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Background and purpose Charcot−Marie−Tooth ( CMT) 1C due to mutations in LITAF/ SIMPLE is a rare subtype amongst the autosomal dominant demyelinating forms of CMT. Our objective was to report the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of 18 CMT1C patients and compare them to 20 patients with PMP22 mutations: 10 CMT1A patients and 10 patients with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies ( HNPP). Methods Charcot−Marie−Tooth 1C patients were followed-up in referral centres for neuromuscular diseases or were identified by familial survey. All CMT1A and HNPP patients were recruited at the referral centre for neuromuscular diseases of Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. Results Two phenotypes were identified amongst 18 CMT1C patients: the classical CMT form (' CMT-like', 11 cases) and a predominantly sensory form ('sensory form', seven cases). The mean CMT neuropathy score was 4.45 in CMT1C patients. Motor nerve conduction velocities in the upper limbs were significantly more reduced in CMT1A than in CMT1C patients. On the other hand, the motor nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve was significantly lower in CMT1C compared to the HNPP group. Distal motor latency was significantly more prolonged in CMT1A patients compared to the CMT1C and HNPP groups, the latter two groups having similar distal motor latency values. Molecular analysis revealed five new LITAF/ SIMPLE mutations (Ala111Thr, Gly112Ala, Trp116Arg, Pro135Leu, Arg160Cys). Conclusions Our study delineates CMT1C as mostly a mild form of neuropathy, and gives clinical and electrophysiological clues differentiating CMT1C from CMT1A and HNPP. Delineating phenotypes in CMT subtypes is important to orient molecular diagnosis and to help to interpret complex molecular findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review evidence relating to children's ability to acknowledge false beliefs within a simulation account according to which our focus is set by default to the world as we know it: hence, our current beliefs assume salience over beliefs that do not fall into this category. The model proposes that the ease with which we imaginatively shift from this default depends on the salience of our current belief, relative to the salience of the belief that is being simulated. However, children do use a rule-based approach for mentalizing in some contexts, which has the advantage of protecting them from the salience of their own belief. Rule-based mentalizing judgements might be faster, cognitively easier and less prone to error, relative to simulation-based judgements that are much influenced by salience. We propose that although simulation is primary, rule-based approaches develop as a shortcut; we thus grow from individuals capable of using only simulation into individuals capable of both techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general theory of linearized elasticity with eigenstrain is considered with applications to continuous, discrete and discretized structures. It is shown that any eigenstrain can be uniquely decomposed into impotent and nilpotent constituents. The proven theorem on decomposition is based on the concepts of functional analysis, in particular, with respect to Hilbert functional spaces. This unique decomposition allows for the individual and independent control of stress, strain and displacement (e.g. shape control). The associated algorithm avoids the cumbersome solution of boundary-value problems with eigenstrain in connection with these control problems. Decomposition of eigenstrain opens the practically important opportunity to fully separate the control of strain and stress produced by force loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the superposition of elastic-plastic waves. It explains various mathematical equations in which Hooke's law is substituting into the Cauchy-Euler equation of motion and states that even plastic shock fronts are rendered by the superposition of all elastic waves. It concludes that the plastic strain includes portions from ductile damage and thermal strain from adiabatic depositing heat in the plastic zone.

The diffraction of a plane solitary wave by a rigid vertical circular cylinder and the resulting wave loading on the cylindrical surface are investigated. Based on the higher-order Boussinesq equations, the second order approximation for the solitary wave equation is derived. The analytical solution is obtained by means of a Fourier transformation technique. Investigation of the wave action on the vertical cylinder is of importance in harbor — and offshore engineering and, in combination with the wave imaging technique, in the design of “cylindrical” arch-dams with radial extending plane walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on three-dimensional dynamic for green function which has been expanded in plane waves. It highlights the Helmholtz decomposition model of the displacements which involves in a homogeneous and isotropic solid and yields the set of wave equations. It also investigates the Lapface-transformation in time, oblique instant force, and horizontal instant single forces with equations and numerical analysis.