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BACKGROUND: The ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata, an important predator, is widely used to control aphids, whiteflies, mites, thrips, and lepidopteran pests. Diapause control technology is key to extending C. septempunctata shelf‐life and commercialization. Lipid accumulation is a major feature of reproductive diapause, but the function of AKH signaling as a regulator of lipid mobilization in reproductive diapause remains unclear. This study aimed to identify and characterize AKH and AKHR genes, and clarify their functions in reproductive diapause. RESULTS: The relative expression levels of CsAKH and CsAKHR were the highest in the head and fat body, respectively, and were significantly decreased under diapause conditions, both in developmental stages and tissues (head, midgut, fat body, and ovary). Furthermore, CsAKH and CsAKHR expression was increased significantly after juvenile hormone (JH) injection, but CsMet silencing significantly inhibited CsAKH and CsAKHR expression, whereas CsMet knockdown blocked the induction effect of JH. CsAKH and CsAKHR knockdown significantly reduced water content, increased lipid storage, and promoted the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis, but significantly blocked ovarian development, and induced forkhead box O (FOXO) gene expression in C. septempunctata under reproduction conditions. By contrast, injection of AKH peptide significantly inhibited FOXO expression, reduced lipid storage, and increased water content in C. septempunctata under diapause conditions. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that CsAKH and CsAKHR are involved in the regulation of lipid accumulation and ovarian development during diapause in C. septempunctata, and provide a promising target for manipulating C. septempunctata diapause. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of health assessment and lifespan prediction have always been prominent challenges in the large‐scale application of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). This paper reviews the multiscale modeling techniques and their applications in battery health analysis, including atomic scale computational chemistry, particle scale reaction simulations, electrode scale structural models, macroscale electrochemical models, and data‐driven models at the system level. Multiscale modeling offers a profound insight into material behavior and the aging process of batteries, thereby providing a valuable reference for both estimation and management strategies of battery state of health. To extend the battery lifespan, the utilization of artificial intelligence for material discovery and manufacturing process optimization, the implementation of end‐cloud collaborative battery management systems, and the design of a multiscale simulation integration platform are considered. A management framework aimed at extending battery life is further proposed. This framework offers a promising roadmap for addressing health analysis challenges in LIBs, ultimately leading to more reliable, efficient, and durable solutions for next‐generation batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency and low preparation cost, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention from researchers and developed rapidly in the past decade. However, the stability and efficiency of perovskite photovoltaic devices still need to be improved for their practical applications. It is mainly because the perovskite thin films are inevitably defective to some extent (such as points defects and extrinsic defects), leading to the occurrence of non‐radiative recombination (NRR) inside the device and at the interface, which is closely related to the stability and efficiency of perovskite materials. Therefore, exploring reliable passivation strategies is essential to overcome the adverse effects of NRR losses of such point defects. Here, this article summarizes the perovskite solar cells, including the crystal structure and calculations of electronic properties of perovskites, composition, and principles of operation of perovskite solar cells, and more importantly, different passivation strategies, including Lewis acid‐base passivation, anionic and cationic passivation, polymer passivation, and alkyl halogen ammonium passivation for the defects involved in perovskite materials. The passivation effects of these strategies and their regulation mechanisms of point defects involving perovskite materials are also presented. We also discuss the intrinsic relationship between crystal defects and device stability and look forward to feasible defect passivation strategy options for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is the main cause of liver fibrogenesis in response to different etiologies of chronic liver injuries. HSCs are heterogeneous, but the lack of specific markers to distinguish different HSC subset hinders the development of targeted therapy for liver fibrosis. In this study, we aim to reveal new HSC subsets by cell fate tracking. We constructed a novel ReelinCreERT2 transgenic mouse model to track the fate of cells expressing Reelin and their progeny (Reelin+ cells). And we investigated the property of Reelin+ cells, such as differentiation and proliferation, in hepatotoxic (carbon tetrachloride; CCl4) or cholestatic (bile duct ligation; BDL) liver injury models by immunohistochemistry. Our study revealed that Reelin+ cells were a new HSC subset. In terms of activation, migration, and proliferation, Reelin+ HSCs displayed different properties from Desmin+ HSCs (total HSCs) in cholestatic liver injury model but shared similar properties to total HSCs in hepatotoxic liver injury model. Besides, we did not find evidence that Reelin+ HSCs transdifferentiated into hepatocytes or cholangiocytes through mesenchymal‐epithelial transition (MET). In this study, our genetic cell fate tracking data reveal that ReelinCreERT2‐labelled cells are a new HSC subset, which provides new insights into targeted therapy for liver fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As industrial development and over‐consumption of fossil fuel resources lead to an increasing demand for renewable and sustainable energy sources, making solar energy an ideal source of energy. Graphene has attracted much attention in the field of solar cells due to its unique electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties, as well as its high specific surface area, high carrier mobility, and high Young's modulus. In this comprehensive review article, we summarize the theoretical advances of graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene quantum dots, hybridized graphene, and graphene doped with heteroatoms, in the field of solar cells. The observed enhancement of solar cell performance due to the incorporation of graphene and its derivatives is explained in detail by first‐principles. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the fundamental mechanisms of the interactions between graphene and its derivatives solar cells through first‐principles to provide theoretical support for their continued development in the field of solar cells, while paving the way for the creation of new strategies to improve solar cell performance and advance the development of sustainable energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the global carbon neutrality initiative, carbon emissions from the transportation sector are becoming increasingly prominent due to the growth in vehicle ownership. And electric mobility may be a potentially effective measure to reduce road traffic carbon emissions and achieve a green transformation of transportation. This paper systematically collates the relevant carbon accounting standards for the automotive industry and elaborates the current status of road transport greenhouse gas emissions by combining the data from the International Energy Agency. And by comparing the lifecycle carbon footprint of various energy types of vehicles, the necessity and feasibility of electric mobility to reduce carbon emissions are discussed. However, the comparison of vehicle lifecycle carbon footprints shows that electric vehicles (EVs) are not as environmentally friendly as expected, although they can significantly reduce road traffic carbon emissions. The high carbon emissions from the manufacturing process of the core components of EVs, especially the power battery, reduce the low‐carbon potential of electric mobility. Therefore, the carbon emission reduction strategies and outcomes of automakers in the automotive industry chain have been further reviewed. Finally, focusing on vehicle power batteries, this article reviews the technologies such as refined management and echelon utilization that can make EVs more environmentally friendly and promote carbon neutrality in the transportation sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male‐specific lethal 1 (MSL1) is critical for the formation of MSL histone acetyltransferase complex which acetylates histone H4 Lys16 (H4K16ac) to activate gene expression. However, the role of MSL1 in liver regeneration is poorly understood. Here, this work identifies MSL1 as a key regulator of STAT3 and histone H4 (H4) in hepatocytes. MSL1 forms condensates with STAT3 or H4 through liquid–liquid phase separation to enrich acetyl‐coenzyme A (Ac‐CoA), and Ac‐CoA in turn enhances MSL1 condensate formation, synergetically promoting the acetylation of STAT3 K685 and H4K16, thus stimulating liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). Additionally, increasing Ac‐CoA level can enhance STAT3 and H4 acetylation, thus promoting liver regeneration in aged mice. The results demonstrate that MSL1 condensate‐mediated STAT3 and H4 acetylation play an important role in liver regeneration. Thus, promoting the phase separation of MSL1 and increasing Ac‐CoA level may be a novel therapeutic strategy for acute liver diseases and transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Telenomus remus (Nixon) is a dominant natural enemy controlling the invasive pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Continuous rearing of egg parasitoids on alternative hosts is crucial for mass production and cost reduction. However, to ensure the effectiveness of natural enemy products against target pests in the field, it is necessary to evaluate the parasitoid quality during the mass‐rearing process. Despite the successful rearing of this parasitoid on the alternative host Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) eggs, less attention has been paid to the quality of parasitoids continuously reared for multiple generations. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of T. remus reared on S. litura eggs for 30 generations via morphological characteristics, flight ability, and life table analysis. RESULTS: Wing length, wing width, body length, and right hind tibia length of T. remus did not differ among the different generations. However, the body length of female parasitoids was significantly longer than that of males for any generation. Although the proportion of 'flyers' and 'deformed' T. remus varied among generations, the flight ability did not decline significantly after rearing on S. litura eggs. Moreover, T. remus continuously reared on S. litura eggs maintained stable parasitism performance and life table parameters on the target host S. frugiperda eggs. CONCLUSION: S. litura eggs are suitable hosts for the mass‐rearing of T. remus. This study can be subsequently used to guide the production and facilitate the application of T. remus in the control of S. frugiperda. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfone‐based molecules are widely used as molecular building blocks for host materials in the emissive layers of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, the electronic properties of dibenzo[b,d]thiophene 5,5‐dioxide (DBTO) and its derivatives were investigated by quantum‐chemical techniques to get more detailed information about the carbazole and biphenylamino functionalization effects on the charge injection property and triplet transition energy of such SO2‐based host materials. Calculated results demonstrated that the charge injection property of DBTO can be tuned by different functionalization strategies. Vertical ionization potential (VIP) and vertical electron affinity (VEA) values are reduced by functionalization, especially in the case of biphenylamino substitution. The S0 → S1 and S0 → T1* transitions, which are mainly dominated by the HOMO and LUMO energy levels, can also be tuned by functionalization. For the S0 → S1 transition, the effect of carbazole substitution is larger than that of biphenylamino substitution, while the effect of carbazole substitution on the S0 → T1* transition energies of DBTO is smaller than that of biphenylamino substitution. This effect will be more obvious if the number of introduced functional groups increases. In addition, it was observed that the substitution effect at the meta‐position of DBTO is much larger than that at the para‐position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety, durability and power density of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are currently inadequate to satisfy the continuously growing demand of the emerging battery markets. Rapid progress has been made from material engineering to system design, combining experimental results and simulations to enhance LIB performance. Limited by spatial and temporal resolution, state‐of‐the‐art advanced characterization techniques fail to fully reveal the complex multi‐scale degradation mechanism in LIBs. Strengthening interaction and iteration between characterization and modeling improves the understanding of reaction mechanisms as well as design and management of LIBs. Herein, a seed cyber hierarchy and interactional network framework is demonstrated to evaluate the overall lifecycle of LIBs. The typical examples of bridging the characterization techniques and modeling are discussed. The critical parameters extracted from multi‐scale characterization can serve as digital inputs for modeling. Furthermore, advanced computational techniques including cloud computing, big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence can also promote the comprehensive understanding and precise control of the whole battery lifecycle. Digital twins techniques will be introduced enabling the real‐time monitoring and control of LIBs, autonomous computer‐assisted characterizations and intelligent manufacturing. It is anticipated that this work will provide a roadmap for further intensive research on developing high‐performance LIBs and intelligent battery management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is an iron‐dependent form of non‐apoptotic cell death implicated in liver, brain, kidney, and heart pathology. How ferroptosis is regulated remains poorly understood. Here, we show that PPARα suppresses ferroptosis by promoting the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) and by inhibiting the expression of the plasma iron carrier TRF. PPARα directly induces Gpx4 expression by binding to a PPRE element within intron 3. PPARα knockout mice develop more severe iron accumulation and ferroptosis in the liver when fed a high‐iron diet than wild‐type mice. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) triggers ferroptosis via Fenton reactions and ROS accumulation. We further find that a rhodamine‐based "turn‐on" fluorescent probe(probe1) is suitable for the in vivo detection of Fe2+. Probe1 displays high selectivity towards Fe2+, and exhibits a stable response for Fe2+ with a concentration of 20 μM in tissue. Our data thus show that PPARα activation alleviates iron overload‐induced ferroptosis in mouse livers through Gpx4 and TRF, suggesting that PPARα may be a promising therapeutic target for drug discovery in ferroptosis‐related tissue injuries. Moreover, we identified a fluorescent probe that specifically labels ferrous ions and can be used to monitor Fe2+in vivo. Synopsis: Gpx4 and TRF are PPARα target genes involved in ferroptosis regulation. Loss of PPARα aggravates iron overload‐induced ferroptosis in vivo, while activation of PPARα is sufficient to largely alleviate iron overload‐induced liver damage. PPARα activation alleviates iron overload‐induced ferroptosis in mouse livers through Gpx4 and TRF.Activated PPARα and ferrostatin‐1 similarly protect against ferroptosis‐induced liver injury.PPARα deficiency influences iron metabolism in the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toroid wear tester (TWT) is a lab‐scale device used for the assessment of slurry erosion in pipelines. Historically, its application has been limited to the relative ranking of material performance under different slurry flow conditions; however, recent studies have indicated that TWT tests could be predictive and directly applied to slurry pipeline design—provided that the flow inside a TWT is better characterized. In the present study, air‐liquid multiphase flow inside the TWT was investigated. Torque measurements were taken to characterize friction loss for different air‐liquid combinations. A visualization experiment was also conducted to evaluate flow patterns within the TWT. In the experiment, the displacements of spherical glass beads were used to estimate velocity vector fields for different TWT rotational speeds. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was also conducted to complement the experimental measurements. A 3D transient analysis using the volume of fluid (VOF) approach was used to model the system. The simulation results agreed closely with the experimental findings. Furthermore, the simulations revealed that strong secondary flows (back flow, rotation) exist in the TWT. These type of flows do not occur in horizontal pipelines. Therefore, to use the TWT as a tool for slurry pipeline wear assessment, the differences in the flow field between the two systems must be properly quantified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telenomus remus (Nixon) has shown promising potential as a biological control agent for the major invasive agricultural pest, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Application of biological control programmes in the field requires an efficient mass‐rearing system to provide sufficient numbers of beneficial insects. The short longevity of parasitoid adults and limited period of availability of host eggs are two factors affecting the mass‐rearing efficiency of T. remus. Using Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) eggs as an alternative host, the effects of cold storage of S. litura eggs and T. remus adults at 5°C, 8°C and 11°C for different time durations on the fitness of the parasitoid were investigated to identify the most suitable storage conditions. Results showed that T. remus can successfully exploit stored S. litura eggs, but the number of parasitized eggs decreased with increased egg storage duration and/or reduced storage temperature. For refrigerated adults, the survival rate declined gradually with longer storage duration, and the females' survival rate was higher than the males' at any treatment. Similarly, parasitism capacity of stored adults declined significantly with prolonged storage. Female adult longevity was significantly shorter than the control for all treatments. However, the offspring emergence rate and percentage of females were barely affected by cold storage. In conclusion, S. litura eggs can be stored at 11°C for up to 9 days and adult T. remus can be stored at 8°C or 11°C for up to 7 days without significant losses. Data obtained from this study will help coordinate different aspects of T. remus production, decreasing costs and improving the biocontrol materials' availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many lacewing species (Insecta: Neuroptera) are important predators of pests with great potential in biological control. So far, there is no chromosome‐level published genome available for Neuroptera. Here we report a high‐quality chromosome‐level reference genome for a green lacewing species Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), which is one of the most important insect natural enemies used in pest biocontrol. The genome was sequenced using a combination of PacBio and Hi‐C technologies and assembled into seven chromosomes with a total size of 517.21 Mb, occupying 96.07% of the genome sequence. A total of 12,840 protein‐coding genes were identified and approximately 206.21 Mb of repeated sequences were annotated. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that C. pallens diverged from its common ancestor with Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera) approximately 300 million years ago. The gene families involved in digestion, detoxification, chemoreception, carbohydrate metabolism, immunity, nerves and development were significantly expanded, revealing the potential genomic basis for the polyphagia of C. pallens and its role as an excellent biocontrol agent. This high‐quality genome of C. pallens will provide an important genomic resource for future population genetics, evolutionary and phylogenetic investigations of Chrysopidae as well as comparative genomic studies of Neuropterida and other insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a cellular automata‐finite difference (CA‐FD) model is established to simulate the microstructure evolution in the laser cladding process. The microtemperature field, crystal nucleation, and growth in the solidification process of Inconel 625 alloy cladding layer are researched, and the effects of different cladding process parameters on crystal growth are studied. The CA‐FD model is improved based on the temperature and sequence of phase formation in the solidification process of the cladding layer, so as to realize the simulation study of the phase transformation process in the Inconel 625 alloy cladding layer. Finally, the laser cladding experiment of Inconel 625 alloy is carried out, and the simulation results are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is a crucial RNA chemical mark which plays important roles in various biological processes. The development of highly multiplexed, cost‐effective, and easy‐to‐operate methodologies for locus‐specific analysis of m6A is critical for advancing our understanding of the roles of this modification. Herein, we report a method which builds upon the principle of the previously reported SELECT approach by significantly improving its efficiency and coupling it to next generation sequencing technology for high‐throughput validation and detection of m6A modification at selected sites (LEAD‐m6A‐seq). Through probing cDNA extension mediated by Bst DNA polymerase at and near target cellular sites by sequencing, we evaluated m6A modification at these sites, and estimated differential methylation levels (0–84 %) upon in vitro demethylation by the m6A demethylase FTO with high reproducibility. We envision that this strategy can be readily used for testing a greater number of sites with a broad dynamic range and modified to study other RNA modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desmoplastic small round‐cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare, aggressive malignant tumor, which in the great majority of cases arises at abdominal‐pelvic sites. Nevertheless, rare cases of primary extra‐abdominal tumors have been reported. In challenging cases, its molecular hallmark, the EWSR1‐WT1 reciprocal translocation, can be exploited diagnostically by various molecular techniques. Herein, we report an extremely rare case of primary subcutaneous DSRCT in an effort to raise awareness among our dermatopathology colleagues by expanding the differential of superficial round‐cell tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 10.1002/cnl2.81, the researchers organize the carbon accounting standards of the automotive industry and compare the lifecycle carbon emissions of various types of vehicles, pointing out the advantages of EV in reducing carbon emissions, as well as the concentration of carbon emissions in EV lifecycle. B Back cover image: b The electric mobility is considered to be a key step towards achieving the vision of carbon neutrality, and the high carbon footprint of electric vehicle (EV) power batteries is a critical factor affecting the ability of EV to reduce carbon emissions. Finally, focusing on power batteries, it concludes that fine management, echelon utilization, and efficient recycling are ways to reduce their contribution to the carbon emissions of EV. [Extracted from the article]

Phototriggered intramolecular isomerization in a series of ruthenium sulfoxide complexes, [Ru(L)(tpy)(DMSO)] n+ (where tpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine; DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide; L=2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), n=2; N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (tmen) n=2; picolinate (pic), n=1; acetylacetonate (acac), n=1; oxalate (ox), n=0; malonate (mal), n=0), was investigated theoretically. It is observed that the metal-centered ligand field (3MC) state plays an important role in the excited state S→O isomerization of the coordinated DMSO ligand. If the population of 3MCS state is thermally accessible and no 3MCO can be populated from this state, photoisomerization will be turned off because the 3MCS excited state is expected to lead to fast radiationless decay back to the original 1GSS ground state or photodecomposition along the Ru2+−S stretching coordinate. On the contrary, if the population of 3MCS (or 3MCO) state is inaccessible, photoinduced S→O isomerization can proceed adiabatically on the potential energy surface of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states (3MLCTS→3MLCTO). It is hoped that these results can provide valuable information for the excited state isomerization in photochromic d6 transition-metal complexes, which is both experimentally and intellectually challenging as a field of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of metal ions (M n+ = Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+ and hydrated Mg2+ ions) and water molecules on the tautomerism of adenine induced by single proton transfer (SPT) have been investigated theoretically. Calculated results show that the single proton transfer process in adenine base is favored and even becomes thermodynamically spontaneous because of the presence of M n+ interacting at the N3 position of adenine. On the contrary, if M n+ coordinated to N7 site, the single proton transfer process will become unfavorable than that in the neutral system. The effects of metal ions on the SPT of adenine base are more pronounced if Lewis acidity of metal ion is increased. Water plays a more important role than metal ions during the SPT process. It is found that water can act not only as a solvent but also as a mediator which gives and accepts protons to promote SPT, playing a bridge role. As a result, inclusion of a water molecule drastically reduces the energy barrier for the SPT. Moreover, two water molecules can yield larger assisting effect on the SPTs compared with one water molecule. We can conclude that the tautomerism of DNA adenine base can be modulated by the metal ions and water molecules. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An algorithm is employed to retrieve the differential bond polarizabilities (DBP) of the C-C bonds from the Raman optical activity spectrum of (-)β-pinene. (-)β-pinene possesses two stereo centers (chiral centers) and a local mirror reflection that interchanges the S type part and R type part in one molecular. It is demonstrated that this local mirror reflection could induce an approximate (or symmetry breaking) mirror reflection that reverses the signs of the DBP of the pair bond coordinates that are related to each other by the mirror reflection.This can be called intramolecular enantiomerism (IE). More cases of IE are discussed by the analysis of (-)α-pinene, (R)-(+)-4-isopropyl-1-methylcyclohexene and (R)-(+)-3-methylcyclohexanone together with previously studied limonene case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dispersion-corrected DFT study on the redox-induced linkage isomerization of a family of [M(bpy)2AL]2+ complexes {M = Ru, Os; bpy = 2,2-bipyridine; AL = 2-[(isopropylsulfinyl)methyl]pyridine (pySO), 2-[2-(isopropylsulfinyl)ethyl]pyridine (pyESO), 2-[3-(isopropylsulfinyl)propyl]pyridine (pyPSO)} was undertaken. The calculated results indicated that modification of the metal center or ancillary ligand could produce distinct electronic and photophysical properties of the complexes. In good agreement with experimental absorption spectrum results, a redshift in the absorption maximum was observed if the metal center of the complex was changed from ruthenium to osmium. More importantly, the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the two linkage isomers in these complexes could also be tuned by modifications to the metal center or ancillary ligand. It was found that the relative energies between the S- and O-linked ruthenium sulfoxide complexes were smaller than those between the osmium sulfoxide isomers. Intrinsic reaction pathway results demonstrated that intramolecular S→O and O→S isomerization was easier in the ruthenium complexes than in the osmium complexes with the same coordinated ligands. Moreover, intramolecular isomerization was more favorable if the number of methylene units between the sulfoxide group and the pyridine ring in the ancillary ligand was increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3D surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor is realized on the facet of an optical fiber. A SERS radar configuration consisting of a parabolic mirror and a 3D spherical SERS body is designed. The parabolic mirror is used to focus the excitation laser light onto the surface of the SERS body, and to collect and reflect the Raman scattered light back into the optical fiber. The SERS body's surface consists of microscale trenches and is covered with gold nanogratings and nanoparticles on a thick gold film with a thin SiO2 spacer. Nanoscale 3D printing technology, thermal evaporation, and UV laser pulse irradiation are used to fabricate and metalize the mold of the 3D SERS radar configuration. The performance of this Au‐based SERS fiber sensor is competitive with those of Ag‐based SERS fiber sensors reported in the literature. It exhibits a detection limit of 10−6 m for crystal violet in ethanol using 30 mW of 785 nm excitation (off resonance with the crystal violet electronic absorption) and 10 s acquisition time. Such a 3D scheme expands the design possibilities of SERS nanostructures on the facets of optical fibers enormously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transglutaminase 2 (Tgm2) plays an essential role in hepatic repair following prolonged toxic injury. During cholestatic liver injury, the intrahepatic cholangiocytes undergo dynamic tissue expansion and remodelling, referred to as ductular reaction (DR), which is crucial for liver regeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms governing the dynamics of active cells in DR are still largely unclear. Here, we generated Tgm2‐knockout mice (Tgm2−/−) and Tgm2‐CreERT2‐Rosa26‐mTmG flox/flox (Tgm2CreERT2‐R26T/Gf/f) mice and performed a three‐dimensional (3D) collagen gel culture of mouse hepatocytes to demonstrate how Tgm2 signalling is involved in DR to remodel intrahepatic cholangiocytes. Our results showed that the deletion of Tgm2 adversely affected the functionality and maturity of the proliferative cholangiocytes in DR, thus leading to more severe cholestasis during DDC‐induced liver injury. Additionally, Tgm2 hepatocytes played a crucial role in the regulation of DR through metaplasia. We unveiled that Tgm2 regulated H3K4me3Q5ser via serotonin to promote BMP signalling activation to participate in DR. Besides, we revealed that the activation or inhibition of BMP signalling could promote or suppress the development and maturation of cholangiocytes in DDC‐induced DR. Furthermore, our 3D collagen gel culture assay indicated that Tgm2 was vital for the development of cholangiocytes in vitro. Our results uncovered a considerable role of BMP signalling in controlling metaplasia of Tgm2 hepatocytes in DR and revealed the phenotypic plasticity of mature hepatocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]