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The phase‐field method was employed to simulate the effects of pores on grain growth in the indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) targets during conventional and two‐stage sintering (TSS). The findings indicated that the TSS method effectively suppressed the rapid growth of grains. With an increase in porosity and a more prominent pore size, the rate of grain growth accelerated, resulting in the formation of coarser grains. Subsequently, IGZO targets were fabricated using the molding‐cold isostatic pressing (CIP) and TSS methods. The densification activation energies of IGZO green compacts were calculated to be 510 and 370 kJ/mol for CIP at 180 and 250 MPa, respectively, utilizing the main sintering curve (MSC). Additionally, by optimizing the TSS process, a highly dense IGZO target with a relative density of 99.53%, a resistivity of 4.3 mΩ/cm, and an average grain size of 8.59 µm was successfully achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: To ensure smooth power exchange in a three‐phase inverter, it is important to accurately detect the faults of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switches. However, the fault characteristics of power tubes are complex, the fault diagnosis results are affected by the load, and the recognition accuracy of some fault diagnosis models is low. To tackle this issue, this paper proposes an inverter open circuit fault diagnosis method named SR‐WOA‐ELM, which integrates signal reconstruction (SR), the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), and an extreme learning machine (ELM). First, the three‐phase output current is processed by the signal reconstruction method to eliminate the effect of load fluctuation, the average value of low frequency coefficients and wavelet entropy is extracted from the reconstructed three‐phase currents using the improved wavelet packet transform, and the fault feature vector is constructed by fusing the above two feature parameters. Second, the parameters of the ELM fault diagnosis model are optimized using WOA. Finally, the fault feature vector is added in the SR‐WOA‐ELM model to obtain the fault diagnosis results. Through simulation and experimental verification, the model can accurately identify the single‐tube and double‐tube faults of the inverter and is not affected by load fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo cultivation, particularly Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), holds significant economic importance in various regions worldwide. Bamboo shoot degradation (BSD) severely affects productivity and economic viability. However, despite its agricultural consequences, the molecular mechanisms underlying BSD remain unclear. Consequently, we explored the dynamic changes of BSD through anatomy, physiology and the transcriptome. Our findings reveal ruptured protoxylem cells, reduced cell wall thickness and the accumulation of sucrose and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during BSD. Transcriptomic analysis underscored the importance of genes related to plant hormone signal transduction, sugar metabolism and ROS homoeostasis in this process. Furthermore, BSD appears to be driven by the coexpression regulatory network of senescence‐associated gene transcription factors (SAG‐TFs), specifically PeSAG39, PeWRKY22 and PeWRKY75, primarily located in the protoxylem of vascular bundles. Yeast one‐hybrid and dual‐luciferase assays demonstrated that PeWRKY22 and PeWRKY75 activate PeSAG39 expression by binding to its promoter. This study advanced our understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing BSD, offering a valuable reference for enhancing Moso bamboo forest productivity. Summary statement: The bamboo shoot degradation occurs first in the protoxylem and impacts phytohormone signalling, starch and sucrose metabolism, as well as reactive oxygen species homoeostasis. PeWRKY22 and PeWRKY75 activate PeSAG39 by binding to its promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4, GOD) is a widely used industrial enzyme. To construct a GOD‐hyperproducing Pichia pastoris strain, combinatorial strategies have been applied to improve GOD activity, synthesis, and secretion. First, wild‐type GOD was subjected to saturation mutagenesis to obtain an improved variant, MGOD1 (V20W/T30S), with 1.7‐fold higher kcat/KM. Subsequently, efficient signal peptides were screened, and the copy number of MGOD1 was optimized to generate a high‐producing strain, 8GM1, containing eight copies of AOX1 promoter‐GAS1 signal peptide‐MGOD1 expression cassette. Finally, the vesicle trafficking of 8GM1 was engineered to obtain the hyperproducing strain G1EeSe co‐expressing the trafficking components EES and SEC. 22, and the EES gene (PAS_chr3_0685) was found to facilitate both protein secretion and production for the first time. Using these strategies, GOD secretion was enhanced 65.2‐fold. In the 5‐L bioreactor, conventional fed‐batch fermentation without any process optimization resulted in up to 7223.0 U/mL extracellular GOD activity (3.3‐fold higher than the highest level reported to date), with almost only GOD in the fermentation supernatant at a protein concentration of 30.7 g/L. Therefore, a GOD hyperproducing strain for industrial applications was developed, and this successful case can provide a valuable reference for the construction of high‐producing strains for other industrial enzymes. A novel strategy combining directed enzyme evolution, optimizing signal peptide and gene dosage, and engineering vesicle trafficking was adopted to improve secretory production of glucose oxidase (GOD) in Pichia pastoris, generating an industrial hyper‐production strain. In the 5‐L bioreactor, an extraorinary high GOD activity and protein titer were obtain in culture supernatants with almost on other proteins. The EES gene, a putative component COPII‐coated vesicles, was found to facilitate both protein secretion and production for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidinium‐nitroxide (TEMPO) is a mild and efficient catalyst, which is important in the industrial production of selective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehyde or ketone compounds. However, it is a challenge to recover the expensive TEMPO catalyst in homogeneous catalytic systems. In this study, a novel polymer‐supported catalyst was prepared using 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxy (4‐OH‐TEMPO) and polyaromatic ether sulfone (PAES). The successful grafting of 4‐OH‐TEMPO in PAES‐C was demonstrated by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), load capacity can be calculated by elemental analysis (EA). BET and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to depict the structure‐performance relationship. Herein, SEM images revealed the existence of porous structure. This structure can effectively adsorb NO molecules to form a PAES‐TEMPO/NOx catalytic system to selectively oxidize benzyl alcohol. The experimental results indicated the high activity, the subsequent benzyl alcohol oxidation cycle can reach more than 93% conversion without showing a large loss of selectivity. More importantly, the as‐prepared catalyst exhibited the attractive recyclability (recovery rate is 98%). After 10 consecutive runs, no significant loss of conversion and selectivity was observed (the conversion rate of benzyl alcohol was more than 93% and the selectivity was more than 95%). This study might provide some recommendation on the development of highly efficient catalysts for alcohol oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic respiratory diseases, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Spirometry is regarded as the gold standard for the diagnosis of COPD. However, conventional spirometry requires expensive devices and trained personnel. Therefore, it is not feasible for conventional spirometry to popularise outside the hospital. Millimetre‐wave radar has the characteristics of low cost and high integration. It can accurately capture the motion of the chest, which makes it possible to evaluate the pulmonary function of humans. A method to measure important respiratory indices in spirometry based on a 60‐GHz frequency‐modulated continuous‐wave radar system is proposed. The impact of body motion is reduced via a dedicated body twitch correction algorithm. A new fitting formula was utilised to estimate forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity. Experimental results demonstrated that millimetre‐wave radar‐based spirometry can achieve a high agreement with conventional spirometry. It is potential for radar‐based spirometry to be an alternative to conventional spirometry in the preliminary diagnosis of COPD outside the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was established for the development and validation of baloxavir acid (BXA) concentrations and the active ingredients of the antiviral drug baloxavir marboxil (BXM). Further, the method was applied to study the pharmacokinetics of BXA. BXA was determined by the electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring positive ion mode, and the mass‐to‐charge ratios (m/z) of BXA and internal standard baloxavir‐d4 were 484.2 → 247.2 and 488.1 → 247.2. An Oasis max online column (2.1 × 20 mm, 30 μm) was used with 1% formic acid in water (A) and 2% formic acid in acetonitrile (B) as mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.5 mL·min−1 for chromatographic separation. The linearity was good in the range of 3–200 ng·mL−1 (r = 0.9994), with 3.00 ng·mL−1 lower limit of quantification. The relative standard deviation of the inter‐assay precision was less than or equal to 6.51%, and the accuracy was in the range of 91.28%–104.29%. This method is suitable for the determination of BXA and for performing pharmacokinetic studies in clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcription factor RUNX1 plays important roles in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. RUNX1 function is tightly controlled through posttranslational modifications, including ubiquitination and acetylation. However, its regulation via ubiquitination, especially proteasome‐independent ubiquitination, is poorly understood. We previously identified DTX2 as a RUNX1‐interacting E3 ligase using a cell‐free AlphaScreen assay. In this study, we examined whether DTX2 is involved in the regulation of RUNX1 using in vitro and ex vivo analyses. DTX2 bound to RUNX1 and other RUNX family members RUNX2 and RUNX3 through their C‐terminal region. DTX2‐induced RUNX1 ubiquitination did not result in RUNX1 protein degradation. Instead, we found that the acetylation of RUNX1, which is known to enhance the transcriptional activity of RUNX1, was inhibited in the presence of DTX2. Concomitantly, DTX2 reduced the RUNX1‐induced activation of an MCSFR luciferase reporter. We also found that DTX2 induced RUNX1 cytoplasmic mislocalization. Moreover, DTX2 overexpression showed a substantial growth‐inhibitory effect in RUNX1‐dependent leukemia cell lines. Thus, our findings indicate a novel aspect of the ubiquitination and acetylation of RUNX1 that is modulated by DTX2 in a proteosome‐independent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelectric oxide thin films are promising in chip cooling. The issues on the orientation of thin films are essential as they are related to the structures, morphologies, and thermoelectric properties. In this regard, the orientation modulation is conducted on La‐doped SrTiO3 thin films on (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2TaAlO6)0.7 (LSAT) single crystal substrates. Layer‐by‐layer growth mode is found in (001)‐ and (110)‐ oriented thin films, resulting in few grain boundaries (GBs). In (111)‐oriented films, island growth mode leads to columnar grain boundaries that build up potential barriers for electrons to be strongly scattered and filtered, suppressing electron mobility and increasing effective mass. In addition, the GBs serve as oxygen vacancy diffusion paths when annealing, causing increased carrier concentration and lattice contraction. The weighted mobility of 71.9 cm2 V−1 s−1 and electrical conductivity of ≈600 S cm−1 are realized in the (001)‐oriented film at room temperature. Ultimately, outstanding power factor values of ≈569 µW m−1 K−2 (room temperature) and ≈791 µW m−1 K−2 (573 K) are successfully achieved, outperforming those in polycrystalline ceramics and (111)‐oriented films. This study systematically investigates the influence of grain boundaries and orientations on SrTiO3‐based thermoelectric films, which lays a solid foundation for improving thermoelectric performance in other oxide thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a transparent thermoelectric oxide, gallium‐doped zinc oxide (GZO) has the potential to power wearable or portable electronics and may be used in the integrated circuits industry for chip cooling. Constructing ZnO–GZO interfaces has been proposed as an effective strategy for improving thermoelectric performance of GZO thin films. However, without the aid of band structure calculation for multilayered films, it is hard to directly elucidate the underlying mechanisms of carrier transport. Weighted mobility is an indicator that reveals the inherent electronic transport properties like carrier scattering, electronic band structure, and so on. Thus, to further investigate the effects of ZnO–GZO interfaces on electrical properties of GZO thin films, the structures containing different numbers of ZnO–GZO interfaces were designed and the correlations among numbers of ZnO–GZO interfaces, weighted mobility, and electrical properties were explored. It was found that with more ZnO–GZO interfaces, the weighted mobility increased, and the power factor values also improved as well. Consequently, an enhanced power factor value reached 439 μW m−1 K−2 at 623 K. This work demonstrated the beneficial effects of multiple interfaces on the improvements of electrical transport performance through analyzing weighted mobility, which laid a foundation for further optimization of thermoelectric performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angiogenesis is an important mechanism of recovery from ischemic stroke. Recent studies have found that there is a close relationship between the VEGF/Notch pathway and angiogenesis. It is unknown whether EA can exert a brain protection effect and promote angiogenesis by acting on the VEGF/Notch signaling pathway after focal cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury (CIRI). Methods: The Middle Cerebral Artery occlusion/Reperfusion (MCAo/R) model was established, in which rats were subjected to occlusion with ischemic intervention for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 8 h, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days. The first EA treatment was performed 90 min after the animal model was successfully established, and then EA treatments were performed once a day for 7 days. The 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and neurological deficit examination were performed to assess the level of CIRI and neuroprotection by EA. Expression levels of VEGFA, Notch1, and Hes1 proteins were measured via western blotting, while the morphological changes of ECs and microvasculature in the cortex were determined using an ultrastructural observation method. Results: EA treatment of PC6, GV26, and SP6 can significantly improve the neurological function of MCAO/R rats, reduce the volume of cerebral infarction, and modulate the ultrastructure of ECs and microvessels in pathological states. Western blotting revealed that EA increased VEGFA protein expression at 8 h and 3 days after CIRI, as well as Notch1 protein expression at 1 and 7 days. Subsequently, EA activated the VEGF/Notch pathway, increasing the expression of the downstream target protein Hes1, reversing EC death, and promoting angiogenesis. Conclusion: Our findings showed that EA plays a role in promoting angiogenesis following focal CIRI, and we hypothesized that this was due to the regulation of ECs by the EA‐activated VEGF/Notch signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the concept of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) was proposed by Benzhong Tang's research group in 2001, the exploration of the mechanism of AIE and the development of new high‐performance AIE materials have been the focus and goal of this field. On the basis of a large number of experiment results, AIE mechanism has been well explained by lots of works, such as restricted intramolecular motion (RIM), J‐aggregate et al. As tetraphenylethlene (TPE) molecules are stacked, the rotation of the benzene ring rotor is blocked, and the energy attenuation is released in the form of radiation, showing the AIE effect. In order to further explore the AIE effect of TPE, we performed electronic structure, spectrum simulation, and AIE mechanism calculations of the anthryl‐tetraphenylethene (TPE‐an) monomer and dimer in the gas phase, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and aqueous solutions at the B3LYP/6‐31G** level. The calculation results show that TPE‐an molecule is in a propeller‐like configuration, and its fluorescence intensity is weak; compared with the monomer, the fluorescence intensity of the dimer increases by 87% in aqueous solution; the fluorescence intensity in the gas phase, THF solution, and aqueous solution gradually enhances with the increase of the degree of aggregation, which are consistent with the experimental results. The enhancement of fluorescence intensity is caused by the change of molecular structure caused by aggregation. This detailed AIE luminescence mechanism will provide theoretical guidance for AIE material design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prefabricated building construction (PBC) project is sensitive to uncertainties due to the highly required coordination and interdependency among the installation activities, which may cause progress delay. Hence, it is necessary to monitor the installation progress and evaluate the schedule in terms of the project duration to take proactive control actions to avoid actual project delay. This study focuses on intelligent monitoring and evaluation for the PBC schedule by combining the computer vision‐based (CVB) technology, a weighted kernel density estimation (WKDE) method, and the earned duration management (EDM) method. Intelligent and real‐time far‐field detection of the prefabricated components (PCs) and workers is achieved through the CVB technology, which is, respectively, used to measure the progress status of the PC installation works and other manual works by means of the WKDE method. The PBC project duration is then predicted based on the monitored progress status to evaluate the schedule through the EDM method. The proposed intelligent schedule monitoring and evaluation method have been illustrated and justified through a field application. This study contributes to achieving intelligent schedule monitoring and evaluation for the PBC project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key problems to improving the performance of a typical perovskite solar cell (PSC) is to minimize the defect‐determined nonradiative recombination. So far, the cutting‐edge strategies mainly focus on the film‐scale defect manipulation at grain boundaries and surfaces by trial‐and‐error, but the intrinsic passivation mechanism and fundamental guideline in the perspective of crystal lattices are still unclear. Herein, a much lower defect formation energy of PbBr antisite defect at (110) plane than that at (h00) planes is demonstrated by theoretically studying the crystal plane‐dependent defect density in an inorganic CsPbBr3 film, and then the authors precisely control the plane growth by selectively anchoring (pseudo‐) halide anions from ionic liquids to (110) plane. Because of the different adsorption energies on various planes, the growth of defective (110) plane is suppressed, leading to the formation of (h00) plane‐oriented film. Finally, the all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 PSC passivated by ionic liquid EMImCl delivers the best efficiency of 10.71% with an open‐circuit voltage up to 1.650 V. This work provides an in‐depth insight into defect formation and passivation mechanism to stabilize perovskite photovoltaics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike embankments, earth dams, and other man‐made structures, most landslide dams are formed by rapid accumulation of rock or debris rather than mechanical compaction; thus, they are loose and pose a great risk of seepage failure. Landslide materials usually have complex pore structures with randomly distributed pores of various sizes, making the flow and transport processes very complex. Aiming at these challenges, we systematically investigated the influences of pore structure on the micro‐and macro‐scale flow characteristics of landslide materials. First, landslide materials are simplified as spherical granular packings with wide grain size distributions. Then, we use the Finite‐difference method Stokes solver to simulate the fluid flow through granular packings and calculate their permeability. We characterize the pore structure using different topological measures, including these borrowed from complex network theory. Among these measures, tortuosity and global efficiency show clear relations with permeability. The pore network modeling indicates that pore size heterogeneity and pore connectivity significantly influence the flow characteristics. The correlation between pore‐scale velocity and throat diameters follows a power‐law scaling with an exponent close to two, suggesting that the Hagen–Poiseuille law would still be valid in complex porous media. The permeability and porosity, throat radius, and tortuosity of pore structure can be related by the equation proposed by Nishiyama and Yokoyama (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013793). The complex network analysis reveals that the assortative network is more permeable than the disassortative network. Furthermore, pores with larger closeness centrality have higher flow efficiency, resulting in higher macroscopic permeability. Key Points: Topological characterization of pore structure using tortuosity and global efficiency shows clear relation with permeabilityThe equation predicting permeability from porosity, throat radius, and tortuosity may help in the rapid evaluation of landslide materialsComplex network analysis indicates that the assortative pore network is more permeable than the disassortative pore network [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind speed prediction has an important impact on the planning, economic operation and safe maintenance of wind power systems. However, the high volatility and intermittency of wind speed make it difficult to predict accurately. To improve the prediction accuracy, we developed a hybrid multistep wind speed prediction model named EWP‐CS‐RELM. In this model, a secondary decomposition technique of ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and wavelet packet transform (WPT) is used, and it is called the EWP decomposition technique. This decomposition technique can achieve an adaptive processing of the data and accurately extract the characteristic components of the signal, avoiding the occurrence of pattern overlap and reducing the mutual interference between components. At the same time, the high and low‐frequency parts of the complex signal (component) can be decomposed into different frequency bands, and the corresponding frequency band can be selected adaptively to match the signal spectrum. The subsequence obtained after EWP decomposition is then predicted using a regularised extreme learning machine (RELM) optimised by the cuckoo search (CS) algorithm with strong global search ability to obtain the results. The hybrid prediction model is validated using four seasons of wind speed data from two wind farms in Shandong, China, and compared with seven other prediction models. Simulation results illustrate that the EWP‐CS‐RELM model outperforms the other seven models with the smallest statistical errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the daily maximum boundary layer height (BLH) and precipitation (Prec) from 1900 to 2010 are analysed by using ERA-20C reanalysis data with mathematical statistical methods. However, since time-scale variation of boundary layer processes is very short and precipitation is also a discontinuous variable, to further understand the influence of BLH on precipitation, appropriate individual cases need to be selected for more in-depth analysis. These three sub-regions are extreme arid (annual average Prec < 25mm), arid (25mm < annual average Prec <250mm), and semi-arid (250mm < annual average Prec < 500mm), as shown by the white contours in Figure 1. The white contours represent the average annual precipitation from 1900 to 2010, and the shaded colours represents the daily trend rates. gl 1 TableThe climate tendency rate and correlation coefficient (r) between the daily maximum boundary layer height and precipitation in the three sub-regions. [Extracted from the article]

Radar has been shown potentially to be used for non‐contact sensing of biosignals in a more comfortable and easier way than wearable and contact devices. By detecting and extracting body motions linked to physiological activities, accurate estimation of the heart rate is possible. However, the detection and estimation of heartbeat signal in practical applications is disturbed seriously by noise and respiration harmonic signal. In this study, a multi‐level coarse‐to‐fine method is proposed for heartbeat rate (HR) estimation with a frequency‐modulated continuous‐wave radar operating at 60 GHz utilised to extract the heartbeat information of human body under low signal‐to‐noise ratio conditions. First, the frequencies, which are likely to be the HR, are extracted in the coarse estimation part. Then, evaluations about the extracted frequencies are conducted in the fine estimation part. Finally, the multiple signal classification algorithm is utilised to separate the HR frequency from the respiration harmonics, which solves the frequency resolution issue caused by the observation window size, and achieves high accuracy estimation of HR. The experiments on measured data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the state of the art, the proposed method has superiority in terms of estimation accuracy of HR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difference and uncertainty of the aerosol radiative effects were quantified using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer model and multiple aerosol observation data sets from urban‐forest transition region. The secondary transformed carbonaceous aerosol components and biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) tracers have dominated over all other components (with a higher concentration in wet season) in terms of its impact on the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF). The averaged organic carbon (OC) and BSOA tracers increased from 13.3 ± 4.99 μg/m3, 29.5 ± 10.7 ng m−3 to 17.3 ± 4.47 μg/m3, 78.7 ± 43.7 ng m−3 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The corresponding root mean square errors of single scattering albedo and radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere have increased by 8.4% and 16.9%. From the dry season to the wet season, the drastically aerosol composition and types variations caused the aerosol radiation effect reverse from cooling to heating. The increase in carbonaceous aerosols and BSOA transformed by forests in the wet season weakened the cooling effects. Driven by multiple factors, such as meteorological conditions, emission sources, and the mixed state of particulate matters, the transport patterns of air masses exhibit completely opposite effects to the ARF. Affected by the source location, wet deposition rate and components residence time, the uncertainty of ARF caused by long‐distance transport of aerosols is 68% higher than that of local aerosol situations under the condition of similar aerosol composition distributions. At similar transport distances, stronger aerosol secondary transformation increases the uncertainty of ARF by 20%. Plain Language Summary: Aerosol components have their ubiquitous nature and ability to mix with other aerosol types and affected by transport and deposition, increasing a bias in the estimation of aerosol radiative forcing. In this study, we demonstrated this potential impact from a measurement‐based perspective in a typical transition region in East China with abundant biogenic secondary organic aerosol emissions and quantified the uncertainty of the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) caused by variations in aerosol composition. Different aerosol components will lead to the reversal of aerosol radiation effects in different seasons, and the increase in the proportion of secondary transformed aerosols will cause large uncertainty in ARF. Driven by multiple factors, aerosol transport distance also has a significant effect on uncertainties of ARF. Key Points: The aerosol properties and radiative effects show greatly seasonal differences over urban‐forest transition region in East ChinaThe differences of the aerosol components and secondary species transformation lead to obviously aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) uncertaintiesDriven by meteorological conditions, emission source and the persistent state of particulate matter, aerosol transport distance has a significant effect on uncertainties of ARF [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric chemical species play critical roles in ecosystem functioning and climate, but spatially resolving near‐surface concentrations has been challenging. In this regard, hovering unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) represent an emerging technology. The study herein provides guidance for optimized atmospheric sampling by hovering copter‐type UAVs. Large‐eddy simulations are conducted for species having chemical lifetimes ranging from reactive (i.e., 102 s) to long‐lived (i.e., 108 s). The case study of fair‐weather conditions over an equatorial tropical forest is used because of previous UAV deployments in this region. A framework is developed of influence length and horizontal shift of upwind surface emissions. The framework quantifies the length scale of the contribution of upwind forest emissions to species concentrations sampled by the downwind hovering UAV. Main findings include the following: (1) sampling within an altitude that is no more than 200 m above the canopy is recommended for both high‐ and intermediate‐reactivity species because of the strong decrease in species concentration even in a highly turbulent atmosphere; (2) sampling durations of at least 5 and 10 min are recommended for intermediate‐ and high‐reactivity species, respectively, because of the effects of atmospheric turbulence; and (3) in the case of heterogeneity of emissions across the underlying landscape, maximum recommended altitudes are presented for horizontal sampling strategies that can resolve the variability in the landscape emissions. The coupled effects of emission rate, wind speed, species lifetime, turbulence, and UAV sampling duration on influence length must all be considered for optimized and representative sampling over forests. Key Points: Optimized UAV sampling heights are recommended for chemical species with a variety of lifetimesUAV sampling of at least 5 min and 10 min for intermediate‐ and high‐reactivity species to minimize the influence of atmospheric turbulenceMaximum sampling altitudes are recommended for horizontal sampling strategies that can resolve the variability in the landscape emissions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the development of MLED glass display products, the issues of ENIG products are studied in this paper. A series of problems such as copper corrosion and NiAu wire were encountered in the process of ENIG. Through appropriate methods, the above problems were significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon‐based CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) without hole‐transporting layers (HTLs) have aroused extensive attention due to their low manufacturing cost and prominent ambient stability. However, the defects of perovskite film and the poor charge extraction within PSCs result in severe charge recombination, which restricts the further enhancement of device efficiency. In view of this critical point, a compositional engineering of CsPbBr3 perovskite via doping with Cl− ions is presented herein to decrease the trap states and enhance the charge extraction. It is revealed that the doping of Cl− ions not only enlarges the grain size and thereby reduces the trap‐state density, but also optimizes the energy‐level alignment and improves the hole mobility of the perovskite film, leading to an evidently suppressed charge recombination and improved charge extraction and transportation. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.73% is achieved for carbon‐based HTL‐free CsPbBr2.98Cl0.02 PSC, yielding a marked enhancement in comparison with 6.69% efficiency for the control. Meanwhile, the thermal and moisture stabilities of unencapsulated CsPbBr2.98Cl0.02 PSC are improved, maintaining 93% and 95% of the initial PCE after expose to air atmosphere with 80% relative humidity (RH) and at 80 °C over 60 days, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric aerosol plays critical roles in suppressing planetary boundary layer (PBL) and deteriorating air quality. However, comprehensive understanding on how aerosol optical properties (absorption and scattering) affect PBL remains lacking. Utilizing a large‐eddy simulation model incorporated with in situ observations, we demonstrate distinct impacts of absorption aerosol on PBL development when it is present below (stove effect and promotion) or above morning residual layer (dome effect and strong inhibition) and similar inhibition umbrella effects of scattering aerosol on PBL regardless of its vertical locations. There exists a transition height, above which absorption aerosol is more effective in suppressing PBL and below which scattering aerosol dominates the suppression. This height is highly related to the height of morning residual layer. Aerosol stove, dome, and umbrella effects enrich our knowledge on aerosol‐PBL interactions and the latter two can be interpreted as "double inhibitions" in promoting haze episodes in the North China Plain. Key Points: Aerosol stove, dome, and umbrella effects are summarized by lying absorption and scattering aerosol below or above morning residual layerThere exists a transition height, above which the absorption aerosol dominates the PBL inhibition, otherwise scattering aerosol dominatesAerosol dome and umbrella effects are interpreted as "double inhibitions" to explain the formation of haze events in NCP region, China [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of high‐quality perovskite films with low grain boundaries and defect states is a prerequisite for achieving high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with good environmental stability. An effective additive engineering strategy has been developed for simultaneous defect passivation and crystal growth of CsPbBr3 perovskite films by introducing 1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triamine (melamine) into the PbBr2 precursor solution. The resultant melamine–PbBr2 film has a loose, large‐grained structure and decreased crystallinity, which has a positive effect on the crystallization process of the perovskite as it retards the crystallization rate as a result of the interaction between melamine and lead ions. Additionally, the passivation by melamine gives a high‐quality CsPbBr3 perovskite film with fewer grain boundaries, lower defect densities, and better energy level matching is achieved by multistep liquid‐phase spin‐coating, which greatly suppresses the nonradiative recombination resulting from the defects and promotes charge extraction at the interface. A champion power conversion efficiency as high as 9.65 % with a promising open‐circuit voltage of 1.584 V is achieved for PSCs with an architecture of fluorine‐doped tin oxide/c‐TiO2/m‐TiO2/melamine‐added CsPbBr3/carbon‐based hole‐transporting layer. Furthermore, the unencapsulated melamine‐added CsPbBr3 PSC shows superior thermal and humidity stability in ambient air at 85 °C or 85 % relative humidity over 720 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although clinically associated with the progression of multiple cancers, the biological function of p21‐activated kinase 5 (PAK5) in breast cancer remains largely unknown. Here, we reveal that the PAK5–aspartyl aminopeptidase (DNPEP)–ubiquitin‐specific protease 4 (USP4) axis is involved in breast cancer progression. We show that PAK5 interacts with and phosphorylates DNPEP at serine 119. Functionally, we demonstrate that DNPEP overexpression suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion and restricts breast cancer growth and metastasis in mice. Furthermore, we identify USP4 as a downstream target of the PAK5–DNPEP pathway; DNPEP mediates USP4 downregulation. Importantly, we verify that DNPEP expression is frequently downregulated in breast cancer tissues and is negatively correlated with PAK5 and USP4 expression. PAK5 decreases DNPEP abundance via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Consistently, analyses of clinical breast cancer specimens revealed significantly increased PAK5 and USP4 levels and an association between higher PAK5 and USP4 expression and worse breast cancer patient survival. These findings suggest a pivotal role for PAK5‐elicited signaling in breast cancer progression. What's new? Increasing lines of evidence suggest that PAK5 is an oncogenic protein that is commonly overexpressed in many cancer tissues and plays multiple functions in cancer progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the biological significance of PAK5 in breast cancer remain to be fully explored. Here, the authors reveal that DNPEP links the upstream PAK5 kinase to the downstream target USP4 through a phosphorylation‐based regulatory mechanism in malignant breast cancer. Moreover, they identify an association between elements of the PAK5‐DNPEP‐USP4 pathway and clinicopathological features in breast cancer patients, altogether providing potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pupation site choice of Drosophila third‐instar larvae is critical for the survival of individuals, as pupae are exposed to various biotic and abiotic dangers while immobilized during the 3–4 days of metamorphosis. This singular behavioural choice is sensitive to both environmental and genetic factors. Here, we developed a high‐throughput phenotyping approach to assay the variation in pupation height in Drosophila melanogaster, while controlling for possibly confounding factors. We find substantial variation of mean pupation height among sampled natural stocks and we show that the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) reflects this variation. Using the DGRP stocks for genome‐wide association (GWA) mapping, 16 loci involved in determining pupation height could be resolved. The candidate genes in these loci are enriched for high expression in the larval central nervous system. A genetic network could be constructed from the candidate loci, which places scribble (scrib) at the centre, plus other genes known to be involved in nervous system development, such as Epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) and p53. Using gene disruption lines, we could functionally validate several of the initially identified loci, as well as additional loci predicted from network analysis. Our study shows that the combination of high‐throughput phenotyping with a genetic analysis of variation captured from the wild can be used to approach the genetic dissection of an environmentally relevant behavioural phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this test was to investigate the effect of salvianic acid A (SAA, CAS No. 76822‐21‐4) on the quality of boar semen during liquid storage at 17°C. The effects of different concentrations of SAA on semen quality and antioxidant capacity were analyzed. Boar semen was diluted with Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) containing different concentrations (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 μM of SAA). During the storage period, sperm activity was measured every 24 hr, and plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and catalase (CAT) activity were measured at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days. The results from our study suggest that different concentrations of SAA have different effects on semen preservation. Semen samples supplemented with SAA showed reduced effects of oxidative stress on sperm compared to the control samples. Supplementation of 30 μM of SAA significantly improved sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and antioxidant capacity. However, the addition of SAA to the extender was scarcely beneficial to the improvement of results of artificial insemination with boar semen after liquid preservation. Further studies are necessary in order to demonstrate that SAA has good effects on the liquid preservation of semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high‐tack‐value adhesive for offset printing inline cold foil stamping was prepared using rosin‐modified phenolic resin, terpene resin, industrial soybean oil, and solvent oil. The prepared adhesive can overcome the low accuracy of cold foil stamping and reproduction of existing conventional adhesives. The tack value, viscosity, ink (adhesive) thread length, ink flow, viscoelasticity, thixotropy, emulsification rate, and solid content of the prepared adhesives were characterized. The adhesive was applied on a MAN ROLAND 700 eight‐color offset printing cold foil stamping press. Stamping quality was evaluated. Results showed that the prepared adhesive has high tack value and the increment of the tack value is small with increasing test time. To achieve good stamping quality, the tack value of the adhesive should be controlled between 20 to 30, and its viscosity and emulsification rate should be kept at approximately 80 Pa·s and within the range of 30% to 40%, respectively. Appropriate levels of viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and ink flow were also necessary. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:139–144, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) with high safety and low‐cost are highly desirable for grid‐scale energy storage, yet the energy storage mechanisms in the current cathode materials are still complicated and unclear. Hence, several sodium vanadates with NaV3O8‐type layered structure (e.g., Na5V12O32 and HNaV6O16·4H2O) and β‐Na0.33V2O5‐type tunneled structure (e.g., Na0.76V6O15) are constructed and the storage/release behaviors of Zn2+ ions are deeply investigated in these two typical structures. It should be mentioned that the 2D layered Na5V12O32 and HNaV6O16·4H2O with more effective path for Zn2+ diffusion exhibit higher ion diffusion coefficients than that of tunneled Na0.76V6O15. As a result, Na5V12O32 delivers higher capacity than that of Na0.76V6O15, and a long‐term cyclic performance up to 2000 cycles at 4.0 A g−1 in spite of its capacity fading. This work provides a new perspective of Zn2+ storage mechanism in aqueous ZIB systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supramolecular hydrogels composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) containing polymer and α-cyclodextrins (α-CDs) show great potential in drug delivery. Herein, PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of ≈10 nm are synthesized in the presence of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) (PPEGMA) grafted poly(acrylic acid) copolymers (PPEGMA- co-PAA, P1) and PPEGMA grafted poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) copolymers (PPEGMA- co-PDMAEMA, P2), respectively. The produced PEGylated NPs are hybridized into supramolecular hydrogels by mixing them with α-CDs through inclusion complexation between PEG branches and α-CDs. As a result, supramolecular hydrogels hybridized with inorganic MNPs and AuNPs are prepared and characterized by rheological measurements, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Both MNP and AuNP hybrid hydrogels show reversible sol-gel transition, which is stimulated by changes in temperature and pH. The nanoparticles hybridized in the hydrogels can be released gradually in the process of hydrogel disruption. These hydrogels may have potential applications in biomaterials and drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A type of renewable energy, wind power, which has a large generating capacity, has increasingly captured the world's attention. Forecasting wind speed is of great significance in wind-related engineering studies, the planning and designing of wind packs, wind farm management and the integration of wind power into electricity grids. Because of the chaotic nature and intrinsic complexity of wind speed, reducing forecasting errors related to wind speed has been an important research subject. This article proposes a hybrid forecasting model based on the wavelet neural network (WNN) method and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) de-noise technology. Moreover, the cuckoo search optimization (CSO) algorithm is employed to optimize the parameters of the WNN model to avoid the over-fitting problem and improve fitting accuracy. A case study is performed to forecast 10-min wind speed data for wind farms in the coastal areas of China, and a comparison of the forecasting results with other models demonstrates that the proposed model can provide desirable forecasting results and improve forecasting accuracy. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 943-952, 2017 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend macroecological theory based on the maximum entropy principle from species level to higher taxonomic categories, thereby predicting distributions of species richness across genera or families and the dependence of abundance and metabolic rate distributions on taxonomic tree structure. Predictions agree with qualitative trends reported in studies on hyper-dominance in tropical tree species, mammalian body size distributions and patterns of rarity in worldwide plant communities. Predicted distributions of species richness over genera or families for birds, arthropods, plants and microorganisms are in excellent agreement with data. Data from an intertidal invertebrate community, but not from a dispersal-limited forest, are in excellent agreement with a predicted new relationship between body size and abundance. Successful predictions of the original species level theory are unmodified in the extended theory. By integrating macroecology and taxonomic tree structure, maximum entropy may point the way towards a unified framework for understanding phylogenetic community structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have demonstrated the capability of radar micro‐Doppler signature for classifying micro‐drones. However, most existing works on radar classification of drones are based on the assumption that the received signal is only reflected from a single drone. When multiple drones are present simultaneously, the existing methods of drone classification fail due to the superimposition of the micro‐Doppler features of multiple drones. In this Letter, a method for detection of multiple drones is proposed. First the time–frequency spectrogram is converted into the cadence‐velocity diagram (CVD), which expresses how the curves in the time‐frequency‐domain repeat. Then the cadence frequency spectrum (CFS), as the basis vector of the training data from each class, of the CVD is extracted. Finally, the K‐means classifier is used to recognise the component of multiple micro‐drones based on the CFS. The experimental results on real radar data demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of dealing with multiple drones with satisfactory classification accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several crystal forms of FeOOH are recently reported to be highly promising for lithium storage due to their high capacity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In particular, β-FeOOH has shown a capacity of ≈1000 mAh g−1, which is comparable to other promising iron-based anodes, such as Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. However, its storage mechanisms are unclear and the potential for further improvement remains unexplored. Here, it is shown that this material can have a very high reversible capacity of ≈1400 mAh g−1, which is 20%-40% higher than Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Such a high capacity is delivered from a series of reactions including intercalation and conversion reactions, formation/deformation of solid-state electrolyte interface layers and interfacial storage. The mechanisms are studied by a combination of electrochemical and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopic approaches. Moreover, very long cycling performance, that is, after even more than 3000 cycles the material still has a significant capacity of more than 800 mAh g−1, is obtained by a simple electrode design involving introducing a rigid support into porous electrodes. Such long cycling performance is for the first time achieved for high-capacity materials based on conversion reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Li-oxygen batteries offer extremely high theoretical specific energy, their practical application still faces critical challenges. One of the main obstacles is the high charge overpotential caused by sluggish kinetics of charge transfer that is closely related to the morphology of discharge products and their distribution on the cathode. Here, a series of noble metal nanoparticles (Pd, Pt, Ru and Au) are encapsulated inside end-opened carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by wet impregnation followed by thermal annealing. The resultant cathode materials exhibit a dramatic reduction of charge overpotentials compared to their counterparts with nanoparticles supported on CNT surface. Notably, the charge overpotential can be as low as 0.3 V when CNT-encapsulated Pd nanoparticles are used on the cathode. The cathode also shows good stability during discharge-charge cycling. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that encapsulation of 'guest' noble metal nanoparticles in 'host' CNTs is able to strengthen the electron density on CNT surfaces, and to avoid the regional enrichment of electron density caused by the direct exposure of nanoparticles on CNT surface. These unique properties ensure the uniform coverage of Li2O2 nanocrystals on CNT surfaces instead of localized distribution of Li2O2 aggregation, thus providing efficient charge transfer for the decomposition of Li2O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupling of proteins with self-assembly properties and proteins that are capable of recognizing and mineralizing specific inorganic species is a promising strategy for the synthesis of nanoscale materials with controllable morphology and functionality. Herein, GPG-AG3 protein fibers with both of these properties were constructed and served as templates for the synthesis of Pt and Pd nanotubes. The protein fibers of assembled GPG-AG3 were more than 10 μm long and had diameters of 20-50 nm. The as-synthesized Pt and Pd nanotubes were composed of dense layers of ~3-5 nm Pt and Pd nanoparticles. When tested as cathodes in lithium-O2 batteries, the porous Pt nanotubes showed low charge potentials of 3.8 V, with round-trip efficiencies of about 65% at a current density of 100 mAg-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials with ordered mesoporous structures have shown great potential in a wide range of applications. In particular, the combination of mesoporosity, low dimensionality, and well-defined morphology in nanostructures may exhibit even more attractive features. However, the synthesis of such structures is still challenging in polar solvents. Herein, we report the preparation of ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanoflakes of transition-metal phosphates, including FePO4, Mn3(PO4)2, and Co3(PO4)2, with highly ordered mesoporous structures in a nonpolar solvent. The as-obtained nanoflakes with thicknesses of about 3.7 nm are constructed from a single layer of parallel-packed pore channels. These uniquely ordered mesoporous 2D nanostructures may originate from the 2D assembly of cylindrical micelles formed by the amphiphilic precursors in the nonpolar solvent. The 2D mesoporous FePO4 nanoflakes were used as the cathode for a lithium-ion battery, which exhibits excellent stability and high rate capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Si-C resin layer has lower dielectric constant, better optical transparency, and can be spin coated as a flat surface film easily. By using Si-C resin as passivation layer, we investigated the etching characteristics of resin thin films in SF6/O2/He plasma, and found the variable thickness of channel protection layers have a play role in a-Si:H TFT characteristic. We also success in prototyping a high definition LCD panel, retina display as 326 pixels per inch, which can be improved the RC delay of signal effectively and decreased nearly 40% in the logic power consumption compare to the existing panel with only SiNx passivation layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous, hollow metal carbonate microstructures show many unique properties, and are attractive for various applications. Herein, we report the first demonstration of a general strategy to synthesize hollow metal carbonate structures, including porous MnCO3 hollow cubics, porous CoCO3 hollow rhombuses and porous CaCO3 hollow capsules. For example, the porous, hollow MnCO3 microcubes show larger Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of 359.5 m2 g−1, which is much larger than that of solid MnCO3 microcubics (i.e., 12.03 m2 g−1). As a proof of concept, these porous MnCO3 hollow microcubes were applied to water treatment and exhibited an excellent ability to remove organic pollutants in waste water owing to their hollow structure and large specific surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yolk–shell spheres as nanoreactors: Single‐crystalline LiMn2O4 and LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 nanocrystals have been prepared by using yolk–shell spheres as nanoreactors to confine the size of the nanocrystals to a range of 14–19 nm (see scheme). These nanocrystals were subsequently employed as cathode materials and showed high lithium‐ion storage capacities and stable charge–discharge cycling, especially at high current densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holey pipes: An oil‐phase chemical route was used to prepare porous amorphous a‐FePO4 nanotubes. In the etching process, Fe2O3 reacted with weak acid, resulting in nanotubes with a pore size of 2–10 nm. The porous nanotubes show good cathode performance in lithium ion batteries owing to their hollow structure and small pore size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diethyl-benzyl-[3-methyldimethoxyl)]silpropyl ammonium chloride (DEBSAC) was synthesized from N, N-diethyl-aminopropyl-methyldimethoxysilane (DEAPMDES) and benzyl chloride. Diethyl-2,3-epoxypropyl-[3-methyldimethoxyl)] silpropyl ammonium chloride (DEEPSAC) was synthesized from DEAPMDES and epoxy chloropropane. Trimethyl-[3-methyldimethoxyl)] silpropyl ammonium chloride (TMSAC) was synthesized from trimethylamine and γ-chloropropylmethyldimethoxysilane (CPMDMS). The products were characterized by H NMR, C NMR, and IR. The surface tension measurements showed that the organosilicon quaternary salts exhibit a lower surface tension and a lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) than the hydrocarbon counterparts. The plate count method experiments illustrated that DEEPSAC has a better degree of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli than DEBSAC. The solubilizing effects of the organosilicon quaternary salts on organosilicone were studied by pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of synthesized products/cosurfactant( n-butanol)/water/octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane. The solubilizing activities decreased in the order of TMSAC > DEBSAC > DEEPSAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-reactive B lymphocytes contribute to type 1 diabetes pathogenesis as APC and auto-Ab producers in NOD mice and humans. To shed light on the mechanisms responsible for the breakdown in B-lymphocyte self-tolerance to β-cell Ag, we utilised a model whereby hen-egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific Ig Tg ( IgHEL-Tg)-Tg B lymphocytes were allowed to develop in or were transferred into mice expressing the HEL Tg under an insulin promoter ( insHEL-Tg). IgHEL-Tg B lymphocytes enhanced type 1 diabetes susceptibility of insHEL-Tg NOD mice. A comparison of the tolerogenic activity of IgHEL-Tg B lymphocytes with NOD and non-autoimmune-prone C57BL/6 genetic backgrounds showed that both were rendered anergic in the presence of insHEL when competing with polyclonal B lymphocytes. Nevertheless, NOD IgHEL-Tg B lymphocytes transferred into insHEL-Tg mice were more readily susceptible to rescue from anergy than their C57BL/6 counterparts, following provision of in vivo T-cell help. The different tolerogenic outcomes were an intrinsic property of B lymphocytes rather than being related to the quality of T-cell help, with the defective response being at least partially controlled by genes mapping to insulin-dependent diabetes ( Idd) susceptibility loci on Chromosome 1 ( Idd5) and 4 ( Idd9/11). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]