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The instability of halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) and related composite polymer films posed considerable challenges for application in flexible optoelectronic devices. Herein, perovskite nanocrystal‐polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane (PNCs‐PMFS) composites are developed that exhibit outstanding optical stability and irradiation resistance through a mutually reinforcing strategy. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of PNCs‐PMFS remained stable after four heating cycles, whereas perovskite nanocrystal‐polydimethylsiloxane (PNCs‐PDMS) composites exhibited a 31% decrease in PL intensity. Moreover, PNCs‐PMFS demonstrated superior luminescence stability under UV and X‐ray irradiation due to strong ion‐dipole interactions between PNCs and trifluoromethyl (CF3) dipoles. Under γ‐ray irradiation (300 kGy), PNCs‐PMFS retained 73% (2.86 MPa) of the initial mechanical strength, while PMFS without PNCs retained only 51%. This enhancement is attributed to the effective reduction of free radical concentration in the system by PNCs, as confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) and curing curve. Density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations further indicated that PNCs adsorbed free radicals, thereby facilitating interfacial charge transfer and forming a stable resonance structure. These advancements enabled PNCs‐PMFS to serve as scintillation screens for X‐ray detection and imaging, achieving a spatial resolution of 19.0 lp mm−1 and a detection limit of 3.78 µGy s−1, offering novel insights for designing of X‐ray detectors in high‐energy radiation environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with increasing incidence. Most BTC cases are diagnosed with metastatic disease which carries a 5‐year survival rate of <5%. Physical activity, diet, and obesity might be associated with BTC risk, but studies have been limited particularly in African descendants. We addressed this knowledge gap by evaluating associations of BTC risk with obesity, physical activity, and dietary intakes in 723,326 adult participants in four cohort studies conducted in China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in each cohort; results were combined using meta‐analysis. All cohorts had ≥11 median follow‐up years with 839 incident BTC cases combined. BTC risk was positively associated with body mass index (BMI) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) whereas physical activity, fruit intake, and fish intake were inversely associated. HR and (95% CI) comparing BMI >35.0 to 18.5–24.9: 1.71 (1.26, 2.31), p‐trend <.0001; comparing BMI‐adjusted WHR top to bottom quartile: 1.20 (0.94, 1.53), p‐trend =.05; comparing ≥15–0 metabolic equivalent task‐hours/week 0.76 (0.61, 0.94), p‐trend =.009; comparing highest to lowest intake tertile for fruit and fish 0.79 (0.66, 0.95), p‐trend =.01; 0.82 (0.68, 0.98), p‐trend =.04, respectively. Associations were, in general, similar across ancestry groups. Our study provides strong evidence for important roles of obesity, diet, and physical activity in BTC etiology and stresses the need for lifestyle modification to combat the rising incidence of this fatal malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sterile inflammation occurs in various chronic diseases due to many nonmicrobe factors. Examples include endometrial hyperplasia (EH), endometriosis, endometrial cancer, and breast cancer, which are all sterile inflammation diseases induced by estrogen imbalances. However, how estrogen‐induced sterile inflammation regulates EH remains unclear. Here, a single‐cell RNA‐Seq is used to show that SHP2 upregulation in endometrial endothelial cells promotes their inflammatory activation and subsequent transendothelial macrophage migration. Independent of the initial estrogen stimulation, IL1β and TNFα from macrophages then create a feedforward loop that enhances endothelial cell activation and IGF1 secretion. This endothelial cell–macrophage interaction sustains sterile endometrial inflammation and facilitates epithelial cell proliferation, even after estradiol withdrawal. The bulk RNA‐Seq results and phosphoproteomic analysis show that endothelial SHP2 mechanistically enhances RIPK1 activity by dephosphorylating RIPK1Tyr380. This event activates downstream activator protein 1 (AP‐1) and instigates the inflammation response. Furthermore, targeting SHP2 using SHP099 (an allosteric inhibitor) or endothelial‐specific SHP2 deletion alleviates endothelial cell activation, macrophage infiltration, and EH progression in mice. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that SHP2 mediates the transition of endothelial activation from estradiol‐driven acute inflammation to macrophage‐amplified chronic inflammation. Targeting sterile inflammation mediated by endothelial cell activation is a promising strategy for nonhormonal intervention in estrogen‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion batteries have been a major energy source in electric vehicles because of their strong adaptability in operating conditions. Accurate estimation of state of charge (SOC) for lithium‐ion batteries can efficiently improve the efficiency of battery energy utilization. However, SOC estimation is complicated in operating conditions with unknown model parameters. This study proposes an adaptive square root central difference Kalman filter (ASRCDKF) algorithm based on the equivalent circuit model to achieve high‐precision estimation of SOC. First of all, to avoid an open‐circuit voltage test, a linear Kalman filter is constructed to realize real‐time estimation of unknown parameters in the measurement equation. Then, to improve the stability of the algorithm, a square root method is used to ensure a positive semi‐definite of the error covariance matrix that is based on the adaptive central difference Kalman filter algorithm. Model parameters are considered as the state to be estimated, and the joint estimation of the model parameters and SOC is realized by an ASRCDKF algorithm. After that, the linear Kalman filter is coupled with the ASRCDKF to realize the accurate estimation of SOC in the case of both the state equation and the measurement equation including unknown parameters. Last, the ASRCDKF algorithm is compared with the adaptive central difference Kalman filter algorithm and the adaptive cubature Kalman filter algorithm under two sets of operating conditions. The results show that the SOC estimation of the ASRCDKF algorithm is more significantly accurate than other algorithms under different operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents a highly heterogeneous kidney malignancy associated with the poorest prognosis. The metastatic potential of advanced ccRCC tumors is notably high, posing significant clinical challenges. There is an urgent imperative to develop novel therapeutic approaches to address ccRCC metastasis. Recent investigations indicated a potential association between GBP2 and tumor immunity. However, the precise functional role of GBP2 in the progression of ccRCC remains poorly understood. The present study revealed a strong correlation between GBP2 and M2 macrophages. Specifically, our findings demonstrated that the inhibition of GBP2 significantly impedes the migratory and invasive capabilities of ccRCC cells. We observed that the presence of M2 macrophages can reverse the effects of GBP2 knockdown on tumor cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that M2 macrophages promote the expression of the GBP2/p‐STAT3 and p‐ERK axis in tumor cells through the secretion of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), thereby substantially enhancing the migratory and invasive capacities of the tumor cells. Simultaneously, we have identified that GBP2 promotes the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype by stimulating the secretion of interleukin‐18 (IL‐18). In summary, our investigation anticipates that the GBP2/IL‐18/M2 macrophages/IL‐10 and the TGF‐β/GBP2, p‐STAT3, p‐ERK loop plays a crucial role in ccRCC metastasis. The collective findings from our research underscore the significant role of GBP2 in tumor immunity and emphasize the potential for modulating GBP2 as a promising therapeutic strategy for targeting ccRCC metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this article, we study parameter estimation problems for fractional commensurate Hammerstein systems utilizing the conformable fractional derivative. Two algorithms are investigated: first, the Poisson moment functions (PMF) method, aiming to transfer the fractional derivative of the measurement signal into PMF using the fractional Laplace transform and convolution; second, a proposed new instrumental variable algorithm, which is based on the conformable fractional derivative. Both algorithms have been analyzed and shown to be consistent. A comprehensive complexity analysis is provided for each algorithm. Furthermore, a kind of special time‐varying systems are discussed under the conformable fractional derivative. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene has a large specific surface area, abundant functional groups, and low work function, which has potential in the field of photocatalytic materials. However, the manufacturing of controllable films with high photocatalytic properties and desirable transmittance is a challenging task. Herein, low‐cost, large‐scale, and rapid preparation of Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 flexible composite films have been successfully prepared by inkjet printing technology, which can be applied in complex and special environments, as well as in photoelectrically controllable places for photocatalytic performance. With the increase of the anatase TiO2, the transmittance of Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 films increases from 55.37% to 73.27% at 780 nm, corresponding to the square resistance of 1.112–206.496 kΩ sq−1 and the figure of merit of 0.48–0.005. When the amount of anatase TiO2 is 15%, the film has the best photocatalytic effect on methylene blue (MB) dye, reaching 68.94%. After five cycles of testing, the degradation efficiency of MB dye decreases by only 5.68%, showing that the film has good cycling stability. This work provides a new research direction for photoelectrically controllable photocatalytic degradation in complex and special environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) show high potential for new‐generation light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties. Even though the red PQD‐LEDs can be realized through mixing halide in the PQDs to tune their spectroscopies, the PQDs may suffer from phase separation under a high electric field, predominantly affecting LED applications. Herein, a ligand‐pinning‐assisted approach is reported to tune the spectroscopies of CsPbI3 PQDs, in which vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) is applied as function ligands to regulate the nucleation and growth of PQDs during the synthesis. Systematically experimental studies and theoretical calculations are conducted to comprehensively understand the functions of the VPA ligands during the PQD synthesis, which reveals that the VPA ligands with high binding energy with Pb2+ cations could firmly anchor on the surface matrix of PQDs without desorption, regulating the growth of PQDs and thus resulting in tunable spectroscopies being realized. Meanwhile, VPA could also renovate the defective surface matrix of PQDs, substantially diminishing trap‐induced nonradiative recombination. Consequently, red PQD‐LEDs deliver a high external quantum efficiency of 22.83%, which is significantly improved compared with the control devices. This work provides a new avenue to tune the spectroscopies of PQDs toward high‐performing LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exceptional optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) in the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions have positioned them as a promising class of semiconductor materials for diverse optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. However, their limited response to near‐infrared (NIR) light due to the intrinsic bandgap (>1.5 eV) has hindered their applications in many advanced technologies. To circumvent this limitation, it is of fundamental significance to integrate PeNCs with lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) that are capable of efficiently converting low‐energy NIR photons into high‐energy ultraviolet and visible photons. By leveraging the energy transfer from UCNPs to PeNCs, this synergistic combination can not only expand the NIR responsivity range of PeNCs but also introduce novel emission profiles to upconversion luminescence with multi‐dimensional tunability (e.g., wavelength, lifetime, and polarization) under low‐to‐medium power NIR irradiation, which breaks through the inherent restrictions of individual PeNCs and UCNPs and thereby opens up new opportunities for materials and device engineering. In this review, we focus on the latest advancements in the development of PeNCs‐UCNPs nanocomposites, with an emphasis on the controlled synthesis and optical properties design for advanced optoelectronic applications such as full‐spectrum solar cells, NIR photodetectors, and multilevel anticounterfeiting. Some future efforts and prospects toward this active research field are also envisioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐dimensional metal halide perovskites exhibit exceptional photoelectronic properties and intrinsic stability, positioning them as a promising class of semiconductor materials for light‐emitting devices and photodetectors. In this work, we present a millimeter‐scale single crystal of mixed low‐dimensional (one‐dimensional–zero‐dimensional [1D–0D]) organic lead iodide with well‐defined crystallinity. The fabricated single‐crystal devices demonstrate high‐sensitivity photoresponse and x‐ray detection performance. By spatially isolating organic molecules to form the mixed 1D–0D crystal structure, ion migrations is effectively suppressed, resulting in a remarkable three orders of magnitude reduction in the dark current (56.4 pA @200 V) of the single‐crystal devices. Furthermore, by enhancing the background characteristics, we achieved an impressive low x‐ray detection limit of 154.5 nGys−1 in the single‐crystal device. These findings highlight that the mixed 1D–0D organic lead iodide configuration efficiently controls ion migration within the crystal structure, offering a promising avenue for realizing high‐performance perovskite‐based photodetectors and x‐ray detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Mycorrhizal associations are key mutualisms that shape the structure of forest communities and multiple ecosystem functions. However, we lack a framework for predicting the varying dominance of distinct mycorrhizal associations in an integrated proxy of multifunctionality across ecosystems.Here, we used the datasets containing diversity of mycorrhizal associations and 18 ecosystem processes related to supporting, provisioning, and regulating services to examine how the dominance of ectomycorrhiza (EcM) associations affects ecosystem multifunctionality in subtropical mountain forests in Southwest China. Meanwhile, we synthesized the prevalence of EcM‐dominant effects on ecosystem functioning in forest biomes.Our results demonstrated that elevation significantly modified the distributions of EcM trees and fungal dominance, which in turn influenced multiple functions simultaneously. Multifunctionality increased with increasing proportion of EcM associations, supporting the ectomycorrhizal‐dominance hypothesis. Meanwhile, we observed that the impacts of EcM dominance on individual ecosystem functions exhibited different relationships among forest biomes.Our findings highlight the importance of ectomycorrhizal dominance in regulating multifunctionality in subtropical forests. However, this ectomycorrhizal feedback in shaping ecosystem functions cannot necessarily be generalized across forests. Therefore, we argue that the predictions for ecosystem multifunctionality in response to the shifts of mycorrhizal composition could vary across space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2019, research into MXene derivatives has seen a dramatic rise; further progress requires a rational design for specific functionality. Herein, through a molecular design by selecting suitable functional groups in the MXene coating, we have implemented the dual N doping of the derivatives, nitrogen‐doped TiO2@nitrogen‐doped carbon nanosheets (N‐TiO2@NC), to strike a balance between the active anatase TiO2 at low temperatures, and carbon activation at high temperatures. The NH3 reduction environment generated at 400 °C as evidenced by the in situ pyrolysis SVUV‐PIMS process is crucial for concurrent phase engineering. With both electrical conductivity and surface Na+ availability, the N‐TiO2@NC achieves higher interface capacitive‐like sodium storage with long‐term stability. More than 100 mAh g−1 is achieved at 2 A g−1 after 5000 cycles. The proposed design may be extended to other MXenes and solidify the growing family of MXene derivatives for energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare‐earth hafnates are gaining attention due to their excellent high‐temperature phase stability and low thermal conductivity. However, they still have shortcomings of low thermal expansion and poor calcium‐magnesium‐aluminum‐silicate (CMAS) corrosion resistance. In this study, we employed high‐entropy engineering and component design to synthesize three high‐entropy hafnates (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2T0.2)2Hf2O7 (T = Dy, Ho, Tm) as well as a single‐component hafnate Nd2Hf2O7, with the aim of preparing thermal barrier coatings with an excellent comprehensive performance. Test results indicate that the high‐entropy compositions have excellent thermal properties. The focus is on elucidating the corrosion process and failure mechanism of CMAS at 1300°C. Moreover, the analysis of residual CMAS and corrosion products was conducted to evaluate the discrepancies in CMAS corrosion behavior among the various compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carcinogenicity of benzene was reevaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2017, with the Working Group reaffirming positive yet inconclusive associations with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). To extend our previous observation of a significant exposure‐response for cumulative occupational benzene exposure and NHL risk among Chinese women in a population‐based cohort in Shanghai, we extended follow‐up of this cohort and pooled the data with a similarly designed population‐based cohort of men in Shanghai. Cumulative exposure estimates were derived for 134,449 participants in the pooled analysis by combining ordinal job‐exposure matrix intensity ratings with quantitative benzene measurements from an inspection database of Shanghai factories. Associations between benzene exposure metrics and NHL (n = 363 cases including multiple myeloma [MM]) were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. Ever occupational exposure to benzene in the pooled population was associated with NHL risk (HR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2–2.0), and exposure‐response relationships were observed for increasing duration (ptrend =.003) and cumulative exposure (ptrend =.003). Associations with ever exposure, duration, and cumulative exposure were similar for NHL with and without MM in the case definition, including lifetime cumulative exposures in the highest quartile (HR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.4 with MM included; HR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.7 with MM excluded). An elevated risk of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia subtype was suggested in the pooled analyses (HR for ever vs. never exposure = 2.3, 95% CI = 0.9–5.6). These observations provide additional support for a plausible association between occupational benzene exposure and risk of NHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sterols have long been associated with diverse fields, such as cancer treatment, drug development, and plant growth; however, their underlying mechanisms and functions remain enigmatic. Here, we unveil a critical role played by a GmNF‐YC9‐mediated CCAAT‐box transcription complex in modulating the steroid metabolism pathway within soybeans. Specifically, this complex directly activates squalene monooxygenase (GmSQE1), which is a rate‐limiting enzyme in steroid synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that overexpression of either GmNF‐YC9 or GmSQE1 significantly enhances soybean stress tolerance, while the inhibition of SQE weakens this tolerance. Field experiments conducted over two seasons further reveal increased yields per plant in both GmNF‐YC9 and GmSQE1 overexpressing plants under drought stress conditions. This enhanced stress tolerance is attributed to the reduction of abiotic stress‐induced cell oxidative damage. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses shed light on the upregulation of multiple sterol compounds, including fucosterol and soyasaponin II, in GmNF‐YC9 and GmSQE1 overexpressing soybean plants under stress conditions. Intriguingly, the application of soybean steroids, including fucosterol and soyasaponin II, significantly improves drought tolerance in soybean, wheat, foxtail millet, and maize. These findings underscore the pivotal role of soybean steroids in countering oxidative stress in plants and offer a new research strategy for enhancing crop stress tolerance and quality from gene regulation to chemical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used the brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining method to group buffalo oocytes (BCB+ and BCB−) and perform in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and embryo culture. At the same time, molecular biology techniques were used to detect gap junction protein expression and oxidative stress‐related indicators to explore the molecular mechanism of BCB staining to predict oocyte developmental potential. The techniques of buffalo oocytes to analyse their developmental potential and used immunofluorescence staining to detect the expression level of CX43 protein, DCFH‐DA probe staining to detect ROS levels and qPCR to detect the expression levels of the antioxidant‐related genes SOD2 and GPX1. Our results showed that the in vitro maturation rate, embryo cleavage rate and blastocyst rate of buffalo oocytes in the BCB+ group were significantly higher than those in the BCB− group and the control group (p <.05). The expression level of CX43 protein in the BCB+ group was higher than that in the BCB− group both before and after maturation (p <.05). The intensity of ROS in the BCB+ group was significantly lower than that in the BCB− group (p <.05), and the expression levels of the antioxidant‐related genes SOD2 and GPX1 in the BCB+ group were significantly higher than those in the BCB− group (p <.05). Brilliant cresyl blue staining could effectively predict the developmental potential of buffalo oocytes. The results of BCB staining were positively correlated with the expression of gap junction protein and antioxidant‐related genes and negatively correlated with the reactive oxygen species level, suggesting that the mechanism of BCB staining in predicting the developmental potential of buffalo oocytes might be closely related to antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare‐earth tantalates present promise as thermal barrier coatings due to their favorable thermodynamic characteristics. To further diminish thermal conductivity, three high‐entropy tantalate samples, namely (Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Lu0.2)3TaO7, (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Gd0.2Tm0.2)3TaO7, and (Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Dy0.2)3TaO7, denoted as HE‐1, HE‐2, and HE‐3, respectively, were synthesized in this investigation. HE‐1 exhibits a low thermal conductivity of 1.46 W/(m·K)–1 at 1000°C. The rationale behind this reduced thermal conductivity is expounded via the phonon scattering mechanism. The introduction of atomic disparities and grain size inhomogeneity, attributable to high‐entropy doping, collaborates to enhance phonon scattering, culminating in the lowest thermal conductivity. HE‐3, on the other hand, possesses a notable thermal expansion coefficient of 11.6 × 10−6 K−1 at 1200°C and manifests pronounced anisotropy in CTEs. All three high‐entropy samples demonstrate commendable mechanical properties, with Young's modulus lower than that of single‐component rare‐earth tantalates, while simultaneously exhibiting high hardness values (>8.4 GPa). This work furnishes a valuable reference for the utilization of high entropy rare‐earth tantalates in the realm of thermal barrier coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detection is critical for improving pancreatic cancer prognosis. Our study aims to identify circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with pancreatic cancer risk. The two‐stage study used plasma samples collected ≤5 years prior to cancer diagnosis, from case–control studies nested in five prospective cohort studies. The discovery stage included 185 case–control pairs from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Replication stage samples comprised 277 pairs from Shanghai Women's Health Study/Shanghai Men's Health Study, Southern Community Cohort Study, and Multiethnic Cohort Study. Seven hundred and ninety‐eight miRNAs were measured using the NanoString nCounter Analysis System. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for per 10% change in miRNAs in association with pancreatic cancer risk were derived from conditional logistic regression analysis in discovery and replication studies, separately, and then meta‐analyzed. Stratified analysis was conducted by age at diagnosis (<65/≥65 years) and time interval between sample collection and diagnosis (≤2/>2 years). In the discovery stage, 120 risk associated miRNAs were identified at p <.05. Three were validated in the replication stage: hsa‐miR‐199a‐3p/hsa‐miR‐199b‐3p, hsa‐miR‐767‐5p, and hsa‐miR‐191‐5p, with respective ORs (95% CI) being 0.89 (0.84–0.95), 1.08 (1.02–1.13), and 0.90 (0.85–0.95). Five additional miRNAs, hsa‐miR‐640, hsa‐miR‐874‐5p, hsa‐miR‐1299, hsa‐miR‐22‐3p, and hsa‐miR‐449b‐5p, were validated among patients diagnosed at ≥65 years, with OR (95% CI) of 1.23 (1.09–1.39), 1.33 (1.16–1.52), 1.25 (1.09–1.43), 1.28 (1.12–1.46), 0.76 (0.65–0.89), and 1.22 (1.07–1.39), respectively. The miRNA targets were enriched in pancreatic carcinogenesis/progression‐related pathways. Our study suggests that circulating miRNAs may identify individuals at high risk for pancreatic cancer ≤5 years prior to diagnosis, indicating its potential utility in cancer screening and surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etiology of lung cancer in never‐smokers remains elusive, despite 15% of lung cancer cases in men and 53% in women worldwide being unrelated to smoking. Here, we aimed to enhance our understanding of lung cancer pathogenesis among never‐smokers using untargeted metabolomics. This nested case‐control study included 395 never‐smoking women who developed lung cancer and 395 matched never‐smoking cancer‐free women from the prospective Shanghai Women's Health Study with 15,353 metabolic features quantified in pre‐diagnostic plasma using liquid chromatography high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Recognizing that metabolites often correlate and seldom act independently in biological processes, we utilized a weighted correlation network analysis to agnostically construct 28 network modules of correlated metabolites. Using conditional logistic regression models, we assessed the associations for both metabolic network modules and individual metabolic features with lung cancer, accounting for multiple testing using a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.20. We identified a network module of 121 features inversely associated with all lung cancer (p =.001, FDR = 0.028) and lung adenocarcinoma (p =.002, FDR = 0.056), where lyso‐glycerophospholipids played a key role driving these associations. Another module of 440 features was inversely associated with lung adenocarcinoma (p =.014, FDR = 0.196). Individual metabolites within these network modules were enriched in biological pathways linked to oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. These pathways have been implicated in previous metabolomics studies involving populations exposed to known lung cancer risk factors such as traffic‐related air pollution and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Our results suggest that untargeted plasma metabolomics could provide novel insights into the etiology and risk factors of lung cancer among never‐smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical and subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests (TEFs) contribute more than one‐third of terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP). However, the continental‐scale leaf phenology‐photosynthesis nexus over TEFs is still poorly understood to date. This knowledge gap hinders most light use efficiency (LUE) models from accurately simulating the GPP seasonality in TEFs. Leaf age is the crucial plant trait to link the dynamics of leaf phenology with GPP seasonality. Thus, here we incorporated the seasonal leaf area index of different leaf age cohorts into a widely used LUE model (i.e., EC‐LUE) and proposed a novel leaf age‐dependent LUE model (denoted as LA‐LUE model). At the site level, the LA‐LUE model (average R2 =.59, average root‐mean‐square error [RMSE] = 1.23 gC m−2 day−1) performs better than the EC‐LUE model in simulating the GPP seasonality across the nine TEFs sites (average R2 =.18; average RMSE = 1.87 gC m−2 day−1). At the continental scale, the monthly GPP estimates from the LA‐LUE model are consistent with FLUXCOM GPP data (R2 =.80; average RMSE = 1.74 gC m−2 day−1), and satellite‐based GPP data retrieved from the global Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2) based solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) product (GOSIF) (R2 =.64; average RMSE = 1.90 gC m−2 day−1) and the reconstructed TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument SIF dataset using machine learning algorithms (RTSIF) (R2 =.78; average RMSE = 1.88 gC m−2 day−1). Typically, the estimated monthly GPP not only successfully represents the unimodal GPP seasonality near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, but also captures well the bimodal GPP seasonality near the Equator. Overall, this study for the first time integrates the leaf age information into the satellite‐based LUE model and provides a feasible implementation for mapping the continental‐scale GPP seasonality over the entire TEFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decreasing the global cost of corrosion, it is essential to understand the intricate mechanisms of corrosion and enhance the corrosion resistance of materials. However, the ambiguity surrounding the dominant mechanism of calcium‐magnesium aluminosilicate (CMAS) molten salt corrosion in extreme environments hinders the mix‐and‐matching of the key rare earth elements for increasing the resistance of monosilicates against corrosion of CMAS. Herein, an approach based on correlated electron microscopy techniques combined with density functional theory calculations is presented to elucidate the complex interplay of competing mechanisms that control the corrosion of CMAS of monosilicates. These findings reveal a competition between thermodynamics and kinetics that relies on the temperatures and corrosion processes. Innovative medium‐entropy monosilicates with exceptional corrosion resistance even at 1500 °C are developed. This is achieved by precisely modulating the radii of rare earth ions in monosilicates to strike a delicate balance between the competition in thermodynamics and kinetics. After 50 and 100 h of corrosion, the thinnest reactive layers are measured to be only 28.8 and 35.4 µm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanide ion contained metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention in the fields of solid‐state lighting and chemical sensing due to their porous structure and distinctive optical properties. However, they also present challenges because of the limited photoluminescence (PL) intensity resulting from the parity‐forbidden f–f transitions of lanthanide ions. Herein, the study reports a new heterometallic MOFs Ln3Li2L4 (Li‐Ln‐MOF, Ln = Y, Eu, Tb and Dy, L = deprotonated 1,3,5‐tris(4‐carboxyphenyl)benzene) with a Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area of 774.1 m2/g. The porous crystal structure of Li‐Ln‐MOF is characterized by three kinds of channels interpenetrating with each other. By employing ligand alternation and lanthanide ion alloying strategies, Li‐Y1‐xEux‐MOF1 crystal isostructural with Li‐Ln‐MOF is synthesized by using 2,4,6‐tris(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (H3TATB) as ligand. The Li‐Y0.7Eu0.3‐MOF1 crystal excels in the comprehensive performance with a BET surface area of 858.8 m2 g−1 and a near‐unity PL quantum yield. The time density functional theory and natural transition orbitals calculations unravel that the outstanding optical properties Li‐Y0.7Eu0.3‐MOF1 originates from the charge transfer between TATB3− and Eu3+. Benefiting from the excellent comprehensive performance of Li‐Y1‐xEux‐MOF1, the study reveals their potentials as single‐composition white‐light emission and fluorescent sensing probe for the detection of nitrobenzene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacological activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a convenient and promising strategy for promoting beige adipocyte biogenesis to combat obesity‐related metabolic disorders. However, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the full agonists of PPARγ exhibit severe side effects in animal models and in clinical settings. Therefore, the development of efficient and safe PPARγ modulators for the treatment of metabolic diseases is emerging. In this study, using comprehensive methods, we report a previously unidentified ligand‐binding pocket (LBP) in PPARγ and link it to beige adipocyte differentiation. Further virtual screening of 4097 natural compounds based on this novel LBP revealed that saikosaponin A (NJT‐2), a terpenoid compound, can bind to PPARγ to induce coactivator recruitment and effectively activate PPARγ‐mediated transcription of the beige adipocyte program. In a mouse model, NJT‐2 administration efficiently promoted beige adipocyte biogenesis and improved obesity‐associated metabolic dysfunction, with significantly fewer adverse effects than those observed with TZD. Our results not only provide an advanced molecular insight into the structural ligand‐binding details in PPARγ, but also develop a linked selective and safe agonist for obesity treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anorectal malformation (ARM), a common congenital anomaly of the digestive tract, is a result of insufficient elongation of the urorectal septum. The cytoplasmic protein Receptor of Activated C‐Kinase 1 (Rack1) is involved in embryonic neural development; however, its role in embryonic digestive tract development and ARM formation is unexplored. Our study explored the hindgut development and cell death mechanisms in ARM‐affected rats using spatial transcriptome analysis. We induced ARM in rats by administering ethylenethiourea via gavage on gestational day (GD) 10. On GDs 14–16, embryos from both normal and ARM groups underwent spatial transcriptome sequencing, which identified key genes and signalling pathways. Rack1 exhibited significant interactions among differentially expressed genes on GDs 15 and 16. Reduced Rack1 expression in the ARM‐affected hindgut, verified by Rack1 silencing in intestinal epithelial cells, led to increased P38 phosphorylation and activation of the MAPK signalling pathway. The suppression of this pathway downregulated Nqo1 and Gpx4 expression, resulting in elevated intracellular levels of ferrous ions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides. Downregulation of Gpx4 expression in the ARM hindgut, coupled with Rack1 co‐localisation and consistent mitochondrial morphology, indicated ferroptosis. In summary, Rack1, acting as a hub gene, modulates ferrous ions, lipid peroxides, and ROS via the P38‐MAPK/Nqo1/Gpx4 axis. This modulation induces ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells, potentially influencing hindgut development during ARM onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood brain barrier (BBB) limits the application of most therapeutic drugs for neurological diseases (NDs). Hybrid cell membrane‐coated nanoparticles derived from different cell types can mimic the surface properties and functionalities of the source cells, further enhancing their targeting precision and therapeutic efficacy. Neuroinflammation has been increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of various NDs, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, a novel cell membrane coating is designed by hybridizing the membrane from platelets and chemokine (C–C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) cells are overexpressed to cross the BBB and target neuroinflammatory lesions. Past unsuccessful endeavors in AD drug development underscore the challenge of achieving favorable outcomes when utilizing single‐mechanism drugs.Two drugs with different mechanisms of actions into liposomes are successfully loaded to realize multitargeting treatment. In a transgenic mouse model for familial AD (5xFAD), the administration of these drug‐loaded hybrid cell membrane liposomes results in a significant reduction in amyloid plaque deposition, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairments. Collectively, the hybrid cell membrane‐coated nanomaterials offer new opportunities for precise drug delivery and disease‐specific targeting, which represent a versatile platform for targeted therapy in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron‐doped diamond is a wide‐bandgap semiconductor with excellent semiconductor properties, which is widely utilized in various applications. Till now, the thermodynamic rules governing the carrier transitions in this material have not been fully understood. In this research, the different luminescence behaviors of boron‐doped diamond under 193 nm pulse laser with high‐ and low‐ power density excitation are analyzed. Under high‐power density excitation (@≈63 kW cm−2), the emission intensity of excitons is nearly ten times higher than that of defect luminescence. Conversely, under low‐power density excitation (@≈1.4 kW cm−2, different emission peaks exhibit similar intensities, indicating a competitive relationship among them. Based on experimental and theoretical analyses, the difference is attributed to the thermodynamic distribution of carriers at varying excitation powers. Specifically, high excitation power brings an independent behavior of each emission peak, and the exciton emission is described by a phonon‐assisted radiation model; different from that, the competition among different emission centers under the condition of low excitation power cannot be neglected, and now the thermodynamic evolution of each emission peak is described by a carrier trapping‐dissociation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the relationship between gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth weight outcomes and establish suggested GWG patterns in early pregnancy weight loss women. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted based on the Beijing Birth Cohort Study from 2014 to 2021 and included 20 688 women. Weight change in early pregnancy was calculated using weight measurements within 16 weeks of gestation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the relationships of different GWG categories, based on the Chinese standard, and birth weight outcomes. The statistical‐based approach was used to determine the optimal GWG ranges and weekly weight gain. Results: Compared to 3313 women who gained appropriate weight in early pregnancy, 2614 women who lost weight in the same period increased the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.14–1.80, P = 0.002). However, the relationship disappeared after adjusting for total GWG. Among the early pregnancy weight loss women, both excessive GWG and inadequate GWG were associated with adverse birth weight outcomes after adjusting for confounders. The suggested GWG range and rate were 11.0 ~ 16.0 kg and 0.46 to 0.67 kg/week from 16 weeks to delivery for women with normal body mass index (BMI) and weight loss in early pregnancy. Conclusion: Weight loss in early pregnancy was not the independent risk factor of birth weight outcomes. GWG may offset the expected effects. To achieve optimal outcomes, women with normal BMI and weight loss in early pregnancy need to have a higher weight gain rate in mid‐late pregnancy but similar total GWG ranges with the Chinese standard for general women. Synopsis: The subsequent weight gain and total gestational weight gain are associated with birth weight outcomes in early pregnancy weight loss women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of an AI-based algorithm called DMFold for predicting the structure of protein-protein complexes. Proteins carry out important biological functions through their interactions with other proteins, known as protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Determining the three-dimensional structures of PPI complexes is crucial for understanding their functions and developing drugs that target PPIs. The DMFold algorithm constructs precise multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) and utilizes co-evolutionary information to predict the structure of PPI complexes. In blind tests, DMFold outperformed other methods, including the widely acclaimed AlphaFold2, in predicting the structures of protein complexes. The algorithm has the potential to enhance protein function annotations and aid in the discovery of drugs targeting PPI-related diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Protothecosis is an infection of humans and animals caused by a rare conditionally pathogenic fungus (prototheca). It can occur in immunocompromised or normal patients. Aims: To describe the epidemiology of prototheca infection in China. Methods: We report a case of successful treatment of cutaneous protothecosis with fluconazole and analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of prototheca infections in China. Results: We describe this case and 29 cases of prototheca infections in China. At present, Prototheca wickerhamii (Pw) infection is the most common infection in China, and single or combined itraconazole is the preferred treatment. Conclusions: These results provide detailed information and relevant clinical treatment strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of protothecosis in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the SWT model was improved by incorporating the Walker equation into the strain–life curve. The established model takes into account the material's sensitivity to mean stress by introducing the Walker exponent, w. Under uniaxial loading condition, the proposed model can reduce to the SWT model, Manson‐Coffin equation, and Walker model for w values of 0.5, 1, and 0, respectively. Under multiaxial symmetric loading, when w = 0.5, the proposed model can be simplified as another SWT correction model (CXH) proposed by Chen et al. The prediction accuracy of the established model was validated using about 200 data points collected from literature. These data points were obtained from tests conducted on eight different kinds of metals under various multiaxial loading paths. The verification results indicate that 96.8% and 97.9% of the data points fall within the factor‐of‐three boundary for the loading paths without and with mean stresses, respectively. Highlights: Shear terms have significant influence on fatigue damage under non‐proportional loading.An improved SWT model is proposed by incorporating Walker equation into strain–life curve.Procedures for determining the critical plane and damage parameters were presented.Good predictions are obtained for loadings with/without mean stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little research has focused on the relationship between gut microbiome and chemotherapy‐induced toxicity. Methods: This prospective study involves 301 patients with breast cancer who had prechemotherapy stool samples collected. Gut microbiome was sequenced by shotgun metagenomics; associations with chemotherapy‐induced toxicities during first‐line treatment by gut microbial diversity, composition, and metabolic pathways with severe (i.e., grade ≥3) hematological and gastrointestinal toxicities were evaluated via multivariable logistic regression. Results: High prechemotherapy α‐diversity was associated with a significantly reduced risk of both severe hematological toxicity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89–0.99; p =.048) and neutropenia (OR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89–0.99; p =.016). A high abundance of phylum Synergistota, class Synergistia, and order Synergistales were significantly associated with a reduced risk of severe neutropenia; conversely, enrichment of phylum Firmicutes C, class Negativicutes, phylum Firmicutes I, and class Bacilli A, order Paenibacillales were significantly associated with an increased risk of severe neutropenia (p range: 0.012–2.32 × 10–3; false discovery rate <0.1). Significant positive associations were also observed between severe nausea/vomiting and high Chao1 indexes, β‐diversity (p <.05), 20 species belonging to the family Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae (p value range: 6.14 × 10–3 to 1.33 × 10–5; false discovery rate <0.1), and three metabolic pathways involved in reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle I and cycle II, and an incomplete reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle (p <.01). Conversely, a high abundance of species Odoribacter laneus and the pathway related to the L‐proline biosynthesis II were inversely associated with severe nausea/vomiting. Conclusions: Our study suggests that gut microbiota may be a potential preventive target to reduce chemotherapy‐induced toxicity. The gut microbiome has been shown to affect chemotherapy efficacy, but its association with chemotherapy‐induced toxicity has been little investigated. Prechemotherapy gut microbiome diversity and abundance of certain bacteria were associated with chemotherapy‐induced toxicities, suggesting that gut microbiome manipulation could be a potential target for reducing chemotherapy‐induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating photocatalytic technology with building materials is an imperative new trend in the green building field. Here, a novel Pd/ZnO nanorod array‐decorated ceramic tile has been designed for the first time, aiming to purify the surrounding environment. Because of the piezoelectric characteristics of ZnO nanorods, the environmental degradation efficiency of this tile‐based structure under light irradiation could be improved through injecting mechanical vibration stress. The unique piezo‐photocatalytic synergistic effect, due to the piezoelectric field created by bent ZnO nanorods and the Schottky junction formed by the noble metal Pd/ZnO heterostructures, could effectively separate the photoinduced carriers and reduce the rate of recombination, boosting the degradation efficiency. The tile‐based Pd/ZnO reaches the greatest catalytic efficiency of 75% for dye degradation in 30 min when ultrasonic and solar irradiation are applied simultaneously. Present results offer a fresh idea for creating novel piezo‐photocatalytic materials applied in eco‐friendly green buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and circulating folate metabolites, folic acid (FA) intake, and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) genotype. Materials and Methods: A prospective pregnancy cohort study was conducted in Beijing, China, from 2022 to 2023. Circulating folate metabolites, including red blood cell (RBC) 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate (5‐MTHF), 5, 10‐methylene‐tetrahydrofolate (5,10‐CH2‐THF), 5‐ formyltetrahydrofolate (5‐CHO‐THF), and unmetabolised folic acid (UMFA), and plasma homocysteine (HCY), 5‐MTHF, and methylmalonic acid (MMA), were determined at 6–17 weeks and 20–26 weeks of gestation. FA intake and the MTHFR and MTRR genotype were also examined. GDM was diagnosed between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy by a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The association between the folate status and GDM was ascertained using multivariate generalised linear models, logistic regression models, and restricted cubic spline regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The study included 2032 pregnant women, of whom 392 (19.29%) developed GDM. UMFA above the 75th percentile (≥P75) [adjusted OR (aOR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) = 1.36 (1.01–1.84)], UMFA ≥ P90 [aOR (95% CI) = 1.82 (1.23–2.69)], and HCY ≥ P75 [aOR (95% CI) = 1.40 (1.04–1.88)] in early pregnancy, and RBC 5‐MTHF [aOR (95% CI) = 1.48 (1.10–2.00)], RBC 5,10‐CH2‐THF [aOR (95% CI) = 1.55 (1.15–2.10)], and plasma 5‐MTHF [aOR (95% CI) = 1.36 (1.00–1.86)] in mid‐pregnancy ≥ P75 are associated with GDM. Higher UMFA levels in early pregnancy show positive associations with the 1‐h and 2‐h glucose levels during the OGTT, and higher HCY levels are associated with increased fasting glucose levels during the OGTT. In comparison, RBC 5‐ MTHF and 5,10‐CH2‐THF, and plasma 5‐ MTHF in mid‐pregnancy are positively associated with the 1‐h glucose level (p < 0.05). The MTHFR and MTRR genotype and FA intake are not associated with GDM. Conclusions: Elevated levels of UMFA and HCY during early pregnancy, along with elevated RBC 5‐MTHF and 5,10‐CH2‐THF and plasma 5‐MTHF during mid‐pregnancy, are associated with GDM. These findings indicate distinct connections between different folate metabolites and the occurrence of GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane separation of aromatics and aliphatics is a crucial requirement in chemical and petroleum industries. However, this task presents a significant challenge due to the lack of membrane materials that can endure harsh solvents, exhibit molecular specificity, and facilitate easy processing. Herein, we present a novel approach to fabricate a covalent triazine framework (CTF) membrane by employing a mix‐monomer strategy. By incorporating a spatial monomer alongside a planar monomer, we were able to subtly modulate both the pore aperture and membrane affinity, enabling preferential permeation of aromatics over aliphatics with molecular weight below 200 Dalton (Da). Consequently, we achieved successful all‐liquid phase separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures. Our investigation revealed that the synergistic effects of size sieving and the affinity between the permeating molecules and the membrane played a pivotal role in separating these closely resembling species. Furthermore, the membrane exhibited remarkable robustness under practical operating conditions, including prolonged operation time, various feed compositions, different applied pressure, and multiple feed components. This versatile strategy offers a feasible approach to fabricate membranes with molecule selectivity toward aromatic/aliphatic mixtures, taking a significant step forward in addressing the grand challenge of separating small organic molecules through membrane technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibody (Ab)‐based drugs have been widely used in targeted therapies and immunotherapies, leading to significant improvements in tumor therapy. However, the failure of Ab therapy due to the loss of target antigens or Ab modifications that affect its function limits its application. In this study, we expanded the application of antibodies (Abs) by constructing a fusion protein as a versatile tool for Ab‐based target cell detection, delivery, and therapy. We first constructed a SpaC Catcher (SpaCC for short) fusion protein that included the C domains of Staphylococcal protein A (SpaC) and the SpyCatcher. SpaCC conjugated with SpyTag‐X (S‐X) to form the SpaCC‐S‐X complex, which binds non‐covalently to an Ab to form the Ab‐SpaCC‐S‐X protein complex. The "X" can be a variety of small molecules such as fluoresceins, cell‐penetrating peptide TAT, Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), and DNA. We found that Ab‐SpaCC‐S‐FITC(−TAT) could be used for target cell detection and delivery. Besides, we synthesized the Ab‐SpaCC‐SN3‐MMAE complex by linking Ab with MMAE by SpaCC, which improved the cytotoxicity of small molecule toxins. Moreover, we constructed an Ab‐DNA complex by conjugating SpaCC with the aptamer (Ap) and found that Ab‐SpaCC‐SN3‐Ap boosted the tumor‐killing function of T‐cells by retargeting tumor cells. Thus, we developed a multifunctional tool that could be used for targeted therapies and immunotherapies, providing a cheap and convenient novel drug development strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectrum‐based fault localization (SBFL) is considered as the most popular lightweight fault localization method. However, pure SBFL is proved to be tedious and time‐consuming for programmers to detect faults. This is because the suspiciousness is duplicated and they usually involve only the first few suspicious elements in the debugging process before losing patience. For this reason, benefiting from abundant spectrum information created by SBFL, we propose a new spectral fault localization technique using empirical mode decomposition method (EMD) to improve the accuracy of automatic software debugging. To accomplish that, the faulty program is evaluated by SBFL, and then, the resultant suspiciousness scores are taken as signals and nonfaulty elements as noise. Next, EMD is employed to decompose the suspicious scores of SBFL to eliminate massively repeated ones. Hence, elements are reranked according to new scores, and the ranking list is reconstructed by enlarging the high‐performance range (checking 5% elements) and TOP‐5 region to detect more faults. The performance of EMD‐SBFL is tested and compared with pure SBFL with EXAM scores and Top‐n ranks both on Siemens programs with seeded faults and large‐sized Defects4j programs with real faults. The result reveals that EMD‐SBFL is significantly effective to locate nearly over doubled faults by only check Top‐1 and outperforms the state‐of‐the art SBFL techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐positive cell therapy, specifically with anti‐CD19 CAR‐T (CAR19‐T) cells, achieves a high complete response during tumor treatment for hematological malignancies. Large‐scale production and application of CAR‐T therapy can be achieved by developing efficient and low‐cost enrichment methods for CAR‐T cells, expansion monitoring in vivo, and overcoming tumor escape. Here, novel CAR‐specific binding aptamers (CAR‐ap) to traceless sort CAR‐positive cells and obtain a high positive rate of CAR19‐T cells is identified. Additionally, CAR‐ap‐enriched CAR19‐T cells exhibit similar antitumor capacity as CAR‐ab (anti‐CAR antibody)‐enriched CAR‐T cells. Moreover, CAR‐ap accurately monitors the expansion of CAR19‐T cells in vivo and predicts the prognosis of CAR‐T treatment. Essentially, a novel class of stable CAR‐ap‐based bispecific circular aptamers (CAR‐bc‐ap) is constructed by linking CAR‐ap with a tumor surface antigen (TSA): protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) binding aptamer Sgc8. These CAR‐bc‐aps significantly enhance antitumor cytotoxicity with a loss of target antigens by retargeting CAR‐T cells to the tumor in vitro and in vivo. Overall, novel CAR‐aptamers are screened for traceless enrichment, monitoring of CAR‐positive cells, and overcoming tumor cell immune escape. This provides a low‐cost and high‐throughput approach for CAR‐positive cell‐based immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the robust H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ optimal formation control for the position subsystem of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) subject to external disturbances and collision constraints. To prevent collision with both members of the formation and external obstacles, a collision avoidance potential function is constructed using relative position and velocity information. The basic bounded control input can ensure the stable flight and collision avoidance of a quadrotor UAV system. Based on the approximate dynamic programming (ADP) framework and two‐player zero‐sum differential game theory, the H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ optimal controller is designed to further enhance the control performance of the system. The optimal value function is approximated by a single layer neural network, which avoids solving complex nonlinear Hamilton‐JacobiIsaac (HJI) equation. The stability of the closed loop system is proved. The effectiveness of the robust H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ optimal formation controller based on learning is validated through MATLAB simulation in two distinct scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxic effects of nanoparticles‐silver oxide (Ag2O) limited its use. However, loading Ag2O nanoparticles into titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes (Ag2O‐TiO2‐NTs) has more efficient biological activity and safety. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of Ag2O‐TiO2‐NTs on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and its mechanism. The enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the expression of RUNX family transcription factor 2 (Runx2), OPN, OCN in BMSCs were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. At 14 days of induction, the mineralization ability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of cells in each group were observed by Alizarin Red S staining and ALP staining. In addition, the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and β‐catenin in BMSCs of each group were observed by western blot. After 14 days of the induction, the mineralization ability and ALP activity of BMSCs in the Ag2O‐TiO2‐NTs group were significantly enhanced compared with those in the Ag2O and TiO2 groups. Western blot analysis showed that the BMSCs in the Ag2O‐TiO2‐NTs group exhibited much lower protein level of TNF‐α and higher protein level of β‐catenin than those in the Ag2O and TiO2 groups.Ag2O‐TiO2‐NTs enhance the osteogenic activity of BMSCs by modulating TNF‐α/β‐catenin signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]