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The white emissions based on lead‐free perovskites with broadband emission due to self‐trapped excitons (STEs) are considered as an ideal candidate for next‐generation white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs). Recently, copper‐based halide perovskites Cs3Cu2I5@CsCu2I3 composites films with a high color‐rendering index (CRI) have been developed for WLEDs. However, the Cs3Cu2I5@CsCu2I3 composites generally exhibit a relatively low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Herein, a high PLQY up to 86.75% copper‐based perovskite Gua3Cu2I5 (Gua = guanidine) films with a broadband strong yellow STEs emission centered at 544 nm is synthesized. By combining with efficient blue STEs emission Cs3Cu2I5 component via composition engineering of Cs3Cu2I5@Gua3Cu2I5, a high PLQY of up to 96.1% is achieved on the white emission composites films. Moreover, a high CRI of 93 WLEDs is achieved by integrating Cs3Cu2I5@Gua3Cu2I5 composites film onto a UV LED chip. These findings provide a simple and effective strategy for designing highly efficient white light‐emitting diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The transcription factor GATA2 has a pivotal role in haematopoiesis. Heterozygous germline GATA2 mutations result in a syndrome characterized by immunodeficiency, bone marrow failure and predispositions to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia. Clinical symptoms in these patients are diverse and mechanisms driving GATA2‐related phenotypes are largely unknown. To explore the impact of GATA2 haploinsufficiency on haematopoiesis, we generated a zebrafish model carrying a heterozygous mutation of gata2b (gata2b+/−), an orthologue of GATA2. Morphological analysis revealed myeloid and erythroid dysplasia in gata2b+/− kidney marrow. Because Gata2b could affect both transcription and chromatin accessibility during lineage differentiation, this was assessed by single‐cell (sc) RNA‐seq and single‐nucleus (sn) ATAC‐seq. Sn‐ATAC‐seq showed that the co‐accessibility between the transcription start site (TSS) and a −3.5–4.1 kb putative enhancer was more robust in gata2b+/− zebrafish HSPCs compared to wild type, increasing gata2b expression and resulting in higher genome‐wide Gata2b motif use in HSPCs. As a result of increased accessibility of the gata2b locus, gata2b+/− chromatin was also more accessible during lineage differentiation. scRNA‐seq data revealed myeloid differentiation defects, that is, impaired cell cycle progression, reduced expression of cebpa and cebpb and increased signatures of ribosome biogenesis. These data also revealed a differentiation delay in erythroid progenitors, aberrant proliferative signatures and down‐regulation of Gata1a, a master regulator of erythropoiesis, which worsened with age. These findings suggest that cell‐intrinsic compensatory mechanisms, needed to obtain normal levels of Gata2b in heterozygous HSPCs to maintain their integrity, result in aberrant lineage differentiation, thereby representing a critical step in the predisposition to MDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite accumulating evidence linking defective lysosome function with autoimmune diseases, how the catabolic machinery is regulated to maintain immune homeostasis remains unknown. Late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and mTOR activator 5 (Lamtor5) is a subunit of the Ragulator mediating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation in response to amino acids, but its action mode and physiological role are still unclear. Here it is demonstrated that Lamtor5 level is markedly decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In parallel, the mice with myeloid Lamtor5 ablation developed SLE‐like manifestation. Impaired lysosomal function and aberrant activation of mTORC1 are evidenced in Lamtor5 deficient macrophages and PBMCs of SLE patients, accompanied by blunted autolysosomal pathway and undesirable inflammatory responses. Mechanistically, it is shown that Lamtor5 is physically associated with ATP6V1A, an essential subunit of vacuolar H+‐ATPase (v‐ATPase), and promoted the V0/V1 holoenzyme assembly to facilitate lysosome acidification. The binding of Lamtor5 to v‐ATPase affected the lysosomal tethering of Rag GTPase and weakened its interaction with mTORC1 for activation. Overall, Lamtor5 is identified as a critical factor for immune homeostasis by intergrading v‐ATPase activity, lysosome function, and mTOR pathway. The findings provide a potential therapeutic target for SLE and/or other autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between serum copper and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) lacks definitive conclusions, and the intricate interactions with in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle characteristics in infertility remain insufficiently explored. This retrospective study included 560 patients with tubal infertility (no‐PCOS) and 266 patients with PCOS undergoing IVF at the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2018 to December 2022. Patients' basic characteristics, hormonal and metabolic parameters, essential trace elements, and IVF cycle characteristics were measured and analyzed. The results revealed a significantly elevated serum copper level in the PCOS group compared to the control group [17.27 (15.54, 19.67) vs 15.4 (13.87, 17.35), μmol/L; p < .001]. Spearman correlation analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between serum copper concentration and body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose (FG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) in the no‐PCOS group. Additionally, a notable negative correlation with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) was observed (r = −.184, p < .001). Within the PCOS group, serum copper concentration correlated significantly with BMI (r = .198, p = .004) and TG (r = .214, p = .002). The linear trend analysis indicated no significant relationship between serum copper concentration and ovarian response as well as preimplantation outcomes in both groups after adjusting for confounding factors. Our study provided evidence of elevated serum copper concentration in PCOS patients, closely associated with lipid metabolism but showing no correlation with IVF outcomes. These findings provide valuable real‐world data, enriching our nuanced understanding of the role of copper in female fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing single‐component fluorochromic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with multiple stages presents a significant challenge in the field of functional and smart MOFs. In this study, this challenge is successfully addressed by designing and synthesizing a novel ligand called cyclooctatetrathiophene‐tetrapyridine (COTTTP), and incorporating it into 3D MOFs known as Zn/Cd‐COTTTP. By exploiting the intrinsic properties of COTTTP, specifically its ability to undergo geometry changes from a bent form to a more planar form, both COTTTP as an individual molecule and the resulting Zn/Cd‐COTTTP MOFs exhibit similar fluorochromic behavior. This behavior manifests as a color change from yellow to orange to red. Characterization techniques such as single crystal X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid‐state UV–vis and near‐infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy are employed to investigate and confirm the geometry change of COTTTP within the MOF structures. Furthermore, the introduction of an auxiliary rigid ligand to the system is explored, which effectively restricts the geometry change of COTTTP and subsequently diminishes the fluorochromic behavior. This work sheds new light on the design and application of smart porous materials, particularly in the realm of single‐component fluorochromic MOFs. The successful incorporation of COTTTP and the understanding of its geometry change provide insights into the development of functional and responsive MOFs for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Ghost introgression, or the transfer of genetic material from extinct or unsampled lineages to sampled species, has attracted much attention. However, conclusive evidence for ghost introgression, especially in plant species, remains scarce. Here, we newly assembled chromosome‐level genomes for both Carya sinensis and Carya cathayensis, and additionally re‐sequenced the whole genomes of 43 C. sinensis individuals as well as 11 individuals representing 11 diploid hickory species. These genomic datasets were used to investigate the reticulation and bifurcation patterns within the genus Carya (Juglandaceae), with a particular focus on the beaked hickory C. sinensis. By combining the D‐statistic and BPP methods, we obtained compelling evidence that supports the occurrence of ghost introgression in C. sinensis from an extinct ancestral hickory lineage. This conclusion was reinforced through the phylogenetic network analysis and a genome scan method VolcanoFinder, the latter of which can detect signatures of adaptive introgression from unknown donors. Our results not only dispel certain misconceptions about the phylogenetic history of C. sinensis but also further refine our understanding of Carya's biogeography via divergence estimates. Moreover, the successful integration of the D‐statistic and BPP methods demonstrates their efficacy in facilitating a more precise identification of introgression types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li5FeO4 (LFO) is emerging as a promising prelithiation additive due to the high lithium donor capacity (>700 mAh g−1), cheap raw materials, good environmental adaptability, and reliable synthesis approach. However, LFO suffers from extremely poor air stability and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Herein, LFO is subjected to different atmospheres (the main component of air) of O2, CO2, N2, and 30% humidity air to unravel its reaction mechanism with air and the interfacial chemistry. It is found that Li+ ions will escape from the LFO crystal lattice to construct Li2O, Li2CO3, and LiOH impurity phases with an obvious change of LFO surface morphology in contact with O2, CO2, and humidity air. These insulating species remarkedly inhibit Li+ ion diffusion from the material and thus lead to an increment of interfacial impedance and an apparent capacity degradation. Consequently, the initial charging capacity decays rapidly from 681.5 to 169.4 mAh g−1 (under O2) and to 54.8 mAh g−1 (under CO2), respectively. In this regard, a facile coating strategy is proposed on the surface of LFO to effectively improve its air stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) within ether‐based electrolytes are essential intermediates pivotal in instigating the shuttle effect. Suppressing the generation of cationic LiPSs is crucial for enhancing the performance of high‐energy‐density Li‐S batteries in practical applications. Herein, for the first time, it is demonstrated that cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) can significantly enhance the dissociation of LiPSs, leading to a decrease in cationic LiPSs species within the electrolyte. Employing NMR and in‐situ Raman spectroscopy, it is observed that CoPc interacts with sulfur anions within LiPSs, modifying the dissociation equilibrium of LiPSs in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME)/1,3‐dioxolane (DOL) electrolyte. This CoPc‐mediated shift toward dissociation equilibrium reduces the concentration of cationic LiPSs, effectively suppressing the electromigration of LiPSs intermediates toward the Li anode during the charging process of Li‐S battery. As a result, the Li‐S battery enabled a high reversible areal capacity of 4.2 mAh cm−2 at a high sulfur loading of 5.0 mg cm−2 and a low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio of 3 µL mgs−1. This work affords a promising strategy for tackling the fundamental challenges regarding Li‐S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in‐depth understanding of the composition‐property‐performance relationship of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is the basis of developing a reliable SEI to stablize the Zn anode‐electrolyte interface, but it remains unclear in rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries. Herein, a well‐designed electrolyte based on 2 M Zn(CF3SO3)2‐0.2 M acrylamide‐0.2 M ZnSO4 is proposed. A robust polymer (polyacrylamide)‐inorganic (Zn4SO4(OH)6.xH2O) hybrid SEI is in situ constructed on Zn anodes through controllable polymerization of acrylamide and coprecipitation of SO42− with Zn2+ and OH−. For the first time, the underlying SEI composition‐property‐performance relationship is systematically investigated and correlated. The results showed that the polymer‐inorganic hybrid SEI, which integrates the high modulus of the inorganic component with the high toughness of the polymer ingredient, can realize high reversibility and long‐term interfacial stability, even under ultrahigh areal current density and capacity (30 mA cm−2~30 mAh cm−2). The resultant Zn||NH4V4O10 cell also exhibits excellent cycling stability. This work will provide a guidance for the rational design of SEI layers in rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in‐depth understanding of the composition‐property‐performance relationship of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is the basis of developing a reliable SEI to stablize the Zn anode‐electrolyte interface, but it remains unclear in rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries. Herein, a well‐designed electrolyte based on 2 M Zn(CF3SO3)2‐0.2 M acrylamide‐0.2 M ZnSO4 is proposed. A robust polymer (polyacrylamide)‐inorganic (Zn4SO4(OH)6.xH2O) hybrid SEI is in situ constructed on Zn anodes through controllable polymerization of acrylamide and coprecipitation of SO42− with Zn2+ and OH−. For the first time, the underlying SEI composition‐property‐performance relationship is systematically investigated and correlated. The results showed that the polymer‐inorganic hybrid SEI, which integrates the high modulus of the inorganic component with the high toughness of the polymer ingredient, can realize high reversibility and long‐term interfacial stability, even under ultrahigh areal current density and capacity (30 mA cm−2~30 mAh cm−2). The resultant Zn||NH4V4O10 cell also exhibits excellent cycling stability. This work will provide a guidance for the rational design of SEI layers in rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring on reliability modeling and analysis on a marine equipment in a dynamic environment is a meaningful and challenging issue, because the system commonly carries out the task at sea away from land and suffers a distinct influence of environment. Thus, a reliability model of a multi‐state repairable system operating in dynamic environment is developed by introducing the background of the marine power system in this paper. The novelty of the research lies in the modeling and computing methods are relatively innovative by employing the aggregated stochastic processes, Hadamard production and matrix‐analytic method. First, the working modes of the marine power system under several different kinds of conditions are introduced. Then, the evolution of both the system states and environment are described as discrete‐time Markov chains with multiple and different transition probability matrices. The failure probability and repair probability of components are also distinct in different environments. Furthermore, some performance indexes, especially the index relevant to the environment, are derived, respectively. Finally, the conclusion is obtained by a numerical example of the marine power system, which also illustrates the validity and applicability of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) into thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters holds great promise for the advancement of highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Despite recent advancements, a thorough comprehension of the underlying mechanisms remains imperative for the practical application of such materials. In this work, we introduce a novel approach aimed at modulating the TADF process by manipulating dynamic processes in excited states through aggregation effect. Our findings reveal that aggregation not only enhances both prompt and delayed fluorescence simultaneously but also imposes constraints on molecular reorientation. This constraint reinforces spin‐orbit coupling and reduces the energy gap between singlets and triplets. These insights deepen our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing the aggregation effect on TADF materials and provide valuable guidance for the design of high‐efficiency photoluminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating spin dynamics in electrocatalysis is crucial for the rational design of magnetically heterogeneous catalysts. Utilizing spin‐polarized density functional theory calculation, herein, the spin dynamic of diatomic Co₂‐supported γ‐graphyne (Co2‐GY) catalysts during the process of CO electroreduction (eCORR) is identified, focusing on the effect of the applied potential and acidity on spin dynamic and catalytic performance. In particular, the obtained Co2‐GY shows a new efficient C2 pathway of CH2* + CHO* coupling mechanism, resulting in the optimal CH3CH2OH product with ∆G of 0.50 eV and the selectivity of 99.99% under alkaline conditions. Under acidic media, Co2‐GY exhibits the optimal C1 product (CH3OH) with ∆G of 0.27 eV and a selectivity of 99.99%. During CO electroreduction, the reaction environment (pH and applied potential) influences spin dynamics in catalyst‐reactant systems, affecting the spin transition of diatomic Co2 active sites among four magnetic states: ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic. These findings will be helpful for the rational design of transition‐metal heterogeneous catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current complex situations of electronic intelligence (ELINT), the authors present a radar emitter structure (RES) identification method based on deep learning at a new level to address the issue of incomplete cognitive information. Firstly, due to the fact that existing simulation data cannot fully reflect the structure features of the entire radar emitter, the structure feature‐level RES model is built using direct digital synthesiser (DDS) technology and radio frequency (RF) simulation platform. Afterwards, considering that the structure features are reflected in the frequency domain, a stacked frequency sparse auto encoder (sFSAE) network is constructed by adding a constraint term in frequency domain to the loss function of sparse auto encoder (SAE). Using deep learning to extract structure features with constraints in different domains is instructive for feature extraction techniques under variable operating parameters. Finally, the extracted structure features are input into the Softmax classifier to perform the identification from the radar signal to the RES. The experimental results show that the proposed method has high generalisation ability and robustness under different modulation types, different operating parameters and different signal to noise ratio (SNR). It also has a high identification rate even for untrained modulated signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the existence of various super‐resolution (SR) methods, most of them focus on designing models for specific upscaling factors rather than fully exploiting inter‐scale correlation to improve efficiency. In contrast, multi‐scale SR methods can effectively reduce the redundancy of network parameters by aggregating the feature extraction processes corresponding to multiple scales into a unified process. The aim of this study is to enhance the compactness and efficiency of the SR model. Thus, an efficient multi‐scale SR method called the diverse branch feature refinement network (DBFRN) is proposed. By decoupling the training process and inference process based on the idea of structural re‐parameterization, multi‐branch topology is adopted to enrich multi‐scale learning and merge branches to achieve efficient inference with equivalent effects. Specifically, two re‐parameterization strategies are designed and two corresponding feature refinement blocks for different feature levels in multi‐scale SR network. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed multi‐scale SR method is effective and efficient, and it can outperform advanced single‐scale methods in terms of quantity and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusions To compare safety and efficacy of isolated and combined UV‐light corneal crosslinking (CXL) and fine‐needle diathermy (FND) to regress pathological corneal vessels in vivo.Mice with inflamed and pathologically vascularized corneas received CXL or FND as monotherapy or a combination of both treatments. Corneal pathological blood and lymphatic vessels, immune cells and the morphology of anterior segment structures were evaluated.All three approaches were able to regress blood and lymphatic vessels in mice. A comparative analysis of the three methods revealed that the FND monotherapy and the CXL + FND combination were significantly more effective than the CXL monotherapy, one and 2 weeks after therapy and especially in regressing lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, the combination therapy induced significantly less immune cell recruitment compared to the monotherapies. All three methods were safe to use in regards of corneal integrity.A combination of FND and CXL led to regression of pathological corneal lymphatic and blood vessels and reduced the infiltration of immune cells into inflamed murine corneas. This approach offers a new effective, safe and clinically usable strategy to treat eyes with mature pathological blood vessels and even more so for lymphatic vessels, for example prior to high‐risk corneal transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming polyolefin waste into liquid alkanes through tandem cracking‐alkylation reactions catalyzed by Lewis‐acid chlorides offers an efficient route for single‐step plastic upcycling. Lewis acids in dichloromethane establish a polar environment that stabilizes carbenium ion intermediates and catalyzes hydride transfer, enabling breaking of polyethylene C−C bonds and forming C−C bonds in alkylation. Here, we show that efficient and selective deconstruction of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) to liquid alkanes is achieved with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and gallium chloride (GaCl3). Already at 60 °C, complete LDPE conversion was achieved, while maintaining the selectivity for gasoline‐range liquid alkanes over 70 %. AlCl3 showed an exceptional conversion rate of 5000 gLDPEmolcat-1h-1 ${{{\rm g}}_{{\rm L}{\rm D}{\rm P}{\rm E}}{{\rm \ }{\rm m}{\rm o}{\rm l}}_{{\rm c}{\rm a}{\rm t}}^{-1}{{\rm \ }{\rm h}}^{-1}}$ , surpassing other Lewis acid catalysts by two orders of magnitude. Through kinetic and mechanistic studies, we show that the rates of LDPE conversion do not correlate directly with the intrinsic strength of the Lewis acids or steric constraints that may limit the polymer to access the Lewis acid sites. Instead, the rates for the tandem processes of cracking and alkylation are primarily governed by the rates of initiation of carbenium ions and the subsequent intermolecular hydride transfer. Both jointly control the relative rates of cracking and alkylation, thereby determining the overall conversion and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming polyolefin waste into liquid alkanes through tandem cracking‐alkylation reactions catalyzed by Lewis‐acid chlorides offers an efficient route for single‐step plastic upcycling. Lewis acids in dichloromethane establish a polar environment that stabilizes carbenium ion intermediates and catalyzes hydride transfer, enabling breaking of polyethylene C−C bonds and forming C−C bonds in alkylation. Here, we show that efficient and selective deconstruction of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) to liquid alkanes is achieved with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and gallium chloride (GaCl3). Already at 60 °C, complete LDPE conversion was achieved, while maintaining the selectivity for gasoline‐range liquid alkanes over 70 %. AlCl3 showed an exceptional conversion rate of 5000 gLDPEmolcat-1h-1 ${{{\rm g}}_{{\rm L}{\rm D}{\rm P}{\rm E}}{{\rm \ }{\rm m}{\rm o}{\rm l}}_{{\rm c}{\rm a}{\rm t}}^{-1}{{\rm \ }{\rm h}}^{-1}}$ , surpassing other Lewis acid catalysts by two orders of magnitude. Through kinetic and mechanistic studies, we show that the rates of LDPE conversion do not correlate directly with the intrinsic strength of the Lewis acids or steric constraints that may limit the polymer to access the Lewis acid sites. Instead, the rates for the tandem processes of cracking and alkylation are primarily governed by the rates of initiation of carbenium ions and the subsequent intermolecular hydride transfer. Both jointly control the relative rates of cracking and alkylation, thereby determining the overall conversion and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are organic‐inorganic hybrid materials with exceptionally customizable composition and properties. MOFs intrinsically possess open metal sites, tunable pore size/shape and an ultra‐large specific surface area, and have obtained significant attention over the past 30 years. Furthermore, through the integration of functional moieties such as, molecules, functional groups, noble metal clusters and nanocrystals or nanoparticles into MOFs, the resulting composites have greatly enriched the physical and chemical properties of pure MOFs, enabling their application in a wider range of fields. Triethylamine (TEA) as an organic base has consistently played a fundamental role in the development of MOFs. In this Concept, the versatility of triethylamine when involved in the synthesis of MOFs is discussed. Four sections are used to elaborate on the role of TEA including: (1) Single crystal synthesis; (2) Size and morphology control; (3) Counterion of MOFs; (4) MOFs composites synthesis. In the last part, we highlight the potential of TEA for further developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trade‐off between growth and defence against biotic stresses is common in plants. Fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë may relieve this trade‐off in their host grasses since they can simultaneously induce plant growth and produce antiherbivore alkaloids that circumvent the need for host defence. The Epichloë ability to decouple the growth‐defence trade‐off was evaluated by subjecting ryegrass with and without Epichloë endophytes to an exogenous treatment with gibberellin (GA) followed by a challenge with Rhopalosiphum padi aphids. In agreement with the endophyte‐mediated trade‐off decoupling hypothesis, the GA‐derived promotion of plant growth increased the susceptibility to aphids in endophyte‐free plants but did not affect the insect resistance in endophyte‐symbiotic plants. In line with the unaltered insect resistance, the GA treatment did not reduce the concentration of Epichloë‐derived alkaloids. The Epichloë mycelial biomass was transiently increased by the GA treatment but at the expense of hyphal integrity. The response of the phyllosphere bacterial microbiota to both GA treatment and Epichloë was also evaluated. Only Epichloë, and not the GA treatment, altered the composition of the phyllosphere microbiota and the abundance of certain bacterial taxa. Our findings clearly demonstrate that Epichloë does indeed relieve the plant growth‐defence trade‐off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of the impact of corrosion defects on the integrity and safe operation of through‐wall pipelines is critical. In this work, a finite element‐based model was developed to study the mechano‐electrochemical (M‐E) effects of external corrosion defects on 10CrMoAl steel pipelines. The effects of parameters such as defect sizes and internal pressures on pipeline conditions are also studied. The results show that increased corrosion depth leads to stress concentration at the center of the defect. The increase in internal pressure causes local plastic deformation and anodic current density concentration at the inner edge of the defect and in the adjacent areas of the defect. M‐E interaction causes the growth of corrosion defects significantly at higher internal pressures. The corrosion defects increase with time. As the pressure increases, the failure pressure of the pipeline gradually decreases. The influence of defect depth on the corrosion rate at the defect is greater than that of defect width. With increasing in internal pressure and corrosion defect size, it will lead to more severe plastic deformation, resulting in accelerated corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a great challenge to integrate incompatible subunits into ordered macroscopic materials with tailored functionalities. Herein, a facile modular assembly strategy is demonstrated to link incompatible colloidal nanocrystals and polymer micelles by using the phenolic resol as the “molecule glue” for the synthesis of nanocrystal‐inserted mesoporous frameworks with diverse functionalities. It is found that the uniform nanocrystals can be inserted into the mesoporous frameworks with outstanding spatial dispersity, even in the case of high incorporation density. This modular assembly route is versatile, a library of nanocrystals with diverse diameters, shapes, and compositions can be integrated into various kinds of mesoporous frameworks (carbon, carbon‐SiO2, and carbon‐TiO2 composites). Unprecedently, this strategy also allows the controllable assembly of two, even three types of nanocrystals within the mesoporous frameworks to achieve multiple functionalities. The as‐prepared nanocomposites can simultaneously exhibit catalytic, magnetic, and adsorption properties independently, and show synergistic effects for tandem catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction Materials and Methods Results Conclusions Our aim was to investigate the optimal fasting glucose (FPG) range in Chinese older adults with type 2 diabetes, and to clarify whether the optimal range varies according to the control of risk factors.The baseline survey for the cohort study began in 2018, with follow up ending in 2022. Our study enrolled 59,030 older diabetes patients with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Participants were divided into nine groups based on their baseline glycemic status. The association between FPG and the risk of adverse outcomes was mainly estimated by multivariate Cox proportional risk models and restricted spline analysis.During the 4‐year follow‐up period, a total of 5,637 deaths and 4,904 CVD events occurred. The associations of FPG with mortality and CVD events showed J‐shaped curves. Among all‐cause deaths, the hazard ratios for FPG ≤4.50 and >11.50 mmol/L were 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31–1.71) and 1.84 (95% CI 1.67–2.02). Among CVD, the hazard ratios for FPG ≤4.50 and >11.50 mmol/L were 1.31 (95% CI 1.13–1.53) and 1.71 (95% CI 1.54–1.89), respectively. The optimal FPG ranges of all‐cause mortality and CVD were 5.50–7.50 and 4.50–7.50 mmol/L, respectively. For participants with at least two risk factors, the optimal FPG levels were higher than those with fewer risk factors.In older Chinese diabetes patients, the FPG ranges related to the minimum death and CVD event rates were 5.50–7.50 and 4.50–7.50 mmol/L, respectively. Patients with more cardiovascular risk factors had higher optimal blood glucose ranges than those with fewer risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we study certain characteristics of the solution for an equation involving uniformly elliptic nonlocal operator by establishing various maximum principles in bounded and unbounded regions. Additionally, we don't need the conditions that the narrow region principle's bound assumption and decay in the unbounded domain. In order to get the monotonicity of the solution, we use several maximum principles and averaging effects to overcome the challenges that generated by the uniformly elliptic nonlocal operator and fractional‐order variable t$$ t $$. Of course, while investigating the qualitative characteristics of the equation, we also provide some estimates of auxiliary function. For the study of additional nonlocal operators, we believe the method of uniformly elliptic nonlocal operators will also be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of flexible ferromagnetic films in the application of flexible spintronic devices and microwave magnetic devices underscores the necessity for an in‐depth understanding of the dynamic magnetic properties of these films. In particular, it is crucial to comprehend the regulation of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequency of flexible ferromagnetic films. This work outlines the preparation of periodic permalloy microstrip arrays with stripe domain on flexible PET films and applies them to linearly tune the FMR. The high‐frequency optical branch (5.17 GHz) and low‐frequency acoustic branch (2.89 GHz) are observed in the direction perpendicular (x‐direction) and parallel (y‐direction) to the microstrip, respectively. The Young's modulus mismatch between the PET film and permalloy layer leads to the directional distribution of local tension. This results in the enhancement of the Ht (219.4 Oe) required for the in‐plane uniform precession on the PET film, compared to that on the Si substrate (181.6 Oe). By adjusting the width and thickness of the permalloy microstrip, Ht can be adjusted linearly on the PET film. This flexible ferromagnetic film with linear regulation of FMR frequency presents a new option for the future development of flexible microwave detectors and filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial policy, as one of the most potent weapons employed by governments, is recommended to adhere to the principles of high relatedness and high economic complexity, which can minimize risks and maximize returns. However, this approach may not be optimal in developing countries with poor industrial bases, limited innovative capabilities and weak institutional frameworks. Based on relatedness and economic complexity, this study illustrates the evolution paths of industrial policy in China and identifies underlying influencing factors deciding the patterns of policymaking. Different from developed countries, it takes several steps for developing countries to reach the final target, the smart specialization approach, instead of one‐step jumping. Moreover, industrial policy is not always the panacea, and the effects of industrial policy vary depending on local contexts. In sum, this study extends research towards the complex co‐evolution process of policy and industries in developing countries and provides more insights for policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the association between the preoperative Bioenergetic Health Index (BHI) of platelets and the occurrence of postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly patients. Methods: Elderly patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were included. The presence of POD was assessed within the 3 days after surgery. Seahorse XF analysis and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to evaluate the mitochondrial metabolism and morphology of platelets. Results: A total of 20 out of 162 participants developed POD. Participants with POD showed lower preoperative Mini‐Mental State Examination scores and total protein levels, fewer educational years, longer surgery duration, higher mean platelet volume, and lower platelet BHI compared with those without POD. Damaged mitochondria with swollen appearance and distorted cristae was detected in platelets from participants with POD. Preoperative platelet BHI was independently associated with the occurrence of POD after adjusting for age, education, preoperative Mini‐Mental State Examination score, preoperative mean platelet volume and total protein levels, surgical type and duration, and lymphocyte counts on the first postoperative day (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03–0.37, p < 0.001). The areas under the receiver operating curves for predicting POD were 0.83 (95% CI 0.76–0.88) for platelet BHI. It showed a sensitivity of 85.00% and specificity of 73.24%, with an optimal cutoff value of 1.61. Using a serial combination (mean platelet volume followed by BHI) yielded a sensitivity of 80.00% and specificity of 82.39%. Interpretation: Preoperative platelet BHI was independently associated with the occurrence of POD in elderly patients and has the potential as a screening biomarker for POD risk. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:74–86 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aptamer‐based probes are pivotal components in various sensing strategies, owing to their exceptional specificity and versatile programmable structure. Nevertheless, numerous aptamer‐based probes usually offer only a single function, limiting their capacity to meet the diverse requirements of multi‐faceted sensing systems. Here, we introduced supersandwich DNA probes (SSW‐DNA), designed and modified on the outer surface of nanochannels with hydrophobic inner walls, enabling dual functionality: qualitative detection for on‐site analysis and quantitative detection for precise analysis. The fragmented DNAs resulting from the target recognition, are subsequently identified through lateral flow assays, enabling robust on‐site qualitative detection of microcystin‐LR with an impressively low limit of detection (LOD) at 0.01 μg/L. Meanwhile, the nanochannels enable highly sensitive quantification of microcystin‐LR through the current analysis, achieving an exceptionally low LOD at 2.5×10−7 μg/L, with a broad dynamic range spanning from 1×10−6 to 1×102 μg/L. Furthermore, the process of target recognition introduces just a single potential error propagation, which reduces the overall risk of errors during the entire qualitative and quantitative detection process. This sensing strategy broadens the scope of applications for aptamer‐based composite probes, holding promising implications across diverse fields, such as medical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aptamer‐based probes are pivotal components in various sensing strategies, owing to their exceptional specificity and versatile programmable structure. Nevertheless, numerous aptamer‐based probes usually offer only a single function, limiting their capacity to meet the diverse requirements of multi‐faceted sensing systems. Here, we introduced supersandwich DNA probes (SSW‐DNA), designed and modified on the outer surface of nanochannels with hydrophobic inner walls, enabling dual functionality: qualitative detection for on‐site analysis and quantitative detection for precise analysis. The fragmented DNAs resulting from the target recognition, are subsequently identified through lateral flow assays, enabling robust on‐site qualitative detection of microcystin‐LR with an impressively low limit of detection (LOD) at 0.01 μg/L. Meanwhile, the nanochannels enable highly sensitive quantification of microcystin‐LR through the current analysis, achieving an exceptionally low LOD at 2.5×10−7 μg/L, with a broad dynamic range spanning from 1×10−6 to 1×102 μg/L. Furthermore, the process of target recognition introduces just a single potential error propagation, which reduces the overall risk of errors during the entire qualitative and quantitative detection process. This sensing strategy broadens the scope of applications for aptamer‐based composite probes, holding promising implications across diverse fields, such as medical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eltrombopag was approved as a first‐line treatment for patients older than 2 years old with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). However, data on eltrombopag in children with different types of aplastic anemia (AA), especially non‐severe AA (NSAA), are limited. We performed a prospective, single‐arm, and observational study to investigate eltrombopag's efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics in children with NSAA, SAA, and very severe AA (VSAA). The efficacy and safety were assessed every 3 months. The population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model was used to depict the pharmacokinetic profile of eltrombopag. Twenty‐three AA children with an average age of 7.9 (range of 3.0–14.0) years were enrolled. The response (complete and partial response) rate was 12.5%, 50.0%, and 100.0% after 3, 6, and 12 months in patients with NSAA. For patients with SAA and VSAA, these response rates were 46.7%, 61.5%, and 87.5%. Hepatotoxicity occurred in one patient. Fifty‐three blood samples were used to build the PPK model. Body weight was the only covariate for apparent clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution. The allele‐T carrier of adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette transporter G2 was found to increase eltrombopag's clearance. However, when normalized by weight, the clearance between the wild‐type and variant showed no statistical difference. In patients with response, children with NSAA exhibited lower area under the curve from time zero to infinity, higher CL/F, and higher weight‐adjusted CL/F than those with SAA or VSAA. However, the differences were not statistically significant. The results may support further individualized treatment of eltrombopag in children with AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ex vivo red blood cell (RBC) production generates unsatisfactory erythroid cells. A deep exploration into terminally differentiated cells is required to understand the impairments for RBC generation and the underlying mechanisms. Here, we mapped an atlas of terminally differentiated cells from umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCBMN) and pluripotent stem cells (PSC) and observed their dynamic regulation of erythropoiesis at single‐cell resolution. Interestingly, we detected a few progenitor cells and non‐erythroid cells from both origins. In PSC‐derived erythropoiesis (PSCE), the expression of haemoglobin switch regulators (BCL11A and ZBTB7A) were significantly absent, which could be the restraint for its adult globin expression. We also found that PSCE were less active in stress erythropoiesis than in UCBMN‐derived erythropoiesis (UCBE), and explored an agonist of stress erythropoiesis gene, TRIB3, could enhance the expression of adult globin in PSCE. Compared with UCBE, there was a lower expression of epigenetic‐related proteins (e.g., CASPASE 3 and UBE2O) and transcription factors (e.g., FOXO3 and TAL1) in PSCE, which might restrict PSCE's enucleation. Moreover, we characterized a subpopulation with high proliferation capacity marked by CD99high in colony‐forming unit‐erythroid cells. Inhibition of CD99 reduced the proliferation of PSC‐derived cells and facilitated erythroid maturation. Furthermore, CD99–CD99 mediated the interaction between macrophages and erythroid cells, illustrating a mechanism by which macrophages participate in erythropoiesis. This study provided a reference for improving ex vivo RBC generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast with the well‐established C(sp2)−SCF3 cross‐coupling to forge the Ar−SCF3 bond, the corresponding enantioselective coupling of readily available alkyl electrophiles to forge chiral C(sp3)−SCF3 bond has remained largely unexplored. We herein disclose a copper‐catalyzed enantioselective radical C(sp3)−SCF3 coupling of a range of secondary/tertiary benzyl radicals with the easily available (Me4N)SCF3 reagent. The key to the success lies in the utilization of chiral phosphino‐oxazoline‐derived anionic N,N,P‐ligands through tuning electronic and steric effects for the simultaneous control of the reaction initiation and enantioselectivity. This strategy can successfully realize two types of asymmetric radical reactions, including enantioconvergent C(sp3)−SCF3 cross‐coupling of racemic benzyl halides and three‐component 1,2‐carbotrifluoromethylthiolation of arylated alkenes under mild reaction conditions. It therefore provides a highly flexible platform for the rapid assembly of an array of enantioenriched SCF3‐containing molecules of interest in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast with the well‐established C(sp2)−SCF3 cross‐coupling to forge the Ar−SCF3 bond, the corresponding enantioselective coupling of readily available alkyl electrophiles to forge chiral C(sp3)−SCF3 bond has remained largely unexplored. We herein disclose a copper‐catalyzed enantioselective radical C(sp3)−SCF3 coupling of a range of secondary/tertiary benzyl radicals with the easily available (Me4N)SCF3 reagent. The key to the success lies in the utilization of chiral phosphino‐oxazoline‐derived anionic N,N,P‐ligands through tuning electronic and steric effects for the simultaneous control of the reaction initiation and enantioselectivity. This strategy can successfully realize two types of asymmetric radical reactions, including enantioconvergent C(sp3)−SCF3 cross‐coupling of racemic benzyl halides and three‐component 1,2‐carbotrifluoromethylthiolation of arylated alkenes under mild reaction conditions. It therefore provides a highly flexible platform for the rapid assembly of an array of enantioenriched SCF3‐containing molecules of interest in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor‐related motor reorganization remains unclear. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) can investigate plasticity non‐invasively. nTMS‐induced motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) of different muscles are commonly used to measure the center of gravity (CoG), the location with the highest density of corticospinal neurons in the precentral gyrus. We hypothesized that a peripheral innervation‐based MEP analysis could outline the tumor‐induced motor reorganization with a higher clinical and oncological relevance. Then, 21 patients harboring tumors inside the left corticospinal tract (CST) or precentral gyrus were enrolled in group one (G1), and 24 patients with tumors outside the left CST or precentral gyrus were enrolled in Group 2 (G2). Median‐ and ulnar‐nerve‐based MEP analysis combined with diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking was used to explore motor function distribution. There was no significant difference in CoGs or size of motor regions and underlying tracts between G1 and G2. However, G1 involved a sparser distribution of motor regions and more motor‐positive sites in the supramarginal gyrus—tumors inside motor areas induced motor reorganization. We propose an "anchor‐and‐ship theory" hypothesis for this process of motor reorganization: motor CoGs are stably located in the cortical projection area of the CST, like a seated anchor, as the core area for motor output. Primary motor regions can relocate to nearby gyri via synaptic plasticity and association fibers, like a ship moving around its anchor. This principle can anticipate functional reorganization and be used as a neuro‐oncological tool for local therapy, such as radiotherapy or surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of sensitive fluorescent chromophores with integrated aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) properties are attractive due to the tunable emission properties and increased intensity. However, this type of chromophore has yet to be exemplified mechanistically. In this study, a strategy is presented for manipulating the formation of TICT and the AIE effect through molecular engineering. The feasibility of TICT properties is validated by theoretical calculations and ultrafast spectroscopies. By precisely adjusting the hydrophobicity of the donor group, the fluorescence is significantly enhanced through the addition of poor solvent. These findings not only provide mechanistic elucidation for chromophores exhibiting integrated TICT and AIE properties in various environmental conditions but also underscore the critical factors for the systematic design of chromophores with high tunability and strong emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The network structure of digital watermarking algorithm based on deep learning is usually encoder‐noise layer‐decoder. Most of the existing encoders suffer from the problem of insufficient feature extraction, and the introduction of simulated differentiable joint photographic experts group (JPEG) compression in the noise layer cannot ensure the robustness under real JPEG. In this paper, a watermarking algorithm based on multi‐scale auto‐encoder is proposed, which can effectively extract the image feature information by combining with the channel attention mechanism. At the same time, some parameters of decoder and encoder are shared to reduce redundant feature embedding and improve extraction accuracy. This paper also proposes a robust training scheme against JPEG compression, which can guide the model to store the watermark in the low‐frequency region needed for decoding. Experimental results show that the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) of the proposed algorithm is above 48 and the decoding rate is above 99% under JPEG compression with quality factor Q = 50. Moreover, this scheme can effectively promote the combination of noise layer in training. In addition, the proposed algorithm is also robust to other common network noises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Printed circuit boards play an increasingly important role in modern electronic systems. Equivalent dipole moments are widely used to reconstruct the radiated fields of printed circuit boards in view of the extremely high complexity. In this paper, an improved source reconstruction method based on complex‐valued neural network is proposed to investigate the radiation properties of printed circuit boards working in microwave frequency band. Firstly, the magnetic field data obtained from the near‐field scanning are utilized to construct a matrix equation based on the source reconstruction theory. Secondly, the kernel of the complex‐valued neural network is constructed through the algorithm of complex numbers, which eventually end up with the novel neural network with the help of the principle of regression optimization. Thirdly, the data obtained from the near‐field scanning are fed into the neural network for effective training to get the equivalent dipole model. Finally, several numerical examples and available measurement results are given to validate the method. Compared with the commonly used Tikhonov regularization method, the proposed method possesses higher accuracy and better robustness in noise suppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ground‐state structure, average binding energy (Eb), fragmentation energies (ΔE), second‐order difference energy (Δ2E), gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO‐LUMO), vertical ionization potential (VIP), vertical electron affinity (VEA), and charge transfer of SnnAln (n = 2–12) clusters are evaluated by density functional theory (DFT). With an increase in the cluster size n, Al atoms aggregate in the geometric center of the cluster, and Sn atoms encapsulate Al atoms in the periphery of the cluster. The variation of ΔE, Δ2E, the HOMO‐LUMO gap, VIP, and VEA of the SnnAln clusters follows similar trends, with certain odd–even oscillations. However, beyond the cluster size n ≥ 9, the HOMO‐LUMO gap decreases significantly, and the VIP and VEA fluctuate significantly, indicating a deterioration of the relative stability of the cluster. Charge transfer proceeds from the Sn atom to the Al atom. This study provides an analysis of the interaction between Sn and Al at the atomic level and explains the segregation phenomenon during the preparation of tin‐aluminum alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ischemic stroke (IS) is a cerebrovascular disease with high incidence and mortality. White matter repair plays an important role in the long‐term recovery of neurological function after cerebral ischemia. Neuroprotective microglial responses can promote white matter repair and protect ischemic brain tissue. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate whether hypoxic postconditioning (HPC) can promote white matter repair after IS, and the role and mechanism of microglial polarization in white matter repair after HPC treatment. Materials & Methods: Adult male C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: Sham group (Sham), MCAO group (MCAO), and hypoxic postconditioning group (HPC). HPC group were subjected to 45 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) immediately followed by 40 min of HPC. Results: The results showed that HPC reduced the proinflammatory level of immune cells. Furthermore, HPC promoted the transformation of microglia to anti‐inflammatory phenotype on the third day after the procedure. HPC promoted the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and increased the expression of myelination‐related proteins on the 14th day. On the 28th day, HPC increased the expression of mature oligodendrocytes, which enhanced myelination. At the same time, the motor neurological function of mice was restored. Discussion: During the acute phase of cerebral ischemia, the function of proinflammatory immune cells was enhanced, long‐term white matter damage was aggravated, and motor sensory function was decreased. Conclusion: HPC promotes protective microglial responses and white matter repair after MCAO, which may be related to the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of long‐acting gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) long protocol on in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) outcomes of patients with repeated implantation failure (RIF). Methods: The present study was carried out from June 1, 2016 to June 30, 2021. A total of 665 patients with RIF were enrolled into the study and classified by the ovarian stimulation protocols. The outcome parameters were compared in each group. In addition, we evaluated the expression of homeobox A10 (HOXA10), integrin β3 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in endometrial tissues between groups by quantitative RT‐PCR. Results: Patients who received the long‐acting GnRHa long protocol had significantly higher clinical pregnancy rates (58.0%, 41.7% and 39.9%, respectively; P = 0.008 and 0.003), implantation rates (38.1%, 30.3%, and 30.1%, respectively; P = 0.001 and <0.001) and live birth rates (50.3%, 36.3%, and 31.3%, respectively; P = 0.020 and 0.002) compared with the short‐acting GnRHa long protocol and GnRH antagonist protocol. In addition, we found that long‐acting GnRHa could improve the expression of HOXA10 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The long‐acting GnRHa long protocol could improve endometrial receptivity and IVF/ICSI clinical outcomes of RIF patients compared with the short‐acting GnRHa long protocol and GnRH antagonist protocol. Synopsis: The long‐acting GnRHa long protocol could improves the clinical pregnancy rate, implantation rate and live birth rate of RIF patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversion‐type electrodes offer a promising multielectron transfer alternative to intercalation hosts with potentially high‐capacity release in batteries. However, the poor cycle stability severely hinders their application, especially in aqueous multivalence‐ion systems, which can fundamentally impute to anisotropic ion diffusion channel collapse in pristine crystals and irreversible bond fracture during repeated conversion. Here, an amorphous bismuth sulfide (a‐BS) formed in situ with unprecedentedly self‐controlled moderate conversion Cu2+ storage is proposed to comprehensively regulate the isotropic ion diffusion channels and highly reversible bond evolution. Operando synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and substantive verification tests reveal that the total destruction of the Bi─S bond and unsustainable deep alloying are fully restrained. The amorphous structure with robust ion diffusion channels, unique self‐controlled moderate conversion, and high electrical conductivity discharge products synergistically boosts the capacity (326.7 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), rate performance (194.5 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and long‐lifespan stability (over 8000 cycles with a decay rate of only 0.02 ‰ per cycle). Moreover, the a‐BS Cu2+‖Zn2+ hybrid ion battery can well supply a stable energy density of 238.6 Wh kg−1 at 9760 W kg−1. The intrinsically high‐stability conversion mechanism explored on amorphous electrodes provides a new opportunity for advanced aqueous storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lateral roots, including adventitious roots, are the main component of rapeseed roots with support, absorb, and synthesis functions and their morphological parameters directly affecting the plant's aboveground growth and yield. Root biomass, as a material base for lateral root growth, can be used as a link between plant phenotypes and their physiological processes, as well as to enhance root 3D growth model mechanisms and accuracy. To quantify the relationships between lateral root morphological indices and the corresponding organ biomass for rapeseed, we used two cultivars, NY 22 (conventional) and NZ 1818 (hybrid), and conducted cultivar and fertilizing cylindrical tube experiments during the 2016–2019, with two fertilizer levels, no fertilizer, and 180 kg N ha−1 fertilizer. The lateral root biomass and morphological parameters were determined during the whole growth period. The biomass‐based lateral root morphological parameter models were developed by analyzing the quantitative relationship between the lateral root morphological indices and their corresponding biomass, and the descriptive models were verified with independent experimental data. The results showed that the correlation (r) of simulated and observed values for the lateral root morphological parameters are all greater than 0.9 with significant levels at p < 0.001. The absolute values of the average absolute difference (da) of simulated and observed values for the lateral root length (LLR), lateral root average diameter (ADLR), lateral root surface area (SALR), and lateral root volume (VLR) are −30.408 cm, −0.003 mm, 12.902 cm2, and 0.039 cm3, respectively. The RMSE values are 175.183 cm, 0.010 mm, 59.710 cm2, and 1.513 cm3, respectively. The ratio of da to the average observed values (dap) for the LLR and VLR are all less than 5%, and the ADLR and SALR are all <6%. The models developed in this paper have good performance and reliability for predicting lateral root morphological parameters of rapeseed. The study provides a mechanistic method for linking the rapeseed growth model with the morphological model using corresponding organic biomass and laying a good foundation for establishing a 3D morphological model for rapeseed root system based on biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study was conducted to investigate whether cadherin‐5 (CDH5), a vascular endothelial cell adhesion glycoprotein, could facilitate the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into sinoatrial node‐like pacemaker cells (SANLPCs), following previous findings of silk‐fibroin hydrogel‐induced direct conversion of quiescent cardiomyocytes into pacemaker cells in rats through the activation of CDH5. In this study, the differentiating hiPSCs were treated with CDH5 (40 ng/mL) between Day 5 and 7 during cardiomyocytes differentiation. The findings in the present study demonstrated that CDH5 stimulated the expression of pacemaker‐specific markers while suppressing markers associated with working cardiomyocytes, resulting in an increased proportion of SANLPCs among hiPSCs‐derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs) population. Moreover, CDH5 induced typical electrophysiological characteristics resembling cardiac pacemaker cells in hiPSC‐CMs. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that the enriched differentiation of hiPSCs into SANLPCs induced by CDH5 was partially reversed by iCRT14, an inhibitor of β‐catenin. Therefore, based on the aforementioned findings, it could be inferred that the regulation of β‐catenin by CDH5 played a crucial role in promoting the enriched differentiation of hiPSCs into SANLPCs, which presents a novel avenue for the construction of biological pacemakers in forthcoming research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The etiology of 46, XY disorders of sex development (46, XY DSD) is complex, and studies have shown that different series of patients with 46, XY DSD has different genetic spectrum. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying genetic etiology in a Chinese series of patients with 46, XY DSD by whole exome sequencing (WES). Methods: Seventy patients with 46, XY DSD were enrolled from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Beijing, China). The detailed clinical characteristics were evaluated, and peripheral blood was collected for WES to find the patients' rare variants (RVs) of genes related to 46, XY DSD. The clinical significance of the RVs was annotated according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Results: A total of 57 RVs from nine genes were identified in 56 patients with 46, XY DSD, which include 21 novel RVs and 36 recurrent RVs. Based on the American ACMG guidelines, 43 variants were classified as pathogenic(P) or likely pathogenic (LP) variants and 14 variants were defined as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). P or LP variants were identified in 64.3% (45/70) patients of the series. Thirty‐nine, 14, and 4 RVs were involved in the process of androgen synthesis and action, testicular determination and developmental process, and syndromic 46, XY DSD, respectively. The top three genes most frequently affected to cause 46, XY DSD were AR, SRD5A2, and NR5A1. Seven patients were found harboring RVs of the 46, XY DSD pathogenic genes identified in recent years, namely DHX37 in four patients, MYRF in two patients, and PPP2R3C in one patient. Conclusion: We identified 21 novel RVs of nine genes, which extended the genetic spectrum of 46, XY DSD pathogenic variants. Our study showed that 60% of the patients were caused by AR, SRD5A2 or NR5A1 P/LP variants. Therefore, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and Sanger sequencing of these three genes could be performed first to identify the pathogeny of the patients. For those patients whose pathogenic variants had not been found, whole‐exome sequencing could be helpful in determining the etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESCs) are regarded as potential alternatives to keratinocytes (KCs) used for skin wound healing. Light is an alternative approach for inducing stem cell differentiation. Opsins (OPNs), a family of light‐sensitive, G protein‐coupled receptors, play a multitude of light‐dependent and light‐independent functions in extraocular tissues. However, it remains unclear whether the light sensitivity and function of OPNs are involved in light‐induced differentiation of hAESCs to KCs. Herein, we determine the role of OPNs in differentiation of hAESCs into KCs through cell and molecular biology approaches in vitro. It is shown that mRNA expression of OPN3 in the amniotic membrane and hAESCs was higher than the other four primary OPNs by RT‐qPCR analysis. Changes in OPN3 gene expression had a significant impact on cell proliferation, stemness and differentiation capability of hAESCs. Furthermore, we found a significant upregulation of OPN3, KRT5 and KRT14 with hAESCs treated at 3 × 33 J/cm2 irradiation from blue‐light LED. Taken together, these results suggest that OPN3 acts as a positive regulator of differentiation of hAESCs into KCs. This study provides a novel insight into photosensitive OPNs associated with photobiomodulation(PBM)‐induced differentiation in stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaempferol is the active ingredient of Er‐Xian decoction (EXD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula used clinically to treat ovarian dysfunction, but the mechanism of kaempferol relieving age‐related diminished ovarian reserve (AR‐DOR) is still unclear. In this study, 36 volunteers and 78 DOR patients (37 patients with EXD treatment) were enrolled in the clinical research. Meanwhile, 32‐week‐old female mice were used to establish the AR‐DOR model, and these model mice were intragastrically administered with 100 mg/kg kaempferol in the presence or absence of 200 mg/kg geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) or 1 mg/kg geldanamycin (GDA). The effects of kaempferol on serum hormone levels and oxidative stress‐related indexes were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Antral follicle count (AFC) was determined by hematoxylin–eosin staining. The protein levels of HSP90 and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) were assayed by Western blot. This study displayed that the serum anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) level in DOR patients with EXD treatment was higher than that in DOR patients without EXD treatment. Kaempferol treatment reversed the low levels of AMH, estradiol (E2), AFC, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), as well as the high levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malonaldehyde (MDA). The results showed that HSP90 was predicted to have high affinity with kaempferol, and its expression was inhibited by kaempferol, while the expression of NRF2, the target of HSP90, was up‐regulated by kaempferol. However, the above effects of kaempferol were reversed by GGA. On the contrary, GDA enhanced the therapeutic effects of kaempferol on AR‐DOR mice. Moreover, the treatment of kaempferol resulted in a reduction in the phosphorylation level of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the transcription factor associated with HSP90, and an increase in the phosphorylation level of Src, a client protein of HSP90. In summary, kaempferol exerts an antioxidant effect on AR‐DOR by inhibiting HSP90 expression to up‐regulate NRF2 expression. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of kaempferol in AR‐DOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distance between the two active sites of a bifunctional catalyst (acid sites and metal sites) is critical for the hydroisomerization performance. However, the influences of the dehydrogenation/hydrogenation species (Pt or Ni) and the intimacy between the acid sites and the metal sites over the distribution of the isomers have rarely been investigated. Herein, the bifunctional catalysts were prepared by loading the hydrogenation component (Pt or Ni) on γ‐Al2O3 or HZSM‐48 zeolite separately and then mixing them with equal mass of HZSM‐48 molecular sieves and γ‐Al2O3, respectively. The hydroisomerization performance of n‐dodecane was investigated on a fixed‐bed reactor. The loading position of the metal can directly affect the activity of the hydroisomerization reaction. However, the distribution of the isomer products is not affected by the loading position and the metal type (Pt or Ni) obviously, and the middle‐positioned isomer is the main isomer product regardless of the position and the type of the metal. The catalysis results indicate that the isomerization of n‐dodecane mainly follows the "Key‐Lock" catalysis mode on HZSM‐48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of flexible, room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials remains challenging owing to the quenching of their unstable triplet excitons via molecular motion. Therefore, a polymer matrix with Tg higher than room temperature is required to prevent polymer segment movement. In this study, a RTP material was developed by incorporating a 4‐biphenylboronic acid (BPBA) phosphor into a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix (Tg=−27.1 °C), which exhibits a remarkable UV‐light‐dependent oxygen consumption phosphorescence with a lifetime of 1275.7 ms. The adjustable RTP performance is influenced by the crystallinity and polymorph (α, β, and γ phases) fraction of PVDF, therefore, the low Tg of the PVDF matrix enables the polymeric segmental motion upon microwave irradiation. Consequently, a reduction in the crystallinity and an increase in the α phase fraction in PVDF film induces RTP after 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation. These findings open up new avenues for constructing crystalline and phase‐dependent RTP materials while demonstrating a promising approach toward microwave detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]