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In this paper, we present an enhanced method for automatically capturing a large number of consecutive paraffin sections using a microscope. Leveraging these microstructural images, we employed three‐dimensional visualisation and reconstruction techniques to investigate the dispersal growth process of pollen tube bundles upon entering the ovary of Solanum nigrum. Additionally, we explored their behaviour within different ovules and examined the relationship between the germination rate of seeds and the fertilisation process. Our findings reveal that despite the abundance of Solanum nigrum seeds, only a fraction of them is capable of successful germination. The germination rate of seeds is closely related to whether fertilisation of the ovules and pollen tubes is completed. Due to the limited number of pollen tubes entering the ovary, only a portion of the ovules can be fertilised. The proportion of fertilised ovules positively correlates with the germination rate of the seeds. Through three‐dimensional reconstruction, we observed a phenomenon of proximity during the pollination process, wherein ovules closer to the pollen tube bundles are more likely to be fertilised. Furthermore, fertilised ovules exhibited significant changes in morphology and embryo sac structure. The number of fertilised ovules directly impacts the germination rate of wild Solanum nigrum seeds. Although all Solanum nigrum ovules have the potential to develop into seeds, most seeds originating from unfertilised ovules are unable to germinate normally, resulting in an incomplete germination rate of seeds and preventing it from reaching 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content addressable memory (CAM) is widely used in associative search tasks due to its parallel pattern matching capability. As more complex and data‐intensive tasks emerge, it is becoming increasingly important to enhance CAM density for improved performance and better area efficiency. To reduce the area overheads, various nonvolatile memory (NVM) devices, such as ferroelectric field‐effect transistors (FeFETs), are used in CAM design. Herein, a novel ultracompact 1FeFET CAM design that enables parallel associative search and in‐memory hamming distance calculation is used, as well as a multibit CAM for exact search using the same CAM cell. The proposed CAM design leverages the 1FeFET1R structure, and compact device designs that integrate the series resistor current limiter into the intrinsic FeFET structure are demonstrated to turn the 1FeFET1R structure into an effective 1FeFET cell. A two‐step search operation of the proposed binary and multibit 1FeFET CAM array through both experiments and simulations is proposed, showing a sufficient sensing margin despite unoptimized FeFET device variation. In genome pattern matching applications, using the hyperdimensional computing paradigm, the design results in a 89.9× speedup and 66.5× improvement in energy efficiency over the state‐of‐the‐art alignment tools on GPU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici AS185, isolated from traditional Chinese fermented foods, was used as an adjunct culture for probiotic cheddar cheese production. The physicochemical composition, textural, free amino acids (FAAs), short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiles, sensory properties, and microbial survival, was evaluated during the 90‐day ripening period. The addition of P. acidilactici AS185 did not influence the physicochemical composition of cheddar cheese but significantly decreased the hardness without affecting its textural profile. During ripening, P. acidilactici AS185 was able to grow and promote the generation of FAAs and SCFAs, but did not alter the overall sensory properties; it rather improved the flavor and taste of cheese. In addition, the cheese matrix protected strain P. acidilactici AS185 during transit throughout the simulated gastrointestinal system. These results demonstrated that P. acidilactici AS185 adjunct cultures might be useful for producing high‐quality probiotic cheddar cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The incidence of thyroid cancer has significantly increased in the last few decades. However, diagnosis of the thyroid nodules is labor and time intensive for radiologists and strongly depends on the personal experience of the radiologists. In this pursuit, the present study envisaged to develop a deep learning‐based computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) method that enabled the automatic detection and classification of suspicious thyroid nodules in order to reduce the unnecessary fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. Methods: The CAD method consisted of two main parts: detecting the location of thyroid nodules using a multiscale detection network and classifying the detected thyroid nodules by an attention‐based classification network. Results: The performance of the proposed method was evaluated and compared with that of other state‐of‐the‐art deep learning methods and experienced radiologists. The proposed detection method outperformed three other detection architectures (average precision, 82.1% vs. 78.3%, 77.2%, and 74.8%). Moreover, the classification method showed a superior performance compared with four other state‐of‐the‐art classification networks (accuracy, 94.8% vs. 91.2%, 85.0%, 80.8%, and 72.1%) and that by experienced radiologists (mean value of area under the curve, 0.941 vs. 0.833). Conclusions: Our study verified the high efficiency of the proposed detection method. The findings can help improve the diagnostic performance of radiologists. However, the developed CAD system requires more training and evaluation in a large‐population study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their high specific capacity and abundant reserve, CuxS compounds are promising electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Carbon compositing could stabilize the CuxS structure and repress capacity fading during the electrochemical cycling, but the corresponding Li+ storage mechanism and stabilization effect should be further clarified. In this study, nanoscale Cu2S was synthesized by CuS co‐precipitation and thermal reduction with polyelectrolytes. High‐temperature synchrotron radiation diffraction was used to monitor the thermal reduction process. During the first cycle, the conversion mechanism upon lithium storage in the Cu2S/carbon was elucidated by operando synchrotron radiation diffraction and in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The N‐doped carbon‐composited Cu2S (Cu2S/C) exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 425 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, with a higher, long‐term capacity of 523 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 200 cycles; in contrast, the bare CuS electrode exhibits 123 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. Multiple‐scan cyclic voltammetry proves that extra Li+ storage can mainly be ascribed to the contribution of the capacitive storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their high theoretical capacity, transition metal oxide compounds are promising electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. However, one drawback is associated with relevant capacity fluctuations during cycling, widely observed in the literature. Such strong capacity variation can result in practical problems when positive and negative electrode materials have to be matched in a full cell. Herein, the study of ZnMn2O4 (ZMO) in a nonconventional electrolyte based on 3‐cyanopropionic acid methyl ester (CPAME) solvent and LiPF6 salt is reported for the first time. Although ZMO in LiPF6/CPAME electrolyte displays a dramatic capacity decay during the first cycles, it shows promising cycling ability and a suppressed capacity fluctuation when vinylene carbonate (VC) is used as an additive to the CPAME‐based electrolyte. To understand the nature of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), the electrochemical study is correlated to ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid ones can provide advantages in safety, and all‐solid‐state batteries with solid electrolytes are proposed to solve the issue of the formation of lithium dendrites. In this study, a crosslinked polymer composite solid electrolyte was presented, which enabled the construction of lithium batteries with outstanding electrochemical behavior over long‐term cycling. The crosslinked polymeric host was synthesized through polymerization of the terminal amines of O,O‐bis(2‐aminopropyl) polypropylene glycol‐block‐polyethylene glycol‐block‐polypropylene glycol and terminal epoxy groups of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether at 90 °C and provided an amorphous matrix for Li+ dissolution. This composite solid electrolyte containing Li+ salt and garnet filler exhibited high flexibility, which supported the formation of favorable interfaces with the active materials, and possessed enough mechanical strength to suppress the penetration of lithium dendrites. Ionic conductivities higher than 5.0×10−4 S cm−1 above 45 °C were obtained as well as a wide electrochemical stability window (>4.51 V vs. Li/Li+) and a high Li+ diffusion coefficient (≈16.6×10−13 m2 s−1). High cycling stability (>500 cycles or 1000 h) was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the response of sulfate to climate change is crucial given tight couplings between sulfate and the hydrological cycle. As the sources and sinks of sulfate are sensitive to cloud and precipitation processes, the accuracy of model simulations depends on the accuracy of these meteorological inputs. In this study, we evaluate the GEOS‐Chem model in simulating summertime surface sulfate concentrations in the continental United States across different levels of dryness and compare the model performance based on two sets of meteorological fields: Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) and MERRA‐2. Both simulations fail to reproduce observed increases in sulfate during drought, as indicated by negative correlation slopes between surface sulfate concentrations and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). This deficiency can be largely attributed to too large a decrease in clouds and hence aqueous phase sulfate production as conditions shift from wet to dry. MERRA‐2‐driven GEOS‐Chem (M2GC) shows improvements in cloud and precipitation fields relative to the MERRA‐driven GEOS‐Chem, hence eliminating approximately half of the bias in the simulated sulfate‐SPEI slope. However, M2GC still underestimates boundary layer cloud fraction, overestimates liquid water content, and overestimates the rates of the decrease in both quantities as conditions become drier. Explicitly correcting these cloud biases in M2GC results in a 60–80% reduction of the bias in the simulated sulfate‐SPEI slope. The strong sensitivity of simulated sulfate to prescribed cloud fields suggests the need for more comprehensive assessment of cloud inputs for sulfate simulations under current and future climate change scenarios. Key Points: The GEOS‐Chem model does not capture the observed sulfate response to hydroclimate variations during summertimeThe model deficiency is traced to too large a decrease in clouds and hence aqueous phase sulfate production from wet to dry conditionsSimulations with updated cloud fields better reproduce both sulfate concentration and wet deposition flux across different levels of dryness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered oxides are promising materials due to their easy diffusion path for alkali metals. Specifically, NaxCoO2 can be regarded as an appealing candidate for next‐generation sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), but the multiple steps revealed in the potential vs capacity curve have restricted its use. Herein, we report NaxCo0.9Ti0.1O2, synthesized by a high‐temperature solid‐state method, where 10 % of cobalt was substituted with titanium. Obviously, the number of potential steps found in the galvanostatic curves of NaxCoO2 has been reduced. The electrode material exhibits an initial charge capacity of 108 mAh/g within the potential window 2–4.2 V (vs. Na+/Na). The intercalation/deintercalation of NaxCo0.9Ti0.1O2 was investigated by in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (SXRD), and the results demonstrated a combined solid solution and pseudocapacitive mechanism, where the pseudocapacitive behavior is predominant in the region from 3.73 V (charge) to 3.79 V (discharge). Finally, in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has revealed an increasing impedance, specifically when inserting sodium into the structure. Electrode materials: P2‐Na0.66Co0.9Ti0.1O2 is synthesized by a solvent‐free, solid‐state method. The material exhibits an initial charge capacity of 108 mAh/g in the voltage range of 2–4.2 V. Including 10 % titanium stabilizes the structure (within the studied potential window) and reduces the number of steps revealed for NaxCoO2. The positive electrode material demonstrates a pseudocapacitive behavior and an exceptional rate capability at 5 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compatible and practical (di)arylmethylation of phosphorylamides was successfully accessed in the presence of copper iodide as the catalyst, azodiisobutyronitrile as the radical initiator, and di‐tert‐butyl peroxide as the oxidant. Both methylarenes and diaryl methanes were compatible under the oxidative conditions, enjoying broad functional groups tolerance (51 examples) and good efficiency (up to 90 % yields). A CuI‐catalyzed phosphorylamidation of benzylic C–H bonds was demonstrated. Both methylarenes and diaryl methanes were compatible in the system with broad functional groups tolerance and good efficiency (51 examples, up to 92 % yields). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient hetero-cross-dehydrogenative-coupling reaction for the formation of 2-indolylphoshites (III) is referred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]