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Modern agri‐food supply chains are gradually becoming complex due to perishability, seasonality, frequent disruption, fluctuating consumer requirements and environmental concerns. Implementing multiple practices may help to address this complexity and develop a robust agri‐food supply chain that enables a competitive edge for the organisation. This paper discusses the possibility of integrating various supply chain practices through Industry 4.0 in the agri‐food supply chain. In addition, getting insights from bibliometric and systematic reviews. The study tried to search for various possible keywords to import the data on multiple research platforms such as Web of Science, Science Direct and Scopus. All the collected data were merged into a single file, removing duplicates and verifying the papers based on the abstract and title for relevancy. Finally, the study concluded the systematic review of 97 research articles. By analyzing the content of all the articles and reviewing articles through a bibliometric package of 'R'. The paper's finding suggests that integrating all these practices mentioned in the article gives a collaborative output of a sustainable, efficient, flexible and resilient supply chain that leverages Industry 4.0 technology to market dynamics while maximizing sustainable impact. The researcher and practitioner advised a wise implementation of all the supply chain practices mentioned in this article and suggested understanding their benefit to the organisation. This study also presented a future research direction focusing on the practical application of Industry 4.0 and collaborative supply chain practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing population and societal consumption patterns associated with unsustainable production routes have increased pollution levels. Because of the environmental pollution caused by petroleum‐derived plastics, it has become critical to develop an alternative biopolymer‐based biodegradable plastic for long‐term sustainability. Biopolymers are eco‐friendly due to their nontoxicity, biodegradability, stability, biocompatibility, rheological, and thermal properties. However, these polymers' production methods have hindered their progress toward a bright future of sustainable production and growth. Therefore, improved formulations and tactics are needed to develop new approaches. A range of methods for application in industry can transform Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Due to its affordability and simplicity of use, blending is regarded as one of the most successful methods. It has various uses, from absorbable sutures to biomedical implants and ecologically friendly resins, and useful applications in food packaging. Starch is a highly economical raw material and can be processed as an affordable substrate for innovative biodegradable polymers. In contrast to lowering water vapor and oxygen permeability, the addition of cross‐linking agents to starch/PHA blends increases thermal stability, elasticity, and compatibility between the starch and PHA molecules in the films. This review focuses on the synthesis, physicochemical properties, and application of PHA‐starch blends in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The application of edible films can be an alternative solution for maintaining the quality of post‐harvest horticultural commodities. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding a stabiliser, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), on the functional characteristics of citrus peel pectin and limonene essential oil (LEO)‐based coatings. A formulation comprising pectin (0.5%), CNC (0.075%) and LEO (0.5%) was prepared. The CNC morphology (nanometre scale) was nanorods with pointed ends on both sides, revealed with atomic force microscopy. Gas chromatography–mass‐spectrometry verified the main component of LEO, d‐limonene. All prepared film‐forming solution showed good stability with zeta potential values ranging from −76.34 to −35.33 mV. The developed film had a rougher surface due to the presence of oil aggregates and CNC agglomeration during film preparation. The addition of Pickering emulsion showed improvements in terms of mechanical properties (tensile strength 23.61 MPa, and elongation 65.87%), water barrier and the film clarity compared with regular emulsions with synthetic surfactants. It effectively inhibited the growth of harmful microbes that cause the rotting of fresh fruits, i.e., Penicilium digitatum, by 3.87% and 14.83% compared to the conventional emulsion and pectin‐based film, respectively, through the well diffusion test method. Thus, the combination of pectin/CNC/LEO can be used as an alternative active coating for fresh fruit commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green corrosion inhibitor was prepared from the bio‐based platform compound 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural through a green synthetic route, which avoid the use of toxic reagent. The inhibition performance and mechanism of this compound for the corrosion of mild steel in 0.1 M HCl was investigated by using the weight loss experiments, polarization measurements, EIS measurements and quantum chemical calculations. The corrosion inhibition efficiency by weight loss measurement (ηWLM%) of this inhibitor can reach up to 90.3 % at 303 K with 1.2 mM concentration. Moreover, the electrochemical experiments revealed that this corrosion inhibitor acts as a mixed‐type inhibitor. Thermodynamic studies gave the values of the standard Gibbs free energy ΔGads0 ${{\rm \Delta }{G}_{ads}^{0}}$ , fall within the range of −20 kJ/mol to −40 kJ/mol, suggested the adsorption of this compound is a spontaneous process involving both physisorption and chemisorption. In addition, quantum chemical calculations were conducted to further validate the formation of an effective absorption layer by this inhibitor on metal surfaces, which showed that the electron density iso‐surfaces of HOMO was mainly distributed on chloride ions, while LUMO tended to be distributed on furan rings and aldehyde groups. Besides, the other quantum chemical parameters of this inhibitor were also calculated to explore the molecular activity, such as, the molecular volume (ν, 333.105 Å), global hardness (η, 4.706 eV), global softness (σ, 0.2125 eV), electronegativity (χ, 4.93 eV), dipolemoment (μ, 13.1429 D) and vertical ionization energy (VIE, 7.2646 eV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the broad use of the trifluoromethyl functional group (−CF3) in medicinal chemistry and taking into account the recent concerns on the negative environmental effects of CF3 containing compounds, we are searching for "greener" alternatives. Thus, different chemical groups (i. e. iodide, fluoride, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, cyclobutyl, 3‐oxetyl, 2‐oxetyl, methylsulfide, pentafluorosulfide, methylsulfonyl and sulfonamide) have been considered as potential bioequivalents of −CF3 aiming to use them in compounds with therapeutic interest instead of the polyfluoride functionality. Different structural (molecular surface and volume) and physicochemical (electronic and lipophilic) aspects of the bioequivalent functionalities proposed have been theoretically calculated and compared to those of −CF3. Additionally, the corresponding phenyl derivatives carrying these functionalities have been purchased or prepared and their experimental lipophilicity (i. e. LogP) measured using shake‐flask experiments and UV‐vis spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and efficient synthesis of targeted deoxygenated glycosides is highly desired. Herein, we disclose a two‐step procedure for the synthesis of deoxysugars from partially protected pyranosides via site‐selective thiocarbonylation followed by tin‐free Barton–McCombie deoxygenation. The selectivity can be smoothly achieved through anhydrous FeCl3 as the catalyst assisted by low‐priced benzoyltrifluoroacetonate (Hbtfa) ligand in the presence of K2CO3 as base. Further deoxygenation can be carried out using greener silicon reagent, avoiding highly toxic organotin reagents in traditional procedures. Conspicuous features of this method include mild conditions, easy operation, high selectivity and non or low toxic reagents, making it a more attractive strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study incorporated an environment‐friendly and cost‐efficient green synthesis method for fabricating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) using various parts (leaves, buds, and flowers) of Bauhinia Variegate Linn. UV‐Spectrophotometric analysis was used to confirm the synthesis of ZnO‐NPs, which showed an absorption band within 360–380 nm range. Further techniques like FT‐IR spectroscopy and (SEM) scanning electron microscopy equipped with a novel EDX were also included to confirm the synthesis, size, and shape of ZnO‐NPs. Results obtained by FT‐IR showed that the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic extract successfully acted as a capping agent. SEM micrographs confirmed irregularly shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 70–80 nm. The presence of Zinc and Oxygen peaks in EDX also confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The radical scavenging (antioxidant) potential of prepared nanoparticles was also evaluated by DPPH radical assay. The ZnO‐NPs obtained from the ethanolic extract of buds showed the highest %RSA (86%) as compared to the flowers (79%) and leaves (76%). The current study findings showed the versatile morphology of all parts of the plant with significant antioxidant potential, establishing the use of Bauhinia Variegate in biological systems for various biomedical applications. Research Highlights: A thorough comparative analysis of the radical scavenging power of major parts of the Bauhinia Variegate, which is 1st of its kind.Extensive characterization using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, FT‐IR, SEM, and EDX to observe the conformational and morphological changes.Analysis of the reduction potential of leaves, buds, and flowers of a single plant for future directions in green synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual‐polarization programmable metasurfaces can flexibly manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves while providing approximately twice the information capacity. Therefore, they hold significant applications in next‐generation communication systems. However, there are three challenges associated with the existing dual‐polarization programmable metasurfaces. This article aims to propose a novel design to address them. First, the design overcomes the challenge of element‐ and polarization‐independent controls, enabling more powerful manipulations of EM waves. Second, by using more energy‐efficient tunable components and reducing their number, the design can be nearly passive (maximum power consumption of 27.7 mW), leading to a significant decrease in the cost and power consumption of the system (at least two orders of magnitude lower than the power consumption of conventional programmable metasurfaces). Third, the design can operate in a broad bandwidth, which is attractive for practical engineering applications. Both the element and array of the metasurface are meticulously designed, and their performance has been carefully studied. The experiments demonstrate that 2D wide‐angle beam scanning can be realized. Moreover, secure communication based on directional information modulation can be implemented by exploiting the metasurface and an efficient discrete optimization algorithm, showing its programmable, multiplexing, broadband, green, and secure features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of conflating green with a social and moral good is a historically specific social process. The purpose of this article is to show how that process has made particularly good company for carceral humanism and legitimisation. By tracing initiatives integrating gardening at New York City's Rikers Island jail complex, I argue that projects and narratives cloaked in visions of green, nature, and sustainability obscure and reproduce both popular and institutional claims to expansionist carceral reform in the name of offering an inherently rehabilitative service. Drawing on conversations around commodity fetishism, urban political ecology, sustainability, and carceral reform, this article shows how holding nature as an inherent source of moral high ground that, by default, rehabilitates all who take advantage of it, is to disregard the social mechanisms that in turn naturalise the prison‐industrial complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CF‐PDA‐M hybrid fillers are prepared by three metal cations (M) assisting polydopamine (PDA) through Fe3+, Ni2+, and Al3+. The metal cations promote the polymerization of PDA on the fiber surface, shorten the modification time of the fibers, and ensure that the short‐cut carbon fibers (CF) do not agglomerate during water bath stirring while keeping the structure of the CF undamaged, which is a green and efficient method. After PDA modification, the roughness and surface activity of the fiber surface increase. Finally, CF‐PDA‐M is used as a filler and added to neoprene latex and natural latex, which are prepared into composites by wet blending, and the CF are characterized by different techniques. The results show that the hydroxyl and amino groups on the surface of CF‐PDA‐M increase the cross‐linking density of the composites, establish a good stress cross‐linking network, shorten the vulcanization time, effectively prevent the agglomeration phenomenon of the CF in the rubber, and improve the dispersion of the CF in the composite. After modification, the tensile strength and 300% constant tensile strength of CF‐PDA‐M increase by more than 10% and 30%, respectively, over CF composites, and the rolling resistance is reduced. This study provides a new and effective strategy for CF surface functionalization, which improves the processing efficiency and mechanical properties of rubber products and has a broad application prospect in the rubber industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green bonds and the broad category of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) debt are market initiatives designed to tie environmental goals to the funding mechanism of the firm. Although there is an evolving certification process for green and social bonds, it does not currently include monetary consequences for a deviation from the proposed green uses of the funding. This article provides an overview of the green/social bond market to highlight these shortcomings. After a review of the green bond literature, we note the shortcomings of the existing debt market and illustrate the benefits of sustainability‐linked bonds (SLB), which reward incremental improvements in relevant performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic, hazardous petrochemical solvents are commonly used for industrial‐scale ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber production, but orange terpenes, a byproduct of orange fruit production, present a bio‐derived, sustainable alternative. In this work, fine UHMWPE fibers were spun using orange terpenes as the spin solvent, hot‐drawn at a draw ratio of 5:1, investigated for their morphology, microstructure, and thermal and mechanical properties. The resulting fibers exhibited a flat, micro‐ribbon cross‐section, which is highly desirable for achieving high fiber volume fractions in UHMWPE‐fiber reinforced composites. After drawing, the fibers possessed 4× greater breaking tenacity than any previously published studies on UHMWPE fibers spun using orange terpenes with a tenacity of 8.6 cN/dtex and tensile modulus of 229.2 cN/dtex. Microstructural analysis via differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction revealed that the hot drawing process significantly increased molecular orientation, but crystallinity decreased due to crystallite melting during drawing. Therefore, the mechanical properties of these fibers may be significantly improved with optimization of the fiber drawing process. This work establishes the strong potential of orange terpenes as an environmentally‐friendly alternative solvent for UHMWPE gel spinning and sets a foundation for future parametric optimization of the spinning and drawing of these fibers. Highlights: Micro‐ribbon ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fibers were prepared using bio‐solvent orange terpenes.Flat profile enables tight packing, aspect ratio maintained after drawing.Drawn fibers were 4× stronger than any previous work with orange terpenes.Near‐melt drawing reduced crystallinity, improved molecular alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stabilisers are an integral part of a propellant composition. They are essential for ensuring the chemical stability of nitrate‐ester based propellants, preventing oxidation, chain scission and uncontrolled heat generation. Progress is being made, especially in Europe, with REACh legislation (1907/2006) to use more environmentally‐friendly compounds. New stabilisers with a greener environmental profile and producing less toxic daughter products have been investigated by several groups, and several compounds demonstrated even better performances – more chemical stability and therefore longer shelf lives than formulations with the currently‐used stabilisers. Additionally, the good efficiencies and lower toxicities of the daughter products of the "green" stabilisers are also evaluated. This paper is a continuation of our previous work and demonstrates that for industrially‐manufactured propellants, that the tests performed by four different entities validate the stability and compatibility of the propellants, investigated previously on a laboratory scale, providing the community with safer formulations for the environment and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicine is a complex system containing numerous bioactive components. Evaluating the quality of herbs often requires analyzing multiple components using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, existing HPLC methods are time‐consuming and consume large amounts of reference compounds. This study, an ultra‐rapid and green assay method for the determination of honokiol and magnolol in Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex using a single reference compound was developed by HPLC at equal absorption wavelength (EAW). The sample was prepared using ultrasonic‐assisted matrix solid‐phase dispersion and separated with an eco‐friendly mobile phase on the Poroshell C18 column. The EAW of homokiol and magnolol was chosen as the detecting wavelength (247 nm). The contents of honokiol and magnolol in six Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex samples obtained by the developed method with a single marker and the external standard method with two markers were comparable. Additionally, the developed HPLC process only needed 4.55 mL green organic solution (ethanol) and 2.5 min, which included sample extraction and separation. The developed HPLC EAW method was ultra‐fast, green, and reference compound saving, which was an improved quality control method of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex and would serve as an example for the determination of multiple components in other herbal medicines using a single reference compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study developed a green metallochromic sensor that detects aluminium (Al(III)) ions in solution and solid state using anthocyanin extract from purple onion peels embedded in bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNFs). The CIE Lab colour parameters demonstrated that Al(III) binding causes a sensible change in colour. A variety of metal ions including K+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Cr2+, Pb2+ and Ni2+ were used to challenge the sensor to determine its selectivity. The findings demonstrated that the suggested sensor showed excellent selectivity toward Al(III) ion. Al(III) is quantitatively detected by the sensing method with detection limits in the range between 30–200 and 20–300 ppm in solution and solid state, respectively, and through observation with naked eye. The fabricated green metallochromic sensor is promising to be a simple, cheap, mobile and easily operable for real‐time and on‐site detection of Al(III) ions in food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the challenging – and frightening – times in which we now live, education is seen as playing a key role in making change for the better. However, the Department for Education's (2022) strategy on education for sustainability and climate change, applicable to schools in England, is lacking in many areas and fails to address students', teachers', and teacher educators' priorities. Crucially, the environment and climate emergency greatly concerns many children and young people and these issues should be addressed across the whole curriculum, not just in geography and science. Further, there needs to be more focus on emotions rather than facts, wellbeing rather than the economy. So, the question is: How can we 'green' art, craft and design education to ensure it is both effective and affective? Art can change the world because it is 'homeless, endless, and edgeless' – this sounds exciting but does not aid teachers in curriculum design. In this paper I will share an emergent manifesto for an environmentally responsible art, craft and design (ACD) curriculum... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we present the development of the electrochemical synthesis of heterocyclic compounds catalyzed by transition metal salts and their complexes since 2000. The review is presented as synthesis of nitrogen and oxygen containing heterocycles. The review reflects the applications of transition metal catalysts in the synthesis of aza‐ and oxa‐heterocycles. All reactions are green since they avoid the requirement of chemical oxidants. Electricity as sole oxidant is used to regenerate the active metal catalyst. Thus, in general atom economies of organic electrochemical reactions are high. Nevertheless, use of electrolytes does not affect atom economy. However, one should consider catalytic amount of electrolytes rather than equivalent amount to make electrochemical reactions much green. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a new, green, efficient, and sustainable microwave‐assisted extraction method combined with a deep eutectic solvent was successfully established for the extraction of five important coumarins from Angelica dahurica, namely bergapten, oxypeucedanin, imperatorin, cnidilin, and isoimperatorin. Compared with the conventional extraction method, the extraction efficiency of this method was improved by 10.74%. With increasingly serious global environmental pollution, this green method will be a solution for mainstream sustainable development and lead to a stable improvement in fine industries such as food, medicine, and cosmetics. The findings of this study may provide valuable clues and a scientific basis for further research of A. dahurica and other pharmaceutical components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White analytical chemistry is a novel concept for the assessment of analytical methods on basis of its validation efficiency, greenness power, and economical efficiency. White analytical chemistry‐driven stability indicating chromatographic method has been developed for the concomitant analysis of thiocolchicoside and aceclofenac. The proposed chromatographic method has been developed using a safe and environmental‐friendly organic solvents for the concomitant stability study of thiocolchicoside and aceclofenac. The analytical risk assessment was carried out for the identification of high‐risk analytical risk factors and analytical method performance attributes. The mixture design was applied for the design of experiments‐based response surface modeling of high‐risk analytical risk factors and analytical method performance attributes. The degradation products were isolated and characterized using infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral data. The proposed method was compared for its validation efficiency, greenness power, and cost‐efficiency with published chromatographic methods using the red, green, and blue models. The white score of the proposed and reported method was calculated by averaging the red, green, and blue scores of the methods. The proposed method was found to be robust, green, and economical for the concomitant stability study of thiocolchicoside and aceclofenac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is a naturally abundant, renewable, recyclable, biodegradable, and environment‐friendly construction material. Smart homes capable of remote monitoring and light, climate, and appliance control require a large number of electrical sensors and interconnections, which are challenging to implement in wood. Although conductive Laser‐induced‐graphene (LIG) formation on lignocellulosic materials has been lately reported, the introduction of LIG electrodes to smart wooden home applications has not been addressed to date. Herein, the direct patterning of LIG on natural wood in atmospheric air to form key electrical components that can support the construction of smart wooden homes is demonstrated. The sheet resistance of the LIG can reach 6.0 Ω sq−1, which is sufficient to support smart home requirements. Four key smart home components, namely, a temperature sensor, heater, boiler, and electrical interconnections, are successfully patterned on wood at room temperature without significant ablation. In consideration of the real‐world application of this technology to wooden buildings, varnish coating is used for the LIG's structural protection; all the tests are conducted repeatedly by considering the actual wooden smart home applications. The design of LIG electrical connections using an external mechanical pressure without conductive adhesives will help promote the development of green and smart adhesive‐free timber‐based buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scandium(III) and ytterbium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate are active for the terminationless polymerization of moderate reactivity olefins (β‐pinene, isobutene, styrene) in conjunction with a variety of initiators (e.g., Brønsted acids, halogens, and carbocation synthons). Neither Lewis acid requires chlorinated/toxic solvents to operate. The Yb congener is quantitatively recovered by aqueous extraction, reactivated by dehydration, and maintains its activity after multiple reuses. Both acids produce good yields (up to ~100%) of polyisobutene with an average exo‐olefinic end‐group content for Sc(OTf)3 of 86% (Alfa Asear) and 75% (Aldrich), and 94% for Yb(OTf)3 (Aldrich). The molecular weights of poly(β‐pinene) and polyisobutene made by scandium(III) and ytterbium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate, respectively, in combination with methanol are quite favorable at ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of renewable and modified starch‐based products was achieved using a sustainable catalyst and an environmentally friendly drying process via supercritical CO2. Potato starch was modified via a sustainable and green esterification process with acetic anhydride reagent implementing a novel organocatalytic pathway at different periods of time (0.5, 3 and 7 h) by applying an esterification reaction at 120°C targeting intermediate degrees of substitution (i.e., 0.2 < DS <1.5) finding potential applications as polymer packaging materials. The final modified samples were divided into two fractions, where the first fraction was dried under vacuum at 80° C for 24 h and the second fraction was dried under supercritical CO2 at 40° C and 100 bars for 2 h. The final products were analyzed using an array of characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Karl Fischer. The chemical structure of both fractions was similar as confirmed by the different characterization techniques. Drying under supercritical CO2 preserved some pores in the modified starch materials as opposed to thermal oven drying, as was confirmed by N2 physisorption measurements. The degree of substitution (DS) was determined using three different techniques; titration, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and solution state proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and the values were greater than 0.2 and less than 1.5 indicating intermediate degrees of substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Cationic polymerizations of vinyl ethers have gained recent attention due to their ability to produce robust, biorenewable materials. These developments have been largely enabled by the advent of cationic reversible addition−fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization; however, the scalability and sustainability of this method are hindered by current chain‐transfer agents (CTAs), which exist as viscous, colored oils requiring complex syntheses and solvent‐intensive purification. Herein, we produce a solid, colorless CTA through a green synthetic route in 83% yield on a 50‐gram scale. We investigate the utility of this CTA in chemical, electrochemical, photochemical, and acid‐initiated methods, revealing that it achieves efficient polymerization with excellent control over molecular weight, low dispersity values, high chain end fidelity, and temporal control in cationic RAFT polymerizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canagliflozin is an oral hypoglycemic drug recently formulated in combination with a biguanide, metformin hydrochloride, for improving its hypoglycemic action. Canagliflozin has one reported major degradation product, also metformin hydrochloride has one reported major degradation product, cyanoguanidine, and has a potential toxic impurity, melamine, that is reported to cause crystalluria that causes chronic kidney inflammation and nephrolithiasis leading to a renal failure. As per International Conference of Harmonization guidelines; a drug degradation product is classified as a type of drug impurities. Toxicity profiles of canagliflozin and metformin major degradation products were studied where in silico data disclosed toxicity too; the development of a specific chromatographic thin layer chromatographic assay was a must for quantification of such toxic related components along with the drugs in laboratory‐prepared mixtures as a superior study. The proposed method was validated as per the International Conference of Harmonization and applied for the assay of Vokanamet tablets. The separation was achieved using acetone:ethyl acetate:acetic acid (8:2:0.2, by volume) as scanning eluted bands at 205 nm. For minimal environmental impact; greenness profile appraisal of the proposed assay was performed by three greenness assessment approaches; analytical Eco‐Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Greenness metric approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different software development approaches (SDAs) are developed with broad portfolios of development processes. Each of the approaches has certain exclusive principles, practices, thinking, and values, which are informally represented, implemented, and improperly institutionalized. Ontologies are developed for the representation, assessment, and adaptation of SDAs separately without having a shared terminology which may lead to terminological conflict and confusion affecting the simultaneous representation and implementation in software development industry and academia. The software engineering approaches does not consider and support sustainability as priority concern. However, the approaches have capabilities of supporting sustainable software development in different sustainability aspects. This research article aims for the designing and development of an integrated ontology of software engineering approaches (i.e., agile, lean, and green) named OntoSuSD (ontology for sustainable software development) to support sustainable software development knowledge, awareness, and implementation. The goal of OntoSuSD is to propose, design and develop a formal, generic, consistent, and shared knowledge base containing semantic terminology and description of concepts and relationships generated around the representation and implementation of lean, agile, and green approaches in software development processes, which will facilitate their simultaneous implementation and assessment for sustainable software development. The OntoSuSD is developed using practical ontology engineering methodology by reusing relevant ontologies and explicit concepts and properties are defined to fulfill knowledge requirements and representations of the domain. The OntoSuSD is evaluated, and results infer OntoSuSD has high ontological design, good domain coverage, potential applications and achieves purpose of the ontology development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work synthesizes a green‐fluorescent conjugated polymer and performs basic photophysical characterization of this new material. Atums Green[1] is synthesized by a Suzuki cross‐coupling polymerization reaction between isostructural dibromo and diboronic acid monomers and is structurally characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography. The polymer consists of an alkoxy‐substituted 1,4‐bis((E)‐styryl)benzene repeating unit with molecular weight up to Mn = 50 kDa relative to polystyrene. Atums Green shows a strong green fluorescence maximized at ≈500 nm in chloroform and tetrahydrofuran solutions, with an absolute quantum efficiency as high as 98%. The photobleaching dynamics and time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) are measured both in solutions and in solid films. Finally, solution‐based lasing is demonstrated in a bulk lasing cavity and in a cylindrical microcavity. Lasing emission is readily achieved in both formats, indicating that Atums Green has excellent emission characteristics, and further suggesting that it may present a viable green‐emitting conjugated polymer materials system for light emission applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This commentary outlines practical ways of positively incorporating green podiatry, foot health, physical activity benefits, and relevance to climate change into the clinical setting as Conference of Parties (COP27) approaches. Recent reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the World Economic Forum, and undergraduate curricula concerns, are presented. Main body: Climate change is irrefutable, and as health professionals, podiatrists can discuss the benefits and principles of green podiatry with patients of all ages in their clinics, appreciating that people are increasingly worried about the climate crisis. Feet as fundamental for independent, healthy, and carbon–neutral active transport, needs to become a key message. The three pillars for green podiatry are exercise, evidence, and the everyday changes that all podiatrists can make. Likewise, podiatrists can encourage their patients, and in doing so, join with community leadership, alongside other allied health and medical peers. Conclusion: Podiatrists have a shared responsibility to work and live as 'green' as possible, and to share this message with patients. Reducing waste, physically and in the form of unnecessary treatment, and supporting a review of supply chains, are important aspects of reducing health care emissions. Promoting feet as carbon–neutral transport, and physical activity as evidence based and health enhancing, are a sound contribution to twenty-first century public health. Podiatry has a great opportunity for positive legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Motivation: Young people's futures are at risk. Global crises such as armed conflict, climate change, mass displacement, and public health emergencies are threatening the education and wellbeing of adolescents all over the world. But young people are also resilient and innovative. It is vital that they have opportunities to develop relevant skills and knowledge, to build resilience, and overcome these challenges now and in the future. Purpose: This special issue brings together researchers and practitioners in the field of international education. Its purpose is twofold: to illustrate how current global challenges shape the types of skills needed to build resilience; and to offer possible solutions to supporting young people's development of such skills. Methods and approach: The articles in this special issue draw on both quantitative and qualitative data, including surveys and interviews with students, parents, teachers, school leaders, nonformal education providers, and government officials. Most studies present evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa. Findings The findings presented in this special issue address a range of skills, including foundational literacy and numeracy, hard skills in digital literacy, financial literacy, and entrepreneurship, and soft skills, such as critical thinking, confidence, voice and agency. Policy implications: With the special issue we aim to draw more attention to the need for research and policy that equip youth with relevant skills and that see them not just as subjects of the challenges they encounter, but also as active agents of change. We also highlight the importance of an intersectional lens that addresses not just gender, but also other individual and household characteristics, such as student age, disability status, and poverty to support youth resilience and skills development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two facile spectroscopic methodologies were designed for estimating trospium chloride (TPM) in raw material and tablets with high operational reliability and selectivity. The methods were based on using erythrosine B (EB) as a spectroscopic tool for ion‐pair complex formation with the drug. In a mild acidic medium of Britton Robinson buffer (pH 4.0), the ionized hydroxyl group in the reagent interacted with the ionized amine in the studied drug. Method I was based on the spectrophotometric measuring of the absorbance of the reaction product at 557 nm. Method II was based on spectrofluorimetric measurement of the quenching effect of TPM on the inherent fluorescence of EB at 550 nm (λex. = 528 nm). The two methods showed linearity through ranges 1.0–10.0 and 0.5–10.0 μg/ml for Methods I and II, respectively. The suggested methods were exploited for analyzing TPM in Trospamexin® tablets and showed good applicability. The designed systems were validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Experimental conditions were modulated to obtain the best sensitivities. The quenching mechanism was investigated and the quenching constant was computed relying on the Stern–Volmer equation. Environmental impact was appraised using novel metric green tools, GABI, and AGREE. The suggested systems excelled over other reported methods in terms of greenness, sensitivity, and cost–effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bromoacetophenones are important pharmaceutical intermediates in drug synthesis. In this work, through conditional screening, α‐bromoacetophenone and α,α‐dibromoacetophenone were selectively synthesized using sodium bromide as a bromine source and potassium persulfate as an oxidant. Herein, a novel, green, and selective bromide synthesis reaction was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bromoacetophenones are important pharmaceutical intermediates in drug synthesis. In this work, through conditional screening, α‐bromoacetophenone and α,α‐dibromoacetophenone were selectively synthesized using sodium bromide as a bromine source and potassium persulfate as an oxidant. Herein, a novel, green, and selective bromide synthesis reaction was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging conservation psychology literature shows that there is a strong link between positive attachment to a workplace and the performance of pro‐environmental behaviors by employees at work. The present study explores the validity of a pilot survey based in previous literature that explores these constructs to determine whether a relationship between the two exists among zoo and aquarium professionals. The survey was distributed to employees of the Wildlife Conservation Society's city zoos—Prospect Park, Central Park, and Queens Zoos—during the first year of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. Two of the survey scales used had a high internal consistency and data from these responses informed this case study to show that there is a weak, positive correlation between workplace attachment (WPA) and self‐reported frequency of performance of pro‐environmental behaviors (PEBs) among the respondents. Isolating the responses by department revealed that staff working in Operations departments (1) exhibit lower frequencies of PEB than those in Education and Animal departments and (2) have a very strong, positive correlation between WPA and PEB. The results suggest that zoo and aquarium employees who are positively attached to their workplace are more likely to perform PEBs, especially those working in Operations departments. These findings help support that workplace practices seeking to increase WPA could increase the performance of PEBs at work by all employees. Research Highlights: A validated pilot survey of zoo employees showed a weak, positive correlation between workplace attachment (WPA) and pro‐environmental behavior (PEB) at work. Operations staff showed a stronger correlation between WPA and PEB and reported lower frequencies of PEB than other departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research assesses the lean and green (LG) practices' impact on the competitive advantage (CA) of organizations, through sustainable performance, considering lean maturity as the moderator. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a cross‐sectional sample of 261 companies operating in Portugal. Hypotheses are tested through structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis to examine the lean maturity moderating role. Results demonstrate a positive impact of LG practices on sustainable development and that their three dimensions of CA, with lean maturity boosting most relationships. This research highlights the impact of LG practices on organization's competitiveness and helps them underpin the importance these practices when comes to enhance their sustainable performance and their CA with help of environmental policy and also stakeholder engagement. Future studies should address these relationships upon a specific dimension, namely the correlation between environmental performance and CA, as it was not dealt in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern analytical procedures often include impurity profiling to verify the potency, safety, and effectiveness of new formulations. We had to develop techniques based on green analysis since the detrimental influence of solvents and chemicals on the environment has now become a serious concern. Two selective, sensitive, and green liquid chromatography methods were established and fully validated for quantitation of tamsulosin hydrochloride and solifenacin succinate along with four of their official and/or related impurities namely; tamsulosin sulfonic acid, tamsulosin impurity H, solifenacin impurity A and solifenacin impurity C. The first used high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography with silica gel 60 F254 plates as the stationary phase and an elution system of ethyl acetate:butanol:glacial acetic acid (10.0:0.4:0.1, by volume) and a scanning wavelength of 225.0 nm. The second method depended on HPLC with diode array detection. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a Zorbax SB C18 (250 × 4.6 mm2, 5 μm) column utilizing a mixture of 10.0 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 3.0, adjusted by o‐phosphoric acid) and methanol, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min in a gradient elution mode and then the separated peaks were scanned at a wavelength of 225.0 nm. To assess the greenness profile, three distinct methodologies were applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) using sustainable and eco‐friendly materials and affording high brightness, efficiency, and stability are highly desired. Here, intrinsically ionic, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials 1–3 for efficient, bright, and stable LECs are reported. 1–3 feature carbazole‐type donors and cationic triazine‐type acceptors, which are located ortho to each other on the phenyl linkers. Through‐space charge‐transfer (CT) dominates the CT transitions in 1–3. In doped and neat films, 1–3 show blue and green TADF emission, respectively, with reverse intersystem crossing rates at around 7.0 × 105 s−1. 1–3 possess excellent electrochemical stability (except for the oxidation of 1) and film‐forming abilities. LECs using neat films of 1–3 as the single active layers afford green electroluminescence with peak brightness/peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of up to 572 cd m−2/6.8% under 4.0 V and peak brightness/peak EQE/half‐lifetime of up to 860 cd m−2/5.4%/48 h under 50 A m−2. A longer half‐lifetime of 218 h has further been achieved at 162 cd m−2 under 10 A m−2. The work reveals the bright prospect for the development of efficient, bright, and stable LECs with intrinsically‐ionic TADF materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of a widely used antihypertensive combination of atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide was achieved by rapid and eco‐friendly high‐performance liquid chromatography method combined with fluorescence detection. The response surface methodology is conducive to the complete separation of the two drugs in a shorter analysis time. The separation of the mixture was achieved using an Inertsil C18 analytical column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µ). The mobile phase used was ethanol: potassium dihydrogen phosphate at pH 3 (65:35 v/v) and the flow rate was 0.7 mL/min. The fluorescence detector operated at excitation and emission wavelengths of 230 and 310 nm (atenolol) and 270 and 375 nm (hydrochlorothiazide). The linearity of the developed method covered a concentration of atenolol of 0.05–5 µg/mL and a concentration of hydrochlorothiazide of 0.02–1 µg/mL. The greenness of the developed method was evaluated by analytical eco‐scale and the recently reported evaluation method, that is, green analytical procedure index, and it was found to be an excellent, sensitive, and green alternative to the reported methods. The developed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and compared with the reference method. No significant difference was found in terms of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cloud computing (CC) provides dynamic hiring of server abilities as scalable virtualized services to end‐users. However, data center hosting wastes massive amounts of energy resulting in high operational costs and carbon footprints. Also, virtualization is one of CC's main features, and physical resources are delivered by virtual machine (VM). Therefore, in the present article, a new method is provided to improve the VM energy consumption and execution time in the VM migration problem using a hybrid optimization algorithm. Since this issue is one of the famous NP‐hard problems, a method is proposed in this article works based on genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The hybrid algorithm uses a GA to dominate PSO algorithms' constraints, such as weak convergence and stymie in global optima. The CloudSim simulator is employed to show the efficiency of the method compared to others. Using this method will keep the proficiency and power performance of the data centers at the same level. The results showed that energy consumption in the proposed method is better than the other three methods and has been improved by an average of 23.19%. Also, the results showed that execution time is better than the other three methods and has been improved by an average of 29.01%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated implementation of lean and green systems can assist managers in achieving environmental and economic performance. The benefits of this integration include improved quality of the environment, superior interactions with channel partners and consumers, reduction in lead times and overall costs, and so forth. This research seeks to evaluate the solutions for integrated implementation of green and lean practices to overcome the barriers in the manufacturing industry. The barriers are categorized as managerial, technological, organizational and cultural, individual and quality barriers. In this study, a fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS based framework has been proposed. From the analysis, it is found that application of quality control tools, reduction in lead‐time, use of right first time approach and use of new technology and product innovations are the most significant among the solution alternatives that the manufacturing firms should consider to overcome obstacles in implementation of green and lean systems. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study to examine prominent solutions to overcome barriers with regard to integrated operation of green and lean performance. The ranking of the solutions will be useful for managers in the manufacturing firms to make best strategic decisions for reducing their waste and improving performance. Mangers can concentrate on the most prominent solutions and formulate the appropriate strategies accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally friendly method is presented here for the synthesis of various benzofuran derivatives using CuI catalyst. In this line, a one‐pot, 3‐component reaction of alkynes, different aldehydes, and amines is employed in choline chloride‐ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent as an available, cheap, and green media. The employed method includes easy workup and good yields. In this work, 12 different benzofuran derivatives have been prepared in 7 h at 80°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the link between business actors' perceptions of the compatibility between ecological responsiveness and business performance and the level of corporate commitment to address ecological issues. The dichotomy between peripheral (or symbolic) actions and embedded (or substantive) actions traditionally assumed in business research arguably reflects a limited conceptualisation of the link between ecological responsiveness and business performance. It fails to exhaustively explain how companies create, maintain, or disrupt practices that affect the natural environment. Combining insights from a conceptual framework that encompasses four scenarios of compatibility (trade‐off, ambidexterity, synergy, and symbiosis) and 50 interviews with 25 management consultants, the results show that perceptions of compatibility are associated with a valence of business responses towards either maturation strategies (accommodative, philanthropic, progressive, and consolidative) or minimalistic strategies (lackadaisical, compliance, opportunistic, and cosmetic). The findings bring greater nuance to key forms of corporate ecological responsiveness, and how business agents' interpretations play a key role in shaping a firm's activities in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The eyes of the world will be on COP26 as it meets in Glasgow in November, 2021. Our planet is displaying weather extremes due to climate change which cannot be ignored, and which are deleterious for people's health. Ironically, healthcare contributes to climate change, contributing approximately 5% of carbon emissions globally. Climate change due to global warming is 'the biggest global health threat of the 21st century'. Main body: The Australian Podiatry Association conference held a sustainability panel, hearing perspectives of industry and science, medicine and sport, fashion, and retail. Content unified a broad planet and human health message, which is highly relevant for podiatrists. Key themes included waste as a resource, exercise as evidence-based intervention, responsibility and circular economy recycling principles for end-of-life product (footwear) purchases, and wider ethical considerations of footwear and clothing. The Anthropocene origin of climate change requires humanity to collaborate and to live more sustainably. Innovation is essential for better energy modes, cleaner air, human health and earth care. Green Podiatry joins the concerted activity of medical and health groups within Australia. The UK's NHS is an exemplar in this area, having already reduced healthcare emissions by 35%, and aiming for net zero by 2045, and perhaps sooner. Conclusion: People are increasingly concerned about climate change, and COP26 is an important and imminent meeting for human and planet health. This commentary on Green Podiatry directs us all to lighten our carbon footprint. A final, and forthcoming commentary will outline practical ways of positively incorporating climate change communication into the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An acetic acid promoted electrochemical synthesis of benzazoles, benzimidazoles, benzthiazoles and benzoxazoles, is reported. The method offers large substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, while using cheap electrolyte. The method uses acetic acid as the electrolyte which has a better solubility in methanol, hence the reaction time is less and product formation is observed in high yield without much side product. This electrochemical method is further utilised to synthesise thiabendazole, fuberidazole, chlormidazole and advance intermediates of bilastine and clemizole in good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At this time, green analytical chemistry is gaining more interest and concern. The present work details three green spectrofluorimetric methods for tramadol (TRM) determination using ibuprofen (IBU) (mixture 1) and chlorzoxazone (CLZ) (mixture 2). In first method, two excitation wavelengths (λex), 220 and 280 nm, were used to record the emission spectra for IBU and TRM, respectively (mixture 1) followed by a first derivative treatment. For mixture 2, one λex (280 nm) was optimum for both drugs followed by a first derivative technique for TRM and a second derivative for CLZ determinations. The second method measured the first derivative values for synchronous spectra using constant‐wavelength mode at 280 nm for TRM and 260 nm for IBU, and at 270 nm for TRM and 292 nm for CLZ. The third method used constant‐energy mode to record synchronous spectra. First derivative values were computed at 282 nm for TRM and 260 nm for IBU in mixture 1 and at 272 nm for TRM and 292 nm for CLZ in mixture 2. ICH validation guidelines were assessed in full and assay of the two TRM binary mixtures in their drug products was successful. Green profile evaluation for the developed methods compared with the reported chromatographic methods was performed using the 'analytical eco‐scale' and the 'green analytical procedure index'. These two assessment tools corroborated that the proposed methods achieved the most green parameters, therefore recommending their use as a green option for analyzing the studied drugs in bulk and dosage forms for routine quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main focus of this study is to conduct a systematic literature review to integrate lean, agile, resilient, green and sustainable (LARGS) paradigms in the supply chain (SC) domain. To achieve this aim, several research questions were designed: First, how to locate LARGS research in context of SC domain? For this, it is important to understand which types of research articles should be selected for the study? Further, where such studies were conducted (geographical location)? Second, what is the focus of research in LARGS paradigm in SCs? For this, it is important to study, which types of industries or sectors have been targeted in literature? In addition, which tools and techniques have been used mostly? Third, what are the current trends in the relationships of LARGS paradigms, among themselves, and with SC performance measures? Fourth, what are the emerging issues, unexplored areas in this field, based on these what could be future research avenues in this subject domain have been proposed? A total of 160 relevant articles published during 1999–2019 were used for analysis. Based on analysis, findings are summarised, and main research issues and possible future research directions in LARGS paradigms in SCs are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green, simple and easy spectrofluorimetric method was studied for rapid estimation of tafluprost (TFL). The native fluorescence of TFL was measured at 292 nm after excitation at 220 nm. The results were linear in water over the concentration range 50–600 ng ml−1 with a correlation coefficient r = 0.9999 and intercept 1.1555. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 7.87 and 23.86 ng ml−1, respectively. Neither different pH nor surfactants enhanced the fluorescence intensity. The high sensitivity of this spectrofluorimetric method makes it suitable for analysis of low concentrations of tafluprost in commercially available ophthalmic formulations. This procedure was validated according to International Council for Harmonisation Guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile method for the synthesis of various propargylamines derivatives with different structural parts has been reported. The reaction has consisted of one‐pot coupling between aldehydes, secondary amines and terminal alkynes using CuCl as a catalyst and choline chloride/urea DES as a cheap and biocompatible reaction media. The procedure is free of using toxic solvents and used CuCl as an available, inexpensive and non‐toxic catalyst. Using this methodology, 15 different propargylamine derivatives were successfully synthesized at 60 °C in 15 hr, mostly in good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive micellar electrokinetic chromatography method is presented to simultaneously quantify ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, dexamethasone sodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate. The method has the advantages of being rapid, accurate, reproducible, ecologically acceptable and sensitive. The electrophoretic separation utilized 20 mm borate buffer as background electrolyte with pH 10.0 ± 0.1 and 50 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate as a micelle forming molecule. A capillary tube (50 μm i.d., 33 cm) of fused silica was used and on‐column diode array detection at 243 nm for dexamethasone sodium phosphate and prednisolone acetate, and 290 nm for ofloxacin and gatifloxacin. Various factors were optimized such as the background electrolyte (type, concentration and pH), addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate and its concentration, detection wavelength, applied voltage and injection parameters. The studied drugs were efficiently separated in 6.2 min, at 20 kV with high resolution. The greenness of the method was estimated using an eco‐scale tool and the presented method was found to have excellent green characteristics. The method was validated in conformance with International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, with acceptable accuracy, precision and selectivity. The suggested method can be employed for the economic analysis of the four drugs in dissimilar binary combinations of eye drops saving solvents and chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate‐ester based propellants require stabilisers in order to maintain good chemical stability and to prevent oxidation, chain scission, energy loss and uncontrolled heat generation that are caused by homolytic and heterolytic cleavage of the weakest nitrogen‐oxygen bond of the nitrate ester functional group. With REACH legislation (1907/2006), industry in Europe has made progress in using less toxic compounds, that are often more environmentally‐friendly. This work aims to go beyond REACH and to anticipate the inclusion of other molecules that produce non‐ or less toxic daughter products and that can fulfil their role in the propellant's formulation. This paper is the follow‐up to a first paper, presenting six families of "green" stabilisers, which are novel, environmentally friendly, efficient and readily available for use in nitrocellulose‐based compositions. In this article we present the validated lower temperature shelf life predictions for propellants containing the new stabilisers, using heat flow calorimetry (HFC). It will be necessary to modify AOP48 in the near future to be able to include these new stabilisers that provide much better performances than conventional ones (longer shelf lives of propellants) and are also respectful of the environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperate headwater streams traditionally have been considered heterotrophic and brown food web dominated with little primary production. Recent work, however, suggests algae on leaves in these streams may play a greater role than previously thought through interactions with microbial decomposers like fungi. Algae also may be important for macroinvertebrates colonizing leaves in streams. Algae are a more nutritious food resource for shredders than fungi and bacteria and provide a food resource for non‐shredder macroinvertebrates.In a field experiment, we manipulated light in three low‐nutrient and three high‐nutrient streams using leaf bags filled with red maple leaves in winter and spring. After four weeks we measured algal and fungal biomass, leaf stoichiometry, and macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass associated with the leaf bags. We also identified the macroinvertebrate community and examined differences in functional feeding guilds and taxa under ambient‐ and shaded‐light treatments and low‐ and high‐nutrient concentrations in relation to measured leaf characteristics.Algal biomass on leaves was greatest in high‐nutrient streams and ambient‐light treatments in both seasons. Fungal biomass on leaves was greatest in high‐nutrient streams and showed a moderate marginally significant positive correlation with algae during the winter. Leaf C:N was negatively correlated to algae in winter and fungi in both seasons, while leaf N:P and C:P were negatively correlated to fungi in winter and algae in spring. Interactions between fungi and algae on leaves and the nutritional importance of each for macroinvertebrates likely change across seasons, potentially impacting macroinvertebrate community composition.Macroinvertebrate diversity did not differ, but biomass was significantly greater in shaded‐light treatments during spring. Abundance was highest in the high‐nutrient ambient‐light conditions in both seasons, corresponding to greatest algal biomass. Functional feeding guild biomass and abundance were related to different leaf characteristics by season and guild. Higher algal biomass was an important factor for colonization of certain macroinvertebrates (e.g., Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) and Stenonema (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)), while others were more abundant under shaded treatments with lower algal biomass (e.g., Tipula (Diptera: Tipulidae)), indicating taxa‐specific responses.Leaf‐associated algae may be an important factor mediating macroinvertebrate communities associated with leaves in temperate headwater streams. Our results demonstrate that green and brown food webs intersect within leaf packs, and they cannot be easily disentangled. We therefore should consider both autochthonous and allochthonous resources within headwater streams when examining their communities or developing water management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have widely studied the nexus between corporate environmental ("green") policy and its green performance and firm financial performance, but with mixed findings. A potential explanation for these mixed findings is the focus of extant studies on the direct and immediate impact of environmental performance on financial performance to the exclusion of firm‐specific boundary conditions. Furthermore, all prior research study the effect of environmental performance on either stock market‐based performance measures (i.e., stock return) or accounting‐based performance measures (i.e., return on assets). A missing third dimension of firm performance, product–market‐based performance (i.e., market share), has so far remained unexplored despite representing a crucial objective when innovating. Using Newsweek's annual green ranking as a novel measure of environmental performance for a panel of U.S. firms from 2010 to 2015, this paper attempts to fill these voids in the literature. The results show a positive relationship between firms' environmental performance and market share as a measure of product–market‐based performance. The findings further demonstrate that this relationship is positively moderated by the level of customer awareness and innovativeness of the firm: The higher the level of awareness of a firm's environmental credentials and innovativeness, the stronger the effects of environmental performance on market share. Our results are robust against endogeneity concerns and alternative measures of firm financial and environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]