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Introduction: Immune microenvironment plays an important role in the occurrence and development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Studies assessing the prognostic significance of bone marrow (BM) lymphocyte subsets' frequencies at diagnosis in patients with AML were limited. Methods: Fresh BM samples collected from 97 adult AML patients at diagnosis were tested for lymphocyte, T, CD4+T, CD8+T, γδT, NK, and B cell frequencies using multi‐parameter flow cytometry. Results: Low frequencies of lymphocytes, T, CD4+T, and CD8+T cells were associated with significantly lower rates of one‐course complete remission (CR) (all p < 0.05). Moreover, the frequency of CD4+T cells independently predicted one‐course CR achievement (p = 0.021). Low frequencies of T and CD8+T cells were significantly associated with lower relapse‐free survival (RFS) rates (p = 0.032; 0.034), respectively, and a low frequency of CD8+T cells was associated with a significantly lower overall survival (OS) rate (p = 0.028). Combination of frequency of CD8+T cells and ELN risk stratification showed that patients with ELN‐intermediate/adverse risk + high CD8+T cell frequency had a similar RFS rate to those with ELN‐favorable risk + high CD8+T cell frequency and those with ELN‐favorable risk + low CD8+T cell frequency (p = 0.88; 0.76), respectively. The RFS rate of patients with ELN intermediate/adverse risk + low CD8+T cell frequency was significantly lower than that of all aforementioned patients (p = 0.021; 0.0007; 0.028), respectively. Conclusion: The frequencies of BM lymphocyte subsets at diagnosis predicted clinical outcomes and could help improve risk stratification in AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southwestern (SW) China is an area of active tectonism and erosion, yielding a dynamic, deeply eroded landscape that influences the genetic structure of the resident populations of plants and animals. Iron walnut (Juglans regia subsp. sigillata) is a deciduous tree species endemic to this region of China and cultivated there for its edible nuts. We sampled 36 iron walnut populations from locations throughout the species' range in SW China and genotyped a total of 765 individuals at five chloroplast DNA regions and 22 nuclear microsatellite loci. Species distribution models were produced to predict the evolution and historical biogeography of iron walnut and to estimate the impacts of climate oscillations and orographic environments on the species' demography. Our results indicated that J. regia subsp. sigillata had relatively low genetic diversity, high interpopulation genetic differentiation, and asymmetric interpopulation gene flow. Based on DIYABC analysis, we identified two lineages of J. sigillata in southwestern China. The lineages (subpopulations) diverge during the last glacial period (~1.34 Ma). Southwestern China was a glacial refuge during the last glacial period, but increasingly colder and arid climates might have fostered the fragmentation of J. regia subsp. sigillata within this refugium. Finally, we found that recent habitat fragmentation has led to a reduction in population connectivity and increased genetic differentiation by genetic drift in isolated populations. Our results support a conclusion that geological and climatic factors since the Miocene triggered the differentiation, evolutionary origin, and range shifts of J. sigillata in the studied region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]