense of Agency", the ability to attribute their action and/or thoughts to themselves. AG has been shown to play a pivotal role in the sense of agency. These cases suggest that the hypoperfusion in AG associated with the disruption in the sense of agency would be an early clinical sign of schizophrenia. Further longitudinal studies are needed to test this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, the creation of a 3D glassy state by gradient thermal history distributed in a monolithic Zr50Cu40Al10 metallic glass using the proposed thermal gradient treatment is discussed. In this thermal method, a rod sample is annealed while sandwiched between BeCu25 jigs and cooled down by tilting contact against a liquid nitrogen‐cooled Cu mesh. This allows one side of the edge of the rod sample to cool down rapidly from the supercooled liquid region and introduce a temperature/cooling rate difference in 3D in a single process. Specific heat measurement, indentation test and evaluation of incubation time for crystallization reveal creation of 3D gradients throughout the whole sample. In the present study, a new technique of creating a 3D heterogeneity of glassy state to the desired distribution by gradient thermal history in metallic glasses will be promoted, and the development of functionally graded monolithic bulk metallic glasses will be encouraged in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in two‐generation approaches to improve the developmental outcomes of children and their caregivers and the economic well‐being of families has increased amid persistent child and family poverty worldwide. Grounded in a dual developmental science perspective and the theory of linked lives, these approaches maximize developmental potential by addressing the interrelated educational, economic, and developmental needs of children and their caregivers. They offer coordinated, aligned, and simultaneous services for at least two generations in the same family. In this article, we propose that from a global perspective, two‐generation approaches that harness synergies among children and their caregivers are likely to be more effective than single‐generation approaches in alleviating poverty and improving human development. We identify five models in different geographic regions of the world that promote the development of young children (0–6 years), the education and livelihood of their caregivers, and the well‐being of both, which we group by type of program: quality child care, early childhood development + nonformal education for parents, and cash transfers + parenting. We close with a call for more research on two‐generation programs and policies globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the response of the equatorial ionosphere to the tropospheric Madden‐Jullian Oscillation (MJO) using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model‐eXtended (WACCM‐X). Main results indicate that the intraseasonal variability of ionospheric vertical plasma drifts (Viz) is generally strong around boreal winters and exhibits significant eastward‐propagating signals. Composite analysis showed that, during the December‐January‐February‐March (DJFM) season, Viz was generally negative when the MJO was active over the Maritime Continent (Phase 5) and positive when the MJO was active over the Indian Ocean (Phase 2). The magnitude of MJO impact on Viz achieves ∼1.2 m/s, representing roughly 10% of the seasonal mean. The eastward‐propagating wavenumber‐4 is apparently strong during MJO phases 5 and 1–2, which is examined to be associated with non‐migrating tides below. Term analysis revealed the importance of zonal winds on driving the Viz responses. This study emphasizes the importance of tropospheric sources that affect the geospace environment. Plain Language Summary: The Madden‐Jullian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant intraseasonal variability (∼30–90 days) in the troposphere, bridging the gap between weather and climate. The MJO is characterized by the eastward‐propagating convection‐circulation system in the tropics. This study examined, for the first time, the impact of the MJO on the ionosphere, the uppermost atmospheric region embedded with ionized plasma. The study conducted whole atmosphere simulations under perpetual solar minimum and geomagnetic quiescent to reveal the intraseasonal variability of the equatorial ionosphere and responses to the active location of MJO convective activities (i.e., MJO phases). The study found that the intraseasonal variability of ionospheric vertical plasma drifts (Viz) was significant and generally became strong during boreal winters. Composite analysis showed that, during the December‐January‐February‐March season, the Viz responses to MJO phases are negative in MJO Phase 5 (P5) and positive around P2. The peak‐to‐peak differences can reach ∼10% of the seasonal mean. Additionally, there is an apparent eastward‐propagating wavenumber‐4 pattern responding to the MJO, which is examined to be associated with MJO‐modulated non‐migrating DE3 tide. Term analysis revealed the importance of zonal winds in generating the Viz responses. This work investigates an instance of troposphere‐geospace teleconnection and improves the understanding of atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling. Key Points: Responses of the equatorial ionosphere to tropospheric MJO are first studied based on whole atmosphere simulation by the WACCM‐X modelIonospheric plasma drifts depend on the location of MJO‐convection (MJO phase), with peak‐to‐peak anomalies of ∼10% of the seasonal meanProminent eastward‐propagating wavenumber‐4 is found in the ionospheric responses to the MJO, which is associated with the DE3 tide below [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzed the ionospheric disturbances over the Asian‐Australian and American sectors during the superstorm that started from ∼17 UT on 10 May 2024. During 17–22.5 UT, the equatorial ΔH recorded the positive and negative disturbances in American and Asian sectors due to the penetration electric fields (PEFs). The Total Electron Content (TEC) at American was enhanced for ∼9 hr within 50°S–40°N, while TEC at Asian‐Australian decreased for ∼3 hr within 10°S–25°N. The equatorward disturbance winds promptly propagated to middle and low latitudes after 1 hr of the storm onset in Asian sector and impeded the negative TEC induced by the westward PEFs. In the recovery phase, the repeated elevations of hmF2s were observed in two sectors under the multiple PEFs resulting from the interplanetary magnetic fields Bz south‐north turning before 12 UT on 11 May. After that, in the American sector the westward disturbance dynamo electric fields were remarkable, and induced the negative storm effects at low latitudes; while in Asian‐Australian sector, the TEC presented the negative storm in the Northern Hemisphere and positive storm in the Southern Hemisphere. In Asian sector, the middle negative TEC storm became positive after 14–24 UT on 11 May and then switched to negative, which firstly occurred in the eastern regions and spread to westward and equatorward. These longitude gradients might be caused by disturbance winds and O/N2. Besides, the positive storm reinforced in conjugated Australian sector when the positive TEC was observed in Asian sector, indicating the possible contribution of the reinforced plasmasphere refilling. Key Points: A combination of the penetration electric field and disturbance wind caused the different ionosphere responses in the main phase in two longitude sectorsA strong westward disturbance dynamo electric fields was present in the dayside, which induced the negative storm in American sectorRemarkable longitude gradients occurred in the middle and low latitude ionosphere over the Asian‐Australian sector [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortage of surgeons in rural hospitals is a serious problem in Japan. In this study, we investigated the potential contribution of surgical telementoring systems to improving surgical skills and resolving the shortage of surgeons in rural hospitals. The conference room at Tokushima University was connected to the operating room at Miyoshi Hospital, a rural hospital approximately 75 km away, via a virtual private network. Telementoring was conducted for surgeries performed at Miyoshi Hospital from Tokushima University using ADMENIC ANNOTATOR (Carina Corporation). A questionnaire using the NASA Task Load Index was completed by two surgeons who received remote instruction. The surgeries when using the surgical telementoring system had significantly better “mental”, “performance”, and “frustration” scores compared with those performed without using the system. In a questionnaire about the surgical telementoring system, both surgeons did not notice a communication delay and indicated that annotation and voice instruction was easier to understand than voice only. In addition, fifty fifth‐year medical students completed a questionnaire. After experiencing the surgical telementoring system, the number of students who responded favorably to working in a rural hospital increased from 22 (44%) to 31 (62%) (p < 0.01). Surprisingly, 10 of the 27 students who were not interested in becoming a surgeon indicated that they were now interested in becoming a surgeon (p < 0.01). This study suggests that the introduction of a surgical telementoring system in rural hospitals may help improve the skills of rural surgeons and contribute to eliminating the maldistribution and shortage of surgeons in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of an AlGaN‐based deep‐ultraviolet laser diode during operation is studied. A rapid increase in threshold current without any facet mirror damage under direct current stress below the threshold current is observed, which is considered to limit the lifetime of continuous wave lasing to the level of seconds. The evolution of current–light and current–voltage characteristics suggests that the dominant mechanism of degradation is the increased loss of carriers before they can reach the active layer, i.e., the decrease in carrier injection efficiency. The decrease in emission intensity, which is more pronounced at lower current densities, and subsequent increase in sub‐threshold current indicate the increase in defect density under current stress, which is similar to the well‐analyzed degradation mechanism found in AlGaN‐based light‐emitting diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐resolution, low‐excitation photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy is performed for unintentionally doped, silicon‐doped, and magnesium‐doped homoepitaxial aluminum nitride (AlN) films, using a wavelength‐tunable high‐repetition‐rate laser. The wavelength‐tunable laser is used to distinguish between the luminescence and scattering signals from AlN. Providing the high‐resolution, low‐excitation PL spectra, the current understanding of the deep‐ultraviolet luminescence properties of AlN is reviewed and potential assignments for the unknown luminescence lines and bands are discussed. Although previous studies have led to a consensus on the origins of some emission peaks and bands such as the neutral silicon donor‐bound exciton transition and free exciton transitions involving longitudinal optical phonons, it is shown that many of the emission peaks are still unidentified. The origins of all the emission peaks should be elucidated to enable control of the electronic and optoelectronic properties of AlN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study explores the effects of the two‐generation program CareerAdvance—which combines education and training for parents in healthcare with Head Start for children—on children's academic, language, mathematics, and inhibitory control followed for 3 years. The sample (collected in Tulsa, Oklahoma from 2011 to 2018) includes 147 children in the CareerAdvance group and 139 children in a matched comparison group (n = 286; 40% Black, 17%, White, 10% Hispanic, 33% Mixed Race, or Other Race; M = 3.6 years old; 47% female). Overall, the effect of CareerAdvance on child outcomes is neither greater nor less than Head Start alone. These findings suggest that children's developmental outcomes do not worsen or improve in the short term when their parents return to school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on early language input and socioeconomic status typically relies on correlations in small convenience samples. Using data from Baby's First Years, this paper assesses the causal impact of monthly, unconditional cash transfers on child‐directed speech and child vocalizations among a large, racially diverse sample of low‐income U.S. mothers and their 1‐year‐olds (N = 563; 48% girls; 2019–2020). The monthly, unconditional cash transfers did not impact mothers' child‐directed speech during a 10‐min at‐home play session (effect sizes range from −.08 to.02), though there was wide variability within this sample. Future work will assess the impact of the continued cash transfer on children's language input and development over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leveraging data from a longitudinal study of Chinese families (n = 364), this research aims to understand the role of secure base script knowledge as a cognitive mechanism by which early caregiving experiences inform adolescents' friendship quality and feelings of loneliness. Results showed that observed maternal sensitivity at 14 and 24 months old was negatively associated with adolescents' self‐reported conflicts with close friends (β = −0.17, p = 0.044) at 15 years old, and this association was partially mediated by their secure base script knowledge assessed at 10 years old. Further, secure base script knowledge moderated the link between adolescents' friend conflict and feelings of loneliness (β = −0.15, p = 0.037). The results support a cognitive script perspective on the association between early caregiving experiences and later socio‐emotional adjustment. Furthermore, this study adds to the developmental literature that has previously focused on more stringent and authoritarian aspects of parenting in Chinese families, thereby contributing to our understanding of how sensitive and supportive parenting practices contribute to socio‐emotional development outside of Western contexts. Research Highlights: Maternal sensitivity during infancy and toddlerhood has a long‐term association with adolescents' friendship quality and adolescents' secure base script partially explains the association.First evidence to demonstrate that the secure base script in attachment relationships mediates the association between early maternal caregiving and socio‐emotional development in Chinese adolescents.Adolescents lacking secure base script knowledge are particularly vulnerable to feelings of loneliness when facing high levels of conflict in close friendships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionosphere over Iran is located on the upper edge of equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). The Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) as the proxy of temporal evolution of the EIA is explored using the MAGDAS stations near the magnetic equator during quiet and active geomagnetic conditions. The possible impact of EIA on Total Electron Content (TEC) over Iran is investigated. Analyzing data from 140 stations over 7 months, it is found that EEJ influences TEC and its latitudinal penetration. During geomagnetically active days, EEJ's behavior and TEC's latitudinal variations are investigated. Diurnal EEJ patterns and counter electrojets (CEJ) are analyzed, alongside solar wind timing effects on EEJ and TEC using data from stations in Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. Statistical correlations between maximum TEC and parameters extracted from the daily EEJ profile, including EEJdaymax $daymax$, integrated EEJ (IEEJ), and IEEJdaymax $daymax$—highlight Iran's position at the EIA's upper edge, indicating high susceptibility to equatorial dynamics. In addition, the Rate of Total Electron Content Index (ROTI) has been analyzed under geomagnetic active conditions. The results demonstrate that ROTI exhibits good agreement with TEC in terms of latitude penetration and the detected gradient in TEC. Employing Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for local TEC prediction, Iran is segmented into eight regions based on GNSS receiver distribution. Each region's ANN model, trained during the quiet geomagnetic condition, assesses predictability and accuracy. The ANN model demonstrates reliable local TEC forecasting and confirms the direct impact of equatorial dynamics on Iran's ionosphere. Plain Language Summary: The solar‐driven wind sweeping across Earth's magnetic field lines generates the E region Sq‐current system, resulting in an intensified eastward electric field within the dayside ionosphere. At the geomagnetic equator, the Sq current systems from both the southern and northern hemispheres merge, intensifying to form a jet‐like current known as the "equatorial electrojet." Simultaneously studying the characteristics of the EEJ is crucial for improving the estimation of total electron content (TEC) and range delays required for satellite‐based communication and navigation. The TEC data collected through more than 140 ground stations over Iran from May to November 2021 are used in this study. The main impact of EIA on Iran's ionosphere was investigated through selected regions of a fixed longitude and all latitudes over Iran. The results confirmed the direct impact of the EEJ on Iran's ionosphere. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has received wide attention in the field of space science to better understand and characterize the physical processes and provide accurate predictions regarding space physics parameters. To achieve this goal, a machine learning technique is developed and examined for the region of interest. Due to the lack of regional TEC data, the model and data presented in this paper can be incorporated in large global models to improve local predictions. Key Points: First study on equatorial ionization anomaly and its EEJ driver impact on Ionosphere over Iran using TEC and ground magnetometer dataTEC perturbation induced during active geomagnetic condition over Iran is exploredFirst regional machine learning model for ionospheric prediction over Iran is developed and its performance is evaluated [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous reports indicated still low implementation rates of multigene testing for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Japan. Methods: This is a retrospective study launched at the initiative of lung cancer patients. Patients with stage IV NSCLC from January 2019 to December 2022 were investigated for testing of 8 actionable oncogenic drivers with targeted therapies available as of 2022. Results: A total of 15,719 patients were included. Between 2019 and 2022, the percentage of patients who were not tested for any actionable oncogenic drivers remained the same, ranging from 21.5% to 33.1%. However, since late 2021, the percentage of patients tested for five or more actionable oncogenic drivers has increased. Across hospital categories and regions, the number of actionable oncogenic drivers tested was similar. Conclusions: This patient‐initiated national survey in Japan reveals the recent nationwide increase in testing rates for actionable oncogenic drivers in Advanced NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucosal malignant melanoma (MMM) is a rare subtype of malignant melanoma with a more aggressive biological behavior than cutaneous melanoma (CM). Owing to its rarity, it is necessary to accumulate information on treatments, especially in Asians, in whom MMM occurs more frequently than in Caucasians. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of nivolumab plus ipilimumab therapy (NIVO+IPI) versus immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy (PD‐1) in Japanese patients with MMM. We reviewed patients with advanced or recurrent MMM who received ICIs as first‐line systematic therapy between February 2012 and February 2024 at the Shizuoka Cancer Center. We enrolled a total of 57 patients: 10 (17.5%) were treated with NIVO+IPI, and 47 (82.5%) were treated with PD‐1 as first‐line systemic therapy. Objective response rates (ORR) did not differ significantly between the NIVO+IPI and PD‐1 groups (40.0% vs 27.7%; p = 0.176). There was also no statistically significant difference in progression‐free survival (PFS) (median PFS time: 4.3 months vs 9.9 months, log‐rank test, p = 0.578) or overall survival (OS) (median OS time: 33.1 months vs. 22.8 months, log‐rank test, p = 0.697) between the two groups. However, regarding AEs, grade ≥3 AEs leading to discontinuation of first‐line treatment occurred in 80% of patients in the NIVO+IPI group and in 22.6% of patients in the PD‐1 group (p = 0.002). No difference was found in the efficacy of NIVO+IPI therapy and anti‐PD‐1 antibody monotherapy as the first‐line treatment for MMM in Japanese patients, but an increase in AEs was observed with combination therapy. This study suggests that patients with MMM may receive less benefit from NIVO+IPI than from PD‐1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the distribution and dynamics of water on land at any given moment poses a significant challenge due to the constraints of observation. Consequently, as advancements in land surface models (LSMs) have been made, numerical simulation has emerged as an increasingly accurate and effective method for hydrological research. Nonetheless, systems that represent multiple land surface parameters in a near‐real‐time manner are scarce. In this study, we present an innovative land surface and river simulation system, termed Today's Earth (TE), which generates state and flux values for the near‐surface environment with multiple outputs in near‐real‐time. There are currently three versions of TE, distinguished by the forcing data utilized: JRA‐55 version, employing the Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis (JRA‐55, from 1958 to the present); GSMaP version, utilizing, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP, from 2001 to the present), and MODIS version, utilizing the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, from 2003 to the present). These long‐term forcing data set allow for outputs of the JRA‐55 version from 1958, the GSMaP version from 2001, and the MODIS version from 2003. Aiming to provide water and energy values on a global scale in real‐time, the TE system utilizes the LSM Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff (MATSIRO) (Takata et al., 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921‐8181(03)00030‐4; Yamazaki et al., 2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009726) at a horizontal resolution of 0.5°, along with the river routing model CaMa‐Flood (Yamazaki et al., 2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009726) at a horizontal resolution of 0.25°. Both land surface and river products are available in 3‐hourly, daily, and monthly intervals across all three versions. A notable feature of TE is its ability to release both state and flux parameters in near‐real‐time, offering convenience for various aspects of hydrological research. In addition to presenting the general features of TE‐Global, this study examines the performance of snow depth, soil moisture, and river discharge data in daily intervals from 2003 to 2021, with validation spanning 2003 to 2016. When comparing snow depth results, the correlation coefficient ranged between 0.644 and 0.658, while for soil moisture it ranged between 0.471 and 0.494. These findings suggest that the LSM yields comparable results when utilizing JRA‐55, MODIS, or GSMaP. Interestingly, river output from the three products exhibited distinct characteristics varying from GSMaP to JRA‐55 and MODIS. For river discharge, the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.494 to 0.519, the root mean square error ranged from 3,730 m3/s to 6,330 m3/s, and the mean absolute error ranged from 3,000 m3/s to 5,160 m3/s among the different forcing versions. The overall bias in river discharge from GSMaP was 1,570 m3/s, in contrast to −589 m3/s for JRA‐55 and −200 m3/s for MODIS. These metrics demonstrate that the TE system is capable of generating practical land surface and river products, highlighting differences arising from the use of various types of forcing data. This comprehensive system would be valuable for monitoring water‐related movements, predicting disasters, and contributing to sophisticated water resource management. Regarding its application, the TE system has been included in the World Meteorological Organization as a Global Hydrological Modelling System. All TE‐Global products can be freely accessed through File Transfer Protocol. Plain Language Summary: Understanding the distribution and movement of water on land in real‐time is difficult due to observation limitations. However, recent advancements in land surface models (LSMs) have allowed numerical simulations to become more accurate and effective for hydrological research. This study introduces a new system named Today's Earth (TE), which provides near‐real‐time data on the state of the Earth's surface and water movement. The TE system uses three different versions, using JRA55, GSMaP, and MODIS to generate outputs from the past to the present. It combines two models, LSM Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff, and CaMa‐Flood, for land surface and river simulation, respectively. The TE system offers state and flux values at different time intervals and has been tested for its performance in estimating snow depth, soil moisture, and river discharge data. The results show that the TE system produces comparable outcomes across different data sources. The river discharge, however, varied among the different versions. Overall, the TE system is valuable for monitoring water‐related movements, predicting disasters, and managing water resources effectively. It is recognized by the World Meteorological Organization as a Global Hydrological Modelling System, and the TE‐Global products are freely accessible through FTP. Key Points: We present an innovative land surface and river simulation system, Today's Earth (TE)TE releases state and flux parameters in near‐real‐time, offering convenience for various aspects of hydrological researchThe TE system can generate practical land surface and river products, highlighting differences arising from various types of forcing data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano/microfabrication is of fundamental importance both in scientific and industrial situations. There are, therefore, many attempts at realizing easier, quicker, and more precise fabrication of various structures; however, achieving this aim without a bulky and costly setup is still challenging. Here, we introduce a facile and versatile means of printing an ordered structure consisting of nanoscale stripes and more complicated geometries including pillars and wavy form with a lateral resolution of single micrometers. To this end, we prepare a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slab with an oxygen plasma‐induced wrinkled surface where liquid PDMS exudes by syneresis. Since this liquid PDMS is automatically loaded, the printing is repeatable without inking. A substrate moderately wettable to the liquid PDMS as well as amount/property‐controlled syneresis is primarily important for the creation of well‐defined structures. Precisely controlling these conditions will make this method universally applicable to diverse substrates and liquids including suspensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: D2 and para‐aortic lymph node dissection (PAND) following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) are reportedly effective for gastric cancer (GC) with extensive lymph node metastasis (ELM), such as para‐aortic nodal metastasis or bulky nodal metastasis, around the major perigastric arteries. However, type 4 and large type 3 tumors were excluded from previous studies, as they are considered special subtypes that easily spread to the peritoneum. Whether or not PAND contributes to the survival of type 4 or large type 3GC with ELM is thus unclear. Methods: This study examined patients who underwent radical gastrectomy with D2 resection and PAND following NAC between 2002 and 2019. Patients were classified into the normal‐type group and the type 4 or large type 3 group. The overall survival (OS) and prognostic factors were investigated. Results: Forty‐nine patients were examined and classified into the normal‐type group (34 patients) and type 4 or large type 3 group (15 patients). The 5‐year OS rates of the normal‐type and type 4 or large type 3 groups were 55.5% and 26.7%, respectively. Type 4 or large type 3 tumors were an independent risk factor for a poor prognosis in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio: 2.506, 95% confidence interval: 1.111–5.650, and p = 0.027). Conclusions: The prognosis of type 4 or large type 3 GC with ELM treated with radical gastrectomy with D2 and PAND after NAC was poor. Type 4 or large type 3 GC with ELM should be treated using a different strategy than the normal type with ELM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of robotic surgery (RS) for gastric cancer (GC) has been rapidly increasing. However, the utility of RS for advanced GC (AGC), especially T3 or more AGC, is unclear. Methods: Ninety patients who underwent curative upfront minimally invasive surgery (MIS) (D2 lymph node dissection) for fStage II or III GC were enrolled in this study. Among these patients, 68 underwent MIS for T3 or more AGC. Thirty‐six patients underwent RS, and 32 patients underwent laparoscopic surgery (LS). The short‐term and long‐term surgical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: In the T3 or more AGC cohort, there were no significant intergroup differences in the operative time or blood loss volume. The number of retrieved lymph nodes tended to be higher in the RS than LS group (38.5 vs. 33.0, p =.11). The drain amylase content on postoperative day 1 was significantly lower in the RS than LS group (243.5 vs. 521.0 IU/L, p <.01). The morbidity rate (Clavien–Dindo grade ≥2) was similar between the groups. There were no significant differences between the LS and RS groups in the 3‐year overall survival rate (80.7% vs. 74.5%, respectively; p =.95) or 3‐year disease‐free survival rate (75.0% vs. 69.7%, respectively; p =.95). Conclusions: RS for primary T3 or more AGC was safe and contributed to similar short‐term and long‐term outcomes compared with LS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury's exosphere is an important target for understanding the dynamics of coupled systems in space environments, tenuous planetary atmospheres, and planetary surfaces. Magnesium (Mg) is especially crucial for establishing methods for estimating the surface chemical composition distribution through observations of the exosphere because its distribution in the exosphere and on the surface is strongly correlated. However, owing to its low radiance, the Hermean Mg exosphere has only been detected by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) onboard the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. Thus, we have few observation data for areas other than low latitude regions in addition to few detection cases of short‐term or sporadic fluctuations, resulting in a poor understanding of ejection and transportation mechanisms of the Mg exosphere. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of the Hermean Mg exosphere by the Probing of Hermean Exosphere by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (PHEBUS) onboard the Mercury Planetary Orbiter of the BepiColombo mission during its second and third Mercury swing‐bys (MSBs). First, we constructed a calibration method including background subtraction and calibration using stellar observations. Mg light curves at two true anomaly angles were obtained, which were in agreement with the Chamberlain model and a three‐dimensional numerical calculation. Comparing the Mg and calcium (Ca) radiances obtained by PHEBUS during the MSBs, the exospheric Mg atoms have a lower energy than the exospheric Ca atoms. This is consistent with the lower energy necessary for producing the Mg atoms produced by molecular photodissociation than for Ca atoms. Plain Language Summary: The tenuous atmosphere of Mercury helps us to understand how space environments, thin planetary atmospheres, and planetary surfaces interact. Magnesium is particularly important because its presence in Mercury's atmosphere can tell us a lot about the planetary surface composition. However, studying the magnesium atmosphere in Mercury is challenging because of its poor visibility. In this study, we used a new ultraviolet spectrometer installed on the BepiColombo spacecraft. Analyzing solar light scattered by magnesium atoms when the spacecraft was close to Mercury, we derived distributions of Mercury's magnesium atmosphere, which are aligned well with theoretical models. Furthermore, we compared the energies of magnesium and calcium in the atmosphere, both of which were measured by the same instrument. We found that magnesium has a lower energy than calcium in Mercury's atmosphere, which is consistent with our understanding that less energy is necessary for magnesium than calcium to break apart their original molecules in photodissociation. This study also demonstrates how to improve the quality of data obtained from the BepiColombo spacecraft. Key Points: We established the calibration and background subtraction methods of the FUV channel of BepiColombo MPO/PHEBUSWe analyzed the swing‐by data and successfully obtained Mg exosphere distributions consistent with two theoretical modelsThe lower energy of the Mg exosphere than that of Ca reflects the lower energy required for photodissociation from their parent molecules [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: In recent years, there has been remarkable development in machine learning (ML) models, showing a trend towards high prediction performance. ML models with high prediction performance often become structurally complex and are frequently perceived as black boxes, hindering intuitive interpretation of the prediction results. We aimed to develop ML models with high prediction performance, interpretability, and superior risk stratification to predict in‐hospital mortality and worsening heart failure (WHF) in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). Methods and results: Based on the Kyoto Congestive Heart Failure registry, which enrolled 4056 patients with AHF, we developed prediction models for in‐hospital mortality and WHF using information obtained on the first day of admission (demographics, physical examination, blood test results, etc.). After excluding 16 patients who died on the first or second day of admission, the original dataset (n = 4040) was split 4:1 into training (n = 3232) and test datasets (n = 808). Based on the training dataset, we developed three types of prediction models: (i) the classification and regression trees (CART) model; (ii) the random forest (RF) model; and (iii) the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model. The performance of each model was evaluated using the test dataset, based on metrics including sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Brier score, and calibration slope. For the complex structure of the XGBoost model, we performed SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis, classifying patients into interpretable clusters. In the original dataset, the proportion of females was 44.8% (1809/4040), and the average age was 77.9 ± 12.0. The in‐hospital mortality rate was 6.3% (255/4040) and the WHF rate was 22.3% (900/4040) in the total study population. In the in‐hospital mortality prediction, the AUC for the XGBoost model was 0.816 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.815–0.818], surpassing the AUC values for the CART model (0.683, 95% CI: 0.680–0.685) and the RF model (0.755, 95% CI: 0.753–0.757). Similarly, in the WHF prediction, the AUC for the XGBoost model was 0.766 (95% CI: 0.765–0.768), outperforming the AUC values for the CART model (0.688, 95% CI: 0.686–0.689) and the RF model (0.713, 95% CI: 0.711–0.714). In the XGBoost model, interpretable clusters were formed, and the rates of in‐hospital mortality and WHF were similar among each cluster in both the training and test datasets. Conclusions: The XGBoost models with SHAP analysis provide high prediction performance, interpretability, and reproducible risk stratification for in‐hospital mortality and WHF for patients with AHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the theory of affective pragmatics, emotional expressions synchronously convey information of the following four types: expressing the expressor's emotions, committing the expressor to a future course of action, representing world circumstances, and directing other people's behavior. Nevertheless, few reports have described studies examining prioritization of the conveyed information. The present study was conducted to explore how information is conveyed by facial expressions of fun in the context of the presence or absence of another person. Results show that expression of the internal state (fun) is conveyed primarily in comparison to other information, but it is weaker in the state of being with a stranger than in the state of being alone or with a friend. Although directing other people's behavior is the least conveyed information in all conditions, the presence of another person amplified the intensity of directing other people's behavior. Overall, these findings provide new evidence supporting the theory related to emotional expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The objective of the current study was to investigate the association between lower body bone fractures occurring during maintenance hemodialysis and prognosis. Methods: This study included 151 hemodialysis patients at the dialysis center of our hospital as of December 2017, and data were systematically gathered from medical records over a period of 5 years, concluding in December 2022. Results: Fourteen patients, 3.0 per 100 person‐years, in 151 hemodialysis patients suffered from lower body bone fractures. The ratio of males was significantly lower, and age was significantly higher in the lower body bone fracture group than in the no lower body bone fracture group. Duration of hemodialysis prior to entry into this study was significantly shorter in the lower body bone fracture group than in the no lower body bone fracture group. Serum albumin was significantly lower and alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in the lower body bone fracture group than in the no lower body bone fracture group. Mortality rate was significantly higher in the lower body bone fracture group (85.7%) compared to no lower body bone fracture group (28.5%) (p = 0.01). Kaplan–Meier survival curves for mortality showed that lower body bone fracture group had poor prognosis compared to no lower body bone fracture group. Multivariable‐adjusted odds ratio for mortality were significantly higher for cases with lower body bone fractures. Conclusion: Lower body bone fractures have high mortality rates and poor prognosis in the patients with hemodialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cathode surface of sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries (SBs) is commonly coated with amorphous‐LiNbO3 in order to stabilize charge–discharge reactions. However, high‐voltage charging diminishes the advantages, which is caused by problems with the amorphous‐LiNbO3 coating layer. This study has investigated the degradation of amorphous‐LiNbO3 coating layer directly during the high‐voltage charging of SBs. O2 generation via Li extraction from the amorphous‐LiNbO3 coating layer is observed using electrochemical gas analysis and electrochemical X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This O2 leads to the formation of an oxidative solid electrolyte (SE) around the coating layer and degrades the battery performance. On the other hand, elemental substitution (i.e., amorphous‐LiNbxP1‐xO3) reduces O2 release, leading to stable high‐voltage charge–discharge reactions of SBs. The results have emphasized that the suppression of O2 generation is a key factor in improving the energy density of SBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Physical fitness is one of the most important health indicators in children. Although appropriate body composition or certain lifestyle factors such as frequent physical activity are thought to improve physical fitness, results of previous studies are inconsistent, and most studies were from Western countries.We investigated associations of body composition and modifiable lifestyle factors such as physical activity, screen time, diet and sleep duration with physical fitness in Japanese primary school children.2308 children (age 10–12 years old) in 12 primary schools were analysed in this cross‐sectional study. Physical fitness was evaluated by sports battery tests conducted routinely and annually at schools. The total score of sports battery tests, 20‐m shuttle run (laps) and grip strength (kg) were selected as outcomes. Information about lifestyle factors was collected by two questionnaires. Associations between lifestyle factors and physical fitness were assessed by multivariable linear mixed models by sex.Frequent exercise was related to better overall physical fitness. Regarding the 20‐m shuttle run, many unfavourable lifestyle factors such as higher BMI in boys (β −7.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] −8.39, −6.35) and girls (β −3.54, 95% CI −4.50, −2.58), longer screen time (β −4.31, 95% CI −7.29, −1.34) in boys and girls (β −5.65, 95% CI −9.01, −2.30); shortest (reference) versus longest, breakfast skipping in boys (β −5.24, 95% CI −8.71, −1.77) and girls (β −3.57, 95% CI −6.84, −0.30); consumers (reference) versus skippers were associated with worse performance. Better quality of diet was associated with better results in the 20‐m shuttle run only in girls (β 2.58, 95% CI 0.24, 4.93); lowest (reference) versus highest.Frequent exercise was related to better physical fitness. Higher BMI and unfavourable lifestyle factors such as longer screen time and breakfast skipping were associated with worse results of the 20‐m shuttle run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared two types of trench‐test metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET) structures on m‐ and a‐faces in 4H silicon carbide (4H‐SiC) and investigated the anisotropic stress distribution of small trenches with a depth of 1 μm using a scanning near‐field optical Raman microscope (SNOM) that we developed. The stress distributions of σ11 (a‐axis) under the bottom of the trench for m‐face were approximately 100 MPa larger than those for a‐face, and the stress distributions of σ33 (c‐axis) under the bottom of the trench for m‐face were almost the same as those for a‐face. The experimental result agrees well with that calculated by the finite element method (FEM). These results indicate that the anisotropic stress distributions of σ11 components around the apex of the trenches of 4H‐SiC trench‐test MOSFET occur in m‐ and a‐faces. Thus, it is possible that the differences in mobilities for m‐ and a‐faces might be caused by the anisotropic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present two cases of middle‐aged men who developed Fanconi syndrome and renal dysfunction after consuming "foods with functional claims (FFC)" containing red yeast rice. In the first case, the patient had consumed an FFC for 1 year and another FFC suspected to have contained nephrotoxin for 3 weeks; kidney biopsy performed during the acute phase of renal injury showed severe acute tubular necrosis and tubular cell regeneration. He achieved near‐complete recovery 40 days after the FFC was discontinued. In the second case, the patient had consumed FFC for 4 years and stopped 70 days prior to presentation; kidney biopsy revealed significant tubular recovery, persistent tubular injuries, and interstitial fibrosis. Although the manifestations of Fanconi syndrome subsided, mild renal dysfunction persisted. These cases suggest that FFC with nephrotoxins may induce Fanconi syndrome owing to acute tubular necrosis. Recovery is possible after discontinuing the FFC; while short‐term ingestion of FFC allows for tubular regeneration, its long‐term ingestion may cause irreversible damage and lead to chronic kidney disease. Long‐term follow‐up is crucial for preventing further renal deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relational theories of human development explain how stereotypes and their underlying ideologies thwart social connections that are fundamental for individuals to thrive, especially in early adolescence. Intervention research to address this crisis of connection is still emergent and active listening is one promising strategy to this end; however, its efficacy has not been examined in part because no validated measures of active listening for this population exist. This validation study is the first to examine whether the behavioral dimensions of one form of active listening can be captured using a coding scheme to assess adolescents' engagement in a live interviewing task (N = 293). Importantly, the measure was developed within the context of a theory‐driven intervention to train adolescents in transformative curiosity and listening to enhance connection. Findings indicate that two dimensions underlie the measure as hypothesized, open‐ended questions and follow‐up questions, with acceptable internal consistency. The measure is sensitive to change in adolescents' questioning skills before and after the intervention. Further, asking follow‐up questions was positively related to empathy and also predicted a respondent's perception of their interviewer as a good listener. The effect for asking open‐ended questions was moderated by dyad‐level tendencies to elicit disclosure from others. The current measure not only examines question asking as a more nuanced behavioral dimension of active listening than previous measures, it is also the first to do so among a sample of early adolescents. The measure will be useful in assessing active listening interventions' efficacy to address the crisis of connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High‐density surface electromyography (HD‐sEMG) has enabled non‐invasive analysis of motor unit (MU) activity and recruitment, but its application to swallowing‐related muscles is limited. Objective: We aimed to investigate the utility of HD‐sEMG for quantitatively evaluating the MU recruitment characteristics of the suprahyoid muscles during tongue elevation. Methods: We measured the sEMG activity of the suprahyoid muscles of healthy participants during tongue elevation using HD‐sEMG. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured, followed by data collection during sustained and ramp‐up tasks to capture suprahyoid muscle activity. Changes in the temporal/spatial MU recruitment patterns within individual suprahyoid muscles were analysed. Results: This study enrolled 16 healthy young adults (mean age: 27.8 ± 5.3 years; eight males and eight females). Increasing muscle force corresponded to a decrease in modified entropy and correlation coefficient and an increase in the coefficient of variation. No significant differences were observed between male and female participants. Conclusion: The results of this study, consistent with those observed in other muscles, such as the vastus lateralis muscle, suggest that HD‐sEMG is a valuable and reliable tool for quantitatively evaluating MU recruitment in the suprahyoid muscles. This measurement technique holds promise for novel assessments of swallowing function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To ameliorate anticipated or ongoing neurological deficits, dogs undergoing brain tumor irradiation often are prescribed lengthy courses of prednisone PO during and after radiotherapy (RT). This practice can contribute to unwanted corticosteroid‐associated morbidity and may be unnecessary. Objective: Determine whether long‐term corticosteroid dependency can be minimized by use of succinct prednisone tapering. Animals: Fifty‐five pet dogs undergoing brain tumor irradiation. Methods: Nineteen dogs were treated using a "rapid‐taper" protocol wherein corticosteroid dose reduction began 0 to 20 days after completing RT. Outcomes were compared with a retrospectively studied control group ("slow‐taper"; N = 36 dogs) in which corticosteroids were tapered more slowly according to individual clinician recommendations. Results: Patient demographics were similar between groups. Mean time to lowest prednisone dose was 41 days postirradiation in the rapid‐taper group and 117 days in the slow‐taper group (P =.003). In the rapid‐taper group, 15 of 19 dogs (84%) were completely tapered off prednisone, vs 18 of 36 (50%) in the slow‐taper group (P =.04). Rates at which corticosteroids had to be reinstituted later were similar for the 2 groups (approximately 1 in 3 dogs). Adverse effect rates were similar for the 2 groups. Although no comparable questionnaire‐derived data were available for the "slow‐taper" group, overall and neurologic quality of life remained stable after RT in the rapid‐taper group. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: For many dogs, lengthy courses of PO prednisone are avoidable after intracranial RT. Future efforts should aim to identify which dogs benefit most from accelerated prednisone tapering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although canine pituitary masses (PM) are increasingly treated with stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), historical literature supports superior outcomes with conventional full‐course fractionated radiation therapy (FRT). A multi‐institutional retrospective study was performed, including dogs with PM treated from 2016 to 2022 with SRT (total dose 30 or 35 Gy in 5 daily fractions) or FRT (total dose 50–54 Gy in 19–20 daily fractions). The influence of potential prognostic/predictive factors was assessed, including pituitary: brain height, pituitary: brain volume, sex, age and endocrine status (functional [F] vs. nonfunctional [NF] PM). Forty‐four dogs with PM were included (26 F, 14 NF, 4 unknown). All patients completed protocols as scheduled (SRT = 27, FRT = 17) and two dogs had suspected Grade 1 acute neurotoxicity. During the first 6 months after RT, 5/27 (19%) dogs treated with SRT (4 F, 1 NF) and 3/17 (18%) dogs treated with FRT (all F) died or were euthanised because of progressive neurologic signs. The overall median survival time was 608 days (95% CI, 375–840 days). Young age at the time of treatment was significant for survival (p = 0.0288); the overall median survival time was 753 days for dogs <9 years of age (95% CI, 614–892 days) and 445 days for dogs ≥9 years of age (95% CI, 183–707 days). Survival time was not associated with treatment type or any other factor assessed herein. A prospective study using standardised protocols would further validate the results of the present study and potentially elucidate the predictors of early death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender sexuality alliances (GSAs) represent consciousness‐raisings that hold potential for critical consciousness development in youth. In this study, we focus on critical reflection—the understanding that oppression is structured and maintained by human action. We engage intersectionality as our analytical framework and analyze both student interview data (n = 38) and advisor closed‐ended and open‐ended survey data (n = 58) to examine: (1) the nature/content of critically reflective discussions in GSAs and (2) how advisors support critically reflective discussions in GSAs and their role in these discussions. Our findings suggest that (1) conversations centering race and its intersections with other socio‐structural axes occur, albeit infrequently; (2) youth recognize and understand the concept of intersectionality in nuanced ways, desire to have critical intersectional conversations, and experience fragmentation from conversations around race, sexuality, and gender if they are situated at privileged locations on those axes; and (3) students want advisors to engage in critically reflective discussions in GSAs. The findings suggest that interventions and programming are needed that could cultivate advisors' and youth leaders' skills in facilitating intersectional dialogues for critical reflection among members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate crisis encompasses a constellation of risks that threaten human livelihoods, well‐being, and survival globally. In this article, we present a new framework based on bioecological and dynamic systems perspectives, and on evidence for conceptualizing how the distinctive dual time frame of both acute (e.g., extreme weather events) and chronic (e.g., ecological degradation) climate change‐related risks experienced prenatally and early in life across multiple ecological contexts can threaten human development. We conclude with a call to developmental researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to invest more efforts in understanding and addressing the climate crisis and its developmental consequences to ensure a sustainable future for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of high‐dose oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) therapy as a fertility‐sparing treatment for patients diagnosed with atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) and endometrioid carcinoma G1 without myometrial invasion (G1EC). Particular attention was given to the extended administration and readministration of MPA for patients with persistent disease following initial treatment and those with recurrence. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 79 patients who underwent daily oral MPA treatment between 2005 and 2024 at Nagoya University Hospital. Patient characteristics, treatment outcomes, factors contributing to recurrence, and post‐MPA therapy pregnancies were examined. Results: MPA therapy achieved a remarkable complete response (CR) rate of 91.1%. The median time to achieve CR was 26.0 and 40.0 weeks for AEH and G1EC patients, respectively. Importantly, 27 patients (39.7%) attained CR after more than 6 months of treatment, including 8 patients (11.8%) who achieved CR after more than a year of treatment. The recurrence rates were 52.9% for AEH and 64.7% for G1EC. Twenty eight patients resumed MPA treatment, and 23 achieved second CR. Notably, recurrence was not associated with clinical factors such as age, body mass index, or post‐CR pregnancy. Among patients who attempted pregnancy after achieving CR, 22 live births were successfully achieved. Conclusions: High‐dose oral MPA therapy demonstrated both safety and efficacy for preserving fertility in patients with AEH and G1EC, resulting in a high CR rate. MPA extension and readministration proved to be beneficial strategies for managing patients with recurrence and persistent disease following initial treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma originating from the satellite Io forms a dense plasma region known as the Io plasma torus (IPT) in the Jovian inner magnetosphere. Slightly inside the Io‐orbit is a distinct structure called the "ribbon," where the plasma spreads along the magnetic field lines. The ribbon moved dawnward owing to the dawn‐to‐dusk electric field. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations of the IPT showed that the electric field was enhanced under compressed conditions of the magnetosphere caused by solar wind. However, no reports have been published on the influence of solar wind on the radial position of the ribbon. Here, we show the correlation between the temporal variation in the ribbon's position and solar wind. We analyzed the visible ([SII] 6716, 6731 Å) IPT images observed by the Tohoku 60‐cm telescope (T60) and the EUV emissions observed by the Hisaki satellite. We found that the position of the ribbon shifted dawnward when the solar wind dynamic pressure was enhanced. The dawnward shift was more significant on the dawn side than on the dusk side, indicating that the change in the electric field was inhomogeneous. The simultaneous observations of T60 and the Hisaki satellite on 19–23 February 2016 indicated that the averaged intensity of the electric field derived from T60 was 3.9 ± 0.9 mV/m, consistent with that of 2.8 ± 1.2 mV/m derived from the Hisaki satellite. Our results demonstrate how solar wind affects the nonuniformity of the electric field in the inner magnetosphere. Key Points: The ribbon's position shifted dawnward when the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancedThe strength of the electric field derived from the ribbon's position was 3.9 ± 0.9 mV/mThe shift was more significant on the dawn side than on the dusk side, indicating that the change in the electric field was inhomogeneous [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is an acute form of encephalitis that can lead to poor neurological outcomes. Although the exact pathogenesis of HSE remains elusive, recent reports suggest a significant role for postinfectious immune‐inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS). This study aimed to clarify the association between CNS autoimmune responses and clinical presentation in patients with HSE, focusing on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics, particularly the IgG index. We retrospectively analyzed 176 consecutive patients suspected of having aseptic meningitis /encephalitis for chronological changes in CSF findings and clinical presentations. These patients underwent PCR screening for herpesviruses (HV) in their CSF. We identified seven patients positive for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1), 20 patients positive for varicella‐zoster virus, and 17 patients who met the criteria for aseptic meningitis but were PCR‐negative for HV. Patients in the HSV‐1‐positive group exhibited a significant increase in the IgG index at the time of PCR‐negative conversion compared with on admission (p = 0.0156), while such a change was not observed in the other two groups. Additionally, all patients in the HSV‐1‐positive group tested negative for anti‐neural autoantibodies in CSF and serum samples collected approximately 3 weeks after onset. This study, therefore, highlights that CSF IgG index elevation occurs even after PCR‐confirmed HSV‐1 clearance, which might indicate immunopathogenesis that is independent of antibody‐mediated mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the seroprevalence and rate of asymptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in Japanese children, serological analysis was performed using serum samples collected from March 2020 to February 2023. A total of 1493 serum samples were collected during the first study period (March 2020 to February 2021). None of the serum samples was positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody. In the second period (March 2021 to February 2022), seven of the 1055 patients (0.7%) experienced SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The third period (March 2022 to February 2023) was divided into three terms: from March to June 30, 2022; from July to October 2022; and from November 2022 to February 2023. The seroprevalence gradually increased throughout this period, with rates of 6.0%, 18.6%, and 30.4% in the three terms, respectively. Pediatric cases of asymptomatic SARS‐CoV‐2 infection occurred after the surge of Omicron variants. Since none of the SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody‐positive patients had a previous history of coronavirus disease 2019, the seroprevalence rate in this study may represent the rate of asymptomatic infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the on‐chip generation of microwave signals are proposed for controlling nearby quantum bits in a low‐temperature environment, utilizing superconducting logical and RF components. To achieve enhanced amplitude of the microwave, superconducting single flux quantum (SFQ) pulse pairs are employed, which can have either the same or reversal polarity, serving as the basic elements of the generator. The SFQ pulse pairs are then combined and wave‐shaped by using a microwave combining filter, which finally outputs desired microwave signals with narrow line‐width. The amplitude of the microwave signal correlates with the interval between two SFQ pulses in a pair and can be adjusted accordingly. To validate the proposal, test chips are fabricated and performed experiments. The experimental results confirm that the method using a reverse‐polarity pulse can maximize the output microwave amplitude and provide control of the initial phase of the output microwave. This improvement offers a superior alternative for generating microwaves using superconducting circuits to control quantum bits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) is widely expressed in the brain and is involved in various functions, including memory formation, mood and sleep. We previously reported that CaMKIIα is involved in the circadian molecular clock. Mice lacking functional CaMKIIα (K42R mice) exhibited a gradual increase in activity time (α decompression) of running‐wheel (RW) activity due to a lengthened circadian period (τ) of activity offset under constant darkness (DD). In the present study, to investigate the functional roles of CaMKIIα in behavioural rhythms, we measured RW and general movements simultaneously under prolonged DD. Tau became longer as the relative intensity of behaviour activity within an activity time shifted from activity onset towards activity offset. In some K42R mice, α was gradually expanded with a marked reduction of RW activity, while general movements persisted without noticeable decline, which was followed by an abrupt shortening of α (α compression) with differential phase shifts of the activity onset and offset and recovery of RW activity. These results suggest that an internal coupling between the oscillators controlling activity onset and offset is bidirectional but with different strengths. The α compression occurred recurrently in 38% of K42R mice examined with an average interval of 37 days in association with attenuation of RW activity but never in the wild‐type (WT) mice. Consistent with behavioural rhythms, the circadian period of the PER2::LUC rhythm in the cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) slice was significantly longer in K42R than in WT. These findings are best interpreted by assuming that a loss of functional CaMKIIα attenuates the coupling between the onset and offset oscillators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the role of CD47 expression and its relationship with tumor‐resident macrophages, specifically at the tumor margin, in patients with type II endometrial cancer. This study aims to elucidate whether CD47 could serve as a prognostic marker and to understand the dynamics between CD47 and macrophages, which could inform new therapeutic strategies. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 75 patients of type II endometrial. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess CD47 expression and macrophage markers (CD68 and CD163). Results: The study found no direct correlation between CD47 expression levels and overall survival (p = 0.32), challenging its role as an independent prognostic marker in type II endometrial cancer. The higher expression of CD47 had significantly less incidence of endometrioid carcinoma G3 (p = 0.047). The negative correlation between CD47 H‐score and the density of CD68‐positive macrophages at tumor margin was statistically significant (p = 0.049). A high density of CD68‐positive macrophages at the tumor margin but a low density of CD163‐positive macrophages at the tumor margin were associated with poorer prognosis (p = 0.036). Conclusions: The complex interaction between CD47 and macrophages, particularly at the tumor margin, suggests new avenues for targeted therapy in type II endometrial cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from 29 January 2022, a series of solar eruptions triggered a moderate geomagnetic storm on 3 February 2022, followed subsequently by another. Despite the typically minimal impact of unintense storms on space technology, 38 out of the 49 Starlink satellites underwent orbital decay, re‐entering Earth's atmosphere. These satellite losses were attributed to enhanced atmospheric drag conditions. This study employs numerical simulations, utilizing our test particle simulation code, to investigate the dynamics of the inner radiation belt during the two magnetic storms. Our analysis reveals an increase in proton density and fluxes during the transition from the recovery phase of the first storm to the initial phase of the second, primarily driven by intense solar wind dynamic pressure. Additionally, we assess Single Event Upset (SEU) rates, which exhibit a 50% increase in comparison to initial quiet conditions. Plain Language Summary: Starting from 29 January 2022, a series of solar explosions disrupted Earth's magnetic field, resulting in two geomagnetic storms. While such storms typically don't impact space technology significantly, 38 out of the 49 launched Starlink satellites encountered problems, ultimately falling back to Earth and burning up upon reentry due to increased atmospheric drag. In our study, we examined the inner radiation belt during these two consecutive magnetic storms. Using a simulation code, we conducted a thorough analysis of the inner proton belt's behavior in February 2022. Notably, we observed a rise in proton density within the inner belt from the end of the first magnetic storm to the beginning of the subsequent storm. Additionally, we assessed the resulting Single Event Upset rates, which increased by 50% compared to the initial quiet conditions. Key Points: We simulated the inner proton belt's activity during the two successive geomagnetic storms of February 2022The proton flux in the South Atlantic Anomaly increased between the first storm's recovery phase and the second storm's initial phaseWe assessed the resulting Single Event Upset rates, which rose by 50% compared to the initial quiet conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dogs with retroperitoneal hemangiosarcoma (HSA) exhibit variable postoperative median survival times (MST). Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the prognostic value of selected tumour‐related factors, such as tumour size, rupture, invasion into adjacent tissue, involvement of lymph node and distant metastasis, they were analysed in dogs with retroperitoneal HSA. Methods: Ten dogs with retroperitoneal HSA managed solely with surgical excision were reviewed and compared with spleen (71) and liver (9) HSA. The Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank analysis were used compare MSTs between factors. Multivariable Cox proportional‐hazard analysis was used to compare differences between arising sites. Results: Retroperitoneal HSA showed comparatively longer postoperative MST compared with that of spleen and liver HSA and demonstrated significantly longer MST (p = 0.003) for tumours ≥5 cm (195 days) than <5 cm (70 days). Spleen HSA revealed significantly shorter MSTs in involvement of distant lymph nodes (23 days) and distant metastasis (39 days) than those in negative (83 days, p = 0.002 and 110 days, p < 0.001, respectively). Liver HSA also revealed significantly shorter MST (16.5 days compared with 98 days, p = 0.003) for distant metastasis. Additionally, hazard ratios (HRs) and their forest plot for overall HSA revealed as poor prognostic factors, arising sites (spleen; HR 2.78, p = 0.016 and liver; HR 3.62, p = 0.019), involvement of distant lymph nodes (HR 2.43, p = 0.014), and distant metastasis (HR 2.86, p < 0.001), and as better prognostic factor of tumour size ≥5 cm (HR 0.53, p = 0.037). Conclusion: In combination with overall HSA, retroperitoneal HSA shows comparatively longer postoperative MST compared to spleen and liver HSA, associated with tumour size ≥5 cm suggesting better prognostic factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur‐coordinated coordination polymers (S−CPs) have unique optoelectrical properties that originate from infinite M−S bond networks. In this study, we synthesized and characterized two polymorphs of a two–dimensional (2D) Pb(II) S−CP with a formula of [Pb(tzdt)(OAc)] (Htzdt=1,3‐thiazolidine‐2‐thione, OAc=acetate). Our findings revealed that the thermodynamic product (KGF‐26) possesses quasi‐2D (−Pb−S−)n layers with weak nonbonded Pb−S bonds, whereas the kinetic product (KGF‐27) has intrinsic 2D (−Pb−S−)n layers with Pb−S bonds. The results of time‐resolved microwave conductivity measurements and first–principles calculations confirmed that KGF‐27 exhibits higher photoconductivity than KGF‐26, which establishes that the inorganic (−Pb−S−)n networks with Pb−S bonds are crucial for achieving high photoconductivity. This is the first experimental demonstration of the impact of the (−M−S−)n networks in S−CPs on photoconductivity through the comparison of crystal polymorphisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intra‐abdominal desmoid tumors are a rare and complex clinical problem. These tumors are locally invasive, and surgical ablation represents the mainstay of treatment. When localized at the root of the mesentery, their resection may require extensive excision of the intestine resulting in intestinal failure and life‐long total parenteral nutrition. Intestinal transplantation, either autotransplantation or allotransplantation, has been used as a viable option to treat this group of patients. Herein, we describe a series of 4 patients with unresectable intra‐abdominal desmoid tumor who underwent cadaveric isolated intestinal and ascending colon transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]