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Nature is a source of diverse materials, including polysaccharides, which have been used to improve the quality of life. Besides being abundant and renewable, polysaccharides possess many advantages, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, which allow them to be applied in different fields. They can be used in the design and development of renewable materials, thus contributing to a more sustainable society. Because of their advantages and versatility, polysaccharides may be incorporated in many systems, particularly biomimetic ones, to create outstanding sustainable solutions to problems that still need to be solved. Hence, nature not only offers resources but an inspiration to overcome issues. In this sense, this work aims to present an overview of current relevant biomimetic systems based on polysaccharides. Chitosan, cellulose, xanthan gum, alginates, pullulan, hyaluronic acid, schizophyllan, and oligomeric cyclodextrins are covered. The application of these polysaccharides in the design of biosensors, systems for environmental remediation, structural materials, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering among others is described. Finally, the challenges that still need to be faced and opportunities of application of these materials for the development of bioinspired technologies in the next future are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]