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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a very common complication in patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). The purpose of this study is to determine the most robust predictors of post-TIPS HE by performing a systematic review of studies that identified the risk factors for patients with post-TIPS HE. A PUBMED search was performed using the predefined rule. Studies were selected for analysis based on certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted from each study on the basis of predefined items. Meta-analyses were executed to verify the relevant risk factors. Thirty studies were included in this systematic review. In the 30 studies, the numbers of variables evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses were 60 and 32, respectively. The numbers of variables found to be significant in univariate and multivariate analyses were 18 and 14, respectively. According to the accumulated number of studies that identified these variables as significant, the three most vigorous predictors of post-TIPS HE were age, prior HE and Child-Pugh class/score in both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Our meta-analysis showed that patients with HE before TIPS or higher Child-Pugh class/score had increased risk of post-TIPS HE. Increased age, prior HE and higher Child-Pugh class/score were the most robust predictors for post-TIPS HE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) with polytetrafluoroethylene-(PTFE)-covered stent has been increasingly used for patients with complications of portal hypertension. It is still debated whether the new endoprostheses will improve some clinical outcomes (except for shunt patency) compared to the bare stents. The aims of our meta-analysis were to explore the patency and clinical outcomes of TIPS with PTFE-covered stent-grafts versus bare stents. Pertinent studies were retrieved through PubMed (1950-2010), MEDLINE (1950-2010), and reference lists of key articles. Outcome measures were primary patency, risk of encephalopathy and survival. Time-to-event data analysis was used to calculate the overall hazard ratios (HR). Six studies were identified including a total of 1275 patients (346 TIPS with PTFE-covered stent-grafts and 929 TIPS with bare stents). Pooled shunt patency data from four eligible studies suggested a significant improvement of primary patency in patients who were treated with PTFE-covered stent-grafts (HR = 0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20-0.35). Pooled encephalopathy data from three eligible studies suggested a significant reduction of risk in the PTFE-covered group (HR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.45-0.86). Pooled survival data from four eligible studies also suggested a significant decrease of mortality in the PTFE-covered group (HR = 0.76, 95%CI 0.58-0.94). No statistical heterogeneity was observed between studies for either outcome. This meta-analysis shows that the use of PTFE-covered stent-grafts clearly improves shunt patency without increasing the risk of hepatic encephalopathy and with a trend towards better survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β -Glucosidase was applied in vapor extraction of rose oil to enhance the release of aroma compounds. Before vapor extraction, the rose flower was first hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase. The conditions of enzyme hydrolysis were optimized, including the amount of β-glucosidase, stirring rate, time, temperature of the enzymatic reaction, the ratio of rose to buffer, and the time of vapor extraction. Compared with the aroma released from rose without enzyme hydrolysis, the odor was preferred by a panel of assessors. The distillates were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amount of aroma released from rose with enzyme hydrolysis was much more than the control, by calculating the total peak area. The difference between the components of the two samples were also identified. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C16H7Cl2F3N4O, is a tricyclic imide with an overall U-shape. There are π–π inter­actions between the pyrazole and furyl rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C18H8Cl3F3N4, is a tricyclic imide with an overall U-shape, each of the three rings being planar. The packing is stabilized by π–π interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C18H8Cl2F3N5O3·C2H6O, is an ethanol solvate of a tricyclic imide with an overall U-shape, each of the the three rings being planar. These include a benzene ring with two chloro and one tri­fluoro­methyl substituent, a central pyrazole ring with a cyano substituent, and a benzene ring with one nitro substituent. In the crystal packing, weak intermolecular hydrogen-bond contacts result in the formation of zigzag chains running parallel to the b axis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C19H11Cl2F3N4O, is a tricyclic imide with an overall U-shape, each of the the three rings being planar. In the crystal structure, the molecular packing is stabilized by π–π interactions occurring between adjacent methoxy­phenyl rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C18H8Cl2F3N5O2, is a tricyclic imide with an overall U-shape, each of the the three rings being planar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C20H14Cl2F3N5, is a tricyclic amide with an overall U-shape, each of the the three rings being planar. There are π–π interactions between the pyrazole ring and the benzene ring with the di­methyl­amine substituent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C19H11Cl2F3N4, is a tricyclic amide with an overall U-shape, each of the three rings being planar. These include a benzene ring with two chloro and one tri­fluoro­methyl substituent, a central pyrazole ring with a cyano substituent, and a benzene ring with one methyl substituent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C18H9Cl2F3N4O, is a tricyclic amide with an overall U-shape. N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds generate linear chains which extend along the a axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C15H5Cl2F3N4O2, is a tricyclic imide with an overall U-shape, each of the three rings being planar. These include a phenyl ring with two chloro and one tri­fluoro­methyl substituents, a central pyrazole ring with a cyano substituent, and a dioxopyrrolidine ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C13H7Cl2F3N4O, has normal bond lengths and angles. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]