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ABSTRACT Anisakis simplex larvae, commonly found in marine fish, cause anisakiasis in humans, resulting in gastric to gastro‐allergic symptoms. Despite known health risks, the impact of Anisakidae larvae on fish hosts is less understood. This study aimed to investigate this interaction by assessing the feeding strategy of A. simplex. Anisakis larvae were isolated from North Sea Merluccius merluccius tissues (stomach, body cavity, liver and muscle) and were analysed for carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values. Significant differences in δ13C values were found among host tissues, with the liver differing from muscle and stomach tissues. In contrast, no differences were noted for the associated parasites. Additionally, δ15N values indicated that the host occupied a significantly higher relative trophic position than its parasite. This suggests a lack of direct nutrient transfer from host to parasite, as the parasite would typically exhibit higher stable isotope values than the tissue they feed on. Therefore, A. simplex's stable isotope values might reflect those of its previous host (crustacean and/or small fish), providing insights into diet and movement of the paratenic M. merluccius host. Further research is needed to confirm these findings across different fish species and to explore A. simplex as a proxy for trophic ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to know whether there is a risk of anisakiasis (or anisakidosis) by consumption of fish of the genus Mullus from the western Mediterranean Sea, which are appreciated for their quality, an epidemiological survey was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of zoonotic or potentially zoonotic nematodes in M. barbatus and M. surmuletus. Although the presence of the third larval stage (L3) of anisakids (Anisakis and Contracaecum) has been previously described in these fish, the results showed the absence of anisakids and the presence, never in muscle, of L3 and L4 of raphidascaridids of the genus Hysterothylacium, molecularly identified as H. fabri. Phylogenetic analysis groups them into the Mediterranean Sea clade, far from individuals isolated in the Pacific Ocean. Prevalence was slightly higher, but not significant, in M. barbatus versus M. surmuletus (72.3% vs 60.0%), but mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) parameters were approximately twice as high in M. barbatus as in M. surmuletus (MI 5.8 vs 2.8, p =.001; MA 4.2 vs 1.7, p <.001). The presence of the parasite seems to have different effects on these two sympatric species. In M. barbatus it seems to affect their growth, as it appreciably reduces the value of allometry coefficient in infected fish (2.78 vs. 2.18). On the other hand, in M. surmuletus the infection significantly (p <.04) affects the Fulton's condition factor, an indicator of the health status of the fish. It can be concluded that the ingestion of these fish by the people poses negligible risk of anisakiasis, but the consumer should continue to be urged to follow the rules of prevention against this illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to know whether there is a risk of anisakiasis (or anisakidosis) by consumption of fish of the genus Mullus from the western Mediterranean Sea, which are appreciated for their quality, an epidemiological survey was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of zoonotic or potentially zoonotic nematodes in M. barbatus and M. surmuletus. Although the presence of the third larval stage (L3) of anisakids (Anisakis and Contracaecum) has been previously described in these fish, the results showed the absence of anisakids and the presence, never in muscle, of L3 and L4 of raphidascaridids of the genus Hysterothylacium, molecularly identified as H. fabri. Phylogenetic analysis groups them into the Mediterranean Sea clade, far from individuals isolated in the Pacific Ocean. Prevalence was slightly higher, but not significant, in M. barbatus versus M. surmuletus (72.3% vs 60.0%), but mean intensity (MI) and mean abundance (MA) parameters were approximately twice as high in M. barbatus as in M. surmuletus (MI 5.8 vs 2.8, p =.001; MA 4.2 vs 1.7, p <.001). The presence of the parasite seems to have different effects on these two sympatric species. In M. barbatus it seems to affect their growth, as it appreciably reduces the value of allometry coefficient in infected fish (2.78 vs. 2.18). On the other hand, in M. surmuletus the infection significantly (p <.04) affects the Fulton's condition factor, an indicator of the health status of the fish. It can be concluded that the ingestion of these fish by the people poses negligible risk of anisakiasis, but the consumer should continue to be urged to follow the rules of prevention against this illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elasmobranch populations are in steep decline mainly due to overfishing bycatch, but parasites may accelerate the collapse of vulnerable and/or highly parasitized species. We therefore studied metazoan parasites of Rajidae from the northeast Atlantic: vulnerable Leucoraja fullonica, near‐threatened Raja brachyura, Raja clavata, Raja microocellata and Raja undulata, and least‐concerned Raja montagui and Leucoraja naevus. Overall prevalence varied from 19% for R. montagui to 100% for L. fullonica. Parasite communities differed between skate species, and prevalence and abundance were higher for L. fullonica, R. microocellata, and R. undulata. We recorded 11 parasite taxa in the study: three nematodes, six cestodes, one monogenean, and one myxosporean. Whatever the skate species, the parasite component community comprised at least two nematode taxa among Phocanema spp., Proleptus sp. and Anisakis simplex. DNA‐sequencing revealed that Phocanema azarasi and Phocanema krabbei both occurred in R. microocellata and R. undulata. Phocanema spp. was first recorded in L. fullonica, L. naevus, R. microocellata, R. montagui, and R. undulata, as Proleptus sp. in L. fullonica, and A. simplex in L. fullonica and R. clavata, Rockacestus sp. and Nybelinia sp. in R. undulata, and gill‐myxosporeans on L. fullonica, L. naevus, R. microocellata, and R. undulata. The occurrence of 16 new host–parasite associations suggests potential environmental changes. Information provided by trophically transmitted helminths confirmed an opportunistic skate diet based on crustaceans and fish. We discuss results in terms of host fitness loss, bioindicator role of parasites, and anisakiasis risk. We recommend incorporating parasitology in research to improve elasmobranch conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As gastrointestinal parasites affect the health of marine mammal species, they are a potentially consequential stressor. Although they are infrequently identified as a cause of mortality, gastrointestinal parasites could drive cryptic declines in individual fitness—including declines in nutritional status—by acting synergistically with other stressors. Nematodes in the family Anisakidae are ubiquitous throughout the world's oceans and are transmitted to marine mammal hosts through the consumption of fish and cephalopod prey. We sought to assess whether marine mammals face a rising risk of gastrointestinal infection due to an increase in anisakid burden of their prey species. We used data compiled from a recent meta‐analysis of anisakid abundance in fish and invertebrates from 1967 to 2015. We reviewed the diets of 113 marine mammal species to identify their known prey species. We extracted data on anisakid burden for each of the prey species and tested whether anisakid abundance in these intermediate hosts had increased over time. Our findings suggest that Anisakis spp. abundance has increased over the past half‐century, while Pseudoterranova spp. burden showed no significant change. Our findings suggest that the risk of Anisakis spp. infection is increasing for marine mammal hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent advances in molecular methods and data processing have facilitated research on anisakid nematodes. While most research efforts were made regarding the genus Anisakis, since this genus is held responsible for the majority of reported clinical signs, there is still a demand for data on the genus Pseudoterranova. Several case studies of severe invasive anisakidosis affecting various organs caused by species of the P. decipiens complex have been described. To better understand the way these parasites might infest their fish host, we examined whether parasite location within the fish host affects gene expression. A de novo assembly of the transcriptome of Pseudoterranova bulbosa, isolated from North Atlantic cod, was analysed for patterns of differential gene expression between samples taken from liver and viscera. We additionally searched for homologs to known nematode allergens, to give a first estimate of the potential allergenicity of P. bulbosa. There was a subtle difference in the gene expression of samples taken from liver and viscera. Seventy genes were differentially expressed, 32 genes were upregulated in parasites isolated from liver and 38 genes were upregulated in parasites from viscera. Homologs of five nematode allergens were identified among the genes expressed by P. bulbosa. Our transcriptome of P. bulbosa will be a valuable resource for further meta‐analyses and resequencing projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the Torpedinidae (torpedoes) and Hypnidae (coffin ray) use electric organ discharges (EOD) to stun or kill their prey before consumption. We investigated whether EOD could also negatively affect the helminth larvae infecting these preys through a surrogate model: we applied electric discharges to individuals of blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, that harbored live larvae of Anisakis. Larval mortality throughout a 6‐h period was significantly higher in the treatment group, suggesting that EODs could significantly hamper helminth recruitment. We then tested whether torpedinids and hypnids ("strong‐EOD" families) harbored species‐poor helminth (cestode) assemblages compared with "weak‐EOD" Torpediniformes (Narcidae and Narkidae) and other Batoidea. Based on comparisons on estimated species diversity and mean species richness of tapeworms at host individual level we found that (i) Torpediniformes had the lowest tapeworm diversity of all Batoidea orders; (ii) Torpedo spp. consistently had the lowest mean cestode richness at host individual level, and this could not be related to other host factors influencing cestode diversity in chondrichthyans, that is body size, trophic level or dietary breath. However, a preliminary comparison between "strong‐EOD" and "weak‐EOD" Torpediniformes did not detect clear differences of cestode richness. Thus, evidence supporting an unambiguous contribution of EODs to depauperate cestode assemblages requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of parasites in host populations is integral to simulations of parasite populations.We compared three methods to measure parasite aggregation, namely the Hoover, coefficient of variation and I10 indices, using field data from a range of fish parasites. These included anisakid nematodes, trypanorhynch cestodes and polyopisthocotylean monogeneans from 10 previously published studies and one unpublished study.Positive correlations among the three methods were high. Standard errors and estimated biases obtained by bootstrap methods were smallest for the Hoover index. There was no evidence for a bias–variance trade‐off.The analyses suggest that the Hoover index is to be preferred as a measure of aggregation although difficulties remain in deriving theoretical and operational definitions of aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Freezing is considered the most suitable technological treatment to avoid Anisakis infection from eating raw or undercooked fish but modifications of their cuticles upon freezing may reduce their resistance to gastric fluids, provoking a greater release of allergens. This work aimed to study the relationship between freezing‐induced modifications of Anisakis simplex s.l., antigen recognition, and resistance to oral and gastric digestion in spiked fish mince. Results: (i) Differences between non‐treated larvae and larvae that survived freezing / thawing were studied in terms of respiratory capacity, survival in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), recognition of antigens and allergens. (ii) Untreated (i.e. chilled) mince containing live larvae, mince frozen at two freezing rates, with a negative (uninfected) mince and a positive mince (infected with broken larvae) as controls, were subjected to the oral and gastric phases of a simulated digestion process. Anisakis able to survive freezing showed lower resistance to gastric fluid (i.e. faster mortality as compared to controls). Untreated larvae released significantly more antigens than freeze‐surviving larvae but only after 96 h in SGF. In treatments rendering complete larvae mortality, the highest loss of larvae integrity was found upon fast freezing. There was a positive correlation between antigen release and the number of ruptures of larvae after the oral digestion phase, whereas a more complex trend was observed after oral plus gastric digestion phases. Conclusion: These results suggest a new factor to consider for sensitized patients and suggest that the numbers of L3 should be reduced before industrial freezing to minimize risk. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Seafood parasitation by Anisakis (Anisakidae) larvae has been reported in most of the oceans and seas worldwide. The presence of these nematodes in commonly consumed fish represents a potential hazard for consumers as they can provoke gastrointestinal symptoms and allergic reactions. In the present work, the capacity of a SYBR Green qPCR protocol to quantify Anisakis larvae in commercial fish was evaluated using experimentally spiked samples with different numbers (0–50) of A. simplex third‐stage larvae (L3). To verify the agreement of the obtained results, 25 naturally infected fish specimens of Atlantic blue whiting underwent a parallel visual inspection. RESULTS: The logarithmic behavior of the Cq data obtained from the experimentally spiked samples allowed the development of a descriptive mathematical model that correlates the Cq value with the number of Anisakis larvae (R2 = 0.9908, CV = 2.37%). In the commercial blue whiting specimens there was a high correlation between the results of the molecular technique and the visual inspection (R2 = 0.9912); the Bland–Altman analysis showed that 94% of the differences were within the limits of agreement (−4.98 and 6.68), indicating the reliability of the descriptive mathematical model based on the SYBR Green qPCR technique. CONCLUSION: The descriptive function presented based on the SYBR Green qPCR assay is promising as a sensitive and accurate tool for measuring the Anisakis larval load in commercial fish, with a potential application not only in the food industry but also in prevention programs for public health. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anthropocene has brought substantial change to ocean ecosystems, but whether this age will bring more or less marine disease is unknown. In recent years, the accelerating tempo of epizootic and zoonotic disease events has made it seem as if disease is on the rise. Is this apparent increase in disease due to increased observation and sampling effort, or to an actual rise in the abundance of parasites and pathogens? We examined the literature to track long‐term change in the abundance of two parasitic nematode genera with zoonotic potential: Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp. These anisakid nematodes cause the disease anisakidosis and are transmitted to humans in undercooked and raw marine seafood. A total of 123 papers published between 1967 and 2017 met our criteria for inclusion, from which we extracted 755 host–parasite–location–year combinations. Of these, 69.7% concerned Anisakis spp. and 30.3% focused on Pseudoterranova spp. Meta‐regression revealed an increase in Anisakis spp. abundance (average number of worms/fish) over a 53 year period from 1962 to 2015 and no significant change in Pseudoterranova spp. abundance over a 37 year period from 1978 to 2015. Standardizing changes to the period of 1978–2015, so that results are comparable between genera, we detected a significant 283‐fold increase in Anisakis spp. abundance and no change in the abundance of Pseudoterranova spp. This increase in Anisakis spp. abundance may have implications for human health, marine mammal health, and fisheries profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaphylaxis is a common condition observed in emergency departments and is sometimes associated with a fatal outcome. This may be a good way to prevent I Anisakis i allergy.[[4]] Although previous studies conducted in Spain reported I Anisakis i allergy incidences of 10.8%-11.1%,[[6]] I Anisakis i -related anaphylaxis has rarely been reported in other areas.[[1], [8]] The consumption of a raw fish diet in Japan may have contributed to this epidemiological difference. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND Anisakidosis is caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods containing viable Anisakis larvae. Several natural extracts, oils, essential oils, and their compounds have been tested against Anisakis. In this study the effectiveness of Tunisian olive oil with different spices or plants (cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, laurel, and rosemary) was tested against Anisakis larvae type 1. RESULTS: For the in vitro test, larvae were submerged separately in the oils mentioned above and observed to check viability. Cinnamon oil was the most effective against parasites with lethal time (LT) scores being LT50 = 1.5 days and LT100 = 3 days, followed by rosemary. Laurel, cardamom, and ginger oils were less effective. For the ex vivo experiment, cinnamon, and rosemary oils were tested in anchovy fillets, previously artificially parasitized. Cinnamon was the most effective against parasites (dead after 4 days) as compared to rosemary (7 days). CONCLUSION: The use of cinnamon and rosemary‐flavored olive oil in the industrial marinating process can be considered as an efficient alternative to the freezing process required by European Regulation EC No 853/2004 to devitalize Anisakis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tropicalization phenomenon of ichthyofauna has been described in the last decades in Galicia (north‐eastern Atlantic), with increasing reports of tropical and subtropical fishes appearing northward this distribution range. A search for parasites was carried out in the digestive tract of two specimens first captured in Galician waters: the prickly puffer Ephippion guttifer (Tetraodontidae) and the African stripped grunt Parapristipoma octolineatum (Haemulidae). Examination of E. guttifer showed high intensity of nematodes, from three different genera: Cucullanus (Cucullanidae), Hysterothylacium (Raphidascaridae) and Anisakis (Anisakidae), with demonstrated pathogenicity to humans. Molecular identification allowed the identification of Anisakis pegreffii, already described in the area, and first reports for European waters of Cucullanus dodsworthi, Hysterothylacium reliquens and a new Hysterothylacium sp. P. octolineatum showed a far lower level of parasitization, with two Hysterothylacium larvae, genetically identified as Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum, also its first report in the eastern Atlantic. Thus, possible ecological impact of the occurrence of two non‐native individual fishes in a new area could be remarkably higher if we see this issue through the lens of the parasitological perspective, as far as only two individual fish can harbour more of one hundred nematode parasites belonging to different species, most of them also new species for that area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Human dendritic cells (DCs) show remarkable phenotypic changes when matured in the presence of helminth‐derived products. These modifications frequently elicited a polarization towards Th2 cells and regulatory T cells thus contributing to immunological tolerance against these pathogens. In this study, the interaction between DCs and larvae of the zoonotic anisakid nematode Anisakis pegreffii was investigated. A. pegreffii larvae were collected from fish hosts, and monocyte‐derived DCs were cocultured in the presence of the live larvae (L) or its crude extracts (CE). In both experimental conditions, A. pegreffii impacted DC viability, hampered DC maturation by reducing the expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation and migration (ie HLA‐DR, CD86, CD83 and CCR7), increased the phagosomal radical oxygen species (ROS) levels and modulated the phosphorylation of ERK1,2 pathway. These biological changes were accompanied by the impairment of DCs to activate a T‐cell‐mediated IFNγ. Interestingly, live larvae appeared to differently modulate DC secretion of cytokines and chemokines as compared to CE. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the immunomodulatory role of A. pegreffii on DCs biology and functions. In addition, they suggest a dynamic contribution of DCs to the induction and maintenance of the inflammatory response against A. pegreffii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) in developed countries is linked with elevated hygienic standards. One of the several factors involved in this question may be reduced exposure to the immunomodulatory effects of parasitic helminths. Several investigations on treatment of mice and humans with helminth-derived substances have supported this notion, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study therefore dissects to what extent a series of immune-related genes are modulated in zebrafish with experimentally induced colitis following exposure to excretory-secretory ( ES) products isolated from larval Anisakis, a widely distributed fish nematode. Adult zebrafish intrarectally exposed to the colitis-inducing agent TNBS developed severe colitis leading to 80% severe morbidity, but if co-injected (ip) with Anisakis ES products, the morbidity rate was 50% at the end of the experiment (48 hours post-exposure). Gene expression studies of TNBS-treated zebrafish showed clear upregulation of a range of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines and effector molecules and some induction of genes related to the adaptive response. A distinct innate-driven immune response was seen in both TNBS and TNBS + ES groups, but expression values were significantly depressed for several important pro-inflammatory genes in the TNBS + ES group, indicating protective mechanisms of Anisakis ES compounds on intestinal immunopathology in zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Ig E sensitization to Anisakis pegreffii in Italian subjects suffering from gastro-allergic anisakiasis ( GAA) (N=5), or showing chronic urticaria ( CU+) after fish consumption (N=100), was investigated. A control group (N=5) was also included. Ig E response was analysed by immunoblotting ( WB) assay, using both excretory/secretory products ( ESPs) and crude extract ( CE) of A. pegreffii larvae. The results were compared with those achieved by the conventional immunological method for Anisakis allergy (ie, immuno CAP). Among the 110 subjects, 28 showed IgE positivity with both WB and iCAP methods; 13 proved IgE reactivity, in WB assay, to ESP antigens of A. pegreffii, here provisionally indicated as Ani s 1 -like, Ani s 7 -like, Ani s 13 -like; only 15 sera have shown IgE- WB reaction to Ani s 7 -like and Ani s 13 -like. iCAP and WB exhibited a high concordance value (κ=1.00) when iCAP value was <0.35 (negative result) and >50.0 (positive result). In the sera samples recorded as positive to Anisakis allergy, Ani s 1 -like was responsible for 46.4% of the sensitivity, while Ani s 7 -like and Ani s 13 -like for 100%. They could be considered as major antigens in the diagnosis of allergic anisakiasis caused by A. pegreffii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisakis species are marine nematodes which can cause zoonotic infection in humans if consumed in raw, pickled or undercooked fish and seafood. Infection with Anisakis is associated with abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhoea and can lead to massive infiltration of eosinophils and formation of granulomas in the gastrointestinal tract if the larvae are not removed. Re-infection leads to systemic allergic reactions such as urticarial or anaphylaxis in some individuals, making Anisakis an important source of hidden allergens in seafood. This review summarizes the immunopathology associated with Anisakis infection. Anisakiasis and gastroallergic reactions can be prevented by consuming only fish that has been frozen to −20°C to the core for at least 24 hours before preparation. Sensitization to Anisakis proteins can also occur, primarily due to occupational exposure to infested fish, and can lead to dermatitis, rhinoconjunctivitis or asthma. In this case, exposure to fish should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGOUND The washing operation of fish muscle is one of the key steps in the production of surimi. The aim of this study was to assess in parasitised minced fish the effect of the washing steps on the allergen removal of Anisakis simplex and on protein yield during surimi processing. Experimentally infected hake ( Merluccius merluccius) (50 Anisakis simplex s.s L3 larvae per 100 g of muscle) underwent three successive washing steps with water, phosphate buffer (20 mmol L−1), sodium bicarbonate (60 mmol L−1), or sodium hypochlorite (0.27 mmol L−1) in the surimi processing (4 kg muscle, 1:4 w/v for each solution). Total protein concentration and A. simplex antigens and allergens were evaluated in each waste fraction. RESULTS The highest removal of Ani s 4 and A. simplex antigens was achieved by using phosphate buffer, together with a good protein yield in the raw surimi. Decrease of the concentration of allergens and antigens as a function of the washing steps rendered a linear trend ( R2 = 0.95 and 0.98 for Ani s 4 and A. simplex antigens, respectively). CONCLUSION The conditions for an optimal removal of Anisakis allergens can be established and calculated as a function of the washing steps. This approach opens a line to utilise parasitised fish in a safer way. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Some technological and food processing treatments applied to parasitized fish kill the Anisakis larvae and prevent infection and sensitization of consumers. However, residual allergenic activity of parasite allergens has been shown. The aim here was to study the effect of different heat treatments used in the fish canning processing industry on the antigen recognition of Anisakis L3. Bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna ( Thunnus albacares) were experimentally infected with live L3 Anisakis. After 48 h at 5 ± 1 °C, brine was added to the muscle, which was then canned raw (live larvae) or heated (90 °C, 30 min) (dead larvae) and treated at 113 °C for 60 min or at 115 °C for 90 min. Anisakis antigens and Ani s 4 were detected with anti-crude extract and anti-Ani s 4 antisera respectively. RESULTS Ani s 4 decreased in all lots, but the muscle retained part of the allergenicity irrespective of the canning method, as observed by immunohistochemistry. Dot blot analysis showed a high loss of Ani s 4 recognition after canning, but residual antigenicity was present. CONCLUSION The results indicate that heat treatment for sterilization under the conditions studied produces a decrease in Ani s 4 and suggest a potential exposure risk for Anisakis-sensitized patients. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were examined for the presence of nematodes by digestion of tissue in HCl-pepsin solution. All fish were sampled from one cage in a fish farm on the Norwegian south-west coast. Fifty harvest quality salmon, that is, salmon for human consumption (mean 5.4 kg, variation 3.0-7.6 kg), were sampled at the processing line while 50 salmon runts (mean 1.1 kg, variation 0.4-1.8 kg), discarded due to poor performance, were sampled from the discard bin after the grading station. Runts are individual fish with clear signs of poor performance over time and abnormal appearance and are thus not processed for human consumption. No nematodes were found in the musculature or viscera of the 50 harvest quality salmon. In total, 75 nematodes were found in 10 (20%) of the runts; 53 nematodes in the viscera and 22 in the musculature. Nematodes in the musculature were identified as Anisakis simplex ( Rudolphi, 1809 det. Krabbe, 1878), while nematodes in the viscera were identified as A. simplex and Hysterothylacium aduncum ( Rudolphi, 1802). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the effect of cutaneous myxoma tumours and anisakiasis in a California yellowtail or Seriola lalandi Valenciennes. The morphological characteristics within multiple larval cross-sections consistent with Anisakis sp. includes the presence of triradiate oesophagus and lateral cords reminiscent of the letter Y into the coelomic cavity. It is inferred that the spawn of affected fish is not at risk of obtaining Anisakis sp. infection and is safe for human consumption.

The knowledge on immune mechanisms of chronic urticaria (CU) at the cytokine level is widely scarce. We compared pro- and anti-inflammatory as well as Th1- and Th2-associated serum cytokine levels in two phenotypes of CU: associated with (CU+) and without (CU−) sensitization against Anisakis simplex, a ubiquitous fish parasite, that has been associated with acute urticaria in gastro-allergic anisakiasis (GAA) and with CU+. Thirteen CU+ and 19 CU− patients were compared with 13 GAA patients and 15 control subjects for cytokines, measured by cytometric bead array. Urticaria activity score was positively correlated with IL-6 in CU−. Serum levels of IL-10 were lower in CU+ and CU− with respect to the control group. Median IFN-γ was lower in all urticaria groups. Patients with previous parasitism by A. simplex displayed higher TGF-β levels than subjects without previous parasitism. The main finding was lower levels of IL-17 in CU+ with respect to GAA or controls, with a further tendency to even lower levels in CU−. Different urticaria phenotypes are associated with distinct serum cytokine levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisakis simplex is a fish parasite capable of inducing inflammatory and allergic reactions in humans who eat raw or undercooked fish. The aim of this study was to characterize the T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 immune response to parasite crude (CE) and thermostable (TsE) extracts in A. simplex-sensitized patients. Cytokines were quantified by a multiplex flow cytometric method in short-term whole blood cultures. Higher concentrations of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5, measured with the CE and TsE, were found in patients than in controls. Patients showing urticaria-angio-oedema or anaphylaxis (UA/A) had higher total and specific IgE levels than those with gastrointestinal symptoms (GI). The UA/A group showed high levels of IL-5 and IL-4 and low expression of IFN-γ than the GI group. The GI group had significantly higher IFN-γ/IL4 ratio than the UA/A group. Four patients with severe GI symptoms reporting a delayed skin test reaction had very low values of specific IgE to A. simplex and higher IFN-γ/IL4 ratios than that observed in other patients belonging to the GI group. This short-term whole blood test can be useful for immune response characterization in Anisakis infection and showed that heated parasite antigens are still capable of inducing cellular immune response in sensitized patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to antigens of the fish parasite Anisakis is associated with the development of protein contact dermatitis in seafood-processing workers. Understanding the basic mechanisms controlling allergic sensitization through the skin is critical for designing therapies that will prevent the progression of allergic disease. Objective: To investigate the roles of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 and the IL-4Rα in both local skin pathology and systemic sensitization following epicutaneous exposure to Anisakis proteins. Methods: BALB/c wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in IL-4, IL-13 or IL-4 and IL-13, as well as mice with cell-specific impairment of IL-4Rα expression, were sensitized to Anisakis antigen by repeated epicutaneous application of Anisakis extract. Following this sensitization, skin pathology was recorded and systemic responses were investigated. Intravenous challenge with Anisakis extract was performed to test for the development of biologically relevant systemic sensitization. Results: In WT mice, epicutaneous sensitization with Anisakis larval antigens induced localized inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia, production of TH2 cytokines, antigen-specific IgE and IgG1. Intravenous challenge of sensitized mice resulted in anaphylactic shock. Interestingly, IL-13 deficient mice failed to develop epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation, whilst anaphylaxis was reduced only in strains deficient either in IL-4 only, or deficient in IL-4 and IL-13 concurrently, as well as in mice deficient in IL-4Rα or with impaired IL-4Rα expression on CD4+ T cells. Conclusions: Interleukin-13 plays a central role in protein contact dermatitis associated with repeated epicutaneous exposure to Anisakis extract, whereas IL-4 drives systemic sensitization and resultant anaphylactic shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metazoan parasite fauna composition of the swordfish Xiphias gladius is reported from 145 (72 females and 73 males) specimens caught in Atlantic tropical–equatorial waters during June to July 2006 and August 2007. Seventeen metazoan taxa (two monogeneans, two digeneans, one acanthocephalan, four cestodes, seven nematodes and one copepod) were identified by morphological and genetic methodologies. Among those identified, Anisakis brevispiculata, Anisakis paggiae and the acanthocephalan Bolbosoma vasculosum are new host records. Dominant species were: the anisakid nematode larvae Anisakis physeteris, Anisakis brevispiculata, Hysterothylacium incurvum and Hysterothylacium corrugatum ( s.l.), the adult cestode Fistulicola plicatus, the plerocercoid Hepatoxylon squali and the monogeneans Tristoma integrum and Tristoma coccineum, which showed high prevalences and intensities. The relationship between metazoan parasites and host size and sex was investigated for the first time. No statistically significant correlation was found between host sex and parasite burden. Infection levels with T. integrum and T. coccineum were observed to be significantly negatively correlated to host size. Infection levels by endoparasites observed in X. gladius from Atlantic tropical-equatorial area may be related to host feeding behaviour and the availability of the parasites’ intermediate and final hosts in the area studied. Anisakids of the genus Anisakis, were identified genetically to species level, and were considered to be promising biological tags for the characterization of X. gladius stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective as well as enhancing effects of parasite infections on allergic disease have been postulated. Previous studies on this relationship focused frequently on skin test reactivity against aeroallergens, being house dust mites (HDM) the main agents responsible for a positive atopy outcome. We aimed to analyse the possible relationship between human parasite infection induced Anisakis simplex urticaria and respiratory allergy. A total of 86 patients with gastro-allergic Anisakiasis and 203 patients with chronic urticaria sensitized against A. simplex were studied for sensitization against aeroallergens and evaluated for rhinoconjunctivitis or bronchial asthma (RCBA). We compared the results with a control group of 250 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of allergic RCBA and atopy prevalence data of our region. Whereas no effect of A. simplex related disease on the overall allergic respiratory disease could be detected, a highly significant higher prevalence of RCBA associated HDM sensitization, but diminished allergy against other common aeroallergens (pollen, mould or dander) was observed in these groups. The relationship between A. simplex parasitism-associated acute or chronic urticaria on one side and allergic respiratory disease on the other side depends on the definition of atopy. We propose a differential definition of atopy, with a special emphasis on arthropod related sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anisakis simplex allergens may cause severe allergic reactions in infected patients. Human anisakiasis can be specifically diagnosed by detection of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against O-deglycosylated nAni s 7 allergen captured by monoclonal antibody (mAb) UA3 (UA3-ELISA), although the nature of this important allergen is unknown. The aim of this study was to clone and characterize the Ani s 7 major allergen, and to obtain a recombinant fragment suitable for serodiagnosis. Methods: An Anisakis cDNA library was screened with mAb UA3 and a cDNA clone (rAni s 7) encoding a 1096-amino acid fragment of Ani s 7 (GenBank: ) was identified. Bioinformatic tools and immunological and biochemical techniques were used to characterize the allergen obtained. Results: The rAni s 7 fragment comprised 19 repeats of a novel C X17−25C X9−22C X8C X6 tandem repeat motif not seen in any previously reported protein sequence. An internal 435Met–713Arg fragment of the rAni s 7 (t-Ani s 7) was expressed in Escherichia coli and evaluated for serodiagnostic utility. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with t-Ani s 7 identified as positive the same 60 sera as UA3-ELISA. The sequence MCQCVQKYGTEFCKKRLA from rAni s 7 was identified as the epitope recognized by mAb UA3, and is the target for over 60% of human IgE antibodies that react with O-deglycosylated nAni s 7. Conclusions: In addition to their clear value for serodiagnosis of human anisakiasis, the nature of the novel sequences and epitopes identified in the Ani s 7 allergen are of interest for a better understanding of the mechanisms operating in Anisakis-induced allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Anisakis simplex is a fish parasite that can cause allergy in humans. The multiple cross-reactivities of this nematode make diagnostic tests for allergy unreliable, because of frequent false-positive results. To date, only four allergens of A. simplex have been characterized, but their role in cross-reactivity is largely unknown. Methods We performed an amino acid sequence homology analysis, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) criteria, to identify allergens likely to be cross-reactive with Ani s 2 (paramyosin) and Ani s 3 (tropomyosin) of A. simplex. Next, within segments shared by Ani s 2 or Ani s 3 and homologous proteins, we searched for the occurrence of binding motifs of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles (DRB1*1502, DQB1*0601, or DRB1*0404) known to be genetic risk factors for the development of allergy to A. simplex. Results We identified a number of proteins belonging to various organisms, which are significantly similar to (and therefore are likely to cross-react with) Ani s 2 and Ani s 3. The presence of binding motifs of HLA DRB1*0404 in Ani s 2, Ani s 3, and homolog proteins also supports our hypothesis. Conclusions Our results provide a possible molecular explanation of some cross-reactivities reported for A. simplex, and suggest additional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a unique image from a case of anisakiasis that was detected incidentally in an elderly man during surveillance esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Given the popularity of sushi and sashimi throughout the world, we believe that our observations will raise awareness about the risk of Anisakis contamination in seafood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of seven species of the larval parasitic nematode Anisakis, which can be used as a biological tag for hake Merluccius merluccius stocks throughout their geographical range, is reported. Hake were collected from 14 localities in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Anisakis larvae ( n = 1950), which were recovered, were identified to species by means of genetic markers (allozymes). Within Anisakis type I, the larvae of A. pegreffii, A. simplex s.s., A. typica and A. ziphidarum were detected, while within Anisakis type II, A. physeteris, A. brevispiculata and Anisakis sp. were identified. There were significant differences in the relative proportions of the various Anisakis species identified in hake samples from the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, suggesting the existence of different stocks of M. merluccius in European waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic methods for the study of allergic reactions to Anisakis simplex ( A.s.) based on whole-body extracts of the larva are clearly insufficient. To study the allergenicity of the proteins secreted by the parasite. Comparison with somatic antigens and determination of their clinical importance in allergic patients were also addressed. An excretory/secretory (E/S) extract was produced by culturing third-stage A.s. larvae. It was used to perform immediate skin tests and to determine specific IgE in 10 patients diagnosed with allergy to A.s. Both tests were compared with the results obtained with the whole-body extract (somatic (S)). The molecular weight (MW) of their allergens was determined by immunoblotting, and a single-blind placebo-controlled oral challenge with E/S proteins was performed. Finally, allergens' resistance to gastric pepsin and acid pH was explored. A.s. larvae secreted allergens more potent than those present in the S extract. The skin prick test wheal area produced by E/S molecules and the absorbance obtained in the determination of specific IgE with these allergens (ELISA) were 5.8 times bigger than those obtained with S extract. MW allergens of 72 and 56 kDa in E/S extracts and those of 56, 48 and 43 kDa in S extract were recognized by more than 50% of the patients. Partial cross-reactivity between them was revealed by immunoblotting inhibition studies. Oral challenge with E/S extract (up to 479 μg) was negative in all the patients. Treatment of E/S proteins with gastric pepsin inhibited the binding of the E/S allergens for specific IgE. The acid pH did not affect the overall binding of IgE to E/S extract. It decreased by 15.23% and 19.96% at pH 4 and 2, but the difference was not statistically significant. A.s. secretes allergens more potent than somatic antigens and should be used in the diagnostic procedures. These allergens are inactivated by the pepsin, which supports the theory that live larva is necessary to induce an allergic reaction in most of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisakis simplex is an intestinal parasite of sea mammals. The larvae infect crustaceans, cephalopods and fish. Humans may consume A. simplex third stage larvae (L3) when eating infected raw or under-cooked fish. Consumed larvae cause an inflammatory reaction when they penetrate the digestive mucosa. The larvae or their secretory/excretory products can sensitize humans and induce an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic reaction. This parasite is now being implicated in numerous cases of allergic reactions after eating fish. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the allergenicity of proteins present in an extract of the third stage larva. Rabbit antiserum raised to A. simplex somatic extract (L3) was reacted by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) with the same somatic extract. Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) was also performed by incubating CIE gels first in the sera of 13 individuals with positive immunoCAP to A. simplex and then in radiolabeled anti-human IgE. Twelve to 16 antigen–antibody precipitin peaks were visualized on Coomassie blue stained CIE gels in which somatic extract was reacted with somatic-antiserum. Autoradiography of CRIE gels showed that 18 different proteins bound IgE in patient sera. Individual patients had serum IgE directed at two to 10 different allergens. Five of these allergens were recognized by ≥50% of the patients. No allergen was recognized by every patient and no patient had serum IgE directed at all 18 allergens. Somatic extracts of A. simplex L3 larva contain a large number of allergenic molecules and there is significant variability between patients in their sensitivity and reactivity to these allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The nematode Anisakis simplex is a common parasite on fish and other seafood. It is considered to be a food allergen and to induce IgE-mediated reactions. Allergenic cross-reactivity between A. simplex and other nematodes has been reported, as has cross-reactivity with arthropods: red mosquito larvae and German cockroach. We have here studied the allergenic relationship between A. simplex and four different dust-mite species. Methods: Serum samples collected from 69 farmers allergic to dust mites were analyzed for IgE to A. simplex by CAP FEIA. Allergenic cross-reactivity between A. simplex and dust mites was studied in two of the sera by CAP FEIA and immunoblotting inhibition. Results: We found that 14/69 farmers had detectable levels of IgE antibodies to A. simplex . The IgE response in CAP FEIA to A. simplex was inhibited to various degrees in the two studied sera by extracts of the dust mites Acarus siro , Lepidoglyphus destructor , Tyrophagus putrescentiae , and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus . In the reverse inhibition experiment, extract of A. simplex inhibited the response in both sera to A. siro and T. putrescentiae , but not to L. destructor . The IgE binding to D. pteronyssinus was inhibited in one of the two sera. In blotting inhibition experiments, the IgE binding to several allergens in A. simplex was inhibited by each of the four mite extracts, especially by A. siro and T. putrescentiae , which completely inhibited the IgE binding to several allergens. Conclusions: The results show allergenic cross-reactivity between several allergens in A. simplex and four dust-mite species. The clinical significance of this cross-reactivity remains to be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of allergic reactions to A. simplex reported in Spain has increased dramatically in the last decade. Nevertheless, there have been no studies of the prevalence of and possible risk factors for IgE sensitization to this parasite, possibly because suitably specific diagnostic methods have only recently become available. The objective was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for IgE sensitization to A. simplex in Galicia, a region of northwestern Spain with a population of about 3 million and high average fish consumption (78.5 g/person per day). Methods: The study was performed with a random sample of 2801 healthy blood donors distributed in 53 geographic areas, proportional to the density of donors. IgE sensitization to A. simplex was tested by a capture ELISA method that has proved to be the most specific method currently available. Results: The results showed a total of only 12 positive subjects, of whom five also showed IgG1 sensitization. All positive subjects and 101 randomly selected seronegative subjects were then included in a case-control study of risk factors for sensitization to A. simplex , based on a telephone interview about fish consumption (especially raw and undercooked fish). All seropositive subjects (but only 25% of seronegative subjects) reported consumption of undercooked fish or homemade raw-fish products. Conclusions: Our results strongly suggest that sensitization to A. simplex is caused only by live larvae, and not by allergens contained in fish tissues, and that ingestion of homemade boquerones (anchovies [Engraulis encrasicholus ] in vinegar), and to a much lesser extent of undercooked fish, are the main risk factors for IgE sensitization to Anisakis in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute symptoms of anisakidosis are caused by a type I allergic reaction in the gastrointestinal wall with elevated specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of interleukin (IL)-4 in the larval antigens of Anisakis simplex. We detected concentrations of IL-4 in pg/ml when larval excretory-secretory products and crude extract from A. simplex were investigated by ELISA. Specific antibodies were obtained by immunization of rabbits with mouse IL-4 and tested in ELISA against A. simplex antigens obtaining higher values of optical density, that were confirmed by western blot analysis. The absorption of these sera with A. simplex antigen resulted in a 70-80% inhibition of antigen binding when retested in ELISA. We demonstrated that A. simplex antigens react with antibodies raised against vertebrate IL-4. The results obtained by us support the hypothesis that A. simplex shares several epitopes with IL-4, important for the Th2 response development in human anisakiasis, where the parasite may modulate the Th1-Th2 dichotomy for its own benefit by mucosal inflammation control in an attempt to avoid the larval expelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the influence of Anisakis simplex antigen in cytokine IL-4 analysis. High distribution of biotinyl enzymes in Anisakis; Antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation responses and IL-4 production; Antigen simplex-derived molecules' sharing of cross-reactive epitopes with the host cytokine IL-4.

Presents information on a study which investigated whether tropomyosin (TPM) is an allergen in the fish parasite Anisakis simplex. Prevalence of TPM in extracts from Anisakis and Ascaris; Application of immunoblotting-inhibition using serum from an Anisakis TPM-positive patient.

Presents abstracts of articles related to food allergy published in the July 2000 issue of "Allergy." "Anaphylaxis to Inulin in Vegetables and Processed Food Products," by F Gay-Crosier, G. Schreiber, P. Eigenmann and C. Hauser; "Sensitization to Anisakis Simplex in M&aacute:laga. Clinical and Parasitologic Study," by S. Férnadez-Meléndez, J. J. Garcia-Gonzaléz, E. Romero, J. L. Anguita, J. Diaz and A, Miranda; "Anaphylactic Reaction to Kiwi Followed by Myocardial Infarction," by V Djurc, M. bogic V. Tomic Spiric, A. Peric Popadic and K. Sevarac.

Background: The third-stage larvae of Anisakis simplex may be a hidden source of allergens in fish. The objective was to determine whether the ingestion of lyophilized A. simplex larvae, or antigen, induces clinical symptoms in a group of A. simplex-sensitized patients. Methods: Double-blind, placebo-controlled oral challenges were conducted in 11 individuals who had experienced allergic reactions after eating fish. Another patient had chronic urticaria unrelated to the ingestion of fish. All patients had positive skin tests and specific IgE determinations for A. simplex and negative skin tests to a battery of fish species. Conjunctival tests with A. simplex extracts were conducted in all patients and in five controls. The 12 patients received capsules containing either lactose or one, five, or 25 lyophilized larvae of A. simplex at 2-h intervals in a double-blind fashion. The highest single dose was 100 larvae. ECP and tryptase levels in serum were measured before and after the last oral challenge. Lyophilized antigen was also given to five patients. Results: None of the 12 patients experienced a positive reaction after the ingestion of the placebo, the lyophilized larvae, or the antigen. Tryptase and ECP levels before and after challenges did not change significantly. Conjunctival provocation tests were positive in 11 out of the 12 patients and in none of the controls. Conclusions: The ingestion of 100 lyophilized A. simplex larvae, or its equivalent in antigen, does not induce clinical symptoms in individuals with a clinical history and laboratory findings of hypersensitivity to A. simplex. The data suggest that only the ingestion of live larvae may be capable of inducing allergic manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Anisakis simplex is a seafood-borne parasite that may both infect humans and cause allergy. Serodiagnosis of anisakiasis and allergy caused by this nematode is difficult since most Anisakis antigens show cross-reactivity problems. Objective To analyse the possible role of sugar epitopes contained in Anisakis simplex antigens as causes of false-positive results in serodiagnostic assays. Methods The antigens UA2R and UA3R recognized by two anti-Anisakis monoclonal antibodies were used in this study. Capture ELISA techniques were used to compare the reactivities with native or O-deglycosylated antigens of sera from Anisakis-free children (most of them infected by several other parasites) and from Anisakis allergy patients. O-deglycosylation was done by mild alkali treatment with NaOH. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting were used to characterize the effects of NaOH or N-glycanase F treatment on UA3R. Results Native UA2R was recognized by IgG1 and IgM antibodies in the sera of both Anisakis-free subjects and allergy patients. Native UA3R was recognized by most sera from allergy patients (92% considering immunoglobulin (Ig) G1, 100% considering IgE), but also by a significant proportion of sera from Anisakis-free subjects (36% considering IgG1, 14% considering IgE). O-deglycosylation of UA3R greatly improved specificity: none of the sera from Anisakis-free patients showed either IgG1 or IgE reactivity with O-deglycosylated UA3R, while the proportion of sera from allergy patients showing IgE reactivity with this antigen was practically unaffected. O-deglycosylation of UA2R did not improve the specificity of assays using this antigen. Our results also show that the protein core of glycoproteins may be altered by even very mild alkali treatment, depending on the nature of the protein. Conclusion Native glycoproteins of A. simplex should not be used for diagnostic purposes. O-deglycosylated UA3R seems to be an excellent candidate for use as target antigen in the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on a study which concludes that recombinant or purified antigens for in vivo and in vitro use will overcome some of the problems found in the diagnosis of sensitized patients. Importance of immunoglobulin e immunoblotting in confirming the presence of specific immunoglobulin E directed to several parasite antigens.

Studies the clinical manifestations of allergy to Anisakis simplex. Description of the clinical features of patients with immediate hypersensitivity to Anisakis; Determination of prevalence rates of allergy and sensitization in patients with acute episodes of urticaria, angioedema and anaphylaxis.

Considers various aspects of the immunobiology of Anisakis simplex. Focus on the development of serodiagnostic tersts based on monoclonal antibodies to Anisakis-specific antigens; Description of the antigenic complexity of Anisakis simplex; Investigation of the time course of antigen recognition during infection of human subjects with Anisakis.

Discusses the immune response to Anisakis simplex and other ascarid nematodes. Exploration of the antibody response to secreted and exposed surface antigens of Anisakis simplex; Description of other nematode proteins which are highly stable to thermal denaturation and can recover their structures, biochemical activities and allergenicity upon cooling.

Background Sensitization to Anisakis simplex (A. simplex) has been documented to produce severe allergic reactions following ingestion of mainly raw or under-cooked parasitized fish. False positive skin prick tests (SPT) or specific IgE against this nematode and cross-reactivity restricts diagnosis. Gastric anisakiasis and gastro-allergic anisakiasis occur if fish is parasitized by live A. simplex Objective To investigate if serial serological analysis could be useful in the diagnosis of acute parasitation by this nematode. Methods We included 41 patients who experienced an allergic reaction and/or abdominal symptoms after ingestion of raw or undercooked fish and displayed specific IgE against A. simplex. Total and specific IgE were determined two times: in the 24-h period after onset of clinical symptoms and after 1 month. SPTs were performed against A. simplex and implicated fish. A fibre optic gastroscopy was performed in 22 patients. Results Median total IgE was 80.0 (Interquartile range [IQR] 41.5–186.5) kU/L in the first evaluation and 247.0 (IQR 96.5–649.5) kU/L after 1 month. Median specific IgE against A. simplex was 11.4 (IQR 7.1–33.5) kU/L in the first 24 h and 36.8 (IQR 19.5–79.5) kU/L after 1 month. A rise of total IgE was observed in 35 of 41 patients (P < 0.00001) and a rise in specific IgE against A. simplex in 37 of 41 patients (P < 0.00001). Mean percentage increment was 392% (215–571%; 95% confidence interval [CI]) for total IgE and 339% (177–502%; 95% CI) for specific IgE. In nine of 22 gastroscopic examinations at least one larva, identified as A. simplex, could be detected by our microbiology service. In this group (n = 9) a rise of total and specific IgE was detected in eight patients (89%) (P = 0.02). Conclusions We consider a rise of total and specific IgE in the first month after an allergic reaction as a useful tool in the diagnosis of gastro-allergic anisakiasis (together with patient's... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Anisakis simplex is a medically important pathogen which not only causes anisakiasis but may provoke allergy reactions, ranging from mild urticaria to anaphylactic shock. Objetive To investigate anti-Anisakis isotype profiles in anisakiasis and Anisakis allergy patients. Methods Capture ELISA techniques were used to investigate the isotype profiles of antibodies specific for two defined Anisakis simplex antigens, in serum from Japanese patients with confirmed anisakiasis and from Spanish patients with allergy to Anisakis. The antigens were ‘UA2R antigens’ (two proteins with MW of 48 and 67 kDa, recognized by our monoclonal antibody UA2) and ‘UA3R antigens’ (two proteins with MW of 139 and 154 kDa, recognized by our monoclonal antibody UA3). Results Considering IgG, the two most frequent isotypes in the response to the UA2R antigens were IgG1 and IgG2, with IgG4 detected in only one case; in response to the UA3R antigens, by contrast, the two most frequent isotypes were IgG1 and IgG4 (though IgG2 remained reasonably frequent). As regards potential utility for serodiagnosis, 95% of the Japanese anisakiasis patients and 84% of the allergy patients showed detectable IgG1 antibodies to the UA3R antigens. Furthermore, all allergy patients showed IgE antibodies to these antigens. Conclusion Anisakis simplex contains antigens that induce responses which are differentially regulated. Because of their immunogenicity, immunodominance and allergenic nature, we consider that the 139/154-kDa antigens recognized by our MoAb UA3 are good candidates for use in tests for the diagnosis of anisakiasis and of the allergy caused by this parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study on the examination of cod fisheries for incidence and intensity of infestation with larvae of codworm, Terranova decipens and herringworm in North Atlantic and Arctic waters. Variations in worm burden of various cod stocks; Factors responsible for variations in the infestation of cod with T. decepiens; Frequency distribution of larval nematodes in cod muscle.

Background The differential diagnosis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) includes, among other diseases, parasitic infections such as anisakiasis, which has acquired worldwide importance. Methods We reviewed all patients referred to our allergy service who had been diagnosed as having primary EG to determine the possible role of Anisakis simplex in the etiopathology of the disease. All patients (n=10) were studied and diagnosed as having primary EG between 1989 and 1996, inclusive. Two different groups of subjects were used as controls: group A (149 subjects without digestive disorder) and group B (10 subjects with digestive disorder different from EG). Cutaneous prick tests were performed with the main foods, aeroallergens, and commercial extract of A. simplex. Total and specific serum IgE was measured in all patients. Gastric or gut histologic specimens were re-examined in five cases. Results Peripheral eosinophilia was detected in 40% of the patients with EG, and sensitization to A. simplex was detected in 80% of these. In both control groups, the rate of sensitization to A. simplex was 10%. Sensitization to A. simplex in EG patients with respect to control groups A and B showed odds ratios (OR) of 36 and 40, respectively. In one case, serialization of the histologic section allowed us to observe a whole Anisakis larva. Conclusions Immunologic methods to detect specific antibodies against Anisakis should be used routinely before diagnosing EG as primary disorder. Preventive measures are of capital importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]