Search

Prussian blue analogues (PBA) are a large family of functional materials with diverse applications such as in electrochemical fields. However, their use in the emerging two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction for clean production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is lagging. Herein, a general solvent exchange induced reconstruction strategy is demonstrated, through which an abnormal NiNi‐PBA superstructure is synthesized as a high‐performance electrocatalyst for H2O2 generation. The resultant NiNi‐PBA superstructure has a stoichiometric composition with saturated lattice water, and a leaf‐like morphology composed of interconnected small‐size nanosheets with identical orientation and predominate {210} side surface exposure. Our studies show that the Ni−N centers on {210} facets are the active sites, and the saturated lattice H2O favors a six‐coordinated environment that results in high selectivity. The "perfect" structure including stoichiometric composition and ideal facet exposure leads to a high selectivity of ~100 % and H2O2 yield of 5.7 mol g−1 h−1, superior to the reported MOF‐based electrocatalysts and most other electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (PNRR) offers a promising strategy for sustainable production of ammonia (NH3). However, the reported photocatalysts suffer from low efficiency with great room to improve regarding the charge carrier utilization and active site engineering. Herein, a porous and chemically bonded heterojunction photocatalyst is developed for efficient PNRR to NH3 production via hybridization of two semiconducting metal—organic frameworks (MOFs), MIL‐125−NH2 (MIL=Material Institute Lavoisier) and Co‐HHTP (HHTP=2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexahydroxytripehenylene). Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate the formation of Ti−O−Co chemical bonds at the interface, which not only serve as atomic pathway for S‐scheme charge transfer, but also provide electron‐deficient Co centers for improving N2 chemisorption/activation capability and restricting competitive hydrogen evolution. Moreover, the nanoporous structure allows the transportation of reactants to the interfacial active sites at heterojunction, enabling the efficient utilization of charge carriers. Consequently, the rationally designed MOF‐based heterojunction exhibits remarkable PNRR performance with an NH3 production rate of 2.1 mmol g−1 h−1, an apparent quantum yield (AQY) value of 16.2 % at 365 nm and a solar‐to‐chemical conversion (SCC) efficiency of 0.28 %, superior to most reported PNRR photocatalysts. Our work provides new insights into the design principles of high‐performance photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR) is an important route for sustainable NH3 synthesis and environmental remediation. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are one family of promising NO3−RR electrocatalysts, however, there is plenty of room to improve in their performance, calling for new design principles. Herein, a MOF‐on‐MOF heterostructured electrocatalyst with interfacial dual active sites and build‐in electric field is fabricated for efficient NO3−RR to NH3 production. By growing Co‐HHTP (HHTP=2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexahydroxytriphenylene) nanorods on Ni‐BDC (BDC=1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate) nanosheets, experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate the formation of Ni−O−Co bonds at the interface of MOF‐on‐MOF heterostructure, leading to dual active sites tailed for NO3−RR. The Ni sites facilitate the adsorption and activation of NO3−, while the Co sites boost the H2O decomposition to supply active hydrogen (Hads) for N‐containing intermediates hydrogenation on adjacent Ni sites, cooperatively reducing the energy barriers of NO3−RR process. Together with the accelerated electron transfer enabled by built‐in electric field, remarkable NO3−RR performance is achieved with an NH3 yield rate of 11.46 mg h−1 cm−2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 98.4 %, outperforming most reported MOF‐based electrocatalysts. This work provides new insights into the design of high‐performance NO3−RR electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NitRR) is a promising route for environment remediation and sustainable ammonia synthesis. To design efficient photocatalysts, the recently emerged nanoarchitectonics approach holds great promise. Here, we report a nanohouse‐like S‐scheme heterjunction photocatalyst with high photocatalytic NitRR performance. The nano‐house has a floor of plate‐like metal organic framework‐based photocatalyst (NH2‐MIL‐125), on which another photocatalyst Co(OH)2 nanosheet is grown while ZIF‐8 hollow cages are also constructed as the surrounding wall/roof. Experimental and simulation results indicate that the positively charged, highly porous and hydrophobic ZIF‐8 wall can modulate the environment in the nanohouse by (i) NO3− enrichment/NH4+ discharge and (ii) suppression of the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. In combination with the enhanced electron‐hole separation and strong redox capability in the NH2‐MIL‐125@Co(OH)2 S‐scheme heterjunction confined in the nano‐house, the designed photocatalyst delivers an ammonia yield of 2454.9 μmol g−1 h−1 and an apparent quantum yield of 8.02 % at 400 nm in pure water. Our work provides new insights into the design principles of advanced photocatalytic NitRR photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are well‐known for their antimicrobial properties, but their widespread use is limited due to suboptimal antimicrobial efficiency and safety concerns. Recent progress in materials science has paved the way for the development of QAC‐based composites (QACCs). QACCs with diverse compositions have shown enhanced antimicrobial effectiveness and biosafety for various applications, such as food packaging, capacitive deionization, and household antimicrobials. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the synthesis approaches and different types of QACCs. Moreover, this review examines their antimicrobial applications, taking the underlying structure‐activity relationship into consideration. In addition, this perspectives are presented on the remaining challenges and future research directions for the further development of QACCs. It is expected that this review will provide a valuable reference for the design of next generation QACC‐based antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial infection is a major threat to public health. Nanotechnology offers a solution by combining nanomaterials with antibacterial agents. The development of an effective nanocomposite against drug‐resistant bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is highly important yet challenging. Here, an anti‐MRSA core–shell structure is designed, containing antibacterial zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) as the core and bactericidal benzalkonium chloride (BAC) templated rough‐surface mesostructured silica nanocomposite (RMSN) as the shell. The resultant ZIF‐8@RMSN nanocomposite exhibits sustained release of BAC and zinc ions, effective disruption of the bacterial membrane, generation of oxidative damage of bacterial DNA, leakage of intracellular components, and finally bacterial death. Furthermore, the synergistic antibacterial mechanisms lead to enhanced biofilm elimination performance. In addition, the ZIF‐8@RMSN‐modified band‐aid effectively combats MRSA infection in vivo. This work has provided a promising nanocomposite against MRSA‐related infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the mechanism of Dark‐Spot defect in thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT‐LCD) and its improvement measures are studied. The Dark‐Spot defect has a strong correlation with Polymer Film on Array (PFA) materials through stress analysis, and the defect can be reduced by a series of improvement we provided from PFA process adjusting and material formula optimizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising photocatalysts for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis. However, the nature of organic polymers makes the balance between high activity and stability challenging. We demonstrate that the linkage position matters in the design of robust COF photocatalysts with durable high activity without sacrificial reagents. COFs with ortho‐ and para‐linkages (o‐COFs and p‐COFs) were constructed by 1,3,5‐triformylphloroglucinol with benzene‐, pyridine‐, pyrazine‐orthodiamines and paradiamines. The pyrzaine‐containing o‐COFs with two pyridinic nitrogen atoms exhibited a H2O2 production rate of 4396 μmol g−1 h−1 together with long‐time continuous H2O2 photosynthesis performance in pure water (48 h), superior to the corresponding p‐COFs. A four‐step reaction mechanism is proposed by density function calculations. Moreover, the active sites and origin of stability enhancement for o‐COFs are clarified. This work provides a simple and effective molecular design strategy in the design of robust COF photocatalysts for artificial H2O2 photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive metal–organic frameworks (c‐MOFs) have aroused extensive attention due to their excellent properties by integrating the features of both conductive and porous crystalline materials. Recent investigations in miniaturization of c‐MOFs into nanostructured conductive MOFs (nc‐MOFs) endow them with additional advantages such as reduced diffusion distance, accelerated mass/electron transfer, enhanced active site exposure, and accessibility, further widening their applications with reinforced performances compared to the conventional bulk counterparts. Herein, a timely review on the latest achievements in the field of nc‐MOFs is provided. First, we systematically introduce the synthetic strategies for producing nc‐MOFs with controllable morphologies and compositions. Second, the enhanced performance of nc‐MOFs in electrocatalysis, supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, and photocatalysis is highlighted. Finally, a discussion on the challenges and opportunities of the synthesis and applications of nc‐MOFs is presented. It is expected that this review will shed light on the future development of nc‐MOFs with promising application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of nucleic acid‐based drugs holds great promise for therapeutic applications, but their effective delivery into cells is hindered by poor cellular membrane permeability and inherent instability. To overcome these challenges, delivery vehicles are required to protect and deliver nucleic acids efficiently. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have emerged as promising nanovectors and recently bioregulators for gene delivery due to their unique advantages. In this review, a summary of recent advancements in the design of SiNPs for nucleic acid delivery and their applications is provided, mainly according to the specific type of nucleic acids. First, the structural characteristics and working mechanisms of various types of nucleic acids are introduced and classified according to their functions. Subsequently, for each nucleic acid type, the use of SiNPs for enhancing delivery performance and their biomedical applications are summarized. The tailored design of SiNPs for selected type of nucleic acid delivery will be highlighted considering the characteristics of nucleic acids. Lastly, the limitations in current research and personal perspectives on future directions in this field are presented. It is expected this opportune review will provide insights into a burgeoning research area for the development of next‐generation SiNP‐based nucleic acid delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic H2O2 production by conversion of O2 in aqueous solution is often challenged by the use of sacrificial agents, the separation of powdery photocatalysts, solution, and contaminants, and low activity of photocatalyst. Herein, a membrane of covalent furan‐benzimidazole‐linked polymer (Furan‐BILP) with both O‐ and N‐containing heterocycles bonded via OCCN is reported for the first time as a photocatalyst to harvest clean H2O2 in pure water with high‐performance. A coordination‐polymer hard template strategy is developed to produce Furan‐BILP hollow microfibers that can be further assembled into membranes with desired sizes. The resultant Furan‐BILP membrane directly delivers clean H2O2 solution as the product with a high H2O2 production rate of 2200 µmol g−1 h−1 in pure water. Density functional theory calculations and experiment results indicate that the C atom from Furan ring on the linkage binds to the adsorbed OOH*, the H atom of OOH* forms a hydrogen bond with the N atom in the benzimidazole ring, thus the intermediate six‐membered ring structure stabilizes the OOH* and favors 2e‐ORR. The strategy using both molecular engineering to tune the electronic structure and macrostructural engineering to shape the morphology may be applied to design other coordination organic polymer photocatalysts with further improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing MOF‐on‐MOF heterojunction with elaborate charge transfer mechanism and interface is a promising strategy for improving the photocatalytic properties of MOFs. Herein, a Step‐scheme (S‐scheme) MIL‐125‐NH2@CoFe Prussian blue analogue (PBA) heterojunction is reported for the first time. The MOF‐on‐MOF heterostructure exhibits a sandwich‐like morphology with hollow CoFe PBA nanocages selectively assembled on the top‐down surfaces of MIL‐125‐NH2 nanocakes. Experimental findings and theoretical simulation results reveal the formation of internal electric field via interfacial TiOCo bonds at the heterojunction, providing driving force and atomic transportation highway for accelerating the S‐scheme charge transfer and enhancing the redox performance. Contributed further by the hollow sandwich‐like structures with increased active site exposure, the designed MOF‐on‐MOF heterojunction exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of various organic pollutants. This study provides insights toward the rational design of semiconducting MOF‐based heterojunctions with improved properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano‐immunotherapy has been recognized as a highly promising strategy for cancer treatment in recent decades, which combines nanotechnology and immunotherapy to combat against tumors. Hybrid nanomaterials consisting of at least two constituents with distinct compositions and properties, usually organic and inorganic, have been engineered with integrated functions and enormous potential in boosting cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a summary of hybrid nanomaterials reported for cancer immunotherapy, including nanoscale metal–organic frameworks, metal–phenolic networks, mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles, metallofullerene nanomaterials, polymer–lipid, and biomacromolecule‐based hybrid nanomaterials. The combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, radiodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and sonodynamic therapy based on hybrid nanomaterials is also discussed. Finally, the current challenges and the prospects for designing hybrid nanomaterials and their application in cancer immunotherapy are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropy plays a unique role in the structural regulation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites, especially at the micro‐ and nanoscale. However, there is a lack of a understanding of MOF micro/nanoparticles (MNPs) from the perspective of morphological anisotropy. In this Minireview, recent advances in anisotropic MOF MNPs are summarized, with a focus on how morphological anisotropy leads to innovative structures and modulates properties. First, anisotropic pristine MOF MNPs with diverse morphologies are introduced and classified by their morphology‐dependent and morphology‐independent anisotropy. Secondly, the anisotropy‐enabled site‐selective higher‐order construction of MOF‐based materials is highlighted. Finally, challenges and prospects for anisotropic MOFs are discussed, aiming to provide inspiration for further developments in this interesting research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymes play an indispensable role in biosystems, catalyzing a variety of chemical and biochemical reactions with exceptionally high efficiency and selectivity. These features render them uniquely positioned in developing novel catalytic systems and therapeutics. However, their practical application is largely hindered by the vulnerability, low reusability and the inability to overcome the biological barriers of enzymes. Silica‐based nanoparticles (SNPs) are a classic family of nanomaterials with tunable physicochemical properties, making them ideal candidates to address the intrinsic shortcomings of natural enzymes. SNPs not only improve the activity and durability of enzymes, but also provide precise spatiotemporal control over their intracellular as well as systemic biodistributions for boosting the catalytic outcome. Herein, the recent progress in SNPs for enzyme immobilization and delivery is summarized. The therapeutic applications, including cancer therapy and bacterial inhibition, are particularly highlighted. Our perspectives in this field, including current challenges and possible future research directions are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geometry of nanoparticles has a profound effect on their interactions with macrophages. For an elongated geometry, the well‐known curvature‐dependent phagocytosis mechanism is still under debate, presumably because another important parameter, the probability of orientation, is overlooked. To verify this hypothesis, it is demonstrated that increasing the probability of the preferred vertical orientation is an efficient strategy to significantly enhance macrophage phagocytosis and uptake. This is achieved via a well‐designed hexapod nanoparticle in comparison with a monopod counterpart. The hexapod nanoparticle can achieve ≈100% close‐to‐vertical orientation, thereby favoring phagocytosis. This discovery provides a new insight into the design of nanomaterials for macrophage‐oriented bioapplications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) as electrocatalysts for two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e‐ORR) in alkaline medium are promising for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, but their synthesis remains challenging. In this work, a titanium‐doped zinc–cobalt sulfide hollow superstructure (Ti–ZnCoS HSS) is rationally designed as an efficient electrocatalyst for H2O2 electrosynthesis. Synthesized by using hybrid metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as precursors after sulfidation treatment, the resultant Ti–ZnCoS HSS exhibits a hollow‐on‐hollow superstructure with small nanocages assembled around a large cake‐like cavity. Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the polymetallic composition tailors the d‐band center and binding energy with oxygen species. Moreover, the hollow superstructure provides abundant active sites and promotes mass and electron transfer. The synergistic d‐band center and superstructure engineering at both atomic and nanoscale levels lead to the remarkable 2e‐ORR performance of Ti–ZnCoS HSS with a high selectivity of 98%, activity (potential at 1 mA cm−2 of 0.774 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)), a H2O2 production rate of 675 mmol h–1 gcat–1, and long‐term stability in alkaline condition, among the best 2e‐ORR electrocatalysts reported to date. This strategy paves the way toward the rational design of polymetallic TMCs as advanced 2e‐ORR catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of semiconducting metal‐organic framework based heterostructures is emerging as a promising strategy for enhancing their photocatalytic performances. Here, tetrapod‐like NH2‐MIL‐125@ZnS heterostructures with tunable heterojunction coverage and well‐matched band structure are synthesized as photocatalysts. When used for photocatalytic O2 reduction reaction, a heterojunction coverage of ≈45.1% leads to the best performance with a hydrogen peroxide production rate of ≈120 mm g−1 h−1, outperforming control samples with either larger or smaller heterojunction coverages and most reported MOF based photocatalysts in similar reaction systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles with widespread applications have attracted great interest. Despite many publications (>800), the terminology "dendritic" is ambiguous. Understanding what possible "dendritic structures" are, their formation mechanisms and the underlying structure–property relationship is fundamentally important. With the advance of characterization techniques such as electron tomography, two types of tree‐branch‐like and flower‐like structures can be distinguished, both described as "dendritic" in the literature. In this Review, we start with the definition of "dendritic", then provide critical analysis of reported dendritic silica nanoparticles according to their structural classification. We update the understandings of the formation mechanisms of two types of "dendritic" nanoparticles, highlighting how to control their structural parameters. Applications of dendritic mesoporous nanoparticles are also reviewed with a focus on the biomedical field, providing new insights into the structure–property relationship in this family of nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐temperature treatment of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) is a promising route to prepare a variety of functional materials with diverse applications. However, it is challenging to prepare highly crystalline metal oxides such as TiO2 with controllable structures and morphologies via direct calcination of MOFs. Here, we report a soft interface adaptive transformation strategy for the synthesis of MOFs derived TiO2 nanoparticles with elaborate structures. The soft interface is constructed by coating a thin silica layer on the external surface of Ti‐MOFs with an octahedral morphology. This soft interface can partially adapt to the significant shrinkage and counteract the contraction force during the MOFs‐to‐TiO2 conversion. As a result, TiO2 hollow octahedrons are formed with a concave morphology, high specific surface area, abundant oxygen vacancy sites, and consequently enhanced photocatalytic activity, which cannot be obtained by direct calcination or coating a thick/rigid silica layer. The opposite impact of the interface on MOFs derived metal oxides and carbon materials is further elucidated. This contribution provides new understandings in the synthesis of MOFs derived functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationally designed carbon materials with superstructures are promising candidates in applications such as electrocatalysis. However, the synthesis of highly porous carbon superstructures with macropores and carbon defects from a simple crystalline solid remains challenging. In this work, superstructured macroporous carbon rods composed of defective graphitic nanosheets are synthesized by direct carbonization of crystalline poly tannic acid (PTA) rods as precursors. During carbonization, PTA rods with a highly ordered lamellar structure induce a spatially confined two‐step localized contraction that takes place in different dimensions and directions in each step. The unexpected contraction behavior results in the sponge‐like macroporous carbon superstructure with large surface area, high porosity, and abundant defects, thus showing a superior electrocatalytic performance with high activity and selectivity for oxygen reduction reaction. The study provides new understandings in the design of functional carbon materials with distinctive structures and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of a core-shell structured nanocomposite that can effectively combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. The nanocomposite consists of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) as the core and a rough-surface mesostructured silica nanocomposite (RMSN) containing benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as the shell. The nanocomposite releases BAC and zinc ions, which enhance its antibacterial properties and ability to eliminate biofilms. The modified antibacterial band-aid made with this nanocomposite demonstrates excellent efficacy against drug-resistant bacterial infections both in laboratory tests and in vivo. [Extracted from the article]

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by electrochemical two‐electron water oxidation reaction (2e‐WOR) is a promising approach, where high‐performance electrocatalysts play critical roles. Here, the synthesis of nanostructured CaSnO3 confined in conductive carbon fiber membrane with abundant oxygen vacancy (OV) as a new generation of 2e‐WOR electrocatalyst is reported. The CaSnO3@carbon fiber membrane can be directly used as a self‐standing electrode, exhibiting a record‐high H2O2 production rate of 39.8 µmol cm−2 min−1 and a selectivity of ≈90% (at 2.9 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode). The CaSnO3@carbon fiber membrane design improves not only the electrical conductivity and stability of catalysts but also the inherent activity of CaSnO3. Density functional theory calculation further indicates the crucial role of OV in increasing the adsorption free energy toward oxygen intermediates associated with the competitive four‐electron water oxidation reaction pathway, thus enhancing the activity and selectivity of 2e‐WOR. The findings pave a new avenue to the rational design of electrocatalysts for H2O2 production from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prodrugs that allow in situ chemical conversion of less toxic precursors into active drugs in response to certain stimuli are promising anticancer candidates. Herein, we present a novel design of nanoprodrugs with a "degradation‐mediated self‐toxification" strategy, which realizes intracellular synthesis of anticancer agents using the nanoparticles' own degradation fragments as the precursors. To fulfill this concept, a metal complexing dicyclohexylphosphine (DCP) organosilane is carefully screened out from various ligands to conjugate onto Pd(OH)2 nanodots confined hollow silica nanospheres (PD‐HSN). This constructed nanoprodrug shows acid‐triggered degradation in lysosomes and neutralizes protons to induce lysosomes rupturing, generating predesigned less toxic fragments (Pd2+ and DCP‐silicates) that complex into DCP/Pd complex in situ for inducing DNA damage, leading to enhanced anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines as well as in a xenograft tumour model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling the structure of graphene‐based materials with improved ion intercalation and diffusivity is crucial for their applications, such as in aluminum‐ion batteries (AIBs). Due to the large size of AlCl4− ions, graphene‐based cathodes have specific capacities of ≈60 to 148 mAh g−1, limiting the development of AIBs. A thermal reductive perforation (TRP) strategy is presented, which converts three‐layer graphene nanosheets to surface‐perforated graphene materials under mild temperature (400 °C). The thermal decomposition of block copolymers used in the TRP process generates active radicals to deplete oxygen and create graphene fragments. The resultant material has a three‐layer feature, in‐plane nanopores, >50% expanded interlayer spacing, and a low oxygen content comparable to graphene annealed at a high temperature of ≈3000 °C. When applied as an AIB cathode, it delivers a reversible capacity of 197 mAh g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1 and reaches 92.5% of the theoretical capacity predicted by density‐functional theory simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) for quantum dots (QDs) enrichment and signal amplification is an emerging strategy for improving the detection sensitivity of lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). In this study, a new and convenient approach is developed to prepare water‐dispersible DMSNs‐QDs. A series of DMSNs with various diameters (138, 251, 368, and 471 nm) are studied for loading QDs and LFIA applications. The resultant water‐dispersible DMSNs‐QDs exhibit a high fluorescence retention of 81.8%. The increase in particle size from 138 to 471 nm results in an increase in loading capacity of QDs and a decrease in binding quantity of the DMSNs‐QDs in the test line of LFIA. This trade‐off leads to an optimal DMSNs‐QDs size of 368 nm with a limit of detection reaching 10 pg mL−1 (equivalent to 9.0 × 10−14m) for the detection of C‐reactive protein, which is nearly an order of magnitude more sensitive than the literature. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the distinctive role of DMSN's size for QDs enrichment and LFIA. The strategy developed from this work is useful for the rational design of high‐quality QDs‐based nanoparticles for ultrasensitive detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MnO2 nanoparticles have been widely employed in cancer immunotherapy, playing a subsidiary role in assisting immunostimulatory drugs by improving their pharmacokinetics and/or creating a favorable microenvironment. Here, the stereotype of the subsidiary role of MnO2 nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy is challenged. This study unravels an intrinsic immunomodulatory property of MnO2 nanoparticles as a unique nutrient‐responsive immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer, capable of directly modulating immunosurveillance toward tumor cells. MnO2 nanoflowers (MNFs) constructed via a one pot self‐assembly approach selectively induce ICD to nutrient‐deprived but not nutrient‐replete cancer cells, which is confirmed by the upregulated damage associated molecular patterns in vitro and a prophylactic vaccination in vivo. The underlying mechanism of the MNFs‐mediated selective ICD induction is likely associated with the concurrently upregulated oxidative stress and autophagy. Built on their unique immunomodulatory properties, an innovative nanomaterials orchestrated cancer starvation‐immunotherapy is successfully developed, which is realized by the in situ vaccination with MNFs and vascular disrupting agents that cut off intratumoral nutrient supply, eliciting potent efficacy for suppressing local and distant tumors. These findings open up a new avenue toward biomedical applications of MnO2 materials, enabling an innovative therapeutics paradigm with great clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing mRNA into cells has attracted intense interest for diverse applications; however, success requires delivery solutions. Engineered nanomaterials have been applied as mRNA nanocarriers; their functions are designed mainly as delivery vehicles, but rarely in regulation of the protein translation. Recently, progress in nanobiotechnology has shifted the design principle of mRNA nanocarriers from simple delivery tools to translation modulators. Here, we review the emerging concepts of nanomaterials regulating mRNA translation and recent progress in mRNA delivery. Designer nanomaterials providing integrated functions for specific mRNA applications are also reviewed to provide insights for the design of next‐generation nanomaterials to revolutionize mRNA technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Einführung von mRNA in Zellen hat in vielen Anwendungsbereichen starkes Interesse geweckt, doch für eine erfolgreiche Einführung sind spezifische Lösungen erforderlich. Technisch hergestellte Nanomaterialien wurden bereits als mRNA‐Nanoträger eingesetzt; ihre Funktionen wurden hauptsächlich als Boten konzipiert, aber nur selten auch für die Regulation der Proteintranslation. Jüngste Fortschritte in der Konzipierung von mRNA‐Nanoträgern gehen von einfachen Bereitstellungswerkzeugen zu komplexen Translationsmodulatoren über. In diesem Kurzaufsatz diskutieren wir moderne Konzepte von Nanomaterialien, welche die mRNA‐Translation regulieren, sowie neuere Fortschritte der mRNA‐Bereitstellung. Ebenfalls betrachtet werden spezifisch entwickelte, funktionelle Nanomaterialien für vielseitige mRNA‐Anwendungen, um Erkenntnisse für die Konzipierung von Nanomaterialien der nächsten Generation zu gewinnen, die die mRNA‐Technologie revolutionieren sollen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct depletion of lactate accumulated in the tumor microenvironment holds promise for cancer therapy but remains challenging. Herein, we report a one‐pot synthesis of openwork@ dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (ODMSNs) to address this problem. ODMSNs self‐assembled through a time‐resolved lamellar growth mechanism feature an openworked core and a dendritic shell, both constructed by silica nanosheets of ≈3 nm. With a large pore size, high surface area and pore volume, ODMSNs exhibited a high loading capacity (>0.7 g g−1) of lactate oxidase (LOX) and enabled intratumoral lactate depletion by >99.9 %, leading to anti‐angiogenesis, down‐regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, and increased tumor hypoxia. The latter event facilitates the activation of a co‐delivered prodrug for enhancing anti‐tumor and anti‐metastasis efficacy. This study provides an innovative nano‐delivery system and demonstrates the first example of direct lactate‐depletion‐enabled chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum‐containing adjuvants used in vaccine formulations suffer from low cellular immunity, severe aggregation, and accumulation in the brain. Conventional aluminosilicates widely used in the chemical industry focus mainly on acidic sites for catalytic applications, but they are rarely used as adjuvants. Reported here is an innovative "ligand‐assisted steric hindrance" strategy to create a high density of six‐coordinate VIAl−OH groups with basicity on dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles as new nanoadjuvants. Compared to four‐coordinate IVAl‐modified counterparts, VIAl−OH‐rich aluminosilicate nanoadjuvants enhance cellular delivery of antigens and provoke stronger cellular immunity. Moreover, the aluminum accumulation in the brain is more reduced than that with a commercial adjuvant. These results show that coordination chemistry can be used to control the adjuvanticity, providing new understanding in the development of next‐generation vaccine adjuvants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow spheres are charming objects in nature. In this work, an unexpected deflation–inflation asymmetric growth (DIAG) strategy is reported, generating hollow nanoparticles with tailored concave geometry for interface catalysis. Starting from aminophenol‐formaldehyde (APF) nanospheres where the interior crosslinking degree is low, fully deflated nanobowls are obtained after etching by acetone. Due to APF etching and repolymerization reactions occuring asymmetrically within a single particle, an autonomous inflation process is observed similar to a deflated basketball that inflates back to a "normal" ball, which is rare at the nanoscale. A nucleophilic addition reaction between acetone and APF is elucidated to explain the chemistry origin of the DIAG process. Interestingly, the deflated APF hollow spheres enable preferential immobilization of lipase in the concave domain, which facilitates the stabilization of Pickering emulsion droplets for enhanced enzymatic catalysis at the oil–water interface. The study provides new understandings in the designable synthesis of hollow nanoparticles and paves the way toward a wide range of applications of asymmetric architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow carbon materials have been extensively investigated as sulfur hosts for lithium‐sulfur batteries. Herein, we report a designed synthesis of nitrogen‐doped mesoporous hollow carbon spheres with tunable void spaces through an ethylenediamine‐assisted cooperative self‐assembly strategy between 3‐aminophenol/formaldehyde resin and silica. Nitrogen‐doped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (NHMCS) with an optimised inside/outside radius ratio of 0.52 have induced improved electrochemical performances compared to other NHMCS, demonstrating a fine material design strategy for electrochemical energy storage systems with improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous metal–organic frameworks (aMOFs) are an emerging family of attractive materials with great application potential, however aMOFs are usually prepared under harsh conditions and aMOFs with complex compositions and structures are rarely reported. In this work, an aMOF‐dominated nanocomposite (aMOF‐NC) with both structural and compositional complexity has been synthesized using a facile approach. A ligand‐competition amorphization mechanism is proposed based on experimental and density functional theory calculation results. The aMOF‐NC possesses a core–shell nanorod@nanosheet architecture, including a Fe‐rich Fe‐Co‐aMOF core and a Co‐rich Fe‐Co‐aMOF shell in the core–shell structured nanorod, and amorphous Co(OH)2 nanosheets as the outer layer. Benefiting from the structural and compositional heterogeneity, the aMOF‐NC demonstrates an excellent oxygen evolution reaction activity with a low overpotential of 249 mV at 10.0 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 39.5 mV dec−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrathin metal–organic framework nanosheets (UMOFNs) deposited on graphene are highly attractive, however direct growth of UMOFNs on graphene with controlled orientations remains challenging. Here, a low‐concentration‐assisted heterogeneous nucleation strategy is reported for the direct growth of UMOFNs on reduced graphene oxides (rGO) surface with controllable orientations. This general strategy can be applied to construct various UMOFNs on rGO, including Co‐ZIF, Ni‐ZIF, Co, Cu‐ZIF and Co, Fe‐ZIF. When UMOFNs are mostly attached perpendicularly on rGO, a 3D foam‐like hierarchical architecture (named UMOFNs@rGO‐F) is formed with an open pore structure and excellent conductivity, showing excellent performance as electrode materials for Li‐ion batteries and oxygen evolution. The contribution has provided a strategy for improving the electrochemical performance of MOFs in energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective messenger RNA (mRNA) transfection in hard‐to‐transfect cells delivered by vectors is a long‐standing challenge. Now it is hypothesized that the high intracellular glutathione level is associated with suppressed mRNA translation. This theory leads to a new design principle of next‐generation mRNA vectors: nanoparticles with glutathione depletion chemistry upregulate mRNA translation and enhance transfection, which is beneficial for mRNA delivery in hard‐to‐transfect cells in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we reported a novel technology to improve Horizontal Mura. The relationship between process/material and horizontal light line is analyzed no matter wet or dry. After a lot of experimental verification and analysis of the mechanism. A method to assess Horizontal Mura risk is developed with corresponding Cu acid standards/process change to ensure product reliability requirements are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since the extension of the Stöber method traditionally used in the synthesis of silica nanoparticles into the fabrication of resorcinol–formaldehyde nanospheres in 2011, significant progresses have been achieved in this exiting area of nano‐resole‐enabled synthesis of elegant nanostructures with versatile compositions and promising applications in various fields. To date, there are few reviews focused on this topic. In this minireview, we aim to provide an overview on recent developments, with the emphasis on nano‐resoles as an enabling strategy in the synthesis of innovative materials. The history of nano‐resoles and their distinct roles classified into four functions will be introduced. Clear understanding into this research field is vital for achieving rational design and controllable synthesis of a new generation of nano‐resoles and their derived nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Immunosuppressive tumors generally exhibit poor response to immune checkpoint blockade based cancer immunotherapy. Rationally designed hybrid nanoreactors are now presented that have integrated functions as Fenton catalysts and glutathione depletion agents for amplifying the immunogenic cell death and activating immune cells. A simple physical mixture of nanoreactors and chemodrugs in combination with immune checkpoint blockades show synergistically and concurrently enhanced chemo‐immunotherapy efficacy, inhibiting the growth of both treated primary immunosuppressive tumors and untreated distant tumors. The off‐the‐shelf strategy uses tumor antigens generated in situ and avoids cargo loading, and is thus a substantial advance in personalized nanomedicine for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hypoxia‐activated prodrugs have brought new opportunities for safe and effective tumor ablation, but their therapeutic efficacy is limited by insufficient activation in tumor microenvironments. Herein, a novel cascade delivery system with tandem functions by integrating a hypoxia‐activated prodrug (AQ4N) and glucose oxidase (GOx) is designed to improve its efficacy. Innovative yolk–shell organosilica nanoparticles with a tetrasulfide bridged composition, a small‐pore yolk, and a large‐pore shell featuring a shell‐to‐yolk stepwise degradability are constructed as a carrier for AQ4N and GOx, one enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to produce hydrogen peroxide. The glutathione (GSH) is depleted by tetrasulfide bond in the framework and induces shell degradation for fast release of GOx, which in turn induces starvation (glucose removal), oxidative cytotoxicity (H2O2 production and GSH depletion), and hypoxia (oxygen consumption). Finally, the hypoxia activates the liberated prodrug AQ4N for chemotherapy. The cascading and synergistic functions including GSH depletion, starvation, oxidative cytotoxicity, and chemotherapy lead to improved performance in tumor inhibition and antimetastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Novel carbon materials derived from metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention, but the commonly inevitable inward contraction during the carbonization process has restricted their structural variety and applications. In this work, a novel rigid‐interface induced outward contraction approach is reported for synthesizing hollow mesoporous carbon nanocubes (HMCNCs) by using ZIF‐8 nanocubes as precursors. HMCNCs exhibit a cubic morphology with the particle sizes slightly larger than ZIF‐8 nanocubes. Due to the unique outward contraction process, uniform carbon nanocubes with a hollow cavity, an outer microporous shell, and an inner mesoporous wall are simultaneously formed with a large pore size (25 nm), high surface area (1085.7 m2 g−1), high porosity (3.77 cm3 g−1), and high nitrogen content (12.2%). When used as a cathode material for Li–SeS2 batteries, the HMCNCs deliver a stable capacity of 812.6 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles and an outstanding rate capability (455.1 mA h g−1 at 5.0 A g−1). The findings may pave the way for the construction of distinctive MOF‐derived carbon materials for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Resoles are resins obtained by base‐catalyzed phenol–formaldehyde condensation with a three‐dimensional cross‐linked framework. They are considered as highly chemical‐resistant, and calcination is thus generally used in the treatment of resole‐type resins, which significantly limits the diversity of nanostructured materials that can be derived from resole‐type resins. Herein, we report that selected metal nitrate solutions can be used to dissolve various types of nanostructured resoles through an oxidative dissolution process. This strategy not only enables the controlled dissolution of resoles, but more importantly provides a new approach to selectively etch resole‐based nanocomposites to give rise to a variety of nanostructured materials with unprecedented architectures and great potential in bioapplications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]