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The use of e‐cigarette or vape devices is a growing concern on an international scale, given the devices' addictive nature and questions regarding their short‐ and long‐term health impacts. Their use is especially an issue in young people, many of whom have little or no previous nicotine use experience. This study tested an integrated dual process model in 363 young Australian undergraduates where prospectively measured e‐cigarette use was predicted by the psychological constructs of the theory of planned behavior, supplemented with risk perception, e‐cigarette dependence, habit, and implicit attitude. Intention to use an e‐cigarette was predicted by affective attitude, subjective norm, and e‐cigarette dependance, but not instrumental attitude, perceived behavioral control, or risk perception. E‐cigarette use was predicted by e‐cigarette dependance, intention, habit, implicit attitude, and previous nicotine use, although perceived behavioral control did not directly predict behavior nor moderate the intention–behavior relationship. Current findings provide evidence for important psychological predictors of e‐cigarette use, signposting potential intervention targets. Specifically, interventions may benefit from using strategies that tap affective or normative beliefs alongside automatic constructs and dependence, while focusing less on beliefs about the health impacts of e‐cigarettes or control over using. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the implicit and explicit health–taste tradeoffs that consumers make in response to sugar‐reduction claims on chocolate cereals. We collect implicit measures through an Implicit Association Test, explicit perceptions of health and taste properties, and statements regarding product liking and purchase intention through a questionnaire. Based on a path analysis, we assess the relative strength of the indirect effects of sugar‐reduction claims mediated by health and taste perceptions, as well as the direct effects on purchase intention. The results indicate that sugar‐reduction claims decrease taste perceptions, increase health perceptions, and have only minor negative effects on product liking, but increase purchase intentions. Most participants show an implicit "unhealthy = tasty" intuition, which can be offset by moderate to high health consciousness. The implications for marketing and policymakers are twofold. First, our study shows that sugar‐reduction claims are effective in addressing the original target group of health‐conscious consumers. Second, our results suggest that the health–taste tradeoff is not prohibitively detrimental to purchase intentions among less health‐conscious consumers. Potential instruments to increase the market share in this segment are discussed [EconLit Citations: I18, D12, D83]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we sought to capture implicit attitudes toward violence by administering response latency measures. We then examined their associations with explicit (e.g., assessed with self‐report) attitudes toward violence and self‐reported violent behavior in a combined sample of males from a Canadian university and males from the general community (N = 251; 156 students and 95 community members). To date, there have been mixed findings regarding these associations; some of this inconsistency may be due to the difficulty in accurately conceptualizing and assessing implicit attitudes toward violence. Therefore, we administered three response latency measures to assess this construct: a violence evaluation implicit association test (VE‐IAT), a personalized VE‐IAT (P‐VE‐IAT), and a violence evaluation relational responding task, along with three self‐report measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and three self‐report measures of violent behavior. More positive implicit attitudes toward violence were related to more positive explicit attitudes toward violence (for VE‐IAT and P‐VE‐IAT; r = 0.18 to 0.22), greater likelihood of violence (for VE‐IAT; r = 0.18 and for P‐VE‐IAT; r = 0.16), and greater propensity for violence (for the VE‐IAT; r = 0.16). All measures of explicit attitudes toward violence and violent behavior were moderately to strongly associated with one another (r = 0.42 to 0.81). Furthermore, implicit attitudes toward violence explained additional variance in some violent outcomes above explicit attitudes alone. Our findings suggest that scores on certain reaction time measures are important for understanding likelihood and propensity for violence, especially when combined with explicit attitude measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Existing studies confirm that some video games can change players' attitudes. However, since we do not know the specific elements responsible for attitude change, the potential of video games to achieve desired educational or behavioural outcomes often remains unfulfilled. Objectives: To fill the research gap, our study examined whether the perspective‐taking game mechanic in the serious game Czechoslovakia 38–89: Borderlands, which had previously been shown to affect attitudes, would have the same effect on another sample of players with different characteristics. Methods: We have assessed the effect of a historical video game using a perspective‐taking mechanic on players' explicit and implicit attitudes. Explicit attitude changes were measured at a general level, meaning a broad evaluation of a depicted historical event, and at a specific level, meaning a more detailed evaluation of specific aspects of the event. Simultaneously, we measured the effect of players' perceived attitude importance on attitude change. The study used a sample of 137 young adults. Results and Conclusions: This study's results indicate a significant pretest‐posttest explicit attitude change on the general level and on a specific level in comparison to the control group. Perspective‐taking game mechanics is particularly important for explicit attitude change. No change was found in implicit attitudes. The effect of the perceived attitude importance on attitude change was not confirmed. Takeaways: As one of the first to focus on the effects of specific game mechanics on attitudes, this study confirmed that perspective‐taking has stable, short‐term effects on attitude change even across different research samples. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: It is unclear why some video games can change players' attitudes while others do not.Several studies confirm video games' effect on explicit, but not on implicit, attitudes.Research on the effects of game mechanics on attitude changes is in its infancy.Very few studies focus on what role player characteristics play in their attitude changes. What our paper adds to this: Perspective‐taking as game mechanics changes explicit attitudes across populations.Perceived importance of players' attitudes towards topics not necessarily affects attitude changes.We show that only some facets of attitudes are influenced by the video game. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Particular game mechanics seem to be essential for attitude changes in players.Attitude importance and other player characteristics need further research in the video game context.DIF‐C analysis can provide more detailed information on changes in more complex explicit attitude concepts.Video games can affect the way we interpret the world around us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the role of implicit and explicit associations between harm and COVID‐19 vaccines using a large sample (N = 4668) of online volunteers. The participants completed a brief implicit association test and explicit measures to evaluate the extent to which they associated COVID‐19 vaccines with concepts of harmfulness or helpfulness. We examined the relationship between these harmfulness/helpfulness COVID‐19 vaccine associations and vaccination status, intentions, beliefs, and behavior. We found that stronger implicit and explicit associations that COVID‐19 vaccines are helpful relate to vaccination status and beliefs about the COVID‐19 vaccine. That is, stronger pro‐helpful COVID‐19 vaccine associations, both implicitly and explicitly, related to greater intentions to be vaccinated, more positive beliefs about the vaccine, and greater vaccine uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conceptualize and measure right‐wing populism (RWP) as a three‐dimensional concept, explicitly and implicitly, based on online surveys and implicit association tests (IATs) in Germany and Switzerland. Confirmatory factor analyses show that explicit populism, nativism, and authoritarianism establish the latent RWP‐construct and that they are each related to their respective implicit counterpart. However, RWP ideology does not exist as an equally robust construct in the implicit realm as it does in the explicit realm. Resulting implicit‐explicit incongruence is psychologically meaningful in that it is moderated by willingness to comply with perceived social norms: For participants who perceive that their own political views differ from their social environment and who conceal their diverging opinions, implicit attitudes differ more strongly from explicit attitudes. This supports our rationale that explicit expression of RWP‐ideology is subject to social‐compatibility concerns. Hence, corresponding implicit attitudes are useful to fully assess the RWP potential within society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the waste of aesthetically unappealing yet safe produce, marketers and policymakers have attempted to associate such produce with the concept of "naturalness" (i.e., establishing the "unattractive = natural" belief), thereby increasing its appeal to consumers. However, research findings conflict regarding the effectiveness of this approach. To reconcile these inconsistencies, the present research suggests that two types of "unattractive = natural" beliefs—explicit and implicit—collectively influence consumer purchase of unattractive produce. Through one field and two lab experiments using two methods to measure implicit beliefs (i.e., the Implicit Association Test and word‐embedding method) and consumer purchases (i.e., actual product choices and a Likert scale), we found that consumers with a high level of incongruence between explicit and implicit "unattractive = natural" beliefs exhibit a greater preference for unattractive produce than those with a low level of such incongruence. This occurs because the incongruence between implicit and explicit beliefs prompts elaborative thinking about the naturalness of unattractive produce, thus alleviating consumer avoidance. Our undertaking contributes to the existing literature on consumer purchase of unattractive produce by examining explicit and implicit beliefs. It also offers valuable insights into leveraging implicit measurement techniques to mitigate food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opportunity for parents to select their children's school is both increasingly common and linked to school segregation in the U.S. Here, we investigate how race and racial attitudes shape parents' classroom preferences, which have direct implications for school choices. We measured the implicit and explicit racial attitudes of both White and Black parents (Study 1: N = 201; mean age = 35.46; 173 women, 28 men; 37 Black, 147 White) of preschool‐aged children who themselves were about to choose educational settings for their children, as well as those parents' preferences for classrooms varying in racial composition. Both implicit and explicit racial attitudes separately predicted classroom preferences, suggesting that both overt and covert racial prejudice play roles in the related decision of school enrollment. Results were replicated in a follow‐up study using a sample of college students (Study 2: N = 357; mean age = 18.90; 183 women, 169 men, 2 transgender, 2 non‐binary, 1 unreported; 144 Black, 213 White). Racially biased parents tend to prefer classrooms with fewer Black students, an effect that occurs even for implicit measures of bias and varies to some extent based on parental race. These effects have direct implications for patterns of segregation in American schools. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Uncertainty regarding the legitimacy of functional neurological disorder (FND) remains among some health care professionals. Despite treatment guidelines and consensus recommendations, variability in clinical practice referral decisions persists. Evidence from other conditions suggests such clinical decision making is impacted by practitioners' implicit and explicit attitudes. We aimed to identify whether health care professionals hold implicit and/or explicit attitudes about the legitimacy of FND and whether these attitudes are associated with referral decision making. Design/Methods: We included 66 health care professionals who work with people with neurological conditions: n = 37 medical doctors, mainly neurologists (n = 18) and psychiatrists (n = 10), and n = 29 doctoral level practitioner psychologists. Participants completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT), Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), a referral decision‐making vignette task and self‐report measures of explicit attitudes on FND‐legitimacy, therapeutic optimism and clinician confidence. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) was used as a comparator condition. Results: Participants self‐reported strong explicit FND‐legitimate and MS‐legitimate attitudes but demonstrated an implicit FND‐illegitimate/MS‐legitimate bias. Deeper examination provided by the IRAP data indicated pro‐FND‐legitimate attitudes, but no bias for or against FND‐illegitimate—contrasting the pro‐MS‐legitimate, anti‐MS‐illegitimate attitudes for the comparator condition. Attitudes about FND‐illegitimacy were negatively associated with likelihood of referral to physical interventions such as physiotherapy. Medical doctors had lower treatment optimism and stronger explicit attitudes that FND is illegitimate than psychologists. Conclusions: At an implicit level, clinicians are uncertain about the illegitimacy of FND, and such attitudes are associated with lower likelihood of referral to physiotherapy in particular. Improved education on FND among health care professionals is indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice to conduct research projects done with or by children is a political one. It reflects a standpoint that appreciates children's position as agentic beings and acknowledges their expertise. There are complex questions for academics and practitioners engaged in such research projects. This paper reports on a systematic review of peer‐reviewed research relating to children as researchers. The scope of the analysis is limited to children aged 15 and under, who were involved in at least one component of a research project. Twenty‐five published articles are included, and they demonstrate varied methods of engagement. The theoretical perspective the studies adopted may focus on one of three: (a) child‐led research, (b) children as co‐researchers, or (c) youth participatory action research. Not all studies included child researchers in all aspects of a research project, with participation influenced by the adopted theoretical perspective as well as reported barriers and challenges. This review presents the results of a systematic examination of the included papers, including approaches and methodological considerations as well as the socio‐cultural contexts within which projects are carried out. We discuss situational tensions that might inhibit the capacity of adults and children to partner in co‐creating new knowledge and developing robust ways of working together. Finally, we draw attention to three significant dimensions within the findings: the influence on the children‐as‐researchers paradigm of hierarchical structures inherent to academic institutions; the importance of engaging with specific historical, political, and social contexts; and challenges for inclusion and diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A longitudinal field study tested the long‐term effects (three years) of intergroup contact on both explicit and implicit outgroup attitudes. Participants were majority (Italian) and minority (immigrant) high‐school students, who were tested at four waves from the beginning of their first year in high‐school to the end of the third school year. Results revealed, first, a longitudinal association of quantity (but not quality) of contact with lower intergroup anxiety and more positive explicit attitudes, as well as bidirectional effects over time between explicit attitudes and intergroup anxiety, on the one hand, and quantity and quality of contact, on the other. Second, reduced intergroup anxiety mediated the association between quantity of contact and improved explicit attitudes over time. Third, the product of quantity and quality of contact longitudinally predicted more positive implicit outgroup attitudes over school years. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study takes a critical realist grounded theory approach to explore the intersection of pupil‐teacher relationships and school alienation using experiences of secondary school pupils and teachers. Qualitative data were collected through semi‐structured interviews with both pupils and teachers. Participants' perceptions and experiences were explored, both positive and negative, to develop an understanding of the perspectives of both actors in reciprocal relationships. The methodological framework for this grounded theory diverges from the popular constructivist design and is, instead, influenced by the classic approach. It is developed to be situated in a critical realist philosophy, emphasising the importance of the emancipatory goal of critical realism. Analysis of the data identified that alienated pupils frequently have difficult relationships with their teachers and discovered a subgroup of pupils who experienced more extreme forms of alienation. An implicit pupil‐teacher social contract is presented, describing the emergence of observable actions through the causative mechanism inherent to critical realism. The social contract rests upon the concepts of mutual respect and power. When a pupil believes the contract to have been breached, through the perceived violation of one of these concepts, pupil‐teacher relationships begin to deteriorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the damaging effects of implicit stereotypes—spontaneous, awareness‐independent associations between social groups and particular traits—remains a social imperative. These biases have been linked to negative outcomes in settings ranging from the workplace to medical care facilities. However, many techniques found to reduce implicit biases have been shown to yield short‐lived effects. In the present experiment, we assessed the longevity of reduced implicit racial stereotyping resulting from an intensive training technique that focuses on weakening the fundamental attributional processes underlying implicit stereotyping. Specifically, we aimed to strengthen the likelihood of White participants to consider situational attributions for behaviors performed by Black men that might otherwise have been judged to reflect negative African American stereotypes. White participants were randomly assigned to complete either Situational Attribution Training (SAT), a technique comprised of intensive training (480 trials) to "consider the situation" when making judgments about stereotype‐consistent behaviors performed by Black men, or a control task. Implicit stereotyping was assessed 24h later via the Person Categorization Task and found to be reduced for SAT, versus control, participants even after this delay. Implications for future antibias research and practice are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Police officers partially rely on implicit and explicit stereotypes in their interactions with the public. We investigated if these attitudes are reciprocated, specifically, if people of color implicitly fear police, and whether the events of the summer of 2020 changed the public's attitudes about police. Seven hundred and fifty‐nine college students (235 BIPOC) participated, 373 in 2019, 386 in fall 2020. BIPOC participants more readily implicitly associated police officers with threat; implicit police‐as‐threat scores increased after the summer of 2020 regardless of race. Explicit attitudes showed the same pattern: BIPOC participants had less favorable attitudes of police; participants in Fall 2020 had less favorable attitudes of police. Implicit attitudes were predicted by race, time, the experience of being treated with (dis)respect, and an emphasis on the binding aspect of morality. Explicit attitudes were predicted by the same variables, as well as specific community variables, the moral foundation of individualizing, and implicit attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michael Brownstein, Alex Madva, and Bertram Gawronski articulate a careful defense of research on implicit bias. They argue that though there is room for improvement in various areas, when we set the bar appropriately and when we are comparing relevant events, the test–retest stability and predictive ability of implicit bias measures are respectable. Edouard Machery disagrees. He argues that theories of implicit bias have failed to answer four fundamental questions about measures of implicit bias, and this undermines their utility in further scientific research and policy making. In this article, I offer my perspective on this important debate. I argue that there is a theoretical mismatch in debating the merits of a research program on the terms of a specific theory within the research program. Nevertheless, the discussion allows us to see which questions are answered from within the perspective of a particular theory. I argue that the emphasis should be on whether implicit bias theories predict novel facts. This article is categorized under:Psychology > Theory and MethodsPhilosophy > Psychological Capacities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions about measurement of individual differences in implicit attitudes, which have been the focus so far in this exchange, should be distinguished from more general questions about whether implicit attitudes exist and operate in our minds. Theorists frequently move too quickly from pessimistic results regarding the first set of questions to pessimistic conclusions about the second. That is, they take evidence that indirect measures such as the implicit association test (IAT) disappoint as individual difference measures and use it to (mistakenly) suggest that people do not in fact have implicit attitudes directed at stigmatized groups. In this commentary, I dissect this mistake in detail, drawing key lessons from a parallel debate that has unfolded in cognitive science about "conflict tasks" such as the Stroop task. I argue that the evidence overall supports a nuanced conclusion: Indirect measures such as the IAT measure individual differences in implicit attitudes poorly, but they—via distinct lines of evidence—still support the view that implicit attitudes exist. This article is categorized under:Psychology > Theory and Methods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meta‐analyses show low correlations between implicit attitude measures and behavior measures, suggesting that these attitude measures are weak predictors of behavior. Researchers of implicit cognition have resorted to several rescue strategies. Their most important reply, based on a traditional dual‐process theory of behavior causation, is that attitudes toward objects (positive/negative) automatically activate specific action tendencies (approach/avoidance), but that this stimulus‐driven process can be overruled by a nonautomatic goal‐directed process in which the expected utilities of action options are weighed up. According to such a theory, it makes sense to continue measuring attitudes with implicit measures, but research should also take into account the moderating role of goals and other factors. We propose an alternative dual‐process theory in which goal‐directed processes can also be automatic and count as the most important cause of behavior. According to this theory, the goal‐directed process responsible for action selection is further preceded by the detection of a stimulus‐goal discrepancy. Based on this alternative theory, we propose to no longer measure attitudes toward objects but rather to measure (a) the magnitude of stimulus‐goal discrepancies as well as (b) the expected utility of the behavior at stake, understood as the product of the values of the outcomes of the behavior, and the behavior‐outcome expectancies. Here too, implicit measures are needed because people may not always have conscious access to these constructs or be motivated to disclose them. This article is categorized under:Psychology > Theory and MethodsPsychology > Emotion and MotivationPsychology > Reasoning and Decision Making [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of automatic attitudes towards sleep, in addition to reflective self‐reports, might improve our ability to predict and explain sleep‐hindering practices. Two types of implicit association tests (IATs), a sleep‐related evaluations IAT and a sleep‐related self‐identity IAT, were developed to evaluate their efficacy for assessing automatic sleep‐related attitudes. In addition, a speeded self‐report measure of sleep evaluations was explored as a means to assess automatic sleep‐related attitudes. The study included 136 young adults (age = 21.70 ± 2.22, 43% female). At baseline, the two IATs, the speeded self‐report, and standard self‐reports of sleep determinants (reflective attitudes, self‐efficacy, intention and action planning for sleep‐promoting behaviour), sleep hygiene practices, sleep quality, and sleep duration were assessed. All variables except for the sleep determinants were assessed again at 2‐week follow‐up. The results demonstrated good reliability of the two IAT versions, but both IATs were unrelated to the speeded self‐report, the sleep determinants, sleep practices, sleep quality or sleep duration. The speeded self‐report correlated significantly with the standard self‐reports of sleep determinants. Baseline scores on the IATs or speeded self‐report did not predict sleep hygiene practices, sleep duration or sleep quality at follow‐up. The findings indicate that sleep‐related IATs might not be suited to assess automatic sleep‐related attitudes. Further investigation is needed to determine whether speeded self‐reports are valid measures of automatic attitudes. Moreover, more empirical research is required to clarify the role of automatic processes for sleep hygiene behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether rented luxury creates symbolic meaning for consumers who cannot afford it, thus, providing them with an effective way to construct their identity, similar to owned luxury, and strengthen their willingness to rent. Drawing on implicit self‐theories, we find that compared with entity theorists, incremental theorists have lower willingness to rent luxury products (Studied 1, 2, and 3), but they do not exhibit significant differences in self‐brand connection (Studied 2 and 3). We show that incremental theorists (vs. entity theorists) perceive more authentic signal than symbolic signal regarding their inability to afford luxury goods when using rented luxury products (Study 3). Neither in ownership‐based luxury consumption (Study 4, where there is no authentic signal), nor in access‐based nonluxury consumption (Study 5, where there is no symbolic signal), consumers with different implicit beliefs no longer differentiate in buying/renting intentions. Our work suggests that not all consumers who desire unaffordable luxuries are willing to rent them. Therefore, managers should consider how to reduce the negative impacts of authentic signals on incremental theorists' renting intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent exchange about implicit attitudes is an acute reminder of the need to pay research attention to the correlation between implicit attitudes and overt behavior. Current implicit measures are excellent to detect evaluatively relevant associations arising from specific and variable internal states and predict judgments when people lack the motivation and ability to control those judgments. However, there is no convincing evidence of a strong correlation between such implicit attitudes and overt behavior when people's ability and motivation to control the influence of these attitudes is low. Researchers should improve implicit measures by better integrating action, target, level, and context into the measurement procedures and then reexamine if these improved measures predict socially undesirable behaviors when ability and motivation to control behavior are low. This article is categorized under:Psychology > Theory and MethodsNeuroscience > BehaviorNeuroscience > Cognition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on dual‐system theories, this study shows that excessive social media users demonstrate a psychological imbalance between the impulsive and reflective systems in their minds. We provide empirical evidence of an inconsistency between conscious attitudes and the actual behavior toward social media. The findings show that excessive users are driven more by their implicit attitudes rather than explicit beliefs in consuming social media. Although a high level of self‐control indicates healthy social media use, the findings suggest that self‐control has no significant influence on excessive users with a positive implicit attitude and high‐impulsive social media use. This duality of self‐control dispels beliefs about its ability to regulate excessive online behaviors. Therefore, this study (1) theorizes what constitutes excessive social media use, (2) outlines how implicit measurements are incorporated in consumer research, and (3) offers practical implications for managing unhealthy online behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing use of recycled water to irrigate agricultural products and decreasing consumption of bottled water are important components of sustainable water management practices and consumer‐driven efforts to improve water security and quality. However, consumers frequently discount agricultural products irrigated with recycled water relative to products irrigated with conventional water and place a premium on bottled water relative to tap water. This study measures consumer attitudes regarding recycled water and bottled water to understand more fully the reasons behind these preferences. We conduct two studies involving 2,616 adult consumers in the United States designed to measure consumer attitudes and preferences: the use of recycled water versus conventional water to irrigate food products and tap water versus bottled water for drinking. In each study, implicit attitudes are measured using an Implicit Association Test as well as explicit attitudes. We find that respondents have negative implicit attitudes regarding recycled water compared to conventional water and tap water compared to bottled water, and a negative explicit attitude toward recycled water. Tap water and food grown with recycled water were believed to be less healthy to consume and less tasty, although these are believed to be more sustainable options. Beliefs about water attributes (i.e., healthfulness, taste, and sustainability) are associated with attitudes, and both beliefs about attributes and attitudes are associated with preferences for products. Further, we find that respondents' stated preferences are consistent with their implicit and explicit attitudes. Key Points: Consumers have negative implicit and explicit attitudes toward food grown with recycled waterConsumers have negative implicit, but not explicit, attitude toward tap water compared to bottled waterTap water and food grown with recycled water are believed to be more sustainable options, but also less healthy and tasty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a collection of keynote addresses from the International Journal of Psychology. The first address discusses psychological acculturation and its relevance in diverse societies. The speaker presents evidence from studies on immigrant minorities and their majority peers, highlighting how emotions and self-construal may change through cultural engagements. The second address focuses on the use of AI-based systems in high-risk contexts and the importance of human oversight to ensure fairness. The third address explores the impact of ecological, cultural, and intercultural experiences on human behavior and the development of universal psychological principles. The fourth address discusses the capacity of young children to reason about hidden and abstract entities, challenging the assumption that they are solely concrete thinkers. The final address discusses the decolonization of academic knowledge systems and the importance of reclaiming Indigenous languages, cultures, and ways of knowing. [Extracted from the article]

The goal of the present research was to assess whether children's first interaction with a single outgroup member can significantly impact their general attitudes toward the outgroup as a whole. In two preregistered studies, 5‐ to 6‐year‐old Chinese children (total N = 147) encountered a Black adult from another country for the very first time, and they played a game together. General attitudes toward the outgroup were assessed using both implicit and explicit measures. In both studies, the interaction resulted in less negative explicit attitudes toward Black people, but more negative implicit attitudes. The results demonstrate for the first time that one encounter with a single outgroup member can impact children's general attitudes toward that group, and that it can have differential effects on implicit and explicit attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INDIRECT MEASURES AND CONTEXT-SENSITIVE REPRESENTATIONS Gawronski and colleagues acknowledge that indirect measures have poor test-retest reliability, but, unsurprisingly, they hold that it is "consistent with theories that treat responses on implicit measures as the product of dynamic processes that operate on momentarily accessible information." If people taking the same test a week apart are not in the same context (Gawronski and colleagues must claim this to explain away low test-rest reliability), how often will they be in the same context? Leading scholars like Gawronski, Brownstein, and Madva should set the record straight forcefully, correcting not only the misunderstanding of indirect measures in psychology (something that Gawronski has repeatedly done), but also their misuse in the social world. I am grateful to Gawronski, Brownstein, and Madva for their insightful response. [Extracted from the article]

As explained by Gawronski (2019, p. 582): "For explicit measures, the described asymmetry in the reliability of behavioral criteria should produce strong relations to deliberate behavior (because of matching processing conditions with a reliable behavioral criterion) and relatively weak or nonsignificant relations to spontaneous behavior (because of mismatching processing conditions with an unreliable behavioral criterion). Based on a review of several "anomalies" in research using implicit measures, Machery (2021) dismisses the modal interpretation of participant responses on implicit measures and, by extension, the value of implicit measures. For the current analysis, the most significant issue is that responses on implicit measures are behaviors, and these behaviors should not be equated with their underlying mental constructs (see De Houwer et al., 2013; Eagly & Chaiken, 2007; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2015). BEHAVIOR PREDICTION Because the states underlying responses on implicit measures fluctuate over time, implicit measures should perform poorly in predicting other behavioral criteria when there is a delay between the completion of the implicit measure and the measurement of the to-be-predicted behavior (see Gawronski, 2019). [Extracted from the article]

Latina women, who are at increased risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), have lower use of genetic counseling and testing (GCT) than non‐Hispanic White women. In a recent study, culturally targeted video improved psychosocial outcomes related to GCT. Additional analyses examine whether the culturally targeted video improved positive reactions in women who focus on difficulties (concrete mindset) versus women who focus on the final goals (abstract mindset). Participants (N = 32) completed surveys before and immediately after watching the video. The surveys measured attitudes, emotions, and women's mindset. Before watching the video, women with a concrete mindset reported more negative attitudes and negative emotions about GCT than women with an abstract mindset. After watching the video, women with a concrete mindset reported negative attitudes and feelings at levels comparable to those of women with an abstract mindset, reflecting a reduction in their negative attitudes and emotions. The sample size limits the power to find statistically significant differences. Results support the relevance of considering the audience's mindset in the development and testing of public health messages to promote the use of GCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research documents a "light = healthy" intuition, such that consumers perceive foods that weigh less are healthier than their heavier counterparts with the same serving size. Subsequently, consumers consume a larger quantity of lighter-weight foods. The intuition is based on a coactivation of two meanings of the word "light": light in physical weight and light in calorie content. An implicit attitude test finds support for this association between physical weight and food healthiness. Subsequently, physically lighter foods are perceived to be healthier because they are assumed to contain fewer calories. In line with the proposed coactivation mechanism, the intuition is bidirectional, where consumers also expect healthier foods to weigh less. Consequently, they discredit health claims issued for heavier foods. Finally, it was found that activating a competing intuition is effective at debiasing the "light = healthy" intuition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremism has an antilegal nature, that is, it denies consensus ways of solving social problems, giving preference to violent methods and methods of achieving various goals, in particular political ones. The spread of radical, intolerant leadership among young people and attempts to involve young people in extremist activities are especially dangerous. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that the socio‐psychological characteristics inherent in a young person, his superficial and uncritical perception of social life, determine his appeal to protest‐activist methods of increasing his social status and role in public life, which are mostly spontaneous, spontaneous. The authors show that the affective, heightened emotional reactions of young people to social events are based not only on the intrapersonal but also on the irrational element. The propensity for extremist forms of political participation is determined both by the individual psychological characteristics of a young person and by the social conditions of his existence. The latter is based on a complex set of interrelated socioeconomic problems, socio‐political contradictions, socio‐cultural, and spiritual‐ideological factors. The practical significance of the study is determined by the possibility of preventing unlawful acts by young people and reducing the manifestation of extremist sentiments in society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the puzzling phenomenon of self‐directed implicit bias in the form of gender "stereotype threat" (ST). Bringing to light the empirical undecidability of which account of this phenomenon is best, whether a rational or an associationist explanation, the paper aims to strengthen the associationist approach by appeal to a new account of seeing‐as experiences. I critically examine "alief" accounts of reason‐recalcitrant ST by bringing to bear arguments from the philosophy of emotion. The new account builds on the insights and overcomes the weaknesses of "aliefs" by (a) employing associations that are imaginative and unreliable; and (b) proposing non‐conceptual seeing‐as experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implicit alcohol attitudes are considered important in the etiology of drinking, and theory posits reciprocal associations between them. Research testing reciprocal associations between implicit attitudes (using the Implicit Association Task, IAT) and drinking is limited by a failure to consider multiple processes influencing performance on the IAT and to disaggregate within‐ and between‐person effects. The current study addressed these limitations by using a diffusion model to analyze IAT data and Latent Curve Models with Structured Residuals to test reciprocal associations. Methods: The sample included 314 emerging adults from the community (52% female; predominantly non‐Hispanic Caucasian (76%) or African American (15%)) assessed annually for three years. Differences between IAT conditions in the drift rate parameter of the EZ‐diffusion model (vΔ) were used as an alternative to traditional response‐time‐based indices from the IAT (d‐scores). Differences in drift rate have been found to index implicit attitudes effectively. Results: Within‐person reciprocal associations were supported, but between‐person associations were not. Positive implicit alcohol attitudes (vΔ) were prospectively associated with heavy drinking, which was positively associated with subsequent positive implicit alcohol attitudes. Conclusions: We found that positive implicit alcohol attitudes and heavy drinking reinforce each other in a negative cascade within individuals. The results highlight the importance of disaggregating within‐ and between‐person prospective effects when testing dual process models and suggest that the diffusion model may be a fruitful approach to enhance the construct validity of IAT assessed implicit attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, I provide a pessimistic assessment of the indirect measurement of attitudes by highlighting the persisting anomalies in the science of implicit attitudes, focusing on their validity, reliability, predictive power, and causal efficiency, and I draw some conclusions concerning the validity of the implicit bias construct. This article is categorized under:Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a video game's effects on implicit and explicit attitudes towards depicted historical events in the short‐ and long‐term on a sample of 148 young adults. We used, as an intervention tool, a serious game Czechoslovakia 38–89: Borderlands that deals with the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans from the former Czechoslovakia after the WWII. Results showed more negative pretest‐posttest explicit attitude changes towards the expulsion on a general level (d = −0.34) and a specific level (d = −0.53) compared to the control group. Over the long‐term, group differences in attitude change remained significant for the specific level (d = −0.44), but not for general one (d = −0.16). Exploratory analysis on the item level indicated that especially attitudes towards the expulsion's (un)fairness were affected by the game. However, no significant changes were found in implicit attitudes in the experimental group. This study is the first of such scale to empirically investigate video games' effects on a society's historical awareness. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: No studies address video games' long‐term effects on both explicit and implicit attitudes.The research of video games' effects on short‐ and long‐term attitudes is generally limited.Video games can change short‐term explicit attitudes under certain circumstances.So far, the effect of video games on implicit attitudes has not been confirmed.There are no studies dealing with the effect of historical video games on attitudes. What our paper adds to this: The study is the first to combine long‐term explicit and implicit attitude measurements related to games.Our video game intervention affected explicit attitudes over the short term and partly over the long term.We have not confirmed the effect of our video game intervention on implicit attitude change.Based on our results, historical video games can affect short‐ and long‐term explicit attitudes. The implications of study findings for practitioners: Our study confirms that perspective‐taking can change players' explicit attitudes.We demonstrate that exploratory DIF‐C analysis can provide deeper understanding of the explicit attitude changes on the item level.Our results confirm that video games can affect a society's historical awareness.Our results suggest video games have an important role in our understanding of historical and social realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The relationship between explicit nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) behavior and implicit identification with NSSI is important to understand considering the under‐reported nature of NSSI and the subsequent elevated risk of more severe NSSI. It was expected that implicit assessment of NSSI at baseline would be associated with past‐year NSSI frequency assessed at baseline and that it would more strongly associate with NSSI frequency than self‐reported future likelihood of NSSI at a 6‐month follow‐up. Method: Data were collected from 420 young adults (mean age = 19; 83% women, 87% White) with recent NSSI at baseline, and 324 were assessed at 6‐month follow‐up. Participants completed self‐report measures and the Self‐Injury Implicit Association Task (SI‐IAT) at each time point. Results: Baseline implicit NSSI scores significantly predicted NSSI frequency at baseline but not at 6‐month follow‐up. However, explicit ratings were strongly and significantly associated with future NSSI frequency. Conclusions: These findings suggest that although implicit identification with oneself and NSSI is important to understand, there are limitations regarding the possible utility of the SI‐IAT in predicting future NSSI engagement and further research is needed to fully understand why NSSI continues to be such a strong predictor of future NSSI behavior, and suicidal ideation and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our understanding of blood donors and donation behaviour has grown markedly over the years and is now of considerable interest to researchers, policy makers and blood collection agencies (BCAs). Reflecting the increasingly need for segmented and targeted approaches to donor management, and an understanding that a one-size-fits-all approach is insufficient, the participants in the studies reported in this special issue are heterogeneous, including non-donors (or potential donors), whole blood donors, plasma donors, first-time donors, younger donors, older donors, ethnic minority donors, deferred donors and family/replacement donors. In this special issue, a range of interventions are reported, to recruit new donors, convert family/replacement donors to voluntary donors and encourage donors to return and donate more frequently. [Extracted from the article]

Background and objectives: The blood donation environment includes a variety of disgust‐related stimuli that may influence attitudes among new and prospective donors. To explore the causal role of disgust in the context of attitudes towards blood donation, we experimentally induced feelings of disgust (vs. fear, moral elevation or control). We hypothesized that for people who are generally sensitive to their bodily sensations, disgust would lead to more negative implicit attitudes towards blood donation than other emotions. Materials and methods: A total of 123 participants completed a questionnaire package including private body consciousness, disgust, altruism and social desirability. Next, participants watched one of four videos with emotional content: a video segment depicting a filthy toilet (disgust), a man chasing a woman and child wielding an axe (fear), a man whose life was positively changed by a mentor (moral elevation) or a nature documentary (control). After the video, participants completed a Single‐Target Implicit Association Test (ST‐IAT) and questions regarding explicit attitudes towards blood donation. Results: As predicted, the disgust video resulted in lower implicit attitudes towards blood donation for participants high in private body consciousness. Disgust sensitivity predicted lower donation interest, but not implicit attitudes or explicit intention. There was no effect of emotion on explicit attitudes. Conclusion: Automatic processes should be considered in the development of interventions aimed at promoting prosocial and health behaviours. Management of disgust‐related stimuli in donation centres and recruitment campaigns might improve attitudes towards blood donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voluntary forgetting of unwanted memories is an adaptive cognitive function. However, it remains unknown how voluntary forgetting of unwanted social feedback may influence subsequent memories and evaluations, and what the underlying neurocognitive processes are. Here, we presented participants with peer photos together with feedback indicating social acceptance or rejection, followed by "remember" or "forget" instructive cues, while electroencephalograms were recorded during the experiment. We examined the Directed Forgetting (DF) effect in a recognition memory test, and tested participants' explicit and implicit attitudes toward the peers using a social evaluation task and an affect misattribution procedure (AMP). Both the memory test and the AMP were examined immediately and 3 days after the DF task so to estimate both the instant and the long‐term effects of memory control. Behaviorally, immediate memory test showed smaller DF effect for positive than negative social feedback, which suggests that forgetting positive social feedback was more difficult than forgetting negative social feedback. Regarding the ERP results, although participants showed comparable frontal N2 amplitudes (reflecting inhibitory control efforts) following the instruction of forgetting positive and negative social feedback, positive feedback elicited larger late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes than negative feedback during initial encoding phase, suggesting an encoding bias for positive self‐relevant information. Intriguingly, voluntary efforts to forget negative social feedback enhanced people's explicit and implicit evaluations toward the feedback senders. These findings provide new evidence for the adaptive function of memory control, which broadens the influence of voluntary forgetting in the context of social interaction and social evaluation. Voluntary forgetting of unwanted memories is an adaptive cognitive function. However, it remains unknown how voluntary forgetting of unwanted social feedback may influence subsequent memories and evaluations. This study provides new evidence for the adaptive function of memory control and broadens the influence of voluntary forgetting in the context of social interaction and social evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To resolve the problem of ageist attitudes in organizational contexts, the psychological processes that contribute to their endorsement must be investigated. We suggest that lay theories of aging (essentialist beliefs about cognitive aging, EBCA), fixed versus growth mindsets, and lay theories of time (LTT, perceptions of time as change versus. repetition) represent a set of beliefs linked to ageist attitudes toward older workers. We also propose that relationships between these beliefs and ageism are mediated by stereotypical perceptions of older workers. In a pilot study, we constructed a measure of ageist attitudes toward older workers (AATOW). In the main study, we surveyed 166 younger workers (18–30 years old, employed full‐time), measuring EBCA, mindsets, LTT, age‐related stereotypes, and AATOW. The results demonstrated that there were significant relationships between EBCA, fixed mindset, LTT, and ageist attitudes. The relationships between EBCA and ageism, and mindsets and ageism were mediated by perceptions of older workers as not adaptable, while the relationship between LTT and ageism was not mediated by age‐related stereotypes. Implications for organizational efforts to nurture an age‐inclusive intergenerational workforce are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates the changeability of safety culture elements such as explicit and implicit safety attitudes by training. Therefore, three studies with different time frames, training durations, and settings will be presented. In the first study, the short‐term attitude change of students from an international environmental sciences study program was measured after safety training in a chemical laboratory. In the second study, the medium‐term attitude change was assessed after a Crew Resource Management training for German production workers in the automotive industry. In the third study, the long‐term attitude changes were measured after safety ethics training in a sample of German occupational psychology and business students. Different self‐report measures were used to evaluate the training effectiveness of explicit safety attitudes. The change of implicit safety attitudes was assessed by Implicit Association Tests. The results of all three studies revealed a significant training effect on the explicit safety attitudes, but not on the implicit ones. Besides the training effect on the explicit attitudes, there was no effect of time frame (short‐, medium‐, long‐term), training duration (2 h, 2 days, 12 weeks), and setting (chemical laboratory, automotive industry, safety ethics study program) on the attitude change. Based on the results, conceptual, methodological, and practical implications for training effectiveness and safety culture transformation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work identified an explicit and implicit transfer of sensorimotor adaptation with one limb to the other, untrained limb. Here, we pursue the idea that different individual factors contribute differently to the amount of explicit and implicit intermanual transfer. In particular, we tested a group of judo athletes who show enhanced right‐hemispheric involvement in motor control and a group of equally trained athletes. After adaptation to a 60° visual rotation, we estimated awareness of the perturbation and transfer to the untrained, non‐dominant left hand in two experiments. We measured the total amount of intermanual transfer (explicit plus implicit) by telling the participants to repeat what was learned during adaptation, and the amount of implicit transfer by instructing the participants to refrain from using what was learned and to perform movements as during baseline instead. We found no difference between the total intermanual transfer of judokas and running experts, with mean absolute transfer values of 42.4° and 47.0°. Implicit intermanual transfer was very limited, but larger in judokas than in general sports athletes, with mean values of 5.2° and 1.6°. A multiple linear regression analysis further revealed that total intermanual transfer, which mainly represents the explicit transfer, is related to awareness of the perturbation, while implicit intermanual transfer can be predicted by judo training, amount of total training, speed of adaptation, and handedness scores. The findings suggest that neuronal mechanisms such as hemispheric interactions and functional specialization underlying intermanual transfer of motor learning may be applied according to individual predisposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the hiring process, older job seekers are often at a disadvantage when compared to younger job seekers: They receive less callbacks to applications, less invitations to job interviews, and fewer job offers. This phenomenon has often been demonstrated by varying explicit cues such as the date of birth. Less studied, but also influential are implicit age cues (e.g., age‐stereotypic characteristics or activities in applicant profiles). Across a series of three studies, we addressed both forms of age cues in job applications. We explored the influence of explicit age information (20 years or 60 years) and implicit age profiles (age‐neutral, young, or old job‐relevant characteristics) on hiring decisions in hypothetical scenarios and tested the effect of a short anti‐discrimination prompt. Applicants' age (i.e., the explicit age cue) reduced the hiring likelihood ratings irrespective of implicit age profiles. The implicit age profiles influenced the hypothetical hiring decisions by their age association and by the stereotypical relevance of individual characteristics (e.g., charismatic as an age‐neutral characteristic is stereotypically relevant for a leadership position). Applicants with an implicit old profile were less likely hired than applicants with an implicit young profile when the hiring goal was to increase profit and when no particular job status was specified. The anti‐discrimination prompt significantly reduced age discrimination. Ageism in the hiring process is not only a matter of explicit age cues, but also of implicit age cues. Raising awareness for ageism and prompting to disregard age could well diminish discriminatory behavior also in real hiring decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This guide accompanies the following article: Lai, C. K., & Wilson, M. E. Measuring implicit intergroup biases. I Social and Personality Psychology Compass i . 2021:e12573. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12573 AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION Understanding how to measure aspects of intergroup bias that people are not willing or able to report is challenging. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8, 342-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12111 Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2014). Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(8), 448-462. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12124 Week 4: Stability of Implicit Measures Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2006). [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Evidence suggests that individuals without a history of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) are likely to view NSSI as a stigmatized behavior. However, there is limited evidence evaluating the presence of self-stigma among individuals who have engaged in NSSI.Methods: We recruited a university sample (n = 351) and employed implicit and explicit measures to examine the degree of stigmatization toward those with NSSI scarring, as compared to nonintentional disfigurement (i.e., accidental scarring) and to tattoos (i.e., a culturally sanctioned form of intentional tissue alteration). We examined the extent to which bias is related to indicators of NSSI severity among those with a history of NSSI.Results: We provide evidence that negative biases toward NSSI may represent the effects of self-stigma. However, findings suggest that biases were generally attenuated among participants with a history of NSSI as compared to those without. Participants who had lower levels of NSSI explicit bias were more likely to have a history of more severe engagement in NSSI; however, no significant relationships were found between implicit bias and NSSI severity indicators.Conclusions: We present a theoretical rationale for attenuated biases among individuals with a history of NSSI and discuss implications of this research for NSSI recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Research has demonstrated that explicit anti‐fat attitudes decrease immediately following a brief cognitive dissonance‐based intervention targeting weight stigma. The current study explores changes in explicit and implicit anti‐fat attitudes immediately following a cognitive dissonance‐based weight stigma intervention and 1 week after. Methods: College students (N = 156) were randomly assigned to a control or dissonance weight stigma intervention. Weight stigma attitudes were assessed at three time points, and participants completed a measure of values at baseline. Participants in the dissonance condition were told that they had anti‐fat attitudes that were inconsistent with their values, whereas participants in the control group were told that their attitudes aligned with their values. All participants reviewed feedback at a follow‐up visit before completing explicit and implicit weight stigma assessments a final time. Results: Individuals in the dissonance condition reported statistically significant decreases in explicit attitudes from Visit 1 to Visit 3. In contrast, there was not a significant condition by time interaction on implicit attitudes. Conclusions: This study provides support for cognitive dissonance‐based interventions to reduce explicit, but not implicit, anti‐fat attitudes following repeated exposure to dissonance induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have linked clinicians' implicit racial bias with less patient‐centered communication between healthcare providers and patients in a variety of healthcare contexts. The current study extends this research by exploring the influence of implicit racial bias in genetic counselors' (GCs') facilitation of simulated clients' cognitive and emotional processing during genetic counseling sessions. We conducted a secondary analysis of a nationally representative sample of genetic counseling sessions of White and ethnic and/or racial minority (Black and Latinx) simulated clients with a subset of 60 GCs who had completed a Race Implicit Association Test (IAT). Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) was applied to session transcripts to identify word use by the simulated client consistent with emotional and cognitive processing. The Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) was used to link GC statements consistent with facilitation of emotional and cognitive processing, as used in previous studies. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to relate LIWC and RIAS variables to GC IAT scores, client race/ethnicity, and statistical interaction between GC IAT scores and client race/ethnicity. GCs used more cognitive facilitation strategies with ethnic and/or racial minority than with White clients (p =.04). There were no statistically significant associations between GCs' pro‐White implicit bias and GCs' facilitation of cognitive and emotional processing or clients' use of positive, negative, or cognitive process words. While implicit bias may affect some communication processes, our analysis did not show a relationship between GC IAT score and how GCs help clients process emotional or cognitive information conveyed during a session. It is also possible that the LIWC measure of cognitive and emotional processing is not a sensitive enough measure to capture an implicit bias effect if indeed one is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the earliest ages tested, children and adults show similar overall magnitudes of implicit attitudes toward various social groups. However, such consistency in attitude magnitude may obscure meaningful age‐related change in the ways that children (vs. adults) acquire implicit attitudes. This experiment investigated children's implicit attitude acquisition by comparing the separate and joint effects of two learning interventions, previously shown to form implicit attitudes in adults. Children (N = 280, ages 7–11 years) were taught about novel social groups through either evaluative statements (ES; auditorily presented verbal statements such as 'Longfaces are bad, Squarefaces are good'), repeated evaluative pairings (REP; visual pairings of Longface/Squareface group members with valenced images such as a puppy or snake), or a combination of ES+REP. Results showed that children acquired implicit attitudes following ES and ES+REP, with REP providing no additional learning beyond ES alone. Moreover, children did not acquire implicit attitudes in four variations of REP, each designed to facilitate learning by systematically increasing verbal scaffolding to specify (a) the learning goal, (b) the valence of the unconditioned stimuli, and (c) the group categories of the conditioned stimuli. These findings underscore the early‐emerging role of verbal statements in children's implicit attitude acquisition, as well as a possible age‐related limit in children's acquisition of novel implicit attitudes from repeated pairings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research exploring mechanisms driving inequalities in school systems has found that biased teacher judgements contribute to observed disadvantages for ethnic minority students. Teacher judgements may be driven by explicit and implicit attitudes. Aims: The current research explored the effect of cultural diversity at schools (actual or imagined) on teachers' attitudes towards ethnic minority students. Samples: One hundred and five preservice teachers (90 female) with a mean age of 26.20 years (teaching experience: 57.55 weeks) participated in Study 1. Two hundred and thirty‐one teachers (159 female) with a mean age of 41.00 years (teaching experience: 12.92 years) participated in Study 2. Method: Cultural diversity was operationalized via a fictive description of a school (Study 1) or via the actual proportion of ethnic minority students at the school (Study 2). An Implicit Association Test assessed implicit attitudes towards ethnic minority students. Explicit attitudes were assessed via questionnaire. Results: Preservice teachers imagining a more culturally diverse school held more negative implicit attitudes towards ethnic minority students than those imagining a less diverse school. In contrast, in‐service teachers actually working in more diverse schools held less negative implicit attitudes towards minority students. Preservice teachers associated teaching in culturally diverse schools with increased effort, whereas in‐service teachers actually working in culturally diverse schools reported more enthusiasm towards teaching ethnic minority students. Conclusions: This research shows the challenge and the negative stereotypes preservice teachers associate with culturally diverse schools, while in‐service teachers' negative associations may be buffered by the actual experience of working with ethnic minority students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic counselors have a unique role in healthcare that requires a balance between being a patient educator and patient advocate when discussing disability. This study aimed to determine genetic counselors' implicit attitudes toward disability, and identify what factors affect these implicit attitudes. Case scenarios involving disability were used to examine hypothetical estimates of time spent on different topics within a genetic counseling session. Implicit attitudes were measured using the validated Disability Attitudes Implicit Association Test (DA‐IAT), and personal/professional experiences with disability were assessed. Analysis of 382 respondents of the electronic survey revealed that personal experience with individuals with disabilities was not significantly associated with implicit attitudes scores. In addition, results demonstrated that genetic counselors have a stronger bias toward ability (Dmean = 0.62, Dstd = ±0.45) compared to previous participants of the DA‐IAT (p < .005). Practice specialty, length of time in the genetic counseling field, or whether the participant was a practicing counselor or genetic counseling student were not associated with implicit attitudes scores. The bias toward ability observed across practice specialties may be due to shared factors that influence interest in this field, but may also potentially reflect the inability of the DA‐IAT to capture the complexity of genetic counselors' relationship to individuals with disability. This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating patients' individual definitions of disability into genetic counseling sessions and building an environment of patient advocacy and education around their personal perspectives and needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nondisclosure of a poor prognosis to patients with advanced cancer remains a typical practice in Asia. Although the importance of prognostic communication has increasingly been recognized worldwide, little is known about whether explicit prognostic disclosure positively affects Asian patients with advanced cancer. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of explicit prognostic communication on patients with cancer recurrence.Methods: In this randomized, video-vignette study, Japanese women with breast cancer who had undergone curative surgery viewed videos of prognostic communication between a patient with recurrent, incurable breast cancer and her oncologist. The videos differed only in the presence or absence of explicit prognostic disclosure. The primary outcome was participants' uncertainty (rated from 0 to 10), and the secondary outcomes included anxiety (measured on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State: range, 20-80), satisfaction (Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire; range 0-10), self-efficacy (range, 0-10), and willingness to discuss advance care planning (range, 1-4).Results: In total, 105 women participated (mean ± SD age, 53.8 ± 8.2 years). After viewing the video with more versus less explicit disclosure, participants showed significantly lower uncertainty (mean ± SE scores, 5.3 ±0.2 vs 5.7 ± 0.2, respectively; P = .032) and higher satisfaction (5.6 ± 0.2 vs 5.2 ± 0.2, respectively; P = .010) without increasing anxiety (changes in scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State: 0.06 ± 0.5 vs 0.6 ± 0.5, respectively; P = .198). No significant differences were observed in self-efficacy (5.2 ± 0.2 vs 5.0 ± 0.2, respectively; P = .277) or willingness to discuss advance care planning (2.7 ± 0.1 vs 2.7 ± 0.1, respectively; P = .240).Conclusions: Explicit prognostic disclosure prompted better outcomes than nondisclosure in Japanese women with breast cancer. When asked about the prognosis by Asian patients with cancer, clinicians may be encouraged to respect their wishes and explicitly discuss the prognosis if deemed appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the effects of anti‐Islamic right‐wing, populist political campaign ads on voting intention for a right‐wing populist party using a quota‐based online experiment (N = 174). Additionally, we investigate implicit attitudes (i.e., automatic affective associations) and explicit attitudes (i.e., overtly expressed evaluations) toward Muslims as underlying mechanisms of these effects. We find that exposure to the political campaign ads prompts explicit hostile attitudes toward Muslims mediated by implicit attitudes. Explicit attitudes in turn shape voting intention. Moreover, implicit attitudes toward Muslims predict voting preference beyond the influence of explicit attitudes. Thus, resentments toward Muslims may foster voters' support for anti‐Islamic right‐wing populist parties even "under the radar" of conscious awareness. In sum, this study demonstrates for the first time the entire process of right‐wing, populist political campaign ads' effects on voting preferences via implicit and explicit attitudes toward Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]