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Microbiome has emerged as a promising indicator or predictor of human diseases. However, previous studies have typically labeled each specimen as either healthy or with a specific disease, ignoring prevalence of complications or comorbidities in actual cohorts, which may confound the microbial–disease associations. For instance, a patient may suffer from multiple diseases, making it challenging to detect their health status accurately. Furthermore, host phenotypes like physiological characteristics and lifestyles can alter microbiome structure, but such information has not yet been fully utilized in data models. To address these issues, a highly explainable deep learning (DL) method called Meta‐Spec is proposed. Using a deep neural network (DNN)‐based approach, it encodes and embeds refined host variables with microbiome features, enabling the detection of multiple diseases simultaneously. Experiments show that Meta‐Spec outperforms regular machine learning (ML) strategies for multilabel disease screening in several cohorts. More importantly, Meta‐Spec successfully detects comorbidities that are often missed by other approaches. In addition, for its high interpretability, Meta‐Spec captures key factors that shape disease patterns from host variables and microbes. Hence, these efforts improve the feasibility and sensitivity of microbiome‐based disease screening in practical scenarios, representing a significant step toward personalized medicine and better health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neuropathic pain (NP) caused by the injury or dysfunction of the nervous system is a chronic pain state accompanied by hyperalgesia, and the available clinical treatment is relatively scarce. Hyperalgesia mediated by pro‐inflammatory factors and chemokines plays an important role in the occurrence and maintenance of NP. Data treatment: Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review of experimental NP (PubMed Medline), in order to find the mechanism of inducing central sensitization and explore the intervention methods of hyperalgesia caused by real or simulated injury. Result: In this review, we sorted out the activation pathways of microglia, astrocytes and neurons, and the process of crosstalk among them. It was found that in NP, the microglia P2X4 receptor is the key target, which can activate the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway inward and then activate astrocytes and outwardly activate neuronal tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor to activate neurons. At the same time, activated neurons continue to maintain the activation of astrocytes and microglia through chemokines on CXCL13/CXCR5 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1. This crosstalk process is the key to maintaining NP. Conclusion: We summarize the further research on crosstalk among neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in the central nervous system, elaborate the ways and connections of relevant crosstalk, and find potential crosstalk targets, which provides a reference for drug development and preclinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any disturbance in the ventilation system of a mine during a coal and gas outburst can lead to secondary disasters. This is because, on the one hand, the expansion power of the outburst source makes the airflow in the ventilation system countercurrent, causing the gas in this system to exceed the allowable limit. On the other hand, the airflow density changes because of the outburst and the consequent airflow mixing in the mine roadway, thereby changing the natural wind pressure. From this, the concept of natural gas wind pressure is proposed, and a calculation method for this pressure in a 3D model mine ventilation system is derived. For the "11.10" major coal and gas outburst that occurred in Shizhuang Coal Mine in Qujing, Yunnan Province, the entire process of the counter flow and gas dispersion flow in the main and auxiliary shafts is analyzed using the TF1M 3D simulation program, including the dynamic change in the natural wind pressure in the mine in each stage. The simulation shows that during the gas outburst period, the natural gas pressure of the countercurrent circuit is greater than that of the main fan. Between 140 s and 225 s following the outburst, the natural wind pressure once overcomes the fan pressure and reverses the airflow in the 1824 transport roadway, and the gas is withdrawn from the 1727 service point. Evidently, the natural pressure of the gas produced by the outburst affects the mine ventilation system. In the event of a coal and gas outburst in a private village coal mine, if the natural gas wind pressure can be reasonably utilized and the main fan stopped or the entire mine reversed in time, casualties may be minimized. Scholars studying coal and gas outburst mines should pay attention to mine airflow disorder due to the varying natural gas wind pressure when an outburst occurs and perform simulation drills of the outburst beforehand. Thus, a scientific emergency management plan for mine disaster prevention and reduction can be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coalescence and flocculation are two challenges for the stability and efficacy of pesticide suspension concentrate (SC) during the production and storage. To improve the stability of 25% pymetrozine SC, three comb‐like poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid‐co‐polyethylene glycol methyl ether maleate) (SA‐M) with different length side chains were synthesized by free radical polymerization and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and H‐nuclear magnetic resonance. Surface‐active parameters, including critical aggregation concentration (critical micelle concentration), saturation surface excess concentration (Γmax), minimum area per molecule (Amin), and standard Gibbs free energy ΔGm0 values were obtained from surface tension measurement. It shows that the surface‐active property of SA‐M decreased with the side chain length. Besides, 25% pymetrozine SC prepared using SA‐M as dispersant had low zeta potential and low viscosity but high dispersibility and thermal storage stability. It is speculated that the formation of hydrogen bonds between nonionic branches and pymetrozine molecule at the expense of interruption of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between pymetrozine and water molecule, plays a key role in the stability mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of processing sequence on the clay dispersion, phase morphology, and thermal and rheological properties of PA6-HDPE-clay nanocomposites are investigated in this study. It has been found that the processing sequence plays a key role in the clay dispersion and phase morphology of the PA6-HDPE-clay nanocomposites. When PA6 is extruded with clay first, either in the absence or presence of HDPE, a continuous PA6 phase domain forms with exfoliated clay platelets that seem to have strong interaction with the dispersed HDPE droplets, leading to a favorable phase morphology. When HDPE is extruded with clay in the first extrusion, nonpolar HDPE molecules are sheared into the clay interlayers and form HDPE intercalated clay, and the HDPE-clay aggregates do not have strong interactions with PA6 in the second extrusion, resulting in a phase morphology of large HDPE particles of hundreds of microns in size dispersed in PA6 phase. The DSC results indicate strong interaction between the polymers and clay; in particular, it is shown there is stabilization of γ-form crystals by the compatibilizer (PEMA). Rheological characterization indicates that the PA6-HDPE-clay nanocomposites exhibit significantly high storage and complex viscosity in the entire frequency range, and the loss modulus of the nanocomposites that have an exfoliated clay dispersion is lower than that of PA6 at high frequency. The results of this study suggest two types of microstructures of the PA6-HDPE-clay nanocomposites are possible using different processing sequences. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photonic spin–orbit interactions (SOI) provide a new design paradigm of functional nanomaterials and nanostructures, and have especially accelerated advances in spin–orbit photonics. The berry phase or the geometric phase, a salient property of SOI, plays a vital role in this process. Thus, the characterization of photonic SOI processes together with the Berry phase is highly demanded for studies such as the optical spin‐Hall effect, spin‐to‐vortex conversion, and Rashba effect. Here, a spin‐selective and phase‐resolved near‐field microscopic method is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for real‐time probing and direct visualization of photonic SOI at mesoscale, and a 3D tomographic technique for imaging the spatial evolutions of the optical phases is also properly realized. By analyzing a metallic metasurface as a spin‐to‐vortex conversion platform, the abrupt geometric phase and the spatially evolutional dynamic phases are directly measured and intuitively illustrated. This work provides a powerful tool for the study of spin–orbit phenomena in near‐field optics, and can hold the promise for directly exploring the spin‐dependent surface states in plasmonics and photonic topological insulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excellent liquid repellency surfaces are achieved by using dual‐scale hydrophobic silica coating (d‐HSC) which nanoparticles in xylene‐based suspension without any further modification. The study is greatly significant for design of robust materials with self‐cleaning, anti‐icing or waterproof performances that can be extended into application of many aspects (e.g., airplane wing, wall of cooling tower in industry, packing, building, etc.). This is reported by Lei Zhou, Yongmei Zheng and co‐workers in article number 1800405. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excellent liquid repellency surfaces are achieved by using dual‐scale hydrophobic silica coating (d‐HSC) which nanoparticles in xylene‐based suspension without any further modification. The suspension can also be sprayed, dipped, or brushed on substrate to create a transparent superhydrophobic surface. It is demonstrated that the excellent repellency can be achieved for various liquid (e.g., water, milk, coffee, glycerol) as d‐HSC onto copper plate, polyvinyl chloride plate, glass slide, building stone, sponge, and tissue paper. Furthermore, with the addition of silane coupling agent, the d‐HSC shows resilience and maintains its performance to some extent after abrasion with sandpaper. A facile, low‐cost, and effective method to fabricate these multifunctional coatings on versatile substrates is developed without using the common method of fluoride vapor deposition for surface modification. The study is greatly significant for design of robust materials with self‐cleaning, anti‐icing, or waterproof performances that can be extended into application of many aspects (e.g., airplane wing, wall of cooling tower in industry, packing, building, etc.). The excellent repellency of various liquid is achieved as the dual‐scale hydrophobic silica coating on copper plate, polyvinyl chloride plate, glass slide, building stone, sponge, and tissue paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]