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Objective: The immediate impact of child maltreatment on health and developmental trajectories over time is unknown. Longitudinal studies starting in the direct aftermath of exposure with repeated follow‐up are needed. Method: We assessed health and developmental outcomes in 6‐month intervals over 2 years in 173 children, aged 3–5 years at study entry, including 86 children with exposure to emotional and physical abuse or neglect within 6 months and 87 nonmaltreated children. Assessments included clinician‐administered, self‐ and parent‐report measures of psychiatric and behavioral symptoms, development, and physical health. Linear mixed models and latent growth curve analyses were used to contrast trajectories between groups and to investigate the impact of maltreatment features on trajectories. Results: Maltreated children exhibited greater numbers of psychiatric diagnoses (b = 1.998, p <.001), externalizing (b = 13.29, p <.001) and internalizing (b = 11.70, p <.001) symptoms, impairments in cognitive (b = −11.586, p <.001), verbal (b = −10.687, p <.001), and motor development (b = −7.904, p =.006), and greater numbers of medical symptoms (b = 1.021, p <.001) compared to nonmaltreated children across all time‐points. Lifetime maltreatment severity and/or age at earliest maltreatment exposure predicted adverse outcomes over time. Conclusion: The profound, immediate, and stable impact of maltreatment on health and developmental trajectories supports a biological embedding model and provides foundation to scrutinize the precise underlying mechanisms. Such knowledge will enable the development of early risk markers and mechanism‐driven interventions that mitigate adverse trajectories in maltreated children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we ask heterogeneous agents in a dynamic general equilibrium economy to vote on the generosity of their unemployment insurance program. We observe the influence on their vote of (1) moral hazard, (2) private alternatives, and (3) changes in employment status. Agents differ in skills, employment probabilities, income prospects, and assets. For a calibration to the United States, we show that: (1) in contrast to the literature, plausible levels of moral hazard need not induce large cuts in optimal benefits. (2) Switching to private insurance is rejected for most status quo, though it would be as generous. (3) Skill groups vote as a block. For reasonable discount factors, solidarity is never broken simultaneously for more than one group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which considered a model economy to replicate economic areas trading with each other, including Europe, North America and Japan. Facts about the business cycle in these areas; Model and the equilibrium conditions; Results of the simulated economies.

Plaque surface area after rinsing with a tea, containing low levels of fluoride, was evaluated in 30 human volunteers with a single-blind, one-operator, three-period, three-treatment cross-over study. The mouthwashes employed were: (1) tea (Darjeeling first flush:< 0.2 ppm F-), (2) Meridol®, (3) control (tap water:< 0.2 ppm F-). During the experiment the participants refrained from oral hygiene procedures and rinsed their mouth three times a day after each meal with 20 ml of the respective rinse. After 3 d standardized photographs were taken of the upper canines and premolars and the plaque areas were measured planimetrically. Statistical analysis showed a marked decrease in plaque surface area after rinsing with Meridol, whereas no difference in plaque surface area was observed after mouthrinsing with tea and tap water, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]